Patent Application
20080121928
1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a semiconductor photocathode.
2. Related Background Art
Conventionally, for example, zinc (Zn) is used as a p-type dopant in growth of thin films of III-V compound semiconductors. At this time, there arises a problem that abnormal diffusion of Zn as the p-type impurity occurs when the concentration of the p-type impurity is, for example, as high as about 1×1020 cm−3 or more. Patent Documents 1-5 point out this problem and describe that the problem is solved by using beryllium (Be) or carbon (C) as the p-type dopant.
On the other hand, there are known semiconductor photocathodes, for example, consisting of a stack of thin films of III-V compound semiconductors. The semiconductor photocathodes of this type are used in measuring devices such as photodetectors, and include the known transmission type photocathodes, for example, as described in Patent Document 6.
Incidentally, in growth of thin films of III-V compound semiconductors for fabrication of a semiconductor photocathode, the concentration of the p-type impurity needs to be, for example, as low as about 1×1018 cm−3 or less, different from the situation noted in Patent Documents 1-5 above. If in this case the abnormal diffusion of the p-type impurity occurs in a III-V compound semiconductor, it becomes infeasible to accurately control the carrier concentration in the p-type compound semiconductor layer and, as a result, there arises a problem that the semiconductor photocathode including the p-type compound semiconductor layer fails to hold characteristics as expected.
Therefore, the present invention has been accomplished in view of the above-described circumstances and an object of the invention is to provide a semiconductor photocathode capable of preventing the abnormal diffusion of the p-type impurity.
The inventor conducted elaborate research and found out the fact as described below. Namely, the inventor discovered the following fact: “In a semiconductor device, e.g., a semiconductor photocathode or the like, using Zn as a p-type dopant and having a heterostructure, where a semiconductor layer of a p-type binary compound semiconductor (which will also be referred to as a “binary semiconductor layer”) doped with Zn in the low concentration of not more than 1×1018 cm−3 is deposited on a III-V compound semiconductor layer of a p-type ternary compound semiconductor or a III-V compound semiconductor layer of a p-type quaternary compound semiconductor (which will also be referred to as a “ternary/quaternary semiconductor layer”) doped with Zn in the low concentration of not more than 1×1018 cm−3, the predetermined Zn doping concentration as designed is achieved as proved by analysis of concentration distribution after deposition. However, when the ternary/quaternary semiconductor layer is deposited on the binary semiconductor layer contrary to the above, the abnormal diffusion of Zn occurs in the binary semiconductor layer as proved by analysis of concentration distribution after deposition and the predetermined Zn doping concentration as designed is not achieved in the binary semiconductor layer.”
The inventor conducted further elaborate research and further discovered the following fact: “When a semiconductor device is formed in a configuration wherein it has a first III-V compound semiconductor layer and a second III-V compound semiconductor layer making a heterojunction and wherein the energy gap of the second III-V compound semiconductor layer is smaller than that of the first III-V compound semiconductor layer, the abnormal diffusion of the p-type impurity does not occur from a growth system or growth conditions, but occurs from the essential problems arising from the semiconductor heterostructure and the type of the p-type impurity.” There are no prior art documents pointing out this problem of abnormal diffusion (e.g., none of the prior patent documents including Patent Documents 1-5 above describes it) and no reason for it has been elucidated. The present invention has been accomplished on the basis of the new findings as described above and in order to prevent the abnormal diffusion of the p-type impurity in the low concentration region in the case where the ternary/quaternary semiconductor layer is deposited on the binary semiconductor layer.
Specifically, a semiconductor photocathode of the present invention comprises a first III-V compound semiconductor layer and a second III-V compound semiconductor layer doped with a p-type impurity and joined to each other to make a heterojunction. The second III-V compound semiconductor layer functions as a light absorbing layer and an energy gap of the second III-V compound semiconductor layer is smaller than an energy gap of the first III-V compound semiconductor layer. Be or C is used as the p-type dopant in each of the III-V compound semiconductor layers. In this case, the second III-V compound semiconductor layer may be deposited on the first III-V compound semiconductor layer. The first III-V compound semiconductor layer and the second III-V compound semiconductor layer may contain at least one from each group of (In, Ga, Al) and (As, P, N). At this time, preferably, the first III-V compound semiconductor layer is a III-V compound semiconductor layer of a binary compound semiconductor and the second III-V compound semiconductor layer is a III-V compound semiconductor layer of a ternary compound semiconductor or a quaternary compound semiconductor. The first III-V compound semiconductor layer and the second III-V compound semiconductor layer may be grown by molecular beam epitaxy (MBE). The first III-V compound semiconductor layer and the second III-V compound semiconductor layer may be doped with the p-type impurity in a low concentration of not more than 1×1018 cm−3.
