Patent Application
20160341612
The present invention concerns a sensing cable designed for distributed pressure sensing comprising at least one optical fibre which has a continuous weak fiber Bragg grating permanently written inside the fibre core and a coating around the optical fibre, wherein the sensing cable is configured so that pressure applied to the sensing cable changes birefringence in the one or more optical fibers.
Common distributed measurement techniques are mainly based on the temperature and strain dependence of optical fiber parameters; they have enable efficient and reliable monitoring of large structures in different industries and is nowadays regularly applied to the monitoring of large structures such as tunnels, bridges, oil wells, pipelines and power lines. Both temperature and strain monitoring are used to achieve efficient condition monitoring of asset and enables the detection of several abnormal conditions such as cracks, leaks, deformation, ground movement, structural fatigue, etc.
The effect of pressure changes, especially in pipeline for blockage detection via hoop strain monitoring, has been studied and tested, but showed to have limitation in sensitivity and is simply not compatible with some applications which require a direct pressure measurement. Examples are distributed hydrostatic pressure monitoring for oil well reservoir management, flowline pressure monitoring for flow assurance, etc. The various challenges to achieve high sensitivity pressure sensing is mainly related to the natural circular symmetry of standard single-mode fibers, which makes them intrinsically poorly sensitive to hydrostatic pressure, turning the development of such sensors into a real challenge.
Over the last decades, several Fiber Bragg grating based sensors, likewise several interferometric and polarimetric optical fiber sensors have been proposed. The later ones use highly birefringent fibers and are based on the dependence of the fiber birefringence on several physical variables such as temperature, strain and hydrostatic pressure. In fact, the sensitivity to such parameters and potential cross-sensitivity effects have been analyzed for numerous types of fibers, including highly birefringent elliptical-core fibers, side-hole fibers, and polarization-maintaining photonic crystal fibers, amongst others. But, although interesting hydrostatic pressure sensing capabilities have been identified in birefringent fibers, all the birefringence measurement methods used for pressure sensing applications are restricted to measurements at discrete positions (point sensing, not fully distributed).
A system based on the Brillouin technology using a pressure sensitive coating on top of a silica glass optical fiber is also known in the art. A pressure resolution of −1 bar can obtained using the known Brillouin technology but the concept is difficult to industrialize, and therefore difficult to used in field applications.
Methods which combine the advantages of using birefringence as pressure transducer whilst providing distributed sensing thanks to an advanced Billouin sensing method are also known. Despite the fact that distributed pressure sensing (DPS) can be considered as academically solved, there is no viable and deployable cable sensing solution to date which matches the stringent requirements of hydrostatic pressure monitoring for oil well reservoir management or flowline pressure monitoring for flow assurance or alike.
Some proposed designs are based on a fibre in a perforated metal tube which acts as a screen filter for particles, sand etc present in the fluid whilst allowing the pressure to be transmitted; this is expensive and not robust enough. No other alternative is known so that the missing block is a dedicated DPS fibre optic sensing cable, which provides fibre protection from the harsh environment without any holes whilst coupling pressure to the fibre.
An solution has been proposed by using birefringence measurement using Dynamic Brillouin Grating (DBG). Although this is an interesting step towards accurate pressure measurement, DBG based pressure sensing is also influence by varying loss in the sensing fibre and by instrument noise that ultimately results in a somehow unstable DBG. Together with the complexity of the instrument used to create dynamically the grating, the stability issue limit the applicability to spatial resolution of the order of 0.5 m with minute integration time.
It is an aim of the invention to obviate or mitigate at least some of the disadvantages associated with the cables which are currently used for distributed sensing. In particular it is an aim of the present invention to provide a cable which does not depend on the instrument stability to maintain its sensitivity, allows a simple instrumentation and a fast acquisition rate, resulting in an overall enhanced sensitivity to pressure/birefringence variation
According to the present invention there is provided a sensing cable designed for distributed pressure sensing comprising one or more optical fibres which comprise a continuous weak fiber Bragg grating permanently written inside a core of the optical fiber, and wherein the sensing cable is configured so that pressure applied to the sensing cable changes birefringence in the one or more optical fibers.
