Semiautomatic firearms for 22 caliber rimfire cartridges are extremely popular as evidenced by the many makes and models available. Semiautomatic rifles for higher power rimfire cartridges, for example .17 HSR and .17 WSM are not presently available. Previous commercial models for these rimfire cartridges proved to be unreliable and prone to malfunctions. Mechanisms, particularly the trigger assemblies, safety mechanisms and cycling mechanisms typically used for conventional .22 caliber ammunition are not believed to be robust and reliable enough for these higher powered rimfire cartridges.
A reliable semiautomatic firearm with suitable mechanisms to mitigate misfires and out of breech firings and other malfunctions would be welcomed.
Various embodiments of semiautomatic firearms with robust and redundant systems for reducing malfunctions are disclosed, suitable for use with, for example, higher powered rimfire cartridges, such as .17 HSR and .17 WSM. The embodiments disclosed herein may also be utilized in firearms that fire centerfire cartridges and in .22 caliber firearms. A safety trigger is provided that is passively actuated in advance of a firing trigger. The safety trigger maintains redundant safety mechanisms that prevent inadvertent or accidental actuation of the firing trigger. Accordingly, the firing trigger can be configured for actuation with a very low magnitude or “soft” pull without compromising safety. That is, conventional firearms require substantial pull to be actuated in order to assure that the trigger doesn't misfire during otherwise routine handling. For the disclosed embodiments, the safety trigger assures that the firearm is discharged only upon deliberate actuation of the firing trigger. In one embodiment, a trigger pull adjustment mechanism provides adjustment of the pull of the firing trigger to a desired force required by the operator. The disclosed trigger pull adjustment mechanism reduces the number of components and complexity of the machined parts over conventional trigger pull adjustment mechanisms.
In some embodiments, a firearm with a safety trigger component must be retracted prior to the firing trigger being retracted to fire the firearm, the safety trigger providing a plurality of firing inhibitors. In one embodiment, the safety trigger component includes a direct hammer catch positioned in an interfering or catch position when the safety trigger is in an unretracted position and one or more additional firing inhibitors controlled by the safety trigger. In various embodiments, a firing inhibitor controlled by the safety trigger is a sear portion block. In some embodiments, the safety trigger moves a sear blocking portion between a blocking position and a non-blocking position with respect to the sear portion. Optionally, the sear portion is part of a unitary trigger component. In some embodiments, the safety trigger controls a firing trigger block that is positioned to prevent the pivoting of the firing trigger component about the pivot axis, thus inhibiting the retraction of the firing trigger.
Structurally, various embodiments of a trigger assembly of a firearm is disclosed, the trigger assembly including passive and redundant safety mechanisms to prevent unintentional firing when the firearm is in a firing mode. In some embodiments, the trigger comprises: a hammer rotatable about a first axis, the hammer including structure defining a capture feature; a firing trigger component rotatable about a second axis and including a first finger hook portion, the firing trigger component including a sear portion releasably coupled to the hammer; and a safety trigger component rotatable about the second axis and including a second finger hook portion, the second finger hook portion extending forwardly of the first finger hook portion. In some embodiments, a first of the redundant safety mechanisms includes a catch portion defined on the safety trigger component and, when the safety trigger is in a battery position, is aligned for arresting the capture feature of the hammer as the hammer rotates to prevent discharge of the firearm. In some embodiments, a second of the redundant safety mechanisms includes a blocking member operatively coupled with the safety trigger component for maintaining the blocking member in a blocking position when the safety trigger component is in a battery position, the blocking member blocking an underside of the firing trigger component when in the blocking position to prevent release of the sear portion from the hammer, the blocking member being operatively coupled with the safety trigger component for moving the blocking member out of the blocking position by moving the safety trigger out of the battery position to enable release of the sear portion from the hammer. In one embodiment, a rearward deflection of the safety trigger component causes rotation of the blocking member.
In certain embodiments, the blocking member includes an arcuate base portion rotatable about a third axis, the arcuate base portion defining a recess and being operatively coupled with the safety trigger component for rotation about the third axis. In one embodiment, the arcuate base portion blocks the underside of the firing trigger component from being actuated when the safety trigger component is in the battery position, and the recess aligns with the firing trigger when the safety trigger component is rotated out of the battery position to enable the firing trigger to release the hammer.
