Patent Application
20140247862
1. Field of the Invention
The present invention generally relates to a sending and receiving system, a method of sending and receiving, and a receiving apparatus.
2. Description of the Related Art
There is an exemplary sending and receiving system which performs a high-speed serial communication in an embedded clock method where a clock is embedded in data. In this high-speed serial communication, the data rate is about several hundred Mbps to several Gpbs. The sending and receiving system includes a sending circuit and a receiving circuit, and the sending and receiving circuits are formed by a semiconductor integrated circuit. Further, a transmission line for connecting the sending circuit to the receiving circuit is formed by a pattern on poly chlorinated biphenyl (PCB) or a cable connected through a connector.
In this sending and receiving system, it is known that a serial signal is attenuated by a frequency characteristic of the transmission line when the length of the transmission line is elongated or a data rate is made high. As a method of compensating the attenuation of the serial signal by the sending circuit, there is known “emphasis” where a high frequency signal is stressed. Further, there is known an “equalizer” as a method of compensating the attenuation with the receiving circuit. The “equalizer” compensates the high frequency signal by applying inverse characteristics of the transmission line to the receiving circuit.
Because the attenuation of the signal varies depending on the characteristics or the data rate of the transmission line, attenuation characteristics differ depending on the type of a sending and receiving system. Therefore, it is preferable that a device including a receiving circuit can adjust an equalizer amount depending on the system. For example, according to Patent Document 1, an eye pattern of a signal is detected by the receiving circuit and a method of setting the equalizer amount most suitable to the system is disclosed.
However, an exemplary method of automatically setting an equalizer amount requires a detection of the value of a signal on the amplitude direction of the signal in order to detect the eye pattern. Further, the exemplary method of automatically setting the equalizer amount requires a very high-speed analog-digital converter (ADC) in order to perform oversampling several times more than unit intervals (1UI) of the signal. Further, because detection data of data pattern for a predetermined period are stored, there is a problem that a memory having a great quantity is required in order to hold the detection data.
Accordingly, embodiments of the present invention are provided in consideration of the above problem and provide a novel and useful sending and receiving system enabling an automatic adjustment of an equalizer amount with a simple structure.
One aspect of the embodiments of the present invention may be to provide a sending and receiving system including a sending apparatus that performs a serial communication and includes a sending unit that sends a signal having a predetermined pattern; and a receiving apparatus that performs the serial communication and includes a receiving unit that provides the signal sent from the sending unit with an equalizing process depending on a setup value of an equalizer amount, a sampling unit that samples data obtained in the equalizing process by the receiving unit at a data rate higher than a data rate of the data, and a control unit that controls the setup value of the equalizer amount based on a change of the data corresponding to the predetermined pattern.
Additional objects and advantages of the embodiments will be set forth in part in the description which follows, and in part will be clear from the description, or may be learned by practice of the invention. Objects and advantages of the invention will be realized and attained by means of the elements and combinations particularly pointed out in the appended claims.
It is to be understood that both the foregoing general description and the following detailed description are exemplary and explanatory only and are not restrictive of the invention as claimed.
A description is given below, with reference to the
Reference symbols typically designate as follows:
The sending apparatus 10 includes a sending unit 101. The sending unit 101 is substantialized by a transceiver, which can send a differential signal, and sends a high-speed serial signal to the receiving apparatus 20 through the transmission line.
The receiving apparatus 20 includes a receiving unit 201, a separating unit 202, and a control unit 203. The receiving unit 201 is substantialized by a receiver which can receive the differential signal and receives the differential signal received from the sending apparatus 10. The receiving unit 201 receives an equalizer amount setup signal indicative of a setup value of the equalizer amount input from the control unit 203. The receiving unit 201 compensates the differential signal depending on the equalizer amount setup signal (performs an equalizing process) and outputs binarized data to a separating unit 20 (described below). Referring to
The separating unit 202 is substantialized by a clock data recovery (CDR) circuit, and separates a reproduction clock from binarized data received from the receiving unit 201. Further, the separating unit 202 performs oversampling using a sampling clock whose frequency is n times of the data rate. As such, the data acquired by oversampling are called oversampling (OVS) data. Further, the separating unit 202 outputs the OVS data of n bits and the reproduction clock to the control unit 203 (described below). Referring to
The control unit 203 is substantialized by a CPU, restores data by the OVS data received from the separating unit 202 and the reproduction clock, and outputs the restored data. The control unit 203 transfers the equalizer amount setup signal to the receiving unit 201 (described in detail later).