Preferably a continuous weak fiber Bragg grating (WFBG) is distributed over the entire sensing fibre length. It has a low reflectivity, which, when integrated over the entire length, is preferably less than 20%. The WFBG's include, but is not limited to, Faint LOng Grating (FLOG).
The sensing cable may further comprise a coating around the one or more optical fibres.
In the most preferred embodiment there is provided a sensing cable designed for distributed pressure sensing comprising at least one optical fibre which has a continuous weak fiber Bragg grating permanently written inside the fibre core and a coating around the optical fibre so that when pressure is applied to the sensing cable it induces less lateral compression along one axis of the fibre than along another axis of the fibre so as to change birefringence in the optical fibre.
The sensing cable may be configured to be mechanically asymmetric and/or optically asymmetric so that pressure applied to the sensing cable changes birefringence in the one or more optical fibers.
Advantageously the mechanical or optical asymmetrical cable design of the sensing cable makes it possible to efficiently achieve distributed pressure sensing in the field in severe environmental conditions; and the use of a one or more optical fibres which have a continuous weak fiber Bragg grating permanently written inside the fibre core, increases the sensing cable's sensitivity.
Preferably the sensing cable is configured so that pressure applied to the sensing cable along one or more axes, induces less lateral compression on an optical fiber than pressure applied to the sensing cable along one or more other axes, so as to change birefringence in the one or more optical fibers.
Preferably the one or more axis/axes of the fibre and one or more other axis/axes of the fibre, are each axes which traverse the cross section of the fiber.
The sensing cable may comprise a plurality of optical fibers each of which has a continuous weak fiber Bragg grating permanently written inside the fibre core and a coating is provided on the plurality of optical fibers.
The sensing cable may comprise a coating which is configured to have a non-circular perimeter, so that the sensing cable is configured so that pressure applied to the sensing cable changes birefringence in the one or more optical fibers. A coating which is configured to have a non-circular perimeter will configure the sensing cable so that pressure applied to the sensing cable, along one or more axes, induces less lateral compression on the one or more optical fibers than pressure applied to the sensing cable along one or more other axes so as to change birefringence in the one or more optical fibers.
The sensing cable may comprise a coating which has two or more sections which composed of different materials, so that the sensing cable is configured so that pressure applied to the sensing cable changes birefringence in the one or more optical fibers. Preferably a section composed of a first material is arranged to lie along one or more axes which traverse the cross section of the fiber and a section composed of a second material is arranged to lie along the one or more other axes which traverse the cross section of the fiber, so that sensing cable is configured so that pressure applied to the sensing cable, along one or more axes, induces less lateral compression on the one or more optical fibers than pressure applied to the sensing cable along one or more other axes so as to change birefringence in the one or more optical fibers.
The sensing cable may comprise one or more polarisation maintaining fibres (PM fibers). The polarization maintaining fibres may comprises a panda fibre, a bow-tie fibre, an elliptical core fibre, a D-shape core fibre and/or such as a polarisation maintaining photonic crystal fibre.
The sensing cable may comprise one or more polarisation maintaining photonic crystal fibres (PCF fiber).
The optical fiber may comprises cladding and a jacket. The optical fiber may further comprise a buffer layer.
The coating may be mechanically reinforced along one or more axes which traverse the fiber and sections of the coating along the one or more other axes which traverse the fiber remain without mechanically reinforcement.
The coating may be configured to have a varying thickness. Preferably the thickness of the coating along the one or more axes which traverse the fiber is thicker than the thickness of the coating along the one or more other axes which traverse the fiber.