Since the semiconductor photocathode of the present invention as described above uses Be or C, which has the diffusion coefficient smaller than that of Zn, i.e., which has the atomic radius smaller than that of Zn, as the p-type dopant in the first III-V compound semiconductor layer and the second III-V compound semiconductor layer, it is able to prevent the abnormal diffusion of the p-type dopant in the first III-V compound semiconductor layer.
Another semiconductor photocathode of the present invention is a semiconductor photocathode comprising: a transparent substrate: an entrance electrode formed above the transparent substrate and permitting passage of light having passed through the transparent substrate; a light absorbing layer of a p-type III-V compound semiconductor material formed above the entrance electrode and adapted for exciting photoelectrons in response to incidence of light; a window layer of a p-type III-V compound semiconductor material interposed between the entrance electrode and the light absorbing layer, having an energy gap larger than that of the light absorbing layer, comprised of a semiconductor material to be lattice-matched with the light absorbing layer, and having a thickness of not less than 10 nm nor more than 200 nm; an electron transport layer of a p-type III-V compound semiconductor material formed on the light absorbing layer, comprised of a semiconductor material to be lattice-matched with the light absorbing material, and adapted for emitting the photoelectrons excited in the light absorbing layer, from a surface thereof to the outside; and an emission electrode formed above the electron transport layer, and Be or C is preferably used as an impurity in the p-type III-V compound semiconductor materials.
In this configuration, the window layer to be lattice-matched with the semiconductor material of the light absorbing layer is formed on the light entrance side, but the thickness thereof is very small. For this reason, in a state in which a bias voltage is applied, light having passed through the transparent substrate, in a wide wavelength band from the ultraviolet region to the near-infrared region, travels through the entrance electrode, and thereafter is scarcely blocked by the window layer, and the light enters the light absorbing layer to excite photoelectrons. Then the excited photoelectrons are emitted through the electron transport layer to the outside. Therefore, the semiconductor photocathode is obtained with sensitivity to the light in the wide wavelength band.
Furthermore, Be or C, which has the diffusion coefficient smaller than that of Zn, i.e., which has the atomic radius smaller than that of Zn, is used as the impurity in the p-type III-V compound semiconductor materials, whereby it is feasible to prevent the abnormal diffusion of the p-type impurity in the electron transport layer.
Another semiconductor photocathode of the present invention is a semiconductor photocathode comprising: a transparent substrate: an entrance electrode formed above the transparent substrate and permitting passage of light having passed through the transparent substrate; a light absorbing layer of a p-type III-V compound semiconductor material formed above the entrance electrode and adapted for exciting photoelectrons in response to incidence of light; a window layer of a p-type III-V compound semiconductor material interposed between the entrance electrode and the light absorbing layer, having an energy gap larger than that of the light absorbing layer, comprised of a semiconductor material to be lattice-matched with the light absorbing layer, and having a thickness of not less than 10 nm nor more than 200 nm; an electron transport layer of a p-type III-V compound semiconductor material formed on the light absorbing layer, comprised of a semiconductor material to be lattice-matched with the light absorbing material, and adapted for emitting the photoelectrons excited in the light absorbing layer, from a surface thereof to the outside; a contact layer of an n-type III-V compound semiconductor material formed on the electron transport layer; and an emission electrode formed on the contact layer, and Be or C is preferably used as an impurity in the p-type III-V compound semiconductor materials.
As the contact layer is provided as described above, the contact resistance is lowered between the electron transport layer and the emission electrode, whereby the bias voltage can be effectively applied.
Furthermore, in the case where the contact layer is provided, Be or C, which has the diffusion coefficient smaller than that of Zn, i.e., which has the atomic radius smaller than that of Zn, is used as the impurity in the p-type III-V compound semiconductor materials, whereby it is feasible to prevent the abnormal diffusion of the p-type impurity in the electron transport layer.
In the semiconductor photocathode, the entrance electrode may be a metal material layer having a thickness of not less than 5 nm nor more than 100 nm. This configuration permits the entrance electrode to transmit light in a wide wavelength band, while having the thickness that can be controlled in production, even in the case where the entrance electrode is made of the metal material.
The entrance electrode may be a metal material layer having a thickness of not less than 10 nm nor more than 50 nm. This configuration permits the entrance electrode to transmit light in a wider wavelength band toward the light absorbing layer, while uniformly applying the bias voltage to the semiconductor photocathode, in the case where the entrance electrode is made of the metal material.
The entrance electrode may be comprised of a metal material having an aperture. This configuration permits the entrance electrode to transmit light through the aperture toward the light absorbing layer even in the case where the entrance electrode is the metal material layer.
The entrance electrode may be comprised of at least one transparent electroconductive material selected from a group consisting of ITO, ZnO, In2O3, and SnO2. When the entrance electrode is comprised of the transparent electroconductive material to transmit light, it is able to pass the light having passed through the transparent substrate, toward the light absorbing layer, while having the function as an electrode.