First, the sending apparatus 10 sends data in which “0101” are arranged in this order in step S101. These data are a data signal used by the separating unit 202 of the receiving apparatus 20 to lock the frequency.
Next, the sending apparatus 10 starts data transmission of the fixed pattern (step S103) after the fixed time passes (step S103). The fixed time is set based on a frequency lock time which is assumed from characteristics of the separating unit 20 of the receiving apparatus 20. Said differently, the sending apparatus 10 starts data transmission of the data of the fixed pattern at a time after the receiving apparatus 20 is determined to lock the frequency.
The data transmission of the fixed pattern means repeated sending of data of 40 bits such as “0011111010—1010101010—1100000101—0101010101”. It is desirable that the fixed pattern contains data (hereinafter, expressed by “5T1T”) where data “0” or “1” (hereinafter, expressed by “1T”) are added after 5 consecutive data “1” or “0” (hereinafter, expressed by “5T”). The number of the consecutive data may not be 5 and can be a predetermined number.
The data having the pattern such as “5T” is a signal having a low (slow) frequency, and the data having the pattern such as “1T” is a signal having a high (fast) frequency. Accordingly, if these data pass through the transmission line, the data having the pattern “1T” attenuates more than the data having the pattern of “5T”. By using these characteristics, the data of the fixed pattern sent by the sending apparatus 10 of the first embodiment are formed so as to contain the pattern of “5T1T” where an influence of the transmission line on the data of the fixed pattern is conspicuously observed and an effect of the equalizer can be easily measured.
The sending apparatus 10 starts ordinary data transmission (step S105) after a fixed time passes (step S104) after starting to send the data of the fixed pattern. The fixed time is set in response to a time, which is previously estimated by the receiving apparatus and is necessary for adjusting the equalizer amount.
Meanwhile, when the data of consecutive “0101” are received, the receiving apparatus 20 causes the separating unit 202 to start an operation of the separating unit 202 in step S201. The separating unit 202 generates a clock (a reproduction clock) where the frequency and the phase are locked using the received data in step S202. The time during a transient state until the frequency and the phase of the reproduction clock are locked is determined by characteristics such as a loop band of the separating unit 202 or the like.
The receiving apparatus 20 receives the data of the fixed pattern in step S203 after the fixed time set based on the frequency lock time of the separating unit 202 passes. The receiving apparatus 20 is in a period of setting the equalizer amount after receiving the fixed pattern.
The equalizer amount setup signal for setting the equalizer amount is data of, for example, 4 bits. At first, the equalizer amount setup signal “0000” is set. At this time, the equalizer amount (a difference of gain between the high frequency side (the signal of “1T”) and the low frequency side (the signal of “5T”)) is minimized. As the equalizer amount setup signal is incremented, the equalizer amount is increased. After the equalizer amount setup signal is set up, the fixed data are detected in step S205.
Here, the fixed data are described. The separating unit 202 generates OVS data by oversampling binarized data using a sampling clock having a frequency n times greater than the data rate. Provided that n=4, in a case where the binarized data of, for example, “0101” are input, the generated OVS data are sequentially “0000”, “1111”, “0000”, and “1111” (hereinafter, “0000—1111—0000—1111”).
The OVS data generated corresponding to the above pattern of “5T1T” are ideally “1111—1111—1111—1111—1111—0000”. However, the signal attenuated by the frequency characteristics of the transmission line is, for example, “1111—1111—1111—1111—1111—1100” or “1111—1111—1111—1111—1111—1110”.
In a case where the signal is further attenuated, the data corresponding to the pattern “1T” may disappear.
In this case, in order to avoid a communication error, it is necessary to compensate using the equalizer. When a proper equalizer amount is set, the OVS data become “1111—1111—1111—1111—1111—0000” or “1111—1111—1111—1111—1111—1000”.