In a further embodiment the coating may be configured to have two or more sections which are configured to have different mechanical properties. For example the coating may comprise two or more sections which are configured to have different Youngs modulus and/or different Bulk modulus. To achieve this coating may be configured to have two or more sections which are composed of two different materials; for example the coating may comprises a first section which comprises a first material, a second section which comprises a second material, a third section which comprises the first material and a fourth section which comprises the second material. The one or more sections may be configured to be arcs shaped.
As mentioned the sensing cable is configured so that pressure applied to the sensing cable along one or more axes, induces less lateral compression on an optical fiber than pressure applied to the sensing cable along one or more other axes, so as to change birefringence in the one or more optical fibers; it has also been mentioned that preferably the one or more axis/axes of the fibre and one or more other axis/axes of the fibre, are each axes which traverse the cross section of the fiber.
The coating may be arranged such that there is a gap between the coating and the one or more optical fibers along the one or more axes, and to contact each of the one or more optical fibers along the one or more other axes.
The gap may be filled with filling material. The filing material may comprise foam or polymer.
The coating may be configured such that a cross section of the coating has between 2-20 axes of symmetry only.
The coating may be configured to have a cross section which is rectangular-shaped, elliptical-shaped, or oval-shaped.
The sensing cable may comprise two optical fibers.
The sensing cable may comprise three optical fibers.
The coating may be configured so that there is a gap between the coating and an optical fiber so that any pressure which is applied to the sensing cable is prevented from inducing lateral compression on said fiber. In this case the coating does not contact said optical fiber and the optical fiber remains loose within the sensing cable.
The coating may comprise metal or polymer.
The coating may comprise a protective outer layer. The protective layer may comprise a metallic film.
The one or more optical fibers may comprise one or more polarisation maintaining fibres.
The one or more optical fibers may comprise one or more polarisation maintaining photonic crystal fibres.
A birefringence axis of each of the one or more polarisation maintaining fibres may be aligned with at least one of said one or more axes or at least one of said one or more other axes. All the birefringence axes of each of the one or more polarisation maintaining fibres may be aligned with said one or more axes or said one or more other axes. All the birefringence axes of each of the one or more polarisation maintaining fibres may be aligned with an axis of symmetry of a cross section of the coating.
A birefringence axis of each of the one or more photonic crystal fibres may be aligned with at least one of said one or more axes or at least one of said one or more other axes. All birefringence axes of each of the one or more photonic crystal fibres may be aligned with said one or more axes or said one or more other axes. All birefringence axes of each of the one or more photonic crystal fibres may be aligned with an axis of symmetry of a cross section of the coating.
The coating may be configured so that pressure applied to the sensing cable, along a first axis, induces less lateral compression on the one or more optical fibers than pressure applied to the sensing cable along a second axis. Most preferably the coating is configured so that pressure applied to the sensing cable along a plurality of axes through a cross section of the sensing cable, induces less lateral compression on the one or more optical fibers than pressure applied to the sensing cable along a plurality of other axes through a cross section of the sensing cable.
The first and second axes may be perpendicular.
The coating may be mechanically reinforced along the first axis only.
The coating may be configured to have two axis of symmetry only.
The coating may be thicker along the first axis than along the second axis.
The coating may be arranged such that there is a gap between the coating and the one or more optical fibers along the first axis, and to contact each of the one or more optical fibers along the second axis.
A birefringence axis of each of the one or more polarisation maintaining fibres may be aligned with said first or second axes. Two birefringence axes of each of the one or more polarisation maintaining fibres is aligned with said first and second axes respectively. Two birefringence axes of the one or more polarisation maintaining fibres are aligned with said two axis of symmetry.
A birefringence axis of the one or more polarisation maintaining photonic crystal fibres is aligned with said first or second axes. Wherein birefringence axes of the one or more polarisation maintaining photonic crystal fibres are aligned with said first and second axes. Wherein birefringence axes of the one or more polarisation maintaining photonic crystal fibres are aligned with said two axis of symmetry.