In some embodiments, the blocking member includes a lever portion operatively coupled with the safety trigger component for rotation about a third axis, wherein the lever portion blocks the underside of the firing trigger component to prevent disengagement of the firing trigger component from the hammer, the lever portion being maintained in the blocking position by the safety trigger when the safety trigger is in the battery position, the lever portion being selectively rotatable out of the blocking position by rotating the safety trigger out of the battery position. Alternatively or in addition, the trigger assembly comprises a manual safety mechanism actuated by a push button forward of the first finger hook portion and laterally actuated for selectively placing the firearm in one of a safety mode and a firing mode, the manual safety mechanism being operatively coupled to the blocking member for preventing the safety trigger component from moving the blocking member out of the blocking position when in the safety mode, and enabling the safety trigger component to move the blocking member out of the blocking position when in the firing mode.
For embodiments including the fore-mentioned manual safety mechanism, the blocking member can include an arcuate base portion rotatable about a third axis, the arcuate base portion defining a recess and being operatively coupled with the safety trigger component for rotation about the third axis, wherein: the arcuate base portion blocks the underside of the firing trigger component from being actuated when the safety trigger component is in the battery position and when the firearm is in the safety mode and in the firing mode; and the recess aligns with the firing trigger when the firearm is in the firing mode and the safety trigger component is rotated out of the battery position to enable the firing trigger to release the hammer. Optionally, the lever portion that extends from the arcuate base portion of the blocking member.
In some embodiments, the blocking member includes a lever portion operatively coupled with the safety trigger component for rotation about a third axis, wherein the lever portion blocks the underside of the firing trigger component to prevent disengagement of the firing trigger component from the hammer, the lever portion being maintained in the blocking position by the safety trigger when the safety trigger is in the battery position and the firearm is in the firing mode, the lever portion being selectively rotatable out of the blocking position when the firearm is in the firing mode by rotating the safety trigger out of the battery position. In some embodiments, the lever portion contacts the firing trigger when the safety trigger is in the battery position.
In various embodiments, the firearm includes a bolt assembly translatable forwardly and rearwardly, the bolt assembly including a firing pin that is offset from the barrel axis for firing rimfire cartridges, and wherein the chamber is configured for necked cartridges. Some embodiments provide for arresting the hammer to facilitate semi-automatic operation. In various embodiments, a trigger pull adjustment mechanism is provided for adjusting a pull required to actuate the firing trigger component.
In various embodiments of the disclosure, a firearm having a fully cocked configuration and a triggered configuration is disclosed, comprising: a hammer including a sear engagement portion; a biasing element operatively coupled with the hammer that shifts the hammer from a first orientation that corresponds to the fully cocked configuration to a second orientation that corresponds to the triggered configuration; a firing trigger component including a sear portion that engages the sear engagement portion of the hammer when the trigger assembly is in the fully cocked configuration, the firing trigger component being actuatable for disengagement of the sear portion from the sear engagement portion, enabling the biasing element to shift the hammer from the first orientation to the second orientation; a safety trigger component selectively movable between a blocking position and a non-blocking position; and a blocking member that engages the safety trigger component and is moveable by the safety trigger component between a first position wherein the blocking member prevents actuation of the firing trigger component when the safety trigger component is in the blocking position and a second position wherein the blocking member enables actuation of the firing trigger component when the safety trigger component is in the non-blocking position.
The safety trigger component can optionally comprise a catch that prevents the hammer from reaching the second orientation from the first orientation when the safety trigger component is in the blocking position. The manual safety mechanism can include a safety bar accessible from outside the housing. In some embodiments, a housing contains the hammer and the biasing element, wherein the blocking member is selectively engageable with the housing to prevent the safety trigger component from moving the blocking member. The blocking member can operatively coupled with a manual safety mechanism that selectively engages the blocking member with the housing. The firing trigger component can be actuatable by rotation about a pivot, the pivot being operatively coupled with the housing.
In various embodiments of the disclosure, a semiautomatic firearm is presented having a fire trigger with a curvature and a central slot and a safety trigger disposed in the slot and having a curvature conforming to the curvature of the fire trigger, the fire trigger having a normal position and a fire position rearward of the normal position, the safety trigger having a normal position extending forwardly of the normal position of the fire trigger, and a fire position at or rearwardly of the normal position of the fire trigger, the safety trigger associated with at least two firing inhibitors, the firing inhibitors in a inhibiting position when the safety trigger is in the normal position and in a non-inhibiting position when the safety trigger is in the fire position.