In the frequency, attenuation of the width of pulse “1T” is greatest in the patterns of “5T1T” (“5T” is provisionally longest, and the length is not limited to “5T”) having the greatest difference. Therefore, the control unit 203 of the receiving apparatus 20 detects the width of pulse (the bit length) of the pattern “1T” and determines whether the equalizer amount is proper.
As to the fixed data, the fixed data designates the OVS data corresponding to the pattern of the above “5T”. In the above example, the fixed data are 20 consecutive data of “1”, namely “1111—1111—1111—1111—1111”.
In the above case of, for example, 40 bits data “0011111010—1010101010—1100000101—0101010101”, the control unit 203 detects the fixed data of “1111—1111—1111—1111—1111”. Then, it is known that the next data is “0”, the width of pulse of the data “0” is measured.
Here, the number of the consecutive “1” of the OVS data is not necessarily 20 and may be 19, 21, or 22. Therefore, the control unit 203 is required to be set so as to detect the fixed data by assuming these cases. Further, the control unit 203 is required to be formed so as to be able to deal with a case where a pulse of data “0” disappears.
As described, the width of pulse of “1T” after the data of the pattern of “5T” is measured and it is determined that the width of pulse is a proper value (YES of step S206). Then, the equalizer amount is determined and the setup is completed in step S207. For example, in the above example, if the width of pulse as the OVS data is equal to or greater than a predetermined bit number (for example, 3 bits or 4 bits), the data are determined to be proper. In a case where the width of pulse as the OVS data is smaller than the predetermined bit number (for example, 0, 1, or 2 bits) (NO of step S206), the equalizer amount setup signal is incremented to perform a setup of the equalizer amount again in steps S204 to S206.
If the width of pulse does not become proper even if the equalizer amount setup signal is maximized to be, for example “1111”, the equalizer amount setup signal is set to have the maximum value and the process may be ended.
When a differential signal (an input P and an input M) is input, the equalizer 211 sets the equalizer amount depending on the equalizer amount setup signal and outputs the compensated differential signal to the binarizing unit 212.
The binarizing unit 212 outputs the input differential signal as binarized data.
A terminating resistance is arranged between the inputs P and M. This terminating resistance is generally set to have the same value as that of an output resistance of a circuit forming the sending apparatus 10 or that of a characteristic impedance of the transmission line.
Further, the equalizer amount setup signal is input into the variable resistor 213 and adjusts a resistance value. By changing the resistance value of the variable resistor, the equalizer amount changes. In a case of a high frequency signal, an electric current flows through the resistors connected in parallel to thereby increase the gain. On the contrary, in a case of a low frequency signal, the gain is limited by the variable resistor 213.
As such, the high frequency signal is stressed by the equalizer 211 and the low frequency signal is attenuated. With this, the attenuation of the high frequency signal is compensated by the frequency characteristics of the transmission line. Further, the binarizing unit 212 determines high or low of the signal using a predetermined threshold value and outputs a signal similar to a square wave as the binarized data.
On the other hand, in a case where the equalizer amount setup signal is “1111”, all the switches are turned off thereby maximizing the resistance value of the variable resistor 213 so as to be R. In a case where the resistance value of the variable resistor 213 is great, the equalizer amount of the equalizer 211 illustrated in
Here, the VCO 224 outputs a sampling clock of an n phase to divide the phase of the oscillating frequency of the VCO 224 equally into n.
For example, if the oscillating frequency of the VCO 224 is 2 Hz and n=4, the phase difference of each sampling clock is: (½ GHz)/4 phases=125 [ps]. All the sampling clocks of the 4 phases are input into the OVS part 225. One of the sampling clocks is input into the PD 221 (However, depending on the structure of the PD 221, two of the sampling clocks can be input). Here, because the PD 221, the CP 222, and the filter 223 can be circuits used in an ordinary PLL, description thereof is omitted.