The coating may be configured so that pressure applied to the sensing cable along a plurality of axes, induces less lateral compression on the one or more optical fibers than pressure applied to the sensing cable along a plurality of other axes.
According to a further aspect of the present invention there is provided a sensing cable comprising one or more polarisation maintaining fibres, or one or more polarisation maintaining photonic crystal fibres, and a coating provides around the one or more polarisation maintaining fibres, or one or more polarisation maintaining photonic crystal fibres.
The coating may comprise metal or polymer.
According to a further aspect of the present invention there is provided a sensing device for performing distributed pressure sensing comprising, a sensing cable according to any one of the above mentioned sensing cables; a means for measuring birefringence distribution along the length of an optical fibers, and a means for determining distributed pressure present along the length of the fiber using the measured birefringence distribution.
The invention will be better understood with the aid of the description of embodiments, which are given by way of example only, with reference to figures, including,
Birefringence based distributed pressure sensing (DPS) needs a sensing cable which is configured so that an optical fiber of the sensing cable experiences different levels of lateral compression, along different axis, when the sensing cable is subjected to symmetrical pressure (i.e. equal amount of pressure applied simultaneously to all areas of the sensing cable) so that birefringence is changed in the fiber. The birefringence can be measured, providing a pressure reading indicative of the pressure which was applied to the sensing cable.
Ensuring that the sensing cable experiences different levels of lateral compression, along different axis, when the sensing cable is subjected to uniform pressure can be achieve by mechanical means, optical means (i.e. optical properties of the sensing cable), or a combination of both. A sensing cable according to the present invention can include one or more fibres which are configured to be hermetic from the outside world. The sensing cable is configured to comprise different optical or a mechanical properties along at least two axes through a cross section of the sensing cable. The at least two axes may comprise two axis preferably being orthogonal to each other. The sensing cable, is configured such that, when looked at from either an optical or a mechanical point of view is made of at least one subcomponent featuring a non-circular symmetry.
Referring to
The sensing cable 3 comprises an optical fiber 1, a coating 2 which is provided on the optical fiber 1. The optical fiber 1 has a continuous weak fiber Bragg grating permanently written inside its core.
The sensing cable 3 is configured so that pressure applied to the sensing cable changes birefringence in the one or more optical fibers; to achieve this the sensing cable 3 is configured, in any suitable way, to be mechanically asymmetric and/or optically asymmetric. In this particular example the sensing cable 3 is configured to be mechanically asymmetric by providing a coating 2 which has a non-circular perimeter 4. The coating 2 is configured so that pressure applied to the sensing cable 3, along a first axis i.e. along the x-axis in this example, induces less lateral compression on the optical fiber 1 than pressure applied to the sensing cable 3 along a second axis i.e. along the y-axis in this example. More specifically, the coating 2 has an increased thickness ‘T’ between the 8 o'clock and 10 o'clock positions and between the 2 o'clock and 4 o'clock positions, around the perimeter 4 of the sensing cable 3, compared to the thickness ‘t’ of the coating between the 10 o'clock and 2 o'clock positions and between the 4 o'clock and 8 o'clock positions, around the perimeter 4 of the sensing cable 3. Thus, along the x-axis through the cross section of the sensing cable 3, the coating 2 has a thickness ‘T’, and along the y-axis through the cross section of the sensing cable 3 the coating 2 has a different, smaller, thickness ‘t’.
It will be understood that coating 2 could have increased thickness ‘T’ over any range, and is not limited to between 8 o'clock and 10 o'clock positions and between 2 o'clock and 4 o'clock positions. Also the coating 2 could have increased thickness ‘T’ at a plurality of different positions around the perimeter 4 of the sensing cable 3 (and not just at two positions as illustrated in
Mechanical asymmetry in relation to the coating 2, in the context of the present application, means that the mechanical properties of the coating vary along the perimeter 4 of the sensing cable 3. The sensing cable 3 shown in
As the metal tube has an inner diameter which is larger than the outer diameter of the fiber 1, the flattening of the metal tube results in folds 8 in the metal tube at opposing sides of the fiber 1. Once the metal tube has been flattened it defines the coating 2, and the folds 8 define areas of increased thickness in the coating 2.
