Patent Grant
9501654
The present invention relates to protection of sensitive data, and more specifically, to methods, systems and computer program products for obfuscating sensitive data in computer output files.
Computer software tools commonly generate output files, including log files. Many such software tools access sensitive data, which could also be replicated or represented in the output files of such software tools. Log files, for example, can be used to track tool operation and can assist with debugging in case of failure. Log files and other output files that contain or reflect sensitive data could call for extra considerations before such files can be provided to personnel for review. For instance, log files containing sensitive information could call for a particular security clearance prior to review, which could limit the available personnel available for debugging and related operations. In addition, sensitive company information might be contained in a log file, which could complicate review of the log file by third party external support teams. Moreover, output files, such as log files, can be lengthy making manual removal of sensitive data cost-prohibitive and time-prohibitive. Also, some software tools are required to not expose any sensitive information in their output files. However testing such software tools to ensure they comply with such requirements is very difficult, potentially resulting in some instances of non-compliance, such as failure to excise sensitive information in error handling messages during the testing phase.
According to an embodiment of the present invention, a method for protecting sensitive data is provided. The method includes accessing computer readable program instructions having one or more output commands. The method also includes locating one or more output commands in the computer readable program instructions. The method also includes identifying target output variables and output constants in the one or more output commands. The method also includes modifying the computer readable program instructions to append one or more obfuscate commands to the target output variables.
In accordance with another embodiment, a computer program product for protecting sensitive data includes a non-transitory storage medium readable by a processing circuit and storing instructions for execution by the processing circuit for performing a method. The method includes accessing computer readable program instructions having one or more output commands. The method also includes locating the one or more output commands in the computer readable program instructions. The method also includes identifying, by the processor, target output variables and output constants in the one or more output commands. The method also includes modifying, by the processor, the computer readable program instructions to append one or more obfuscate commands to the target output variables.
In accordance with another embodiment, a processing system for protecting sensitive data includes a processor in communication with one or more types of memory. The processor is configured to access computer readable program instructions having one or more output commands. The processor is also configured to locate the one or more output commands in the computer readable program instructions. The processor is also configured to identify target output variables and output constants in the one or more output commands. The processor is also configured to modify the computer readable program instructions to append one or more obfuscate commands to the target output variables.
In accordance with exemplary embodiments of the disclosure, methods, systems and computer program products for protecting sensitive data are provided.
With reference now to
Referring now to
In cloud computing node 50 there is a computer system/server 12, which is operational with numerous other general purpose or special purpose computing system environments or configurations. Examples of well-known computing systems, environments, and/or configurations that may be suitable for use with computer system/server 12 include, but are not limited to, personal computer systems, server computer systems, thin clients, thick clients, hand-held or laptop devices, multiprocessor systems, microprocessor-based systems, set top boxes, programmable consumer electronics, network PCs, minicomputer systems, mainframe computer systems, and distributed cloud computing environments that include any of the above systems or devices, and the like.
Computer system/server 12 may be described in the general context of computer system-executable instructions, such as program modules, being executed by a computer system. Generally, program modules may include routines, programs, objects, components, logic, data structures, and so on that perform particular tasks or implement particular abstract data types. Computer system/server 12 may be practiced in distributed cloud computing environments where tasks are performed by remote processing devices that are linked through a communications network. In a distributed cloud computing environment, program modules may be located in both local and remote computer system storage media including memory storage devices.
As shown in
Bus 18 represents one or more of any of several types of bus structures, including a memory bus or memory controller, a peripheral bus, an accelerated graphics port, and a processor or local bus using any of a variety of bus architectures. By way of example, and not limitation, such architectures include Industry Standard Architecture (ISA) bus, Micro Channel Architecture (MCA) bus, Enhanced ISA (EISA) bus, Video Electronics Standards Association (VESA) local bus, and Peripheral Component Interconnect (PCI) bus.
Computer system/server 12 typically includes a variety of computer system readable media. Such media may be any available media that is accessible by computer system/server 12, and it includes both volatile and non-volatile media, removable and non-removable media.