Various embodiments of the disclosure include a hammer that pivots about a pivot axis and has capture features on opposing sides. In some embodiments, the hammer includes a first engagement portion that operates as a hammer to prevent the hammer release unless a safety trigger is retracted, and the hammer includes a second engagement portion as an arrestor that prevents automatic firing action and captures the hammer should the firing trigger remain retracted during a recoil cycle.
Some embodiments of the disclosure include a semi-automatic firearm suitable for high powered rimfire cartridges that incorporates a trigger assembly with a plurality of firing inhibitors to minimize misfires and out-of-breach firings of cartridges and that still allows for a low pressure trigger pull that can be adjusted by the user, for example, field adjustable.
Some embodiments disclose a semiautomatic firearm having a fire trigger with a curvature and a central slot and a safety trigger disposed in the slot and having a curvature approximating the curvature of the fire trigger, the safety trigger being connected to a plurality of firing inhibitors that each have an inhibiting position and a non-inhibiting position.
In various embodiments, a semiautomatic firearm is disclosed having a fire trigger with a curvature and a central slot and a safety trigger disposed in the slot and having a curvature substantially conforming to the curvature of the fire trigger, the fire trigger having a battery position and a fire position rearward of the battery position, the safety trigger also having a battery position extending forwardly of the battery position of the fire trigger, and a fire position at or rearwardly of the battery position of the fire trigger, the safety trigger associated with at least two fire inhibitors, the fire inhibitors being in an inhibiting position when the safety trigger is in the battery position and in a non-inhibiting position when the safety trigger is in the fire position.
Referring to
A bolt assembly 52 is slidingly engaged within the receiver 37 and includes a cartridge retraction mechanism 51, and a manual handle 56. A cycling spring assembly 55 connects between the bolt assembly and the rearward end 57 of the trigger assembly. A trigger guard 56 extends from the housing 38.
The trigger assembly 32 is depicted in detail and various views throughout the figures. The trigger assembly 32 is housed within the firearm housing 38 comprising primarily the stock 36. The trigger assembly 32 has a trigger mechanism housing 58 which receives a trigger component cluster 59 as best shown in
Referring to
As best seen in
In some embodiments, the firing trigger component 84 includes a cam engagement surface 140 that engages the arcuate cam surface 105 of the hammer 82.
The safety trigger component 86 can include a finger hook portion 142 and can be pivotally mounted to the trigger pivot 126. In various embodiments, the finger hook portion 142 of the safety trigger component 86 is a flat structure, formed from, for example, sheet or plate, that is disposed in the slot 132 of the finger hook portion 122 of the firing trigger component 84. The finger hook portion 122 of the safety trigger component 86 can also include an aperture 144. The aperture 144 can be utilized for insertion of a pin or lock, effectively preventing movement of the trigger hook portion particularly with respect to the hook portion of the firing trigger component. As discussed further below, this prevents the firing trigger component 84 from being actuated.
In one embodiment, the safety trigger component 86 includes a catch portion 146 that is laterally adjacent to the hammer 82. The catch portion 146 can resemble an inverted “J” shape, for example as depicted in
Functionally, the safety trigger component return spring 152 exerts a return force on the extended portion 148 of the safety trigger component 86 urging the finger hook portion 142 of safety trigger component 86 to be rotated to a full forward position within the slot 132 of the firing trigger component 84. In this unactuated or default orientation, the catch portion 146 is positioned so that the catch portion 146 is in a rotational path 162 (
During such an impact event, the safety trigger component 86 may undergo rotational displacement that is commensurate with the rotational displacement of the firing trigger component 84. However, in various embodiments, the rotational displacement required to rotate the catch portion 146 out of the rotational path 162 of the capture feature 116 of the hammer 82 is substantially greater than the rotational displacement required for the sear portion 124 of firing trigger component 84 to disengage the sear engagement portion 106 of the hammer 82 (see discussion below). Accordingly, the safety trigger component 86 will generally still perform the function of intercepting the hammer 82 even if the safety trigger component 86 undergoes the same or even somewhat more rotational displacement than the firing trigger component 84 in an impact event.