The coating 2 thus configures the sensing cable 3 in such a way that if a uniform pressure is applied to the sensing cable 3 over the whole perimeter 4, this pressure induces less lateral compression at portions of the fiber 1 which abut the parts of the coating 2 which have increased thickness ‘T’, than the portions of the fiber 1 which abut the parts of the coating 2 which have smaller thickness ‘t’. In the example shown in
The coating 2 on the fiber 1 enables the fiber 1 to experience different levels of lateral compression, along different axis through its cross section, when the sensing cable is subjected to a uniform pressure around its whole perimeter 4. The different level of lateral compression slightly modifies the optical characteristics of the fibre along the different axis. The difference between the optical characteristics along the different axis is called birefringence. As pressure changes, birefringence changes; birefringence can be measured by birefringence sensitive based methods like polarimetry (Polarisation Optical Time Domain Reflectrometry POTDR), polarization sensitive COTDR (Coherent OTDR), polarization sensitive BOTDA and BOTDR and Dynamic Brillouin Grating etc; these methods for measuring birefringence and the manner of implementing those methods are known in the art.
Advantageously the use of the optical fiber 1 which has a continuous weak fiber Bragg grating permanently written inside the fibre core of the optical fiber 1, enables smaller variations of birefringence induced by pressure to be sensed; thus the sensing cable 3 is more sensitive to pressure changes. The continuous weak fiber Bragg grating allows for an interrogation method that is easier and more stable over time than DBG. The intrinsic stability of the WFBG with respect to the DBG (the WFBG is permanent whilst the DBG is created dynamically and therefore influenced by instrumentation noise) results in an increased sensitivity to pressure variation.
The fibre 1 of the sensing cable 3 shown in
In a further variation the sensing cable 3 shown in
Although
The two symmetry axes are maintained and the pressure resulting lateral compression on the fibres 1a,b is not symmetrical when a uniform pressure is applied simultaneously to around the whole of the perimeter of sensing cable 5, making the sensing cable 5 compatible with birefringence based sensing method. When more than one fibre is used within the sensing cable, it is advantageous to take benefit from other sensing features. For instance, the first fiber 1a of the sensing cable 5 may be fixed within the coating 2 (i.e. sensing cable 3 is configured so that the first fiber 1a is immovable within the coating 2), and the second fibre 1b may be loose within the coating 2 (i.e. sensing cable 3 is configured so that the second fiber 1b can move within the coating 2). As second fibre 1b is loose within the coating, thus neither pressure nor longitudinal strain applied to the sensing cable 5 is transmitted to the second fibre 1b. The second fiber 1b is thus strain free and is therefore compatible with BOTDA, BOTDR and other Brillouin, Rayleigh or Raman temperature sensing methods which provide temperature data; these methods and the manner of implementing any of these methods are well known in the art. The temperature data can be used to compensate for thermal effect on the birefringence measurements taken using the first fiber 1a which can bias its pressure sensing. The second, loose, fibre 1b may be a single mode fibre (SMF), or could alternatively be a multi mode fibre (MMF) for Raman temperature sensing. The second, if not a loose fibre 1b could be used to measure longitudinal strain using Brillouin based sensing methods (the pressure effect would be negligible for this method).
As mentioned, it will be understood that the sensing cable may comprise any number of optical fibers.