In the semiconductor photocathode, the thickness of the window layer may be not less than 20 nm nor more than 100 nm. When the thickness of the window layer is defined in this range, it becomes feasible to form the window layer in the thickness, in which it is easy to form a uniform layer, and to apply the bias voltage well, and the window layer is able to suitably transmit light in a wide wavelength band.
The semiconductor photocathode may further comprise an insulating film interposed between the transparent substrate and the entrance electrode. When the insulating film is provided in this manner, it provides an effect of enhancing adhesion between the transparent substrate and the semiconductor material.
The semiconductor photocathode may further comprise an antireflection film interposed between the transparent substrate and the entrance electrode. When the antireflection film is provided in this manner, the reflectance is reduced at a desired wavelength for light incident to the light absorbing layer, and the efficiency of emission of photoelectrons can be increased.
The present invention enables the prevention of the abnormal diffusion of the p-type impurity. This permits us to accurately control the carrier concentration in the deposited semiconductor layer, so that the semiconductor photocathode fabricated with the semiconductor layer can hold characteristics as expected.
100 semiconductor device; 102 n-type InP substrate; 104 n-type InP semiconductor layer (first layer); 106 n-type InGaAsP semiconductor layer (second layer); 108 n-type InP semiconductor layer (third layer); 110 p-type InP semiconductor layer (fourth layer); 112 p-type InGaAsP semiconductor layer (fifth layer); 114 p-type InP semiconductor layer (sixth layer); 200 semiconductor photocathode; 202 transparent substrate; 204 intermediate film; 206 entrance electrode; 208 window layer; 210 light absorbing layer; 212 electron transport layer; 212T apertures; 214 contact layer; 216 emission electrode; 218 etching stop layer; 220 substrate; 250 bias power supply; 300 semiconductor photocathode; 306 entrance electrodes; 306A linear portions; 306B apertures; 306C edge portion; 400 semiconductor photocathode; 406 entrance electrode.
Preferred embodiments of the semiconductor photocathode according to the present invention will be described below in detail with reference to the accompanying drawings. The same elements will be denoted by the same reference symbols throughout the description of the drawings, without redundant description. It is also noted that dimensional ratios in the drawings do not always agree with those in the description.
A semiconductor device 100 according to the first embodiment of the present invention will be described.
The p-type InP semiconductor layer 110 of the fourth layer is so designed that its thickness is 0.7 μm and that the doping concentration of Be is 2×1016 cm−3. The p-type InGaAsP semiconductor layer 112 of the fifth layer is so designed that its wavelength is 1.7 μm, that the thickness is 2 μm, and that the doping concentration of Be is 2×1016 cm−3. The energy gap of this fifth layer is designed to be smaller than that of the fourth layer. The p-type InP semiconductor layer 114 of the sixth layer is so designed that its thickness is 0.05 μm and that the doping concentration of Be is 2×1018 cm−3.
Each of the layers was epitaxially grown in order based on the above-described design by MBE to fabricate the semiconductor device 100 of the present embodiment as shown in
As shown in
The above result shown in
In the semiconductor device 100 of the present embodiment as described above, Be or C having the diffusion coefficient smaller than that of Zn, i.e., having the atomic radius smaller than that of Zn is used as the p-type dopant in the fourth layer and the fifth layer, which can prevent the abnormal diffusion of the p-type dopant in the fourth layer.
In the present embodiment, each of the layers constituting the semiconductor device 100 is epitaxially grown by MBE. The reason for it is that the MBE process is a preferred epitaxial growth method using Be as the p-type dopant.
Next, the second embodiment of the present invention will be described. The semiconductor device 100 described through the first embodiment can be used as a semiconductor photocathode.
(Overall Description of Semiconductor Photocathode)
The semiconductor photocathode 200 has a transparent substrate 202, an intermediate film 204 (insulating film or antireflection film), an entrance electrode 206, a window layer 208, a light absorbing layer 210 (the second III-V compound semiconductor layer of the p-type ternary compound semiconductor or the p-type quaternary compound semiconductor), an electron transport layer 212 (the first III-V compound semiconductor layer of the p-type binary compound semiconductor), a contact layer 214, and an emission electrode 216. The window layer 208, light absorbing layer 210, electron transport layer 212, and contact layer 214 are constructed as a semiconductor multilayer film responsible for photoelectric conversion.
The transparent substrate 202 is made of a material without restrictions on the short-wavelength sensitivity edge and transmits incident light hv in a wide wavelength band from the ultraviolet region to the near-infrared region. The material applicable to the transparent substrate 202 is, for example, glass or quartz. The transparent substrate 202 is a portion for maintaining the mechanical strength of the semiconductor photocathode 200 and can be a part of a vacuum container when incorporated in an electron tube.