System memory 28 can include computer system readable media in the form of volatile memory, such as random access memory (RAM) 30 and/or cache memory 32. Computer system/server 12 may further include other removable/non-removable, volatile/non-volatile computer system storage media. By way of example only, storage system 34 can be provided for reading from and writing to a non-removable, non-volatile magnetic media (not shown and typically called a “hard drive”). Although not shown, a magnetic disk drive for reading from and writing to a removable, non-volatile magnetic disk (e.g., a “floppy disk”), and an optical disk drive for reading from or writing to a removable, non-volatile optical disk such as a CD-ROM, DVD-ROM or other optical media can be provided. In such instances, each can be connected to bus 18 by one or more data media interfaces. As will be further depicted and described below, memory 28 may include at least one program product having a set (e.g., at least one) of program modules that are configured to carry out the functions of embodiments of the invention.
Program/utility 40, having a set (at least one) of program modules 42, may be stored in memory 28 by way of example, and not limitation, as well as an operating system, one or more application programs, other program modules, and program data. Each of the operating system, one or more application programs, other program modules, and program data or some combination thereof, may include an implementation of a networking environment. Program modules 42 generally carry out the functions and/or methodologies of embodiments of the invention as described herein.
Computer system/server 12 may also communicate with one or more external devices 14 such as a keyboard, a pointing device, a display 24, etc., one or more devices that enable a user to interact with computer system/server 12, and/or any devices (e.g., network card, modem, etc.) that enable computer system/server 12 to communicate with one or more other computing devices. Such communication can occur via Input/Output (I/O) interfaces 22. Still yet, computer system/server 12 can communicate with one or more networks such as a local area network (LAN), a general wide area network (WAN), and/or a public network (e.g., the Internet) via network adapter 20. As depicted, network adapter 20 communicates with the other components of computer system/server 12 via bus 18. It should be understood that although not shown, other hardware and/or software components could be used in conjunction with computer system/server 12. Examples, include, but are not limited to: microcode, device drivers, redundant processing units, external disk drive arrays, RAID systems, tape drives, and data archival storage systems, etc.
Referring now to
Hardware and software layer 60 includes hardware and software components. Examples of hardware components include mainframes, in one example IBM® zSeries® systems; RISC (Reduced Instruction Set Computer) architecture based servers, in one example IBM pSeries® systems; IBM xSeries® systems; IBM BladeCenter® systems; storage devices; networks and networking components. Examples of software components include network application server software, in one example IBM WebSphere® application server software; and database software, in one example IBM DB2® database software. (IBM, zSeries, pSeries, xSeries, BladeCenter, WebSphere, and DB2 are trademarks of International Business Machines Corporation registered in many jurisdictions worldwide).
Virtualization layer 62 provides an abstraction layer from which the following examples of virtual entities may be provided: virtual servers; virtual storage; virtual networks, including virtual private networks; virtual applications and operating systems; and virtual clients.
In one example, management layer 64 may provide the functions described below. Resource provisioning provides dynamic procurement of computing resources and other resources that are utilized to perform tasks within the cloud computing environment. Metering and Pricing provide cost tracking as resources are utilized within the cloud computing environment, and billing or invoicing for consumption of these resources. In one example, these resources may comprise application software licenses. Security provides identity verification for cloud consumers and tasks, as well as protection for data and other resources. User portal provides access to the cloud computing environment for consumers and system administrators. Service level management provides cloud computing resource allocation and management such that required service levels are met. Service Level Agreement (SLA) planning and fulfillment provided pre-arrangement for, and procurement of, cloud computing resources for which a future requirement is anticipated in accordance with an SLA.
Workloads layer 66 provides examples of functionality for which the cloud computing environment may be utilized. Examples of workloads and functions which may be provided from this layer include: mapping and navigation; software development and lifecycle management; virtual classroom education delivery; data analytics processing; and transaction processing.
Although a cloud environment capable of supporting the core logic of the data service network system 102 is described in detail above, it should be appreciated that the core logic of the data service network system 102 can reside locally on one or more of the devices 54A-54N. For instance, each mobile device 54A may have installed locally thereon the core logic of the data service network system 102. In this manner, the mobile devices 54 can perform locally the various features and operations of the data service network system 102.