It will be understood that the coating 2 of the sensing cables may have any other suitable configurations other than the configurations shown in
The coatings 2 of the sensing cables 30,40,50 shown in
Unlike the embodiments shown in
It should be understood that the optical fibers 1a,1b,1c in the sensing cable 30,40,50 of
The coating 62 of the sensing cable 60 shown in
It has to be understood that the rectangular shape of the perimeter 4 of the cross section of the coating 2 is an example only; it will be understood that the coating 2 may be configured to have a cross section with a perimeter of any other non-circular suitable shape so that a coating 2 of non-uniform thickness is provided. For example the coating 62 may be configured to have a cross section which has a perimeter which is an oval, elliptical, triangular, hexagonal, or any other non-circular shape. Likewise, the sensing cable 62 may alternatively comprise a plurality of fibers.
Optical asymmetry:
From a sensing point of view, the sensing cable may be configured to exhibit asymmetrical optical properties i.e. that the optical properties of the sensing cable along an axis through the cross section of the sensing cable are different to the optical properties of the sensing cable along another, different, axis through the cross section of the sensing cable. According to a further embodiment of the present invention there is provided a sensing cable which comprises a polarisation maintaining fibre (PM-fibre also known as bow-tie design, panda design, elliptical core, D-shape core etc). For example the sensing cable may comprise a polarisation maintaining photonic crystal fibre (PCF). By design, a PM fiber exhibits controlled birefringence; in other words, the optical properties for the different axis are stable and defined by the manufacturing process. If uniform pressure is applied around the whole perimeter of the PM-fibre, it produces lateral compression on the fibre. The lateral compression modifies the optical properties for the different axis; it will induce a larger change in the refractive index of the PM fiber on one axis than in the refractive index of the PM fiber on the other axis, thus changing its birefringence. This change in variation can be measured. As with the previous embodiment the PM fiber may be located inside a coating such as a metal coating defined by a metal tube to form a sensing cable according to the present invention. In other words because of the optical design of the PM fiber, the uniform pressure will induce a greater change in the refractive index along an axis through a cross-section of the PM fiber, than the refractive index along another, different axis through the PM fiber; in other words, there is a birefringence change.
The present invention uses PM fibers which have a continuous weak fiber Bragg grating permanently written inside their cores. Advantageously, the weak fiber Bragg grating (WFBG) is present permanently inside the fiber core and back-scatters a fraction of light propagating along the fiber when the light matches the Bragg conditions. The amount of the back scattering is determined by the strength of the written WFBG and its strength is homogenous along the sensing cable and over time. Thus it enhances the signal-to-noise ratio in detection system, hence improving the pressure measurement performance. The present invention preferably uses an interrogator known in the field; and interrogator is a system which can interpret any backscattering produced by the WFBG. Interrogators are well known in the art and can interpret changes of birefringence as pressure information (DBG interrogator, Rayleigh interrogator, for example). Other interrogator known in the art can interpret variation of backscattering amplitude as temperature information (Raman interrogator, Rayleigh interrogator, for example), or variation of backscattering frequency as temperature or strain (Brillouin interrogator, Rayleigh interrogator, for example), or combination thereof.
The sensing cable 70 further comprises a metal coating 2 (the metal coating can have some or all of the features of the coating 2 used in the previously described embodiments). An inner diameter ‘D’ of the metal coating 2 is preferably equal to, or substantially equal to, an outer diameter ‘d’ of the fibre 1. Preferably the metal coating 2 is configured to have a uniform thickness. Preferably the metal coating 2 is configured to have a cross section whose perimeter is circular; this will ensure that the sensing cable 70 has a cross section whose perimeter 4 is circular, provided the metal coating 2 is the outermost layer of the sensing cable 70 then. It will be understood that in a variation of the sensing cable 70 one or more additional coatings may be provided on the metal coating 2.