The intermediate film 204 functions as an insulating film or as an antireflection film and is, for example, a silicon dioxide film in the present embodiment. This intermediate film 204 can be deposited, for example, by plasma CVD (plasma chemical vapor deposition) and bonded to the transparent substrate 202, for example, by thermal compression bond.
The entrance electrode 206 is formed on the transparent substrate 202, and is made as a metal material layer in a very small thickness, and as an electrode on the light entrance side that light having passed through the transparent substrate 202 can pass. This entrance electrode 206 is made of a material, e.g., such as W (tungsten), Mo (molybdenum), Ni (nickel), Ti (titanium), or Cr (chromium) and the thickness thereof is preferably not less than 5 nm nor more than 100 nm and more preferably not less than 10 nm nor more than 50 nm. As an example, the entrance electrode 206 can be made of tungsten in the thickness of 10 nm.
When the entrance electrode 206 is made in this manner, it has the thickness that can be controlled in manufacture as an electrode, and it is able to transmit light reaching the entrance electrode 206 in a wide wavelength band, toward the light absorbing layer 210. It is also able to favorably transmit light in a wide wavelength band from the ultraviolet region to the near-infrared region, while implementing homogeneous application of a bias voltage to the semiconductor photocathode. Particularly, where the thickness is not less than 10 nm nor more than 50 nm, it is feasible to realize more homogeneous film quality and low surface resistance together, which achieves an effect of being capable of forming a homogeneous bias electric field while maintaining high transmittance.
The window layer 208 is formed on the entrance electrode 206 and is made as a layer of a semiconductor material in a very small thickness. This window layer 208 is comprised of a p-type semiconductor material (e.g., InP doped with Be) to be lattice-matched with a semiconductor material of the below-described light absorbing layer 210 and is made as a p-side contact layer having the function of transmitting incident light hv as a window layer and the function of applying the bias voltage. Furthermore, the window layer 208 has the energy gap larger than that of the light absorbing layer 210 as described below, and this causes the window layer 208 to also have the function of preventing photoelectrons generated in the light absorbing layer from diffusing to the transparent substrate side. That a certain crystal is lattice-matched with the semiconductor material of the window layer refers to the following case where the window layer is comprised of InP: the difference between the lattice constant of the crystal and the lattice constant of InP is within ±0.5% with respect to the lattice constant of InP.
The thickness of the window layer 208 is preferably not less than 10 nm nor more than 200 nm and more preferably not less than 20 nm nor more than 100 nm. As an example, the window layer 208 can be made of Be-doped p-type InP in the thickness of 50 nm. When the window layer 208 is made in this manner, it becomes feasible to favorably apply the bias voltage, while securing the thickness easy for a uniform layer to be formed, and the window layer is able to suitably transmit light in a wide wavelength band from the ultraviolet region to the near-infrared region. Particularly, where the thickness of the window layer 208 is not less than 20 nm nor more than 100 nm, there are effects of efficiently transmitting incident light hv, blocking diffusion of photoelectrons excited in the light absorbing layer, toward the entrance electrode, and efficiently transporting the photoelectrons toward the electron transport layer 212. The carrier concentration in the window layer 208 is preferably not less than 1×1017 cm−3 nor more than 1×1019 cm−3. In this case, there is an effect of being capable of applying a uniform bias voltage to the light absorbing layer 210. The material available for the window layer 208 is a semiconductor that is to be lattice-matched with the light absorbing layer 210 and that has the energy gap larger than that of the light absorbing layer 210, in addition to Be-doped p-type InP.
The light absorbing layer 210 is a layer for exciting photoelectrons in response to incident light hv and is formed on the window layer 208. This light absorbing layer 210 is made of a semiconductor material (e.g., Be-doped p-type InGaAs) having the energy gap smaller than that of the window layer 208 and being to be lattice-matched with the window layer 208. The light absorbing layer 210 can be one having the thickness of not less than 20 nm nor more than 5000 nm and the carrier concentration of not less than 1×1015 cm−3 nor more than 1×1017 cm−3. The material available for the light absorbing layer 210 is Be- or C-doped p-type InGaAsP, Be- or C-doped p-type InAlGaAs, or the like, in addition to Be-doped p-type InGaAs. Namely, the material of the light absorbing layer 210 can be a semiconductor layer of a ternary or quaternary compound semiconductor containing at least one element from each group of (In, Ga, Al) and (As, P, N).
The electron transport layer 212 is a layer having the energy gap larger than that of the light absorbing layer 210 and adapted to emit the photoelectrons excited in the light absorbing layer 210, from its surface to the outside and is formed on the light absorbing layer 210. This electron transport layer 212 is made of a semiconductor material (e.g., Be-doped p-type InP) to be lattice-matched with the light absorbing layer 210. The electron transport layer 212 is provided with apertures 212T about 1000 nm wide in a stripe pattern so as to be able to emit electrons to the outside.