In the depicted embodiments, the capture feature 116 is a lateral projection that extends laterally outward from the hammer 82 in a direction parallel to the rotational axis 104, for capture by the inverted “J” or other concavity defined by the catch portion 146. In other embodiments, the capture feature 116 can comprise a notch formed in the hammer 82, and the catch portion 146 can include a projection that is captured within the notch (not depicted).
Referring to
In the fully cocked or “battery” configuration 180 (
An actuation force 192 is applied to the front edge 184 of the safety trigger component finger hook portion 142 (
The actuation force 192 then engages the firing trigger component 84, thereby causing the firing trigger component 84 and the safety trigger component 86 to rotate effectively simultaneously about the trigger pivot 126 and into firing positions. The rotation of the firing trigger component 84 causes the sear portion 124 to rotate away from the hammer 82 and slide radially outward from the hammer pivot 102 along the sear engagement portion 106. When the sear portion 124 slides off the sear engagement portion 106, the hammer 82 is released and swings into contact with the firing pin 54, thereby establishing the triggered configuration 182 where both the safety trigger component 86 and the firing trigger component 84 are in a firing position (
The positions of respective finger hook portions 122 and 142 of the firing trigger component 84 and the safety trigger component 86 for both the fully cocked configuration 180 and the triggered configuration 182 are presented in
Referring to
Referring again to
The safety trigger component 86 can include a fork 211 comprising a pair of protrusions 212a and 212b that contact the blocking member 200. The firing trigger component 84 can include an underside 214 against which the lever 202 of the blocking member 200 registers. In the depicted embodiment, the underside 214 defines a recess 215 within which the lever 202 registers The firing trigger component 84 can further include a projection 216 that is proximate the arcuate base portion 204 of the blocking member 200.
Referring to
During actuation of the safety trigger component 86, the protrusion 212a rotates against blocking member 200, causing the lever portion 202 to rotate away from the underside 214 of the firing trigger component 84. The rotation of the blocking member 200 also causes the recess 208 of the arcuate base portion 204 to rotate into alignment with the projection 216 of the firing trigger component 84 (
Accordingly, when the firearm 30 is in the fully cocked configuration, the safety trigger component 86 controls the orientation of the blocking member 200. As the safety trigger component 86 is actuated, the blocking member 200 is oriented so as not to pose an obstruction to the firing trigger component 84, freeing the firing trigger component 84 for rotation away from the hammer 82 and subsequent discharge of the firearm 30.
Functionally, in the fully cocked configuration 180, if an actuation force or “pull” is exerted on the firing trigger component 84 but somehow not exerted on the safety trigger component 86, the blocking member 200 will maintain engagement with the firing trigger component 84, thereby preventing rotation of the firing trigger component 84 and subsequent discharge of the firearm 30. Thus, in one embodiment, the blocking member 200 can provide a redundant or additional safety mechanism against accidental discharge of the firearm 30. Instead of relying solely on the friction between the sear portion 124 and the sear engagement portion 106, the blocking member 200 provides a positive blocking force that helps prevent disengagement of the sear and the sear engagement portions 124 and 106 in an impact event. Moreover, the lever portion 202 engaging the recess in the trigger component prevents the pivoting of the component about the pivot. In some embodiments, the blocking member 200 can be the sole safety mechanism; that is, the blocking member 200 is utilized without the catch portion 146 instead of in addition to the catch portion 146.
Referring to
The bolt assembly 52 is motivated in the forward direction 80 by a force 222, imparted, for example, manually by a gunman or by a blow back mechanism. This motivation causes the bolt assembly 52 to rotate the head portion 92 of the hammer 82 in the forward direction 80, which further causes the cam portion 94 to rotate on the cam engagement surface 140. The cam engagement surface 140 is maintained in contact with the cam portion 94 by a return force 224 imparted on the firing trigger component 84 by the firing trigger return spring 136.