In a variation of the sensing cable 70 shown in
The present invention is not limited to having a PM fiber which has a core which is configured to have an elliptically shaped cross section; it should be understood that the PM fiber may have a core which is configured to have any non-circular shaped cross section. For example
The PM fibers 80c,d which are shown in
During use the strengthening members 83 will enhance the transmission of pressure in predefined directions to the core 81. For example in each the PM fibers 80c, d the strengthening members 83 are arranged to enhance the transmission of pressure along a first axis 85a to the core 81. This is achieved by positioning the strengthening members 83 so that they line on a first axis 85a. It will be understood that the strengthening members 83 could be arranged to enhance the transmission of pressure, along any axis, to the core 81.
Thus during use, if a uniform pressure is applied to the sensing cable which uses either of the PM fibers 80c,d, over the whole perimeter 4 of the sensing cable, then the birefringence is changed in the core 81 of the PM fiber 80c,d. Thus during use, if a uniform pressure is applied over the whole perimeter 4 of the sensing cable the symmetric lateral compression will induce a birefringence change inside the elliptical core 81 of the PM fibre 80c,d; this change can be measured and is proportional to the applied pressure.
The PM PCF fibers 80e,f which are shown in
It will be understood that the PCF fibers 80e,f may be provided with any number of cavities depending on birefringence properties that one desires. Typically the position, numbers and size of the cavities to achieve a desired birefringence property is identified by trial and error or by numerical simulation.
During use if a uniform pressure is applied to the sensing cable which uses either of the PM fibers 80e,f, over the whole perimeter 4 of the sensing cable, then the birefringence is changed in the core 81 of the PM fiber 80e,f. Thus during use, if a uniform pressure is applied over the whole perimeter 4 of the sensing cable the symmetric lateral compression will induce a birefringence change inside the elliptical core 81 of the PM fibre 80e,f; this change can be measured and is proportional to the applied pressure.
In a further embodiment the PM fiber may further comprise cladding, filling material and cavities, wherein the cavities are arranged such that, in cross section of the PM fiber, they have a non-circular arrangement; a example of such a PM fiber is shown in
Combined asymmetry:
Finally, it will be understood that a sensing cable may comprise any particular combination of the different features of the embodiments described above. For example a sensing cable may comprises one or more fibers which has the features of any of the fibers illustrated in
The sensing cable 90 may be provided with a plurality of fibers 91; the fibers 91 may have the same of different configurations, for example some of the fibers 91 may have the features of the one of the fibers 80b-80f shown in
In each of the embodiments is will be understood that the fibre may have a fiber coating. Any suitable fiber coating may be used.
Enhanced sensitivity
It is possible to further enhance the sensitivity to birefringence changes and therefore to pressure applied to the cable by writing in the fibre core a continuous fibre Bragg grating known as a continuous weak fiber Bragg grating (WFBG). As for dynamic Brillouin grating sensing (DBG), the useful signal is the backscattered light. In DBG, a grating is created dynamically by the interaction of the counter propagating optical waves. In WFBG, a permanent continuous grating is written inside the fibre core by known methods in the art. The reflectivity of the continuous grating is adjusted by design such as to be larger than the Rayleigh backscattering intensity, making the signal easy to measure.
When such a WFBG is written in any of the fibre described in any of the cable in the previous section, namely when a WFBG is written inside the fibre core of the mechanically asymmetric cable or the WBGF is written inside the core of the PM and PM-PCF fibres of the optically asymmetric cable or in the combination of both features, then it is possible to measure the variation of birefringence induced by pressure. The method is more sensitive to pressure/birefringence variation than dynamic Brillouin grating.
For example in the sensing cables shown in
By providing PM fibers, such as those illustrated in
Various modifications and variations to the described embodiments of the invention will be apparent to those skilled in the art without departing from the scope of the invention as defined in the appended claims. Although the invention has been described in connection with specific preferred embodiments, it should be understood that the invention as claimed should not be unduly limited to such specific embodiment.
| Number | Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| 00034/14 | Jan 2014 | CH | national |
| Filing Document | Filing Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| PCT/EP2014/077128 | 12/10/2014 | WO | 00 |