The electron transport layer 212 can be a layer having the thickness of not less than 50 nm nor more than 2000 nm and the carrier concentration as low as 1×1018 cm−3 or less and, particularly, not less than 5×1015 cm−3 nor more than 1×1017 cm−3. The line width of the apertures 212T can be not less than 100 nm nor more than 100000 nm and the pitch of the apertures 212T can be not less than 100 nm nor more than 100000 nm. The material of the electron transport layer 212 can be a semiconductor being to be lattice-matched with the light absorbing layer 210 and having the energy gap larger than that of the light absorbing layer 210, in addition to Be-doped p-type InP. For example, the material of the electron transport layer 212 can be a semiconductor layer of a compound semiconductor containing at least one element from each group of (In, Ga, Al) and (As, P, N), and C can be used as an impurity thereof.
The contact layer 214 is interposed between the electron transport layer 212 and the emission electrode 216 and is made of a semiconductor material to be lattice-matched with the electron transport layer 212. This contact layer 214 is an additional layer that lowers the contact resistance between the electron transport layer 212 and the emission electrode 216 and that implements effective application of the bias voltage, and is made of n-type InP. In the case where the light absorbing layer 210 and the electron transport layer 212 are made of the p-type semiconductor materials and where the contact layer 214 is made of the n-type semiconductor material, the contact layer 214 serves as an n-side contact layer. The contact layer 214 can be a layer having the thickness of not less than 50 nm nor more than 10000 nm and the carrier concentration of 1×1017 cm−3 nor more than 1×1019 cm−3. The material of the contact layer 214 can be a semiconductor that is to be lattice-matched with the light absorbing layer 210 and that has the energy gap larger than that of the light absorbing layer 210, in addition to n-type InP.
The emission electrode 216 is a layer formed above the electron transport layer 212 and is made, for example, of Ti. When this emission electrode 216 is provided, the bias voltage can be applied to the light absorbing layer 210 and the electron transport layer 212. In the present embodiment, the emission electrode 216 is formed on the contact layer 214 and is made as an electrode on the photoelectron emission side. The emission electrode 216 can have the thickness of not less than 5 nm nor more than 1000 nm. The material of the emission electrode 216 can be one of Al, Pt, Ag, Au, Cr, and alloys of these, in addition to Ti.
(Operation of Semiconductor Photocathode)
Next, the operation of the semiconductor photocathode will be described. For applying the backward bias voltage from the outside, as shown in
In the semiconductor photocathode 200 connected in this manner, when incident light impinges on the transparent substrate 202 in a state in which the bias voltage is applied, a part thereof is reflected or absorbed by the entrance electrode 206 and the window layer 208, and the rest reaches the light absorbing layer 210. Then electrons generated through photoelectric conversion in the light absorbing layer 210 are emitted from the surface of the electron transport layer 212 to the outside.
(Production Method of Semiconductor Photocathode)
A method of producing the semiconductor photocathode according to the present embodiment will be described below.
First, an InP substrate 220 is prepared. Then an etching stop layer 218 of InGaAs, the contact layer 214 (e.g., n-type InP), the electron transport layer 212 (e.g., Be-doped p-type InP), the light absorbing layer 210 (e.g., Be-doped p-type InGaAs), and the window layer 208 (e.g., Be-doped p-type InP) are sequentially epitaxially grown on the InP substrate 220 by MBE. Subsequently, the entrance electrode 206 (e.g., tungsten) is vacuum-evaporated on the window layer 208 (
Next, the intermediate layer 204 (e.g., silicon dioxide film) is deposited by plasma CVD and thereafter this wafer is bonded to the transparent substrate 202 (e.g., glass) by thermal compression bond (
The wafer integrated with the transparent substrate 202 is immersed in heated hydrochloric acid to be etched, thereby removing all the InP substrate 220. This etching step automatically stops at the etching stop layer 218 (
Thereafter, the etching stop layer 218 is etched with a sulfuric acid type etchant to fabricate a substrate with the contact layer 214 as a front surface and the transparent substrate 202 as a back surface (
Then the emission electrode 216 is vacuum-evaporated and stripe patterns are formed in the electron transport layer 212, contact layer 214, and emission electrode 216 by photolithography and RIE dry etching (reactive ion etching). This step results in forming electron emitting portions for emitting electrons to the outside of the semiconductor photocathode 200, in the electron transport layer 212 (
Finally, the entrance electrode 206 is exposed by photolithography and chemical etching with a hydrochloric acid and sulfuric acid type etchant, thereby fabricating the semiconductor photocathode 200 shown in
(Characteristics of Semiconductor Photocathode)
As apparent from
As shown in
(Effects of Semiconductor Photocathode)
The following will describe the effects of the semiconductor photocathode 200 of the second embodiment having the above-described configuration. The semiconductor photocathode 200 of the second embodiment uses Be or C, which has the diffusion coefficient smaller than that of Zn or which has the atomic radius smaller than that of Zn, as the impurity of the p-type III-V compound semiconductor material, whereby the abnormal diffusion of the p-type impurity is prevented in the electron transport layer 212.