With reference now to
Computer readable program instructions that are accessed can be assembler instructions, instruction-set-architecture (ISA) instructions, machine instructions, machine dependent instructions, microcode, firmware instructions, state-setting data, or either source code or object code written in any combination of one or more programming languages, including an object oriented programming language such as Smalltalk, C++ or the like, and conventional procedural programming languages, such as the “C” programming language or similar programming languages. The computer readable program instructions may execute entirely on the user's computer, partly on the user's computer, as a stand-alone software package, partly on the user's computer and partly on a remote computer or entirely on the remote computer or server. In the latter scenario, the remote computer may be connected to the user's computer through any type of network, including a local area network (LAN) or a wide area network (WAN), or the connection may be made to an external computer (for example, through the Internet using an Internet Service Provider). In some embodiments, electronic circuitry including, for example, programmable logic circuitry, field-programmable gate arrays (FPGA), or programmable logic arrays (PLA) may execute the computer readable program instructions by utilizing state information of the computer readable program instructions to personalize the electronic circuitry.
In a preferred embodiment, the computer readable program instructions are source code. In some embodiments, the computer readable program instructions are binary code.
Output commands in the computer readable program instructions are located and analyzed to distinguish between output variables and output constants. For example, in some embodiments file output commands that target a log file can be automatically identified. The format of output commands can vary depending on the type of computer readable program instructions. For example, file output commands targeting a log file could appear in Java as follows, where the “logger” is the Java type logger, “user” is the output constant and “X” represents an output variable:
logger.info(“User”+X+“detected”)
In some embodiments, throw exceptions or throw commands can be automatically identified and used to distinguish between output constants and output variables. A throw command can be located where a string is created from constant and dynamic components. For example, a throw exception may appear in Java language as follows:
throw new myException(“User”+X+“failed”)
Similar commands could be detected in the target binary code. The output commands and throw commands can be used to distinguish between target output variables and output constants. In the above examples, “user” is a constant string and signals an output constant and X is a dynamic string that signals an apparent output variable or an output variable. In some embodiments, data dependencies of an apparent output variable can be followed. In some embodiments, apparent output variables are output constants, for example, when all data dependencies of the apparent output variable lead to constant strings. An exemplary embodiment, where an apparent output variable is an output constant, is depicted in the following string:
If(Y>10) X=“hi” else X=“bye”
In some embodiments, one or more obfuscate commands are appended to target output variables. In one embodiment, one or more obfuscate commands are appended to all target output variables of the computer readable program instructions. For instance, exemplary strings disclosed above could be modified as follows:
logger.info(“User”+obfuscate(X)+“detected”)
throw new myException(“User”+obfuscate(X)+“failed”)
In some embodiments, the computer readable program instructions are further modified to prohibit dependence on exception text. For example, in some cases, a catch clause may have been coded to expect the original pre-obfuscated string and, therefore, such modification can in some embodiments prevent potentially invalid modifications. Alternatively, in some embodiments, if a catch clause has been coded to expect the pre-obfuscated string, a printing of an exception string to a log file is identified and the entire exception string is modified before output to an external file, such as a log file. In some embodiments, for example if modification of an entire exception string would result in an undesirable loss of information, an individual tasked with debugging could use a stack trace to identify a throw command that caused an exception and, thus, also the constant strings involved in a completely obfuscated exception string. Logging an exception can also include a log of a stack trace leading to a throw command, along with line numbers in quoted methods. If method names and line numbers are not sensitive, the stack trace could be left un-obfuscated and available to individuals, for debugging for instance, without concerns of sensitive data disclosure.
In some embodiments, the computer readable program instructions are executed and the obfuscate commands are performed. An obfuscation method can modify an exception string before target variables containing sensitive data are disclosed in an output file, such as a log file. In some embodiments, a compiler can translate a computer readable program code, for example a high-level language program code, into an assembler language or into a machine language. In some embodiments, an obfuscate command causes a compiler to obfuscate one or more of the target output variables in an output file.
In some embodiments, the obfuscate commands do nothing to one or more appended target output variables upon execution of the computer readable program instructions. In this embodiment, an output file can contain the target output variables. In this embodiment, a user with full security, for example, could view an output file containing sensitive data.
In some embodiments, the obfuscate commands perform an obfuscation method that replaces to one or more appended target output variables with an obfuscated constant upon execution of the computer readable program instructions. In this embodiment, an output file can contain the obfuscated constant in place of one or more target output variables. For example, a constant string such as “removed” or “redacted” can replace target output variables, which can contain sensitive data. Thus, a support person with a low security level could, in some embodiments, view an output file, such as a log file, without disclosure of sensitive data.