As the head portion 92 of the hammer 82 is rotated in the forward direction 80, the capture feature 116 is rotated below the hook of the catch portion 146 (
At some point after the capture feature 116 of the hammer 82 is rotated below the hook of the catch portion 146, the arcuate cam surface 105 of the cam portion 94 rotates off the cam engagement surface 140 (
Upon withdrawal of the bolt assembly from contact with the hammer 82 and into the firing position, the fully cocked configuration 180 of the firearm 30 is restored (e.g.,
In one embodiment, and again in reference to
When the manual safety mechanism 230 is pushed in an opposite direction (e.g., to the left in the depicted embodiments), the firearm is configured in a “firing mode,” wherein release of the sear portion 84 of the firing trigger component 84 from the sear engagement portion 106 of the hammer 82 is enabled. In the firing mode, the lever portion 202 is displaced off of the stop 236, enabling rotation by the fork 211 of the safety trigger component 86 and rotation the lever portion 202 out of the blocking position with the underside 214 of the firing trigger component 84. The lever 202 can be sized widthwise such that, during lateral movement of the blocking member 200, the lever maintains engagement of the safety trigger fork 211. Also, the lever 202, when engaged with the underside 214 on the lower side of the firing trigger component 84, can maintain blockage and/or engagement with the underside 214 during lateral actuation. Engagement with the underside 214 is lost only upon the rotation of the blocking member 200.
It is further noted that aspects of the embodiments depicted in
Referring to
In one embodiment, the arresting mechanism 260 involves interaction of at least four components: the bolt assembly 52, the hammer 82, the firing trigger component 84, and an arrestor 88. The arrestor 88 is pivotally mounted within the housing 38 and distal to the hammer 82. In one embodiment, the arrestor 88 includes a claw portion 264 and a rocker arm portion 266. The claw portion 264 can include a rounded head portion 268 and a radiused nose 272. An arrestor return spring 274 can be operatively coupled to the arrestor 88. In one embodiment, the arrestor 88 is pivotally mounted to the trigger pivot 126.
In various embodiments, the arresting mechanism 260 can include a cavity 282 formed in the head portion 92 of the hammer 82, the cavity 282 and head portion 92 further defining a lip portion 284. In one embodiment, the firing trigger component 84 includes a lateral protrusion 286 that is part of the arresting mechanism, the lateral protrusion 286 being positioned to engage the rocker arm portion 266 of the arrestor 88.
In one embodiment, the arrestor 88 is configured and positioned so that the claw portion 264 is engageable with the lip portion 284 of the cavity 282 when the hammer 82 is hyperextended in the forward direction 80. Herein, the hammer 82 is considered “hyperextended” when the head portion 92 of the hammer 82 is displaced to be forward to where the head portion 92 is located when in the fully cocked configuration 180.
Referring to
When an actuation force 292 is applied to the triggers 84 and 86, the lateral protrusion 286 of the firing trigger component 84 is pitched in the distal direction 81. The arrestor 88, being biased by the arrestor return spring 274, follows the firing trigger component 84, being stopped by the lateral protrusion 286. When the firing trigger component 84 is depressed, the lip portion 284 of the cavity 282 encounters the rounded head portion 268 and/or radiused nose 272 of the claw portion 264 as the head portion 92 of the hammer 82 is rotated in the forward direction 80 during cocking of the firearm 30 (
The bolt assembly 52 then retracts back into the firing position, becoming disengaged from the hammer 82 (
In one embodiment, upon removal of the actuation force 292 (e.g., when the gunman removes his finger from the firing trigger component 84), the return force 228 of the firing trigger return spring 136 causes rotation of the firing trigger component 84 so that the lateral protrusion 286 of the firing trigger component 84 is rotated upwards (clockwise in
The rotation of the firing trigger component 84 upon removal of the actuation force 292 also causes the cam engagement surface 140 to come into contact with the flat 110 of the cam portion 94, which brings the sear portion 124 of the firing trigger component 84 proximate and adjacent to, but not in contact with, the sear engagement portion 106 of the hammer 82 (
It is further noted that, in various embodiments, if the firing trigger component 84 is not actuated when the hammer 82 reaches the hyperextended position, the arrestor 88 is not in a position to engage and/or secure the lip portion 284 of the hammer 82. Accordingly, the arrestor 88 does not substantially interfere with the cocking operation if the firing trigger component 84 is not actuated.