In the second embodiment, each of the layers making the semiconductor photocathode 200 is epitaxially grown by MBE. The reason for it is that the MBE process is a suitable epitaxial growth method using Be as a p-type dopant.
Furthermore, in the semiconductor photocathode 200 of the second embodiment, in order to form the light absorbing layer 210, the window layer 208 to be lattice-matched with the semiconductor material of the light absorbing layer 210 is formed under the light absorbing layer 210, and the thickness of the window layer 208 is very small. For this reason, in the applied state of the bias voltage, light having passed through the transparent substrate travels through the entrance electrode and without being blocked by the window layer, in a wide wavelength band from the ultraviolet region to the near-infrared region, to enter the light absorbing layer to excite photoelectrons. Therefore, the semiconductor photocathode is obtained with flat sensitivity for light in the wide wavelength band.
In other words, the semiconductor photocathode 200 allows not only the light in the near-infrared region of more than 780 nm but also the light in the visible region and in the ultraviolet region of 350 nm to 450 nm to reach the light absorbing layer 210 in the applied state of the bias voltage. Since this permits one semiconductor photocathode to have the sensitivity to the wide wavelength band from the ultraviolet region to the near-infrared region, there is no need for use of separate photocathodes according to wavelengths of light to be detected, when incorporated in an electron tube such as a photomultiplier tube, an image intensifier, and a streak tube. Therefore, when the semiconductor photocathode 200 is used, for example, for measurement of fluorescence, an improvement is made in degradation of accuracy due to preparation of separate photodetectors for excitation light and for fluorescence, the structure of a measuring system can be made simpler, and it is thus feasible to realize downsizing and cost reduction.
Specifically, excitation light pulses (generally, the wavelength thereof is shorter than that of fluorescence) and fluorescence can be measured simultaneously in time-resolved fluorometry, and it is thus feasible to realize downsizing and cost reduction of the system as well as an improvement in measurement accuracy. When it is combined with a compact, maintenance-free cooling device, we can produce a photodetector adaptable for a wide wavelength band.
Since in the semiconductor photocathode 200 of the second embodiment the contact layer 214 is provided to lower the contact resistance between the electron transport layer 212 and the emission electrode 216, the bias voltage can be effectively applied.
Next, a transmission type semiconductor photocathode 300 according to the third embodiment of the present invention will be described.
The third embodiment is different in the entrance electrode 306 located on the light entrance side, from the second embodiment, but the other elements are the same as those in the second embodiment. In the third embodiment, the entrance electrode 306 is different from that in the second embodiment in that the entrance electrode 306 is constructed as a metal material layer having apertures 306B. Specifically, as shown in
There are no particular restrictions on the metal material making the entrance electrode 306, but the entrance electrode 306 can be made of a material such as W (tungsten), Mo (molybdenum), Ni (nickel), Ti (titanium), or Cr (chromium) as the entrance electrode 206 in the second embodiment can. There are no particular restrictions on the thickness of the entrance electrode 306, but, where tungsten is used as the metal material, the thickness can be 100 nm.
The semiconductor photocathode 300 of this configuration can be operated with application of the bias voltage by bias voltage supply 250 in the same manner as in the case of the second embodiment. Since in the third embodiment there are the plurality of apertures 306B in the stripe pattern, the light incident into the transparent substrate 202 is blocked almost 100% on linear portions 306A and edge portion 306C, while it passes through the apertures 306B, without being blocked thereby. Therefore, the light having passed through the transparent substrate 202 is passed toward the light absorbing layer 210.
In the present embodiment there are no particular restrictions on the number of apertures 306B, but, in order to achieve efficient passage of the light having passed through the transparent substrate 202, it is preferable that an aperture rate β as defined by the formula below should be made as large as possible, where the line width of the leaner portions 306A is w1 and the pitch width of the apertures 306B is w2.
β={1−(w1/w2)}×100 (Formula)
As an example, the line width w1 of the linear portions 306A can be 5000 nm and the pitch w2 of the apertures 306B can be 100000 nm. In this case, the aperture rate β is 95%.
The apertures 306B preferably have the line width w1 of not less than 500 nm nor more than 50000 nm and the pitch w2 of not less than 500 nm nor more than 500000 nm. When the line width w1 and the pitch w2 are set in these ranges, the bias voltage can be effectively applied to the semiconductor photocathode 300 and the apertures can be formed with good repeatability by photolithography.