Referring to
However, the signal is degraded by the frequency characteristics of the transmission line. Referring to
The differential output signal illustrated in
The differential input signal illustrated in
When data of the pattern “1T” immediately after the pattern of “5T” are focused, because the amplitude of the data of “5T” is great, a time for the data of “1T” exceeding the threshold for the binarization delays. As a result, the width of pulse of the data of “1T” becomes small. Referring to
The control unit 203 of the receiving apparatus 20 produces the restored data from the OVS data. However, if the state illustrated in
Referring to
At first, the control unit 203 sets the equalizer amount (step S302) after a process of adjusting the equalizer amount is set up in step S301. The equalizer amount setup signal for setting the equalizer amount is data of, for example, 4 bits. The control unit 203 firstly sets up the equalizer amount setup signal 0000″. At this time, the equalizer amount (a difference of gain between the high frequency side (the signal of “1T”) and the low frequency side (the signal of “5T”)) is minimized. As the equalizer amount setup signal is incremented, the equalizer amount is increased.
The control unit 203 detects the fixed data in step S303 after setting the equalizer amount setup signal. As described above, in a case where the pattern of the received data is like “5T1T”, the fixed data correspond to the pattern of “5T”. In a case where n=4, the fixed data are “1111—1111—1111—1111—1111”. However, twenty data “1” do not always continue and the number of the data may be nineteen, twenty one, twenty two, or the like. Therefore, it is necessary for the control unit 203 to be able to deal with these fixed data.
When the control unit 203 detects the fixed data, the control unit measures the data width of subsequent data in step S304. The subsequent data is the data of the pattern “1T” after the pattern of “5T”. The number of “0” after the data of continuous “1” in the received OVS data corresponds to the width of pulse of the data of the pattern “1T”.
In a case where the width of pulses of the data of the pattern “1T” is equal to or greater than a predetermined number (e.g., 3 or 4 in n=4), it is possible to determine that a proper equalizer amount can be set in YES of step S305. Therefore, the control unit 203 determines this equalizer amount as the proper equalizer amount in step S306.
On the other hand, in a case where the width of pulse is 1 or 2, the control unit 203 determines that the equalizer amount is insufficient in NO of step S305. Then, the control unit 203 increments the equalizer amount setup signal by one and repeats the process of steps S302 and S305.
Further, there is a possibility that the width of pulse of the data of the pattern of “1T” is zero. Therefore, in a case where the number of the continuous data “1” is equal to or greater than 24, it is determined that the data of the pattern “1T” disappear and the control unit may increment the equalizer amount setup signal by one and may perform the process of steps S302 to S305.
Although it is not illustrated in
As described, by using the receiving apparatus 20 of the first embodiment of the present invention, a high speed ADC or a memory for retaining the detected data becomes unnecessary. Further, it is possible to automatically adjust the equalizer amount with a simple structure.
In the flowchart illustrated in
The sending control unit 102 of the sending apparatus 10A starts to send a fixed pattern signal in step S402 after receiving the frequency lock signal. With this, even if step S401 “sending 0101 data” is not continued for the fixed time, it is possible to detect a lock of the frequency and the transmission can be switched to the fixed pattern transmission. Therefore, the process time can be shortened.
The control unit 203A of the receiving apparatus 20A detects that the frequency of the binarized data matches the frequency of the reproduction clock. This can be achieved by measuring the clocks using a counter for a predetermined period and observing a difference of the count values for a predetermined period. Although it is not illustrated in
In the flowchart illustrated in
The sending control unit 102B of the sending apparatus 10B starts to send ordinary data upon receipt of the equalizer amount setup completion signal in step S603. With this, the sending apparatus 10B can be switched to ordinary data transmission without waiting the passage of a fixed time during the fixed pattern is sent. Therefore, the process time can be shortened.
By arbitrarily combining the sending apparatus and the receiving apparatus of the above embodiments, the sending and receiving system can be structured.
With the sending and receiving system of the embodiments, the equalizer amount can be automatically adjusted with a simple structure.
All examples and conditional language recited herein are intended for pedagogical purposes to aid the reader in understanding the principles of the invention and the concepts contributed by the inventor to furthering the art, and are to be construed as being without limitation to such specifically recited examples and conditions, nor does the organization of such examples in the specification relate to a showing of the superiority or inferiority of the invention. Although a sending and receiving system has been described in detail, it should be understood that various changes, substitutions, and alterations could be made thereto without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention.
This application is based upon and claims the benefit of priority of the prior Japanese Patent Application No. 2013-041886, filed on Mar. 4, 2013, the entire contents of which are incorporated herein by reference.
| Number | Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2013-041886 | Mar 2013 | JP | national |