The barrel and receiver may be conventionally manufactured from steel. In various embodiments, other metals may be used. The components of the trigger assembly cluster are generally conventionally formed from steel or other metals. In some instances, polymers may replace some components. For example the trigger mechanism housing may be made from polymers and composite materials. Metal inserts may be used for particular areas requiring high strength such as attachment locations. See projection 60 and the trigger guard 56 (see
Referring to
In the depicted embodiment, the adjustable firing trigger return spring 302 includes an upper portion 304 and a lower portion 306 spiral wound about a spring axis 308. A transition segment 312 can be formed in the lower-most spiral 314 of the upper portion 304, the transition segment 312 passing through the adjustable firing trigger return spring 302 proximate the spring axis 308. In one embodiment, the transition segment 312 is substantially linear over a portion thereof. In the way, the transition segment 312 obstructs what would otherwise be a clear passage through the adjustable firing trigger return spring 302. The upper and lower portions 304 and 306 can be of different diameter, as depicted. Also in the depicted embodiment, the upper portion 304 terminates with a tail portion 316 that is substantially concentric with the spring axis 308. The ledge portion 137 can define a mounting hole 318 within which the tail portion 316 is mounted in assembly.
In assembly, the lower portion 306 of the adjustable firing trigger return spring 302 is firmly seated within a through-hole 322 defined on the firing trigger component 84. The firm seating of the lower portion 306 within the through-hole 322 can be accomplished by an interference fit between an inner wall 324 of the through-hole 322 and the lower portion 306 of the spring 302 as wound. The interference fit provides a high degree of friction between the inner wall 324 of the through-hole 322 and the lower portion 306 of the spring 302, thereby fixing the compressed length of the spring 302. In this embodiment, while the friction is sufficient to maintain the compressed length 302 of the spring when the firearm 30 is in the fully cocked configuration 180 (i.e., prior to actuation of the firing trigger component 84), the spring 302 In one embodiment, the through-hole 322 is tapered to augment the seating operation during assembly and rotation of the spring 302 during an adjustment.
Referring to
Referring to
Accordingly, the disclosed trigger pull adjustment mechanism 300 accomplishes adjustment of the trigger pull with fewer components and with reduced machining complexity. For example, conventional trigger pull adjustments utilize an additional set screw that requires a threaded hole for the compression adjustment. The trigger pull adjustment mechanism 300 eliminates the need for these components and attendant complexity.
Other adjustable trigger mechanisms can be implemented instead. Such mechanisms are illustrated, for example, in U.S. Pat. No. 6,553,706, owned by the owner of this application, the disclosure of which is hereby incorporated reference herein in its entirety except for express definitions and patent claims contained therein. See also U.S. Pat. Nos. 8,220,193 and 8,250,799, the disclosures of which are hereby incorporated reference herein in their entirety except for express definitions and patent claims contained therein.
The above references in all sections of this application are herein incorporated by references in their entirety for all purposes. For purposes of interpreting the claims, it is expressly intended that the provisions of Section 112, sixth paragraph of 35 U.S.C. are not to be invoked unless the specific terms “means for” or “step for” are recited in a claim.
All of the disclosures in this specification (including the references incorporated by reference, including any accompanying claims, abstract and drawings), and/or all of the steps of any method or process so disclosed, may be combined in any combination, except combinations where at least some of such features and/or steps are mutually exclusive.
Each feature disclosed in this specification (including references incorporated by reference, any accompanying claims, abstract and drawings) may be replaced by alternative features serving the same, equivalent or similar purpose, unless expressly stated otherwise. Thus, unless expressly stated otherwise, each feature disclosed is one example only of a generic series of equivalent or similar features.
When “linked”, “coupled”, and “connected” are used herein, the terms do not require direct component to component physical contact connection, one or more intermediary components may be present.
Inventions flowing from the present disclosure are not restricted to the details of the foregoing embodiment(s). The inventions extend to any novel one, or any novel combination, of the features disclosed in this specification (including any incorporated by reference references, any accompanying claims, abstract and drawings), or to any novel one, or any novel combination, of the steps of any method or process so disclosed The above references in all sections of this application are herein incorporated by references in their entirety for all purposes.
Although specific examples have been illustrated and described herein, it will be appreciated by those of ordinary skill in the art that any arrangement calculated to achieve the same purpose could be substituted for the specific examples shown. This application is intended to cover adaptations or variations of the present subject matter. Therefore, it is intended that the invention be defined by the attached claims and their legal equivalents, as well as the following illustrative aspects. The above described embodiments are merely descriptive of its principles and are not to be considered limiting. Further modifications of the embodiments herein disclosed will occur to those skilled in the respective arts and all such modifications are deemed to be within the scope of the inventions.
This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Patent Application Nos. 61/993,541, filed on May 15, 2014, 61/993,563, filed on May 15, 2014, and 61/993,569, filed on May 15, 2014, the disclosures of which are incorporated by reference herein in their entirety.
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