A production method of the semiconductor photocathode 300 according to the third embodiment is much the same as that of the semiconductor photocathode 200 according to the second embodiment. However, it is different from the method in the second embodiment in that a step of forming the plurality of apertures 306B by photolithography and RIE dry etching, is added after the step of vacuum-evaporating the entrance electrode 206 on the window layer 208 as shown in
Next, a transmission type semiconductor photocathode 400 according to the fourth embodiment of the present invention will be described. A plan view and a sectional view of the semiconductor photocathode 400 according to the fourth embodiment are the same as those of the semiconductor photocathode 200 of the second embodiment and the description is omitted by denoting corresponding elements by corresponding reference numerals.
The fourth embodiment is different from the second embodiment, in the entrance electrode 406 (cf.
The semiconductor photocathode 400 of this configuration can be operated with application of the bias voltage by bias voltage supply 250 in the same manner as in the case of the second embodiment. Since in the fourth embodiment the entrance electrode 406 is made of the transparent electroconductive material, it has the function as an electrode and the property of transmitting light. Therefore, it is able to transmit the light having passed through the transparent substrate 202, toward the light absorbing layer 210.
A production method of the semiconductor photocathode 400 according to the fourth embodiment is much the same as that of the semiconductor photocathode 200 according to the second embodiment. However, it is different from the method in the second embodiment in that the entrance electrode 406 of the transparent electroconductive material is formed, instead of the entrance electrode 206 of the metal material, in the step of vacuum-evaporating the entrance electrode 206 on the window layer 208 as shown in
The present invention, which was described above with an example of the description through the first embodiment to the fourth embodiment, has been accomplished based on the new findings as described below.
The inventor conducted elaborate research and found out the fact as described below. Namely, the inventor discovered the following fact: “In a semiconductor device, e.g., a semiconductor photocathode or the like, using Zn as a p-type dopant and having a heterostructure, where a semiconductor layer of a p-type binary compound semiconductor (binary semiconductor layer, or the first III-V compound semiconductor layer) doped with Zn in the low concentration of not more than 1×1018 cm−3 is deposited on a semiconductor layer of a p-type ternary compound semiconductor or a semiconductor layer of a p-type quaternary compound semiconductor (ternary/quaternary semiconductor layer, or the second III-V compound semiconductor layer) doped with Zn in the low concentration of not more than 1×1018 cm−3, the predetermined Zn doping concentration as designed is achieved as proved by analysis of concentration distribution after deposition. However, when the ternary/quaternary semiconductor layer is deposited on the binary semiconductor layer contrary to the above, the abnormal diffusion of Zn occurs in the binary semiconductor layer as proved by analysis of concentration distribution after deposition and the predetermined Zn doping concentration as designed is not achieved in the binary semiconductor layer.”
The inventor conducted further elaborate research and further discovered the following fact: “When a semiconductor device is formed in a configuration wherein it has a first III-V compound semiconductor layer and a second III-V compound semiconductor layer making a heterojunction and wherein the energy gap of the second III-V compound semiconductor layer is smaller than that of the first III-V compound semiconductor layer, the abnormal diffusion of the p-type impurity does not occur from a growth system or growth conditions, but occurs from the essential problems arising from the semiconductor heterostructure and the type of the p-type impurity.” There are no prior art documents pointing out this problem of abnormal diffusion and no reason for it has been elucidated. The present invention has been accomplished on the basis of the new findings as described above and in order to prevent the abnormal diffusion of the p-type impurity in the low concentration region in the case where the ternary/quaternary semiconductor layer is deposited on the binary semiconductor layer.
The above contents will be described below in more detail. First, the inventor experimentally manufactured a semiconductor device of a heterostructure (which will also be referred to hereinafter as a “first prototype device”) by metal organic vapor phase epitaxy (hereinafter referred to as “MOCVD”). The first prototype device has the structure in which a p-type InP substrate, a p-type InP semiconductor layer (first layer), a p-type InGaAsP semiconductor layer (second layer), a p-type InP semiconductor layer (third layer), and an n-type InP semiconductor layer (fourth layer) are stacked in order.
Based on the above design, each of the layers was epitaxially grown in order by MOCVD, thereby manufacturing the first prototype device experimentally.
With respect to the first prototype device with the as-designed doping concentrations confirmed as described above, the inventor experimentally manufactured another semiconductor device of a heterostructure (which will also be referred to as a “second prototype device”) in the same manner by MOCVD. The second prototype device has the structure in which an n-type InP substrate, an n-type InP semiconductor layer (first layer), an n-type InGaAsP semiconductor layer (second layer), an n-type InP semiconductor layer (third layer), a p-type InP semiconductor layer (fourth layer), a p-type InGaAsP semiconductor layer (fifth layer), and a p-type InP semiconductor layer (sixth layer) are stacked in order.
Namely, the first prototype device with the heterostructure has the structure in which the p-type InP layer (third layer, or p-type binary semiconductor layer) is deposited on the p-type InGaAsP layer (second layer, or p-type ternary/quaternary semiconductor layer), whereas the second prototype device with the heterostructure as well has the structure in which the p-type InGaAsP layer (fifth layer, or p-type ternary/quaternary semiconductor layer) is deposited on the p-type InP layer (fourth layer, or p-type binary semiconductor layer) on the n-type InP semiconductor layer (third layer).
The third layer is so designed that its thickness is 0.2 μm and that the doping concentration of Si is 2×1018 cm−3. The fourth layer is so designed that its thickness is 0.7 μm and that the doping concentration of Zn is 2×1016 cm−3. The fifth layer is so designed that its wavelength is 1.7 μm, that its thickness is 2 μm, and that the doping concentration of Zn is 2×1016 cm−3. The sixth layer is so designed that its thickness is 0.05 μm and that the doping concentration of Zn is 2×1018 cm−3.
Based on the above design, each of the layers was epitaxially grown in order by MOCVD, thereby manufacturing the second prototype device experimentally.
It is understood from this result that the result shown in
These results infer the following: “in the semiconductor device with Zn as a p-type dopant and with the heterostructure wherein the p-type binary semiconductor layer doped with Zn in the low concentration of not more than 1×1018 cm−3 is deposited on the p-type ternary/quaternary semiconductor layer doped with Zn in the low concentration of not more than 1×1018 cm−3, or in the case of the first prototype device, the predetermined Zn doping concentration as designed is achieved as proved by analysis of the concentration distribution after deposition. However, when the ternary/quaternary semiconductor layer is deposited on the binary semiconductor layer contrary to the above, or in the case of the second prototype device, the abnormal diffusion of Zn occurs in the binary semiconductor layer, irrespective of the growth systems and growth conditions, as proved by analysis of concentration distribution after deposition, and the predetermined Zn doping concentration as designed is not achieved in the binary semiconductor layer.”
In the case of the second prototype device, even if the Zn doping concentration in the p-type InP layer of the fourth layer was designed to be higher, e.g., 1×10 cm−3, the predetermined atomic concentration as designed was not achieved in the p-type InP layer of the fourth layer and the measured concentration was not more than the measurement limit of SIMS. This result infers that “the abnormal diffusion of Zn occurs independent of the doping concentration.”
With occurrence of such abnormal diffusion of the p-type dopant, there will arise the problem that it is impossible to accurately control the carrier concentration in the semiconductor layer suffering the abnormal diffusion and, as a result, an electronic device or an optical device fabricated with the semiconductor layer, for example, as a photosensitive layer of a semiconductor light receiving device or as a light emitting layer of a semiconductor light emitting device fails to hold as-expected characteristics.
Subsequently, the inventor experimentally manufactured still another semiconductor device (which will also be referred to as a “third prototype device”) by MOCVD in the same manner as in the case of the first prototype device and the second prototype device.
Namely, the third layer of the n-type InGaAsP semiconductor layer is so designed that its wavelength is 0.95 μm, that its thickness is 0.2 μm, and that the doping concentration of Si is 2×1018 cm−3. The fourth layer of the p-type InGaAsP semiconductor layer is so designed that its wavelength is 0.95 μm, that its thickness is 0.7 μm, and that the doping concentration of Zn is 2×1016 cm−3. In this manner, the third prototype device is so designed that, instead of the p-type InP layer of the fourth layer which suffered the abnormal diffusion of Zn in the second prototype device, the fourth layer is the p-type InGaAsP layer having the energy gap close to that of the p-type InP layer and larger than that of the p-type InGaAsP semiconductor layer of the fifth layer.
With this third prototype device, the concentration distribution of Zn atoms as the p-type dopant was measured by SIMS, and the result thereof was similar to
It is believed from the results of the experiments with the first prototype device, the second prototype device, and the third prototype device as described above that “when the semiconductor device is so constructed that it has the first III-V compound semiconductor layer and the second III-V compound semiconductor layer making the heterojunction and that the energy gap of the second III-V compound semiconductor layer is smaller than that of the first III-V compound semiconductor layer, the abnormal diffusion of the p-type impurity does not occur from the growth system or the growth conditions, but does occur from the essential problems arising from the semiconductor heterostructure and the type of the p-type impurity.” There were no prior art documents or patent documents pointing out the problem of such abnormal diffusion, and the reason for it has not been elucidated.
The present invention has been accomplished based on the new findings as described above and in order to prevent the abnormal diffusion of the p-type impurity in the low concentration region in the case where the ternary/quaternary semiconductor layer is deposited on the binary semiconductor layer.
| Number | Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| P2006-322345 | Nov 2006 | JP | national |