In some embodiments, the obfuscate commands perform an obfuscation method that hashes one or more appended target output variables upon execution of the computer readable program instructions. In this embodiment, an output file can contain a hashed variable in place of one or more target output variables. Hashing can be useful, for example, when an output file is sent to a support person with a low security level. Hashing can enable a support person to identify the places in an output file containing the same sensitive data without revealing the sensitive data, which could facilitate debugging and related actions. For example:
Logger.info(“User”+X+“and User”+Y+“detected”)
Would be converted to
Logger.info(“User”+hash(X)+“and User”+hash(Y)+“detected”)
In that case, for instance, a log file could display “User zxcvasdf and User zxcvasdf,” informing a support person that user X and user Y are the same person, but without revealing any sensitive identifiers.
In some embodiments, the obfuscate commands perform an obfuscation method that encrypts one or more appended target output variables upon execution of the computer readable program instructions. In this embodiment, an output file can contain one or more encrypted target output variables. In some embodiments, one or more encrypted target output variables can be decrypted. For example, one or more encrypted target output variables can be decrypted with a key that is selectively in possession of users with defined criteria, such as security clearance or organizational role. In some embodiments, multiple different encryptions can be used in a single set of computer readable program instructions, such that different target output variables can be selectively decrypted with multiple decryption keys. In some embodiments, more than one obfuscate commands comprise at least two different encrypt commands, wherein the at least two different encrypt commands enable selective decryption of the encrypted variables in the output file.
With reference now to
In some embodiments, the obfuscate commands perform an obfuscation method that tags one or more appended target output variables upon execution of the computer readable program instructions. In some embodiments, an output file can obtain one or more tagged output variables. In some embodiments, the tags are replaced with one or more obfuscate commands.
With reference now to
In some embodiments, the appending is performed in a static analysis. In some embodiments, the appending is performed in a dynamic analysis.
The present invention may be a system, a method, and/or a computer program product. The computer program product may include a computer readable storage medium (or media) having computer readable program instructions thereon for causing a processor to carry out aspects of the present invention.
The computer readable storage medium can be a tangible device that can retain and store instructions for use by an instruction execution device. The computer readable storage medium may be, for example, but is not limited to, an electronic storage device, a magnetic storage device, an optical storage device, an electromagnetic storage device, a semiconductor storage device, or any suitable combination of the foregoing. A non-exhaustive list of more specific examples of the computer readable storage medium includes the following: a portable computer diskette, a hard disk, a random access memory (RAM), a read-only memory (ROM), an erasable programmable read-only memory (EPROM or Flash memory), a static random access memory (SRAM), a portable compact disc read-only memory (CD-ROM), a digital versatile disk (DVD), a memory stick, a floppy disk, a mechanically encoded device such as punch-cards or raised structures in a groove having instructions recorded thereon, and any suitable combination of the foregoing. A computer readable storage medium, as used herein, is not to be construed as being transitory signals per se, such as radio waves or other freely propagating electromagnetic waves, electromagnetic waves propagating through a waveguide or other transmission media (e.g., light pulses passing through a fiber-optic cable), or electrical signals transmitted through a wire.
Computer readable program instructions described herein can be downloaded to respective computing/processing devices from a computer readable storage medium or to an external computer or external storage device via a network, for example, the Internet, a local area network, a wide area network and/or a wireless network. The network may comprise copper transmission cables, optical transmission fibers, wireless transmission, routers, firewalls, switches, gateway computers and/or edge servers. A network adapter card or network interface in each computing/processing device receives computer readable program instructions from the network and forwards the computer readable program instructions for storage in a computer readable storage medium within the respective computing/processing device.
Computer readable program instructions for carrying out operations of the present invention may be assembler instructions, instruction-set-architecture (ISA) instructions, machine instructions, machine dependent instructions, microcode, firmware instructions, state-setting data, or either source code or object code written in any combination of one or more programming languages, including an object oriented programming language such as Smalltalk, C++ or the like, and conventional procedural programming languages, such as the “C” programming language or similar programming languages. The computer readable program instructions may execute entirely on the user's computer, partly on the user's computer, as a stand-alone software package, partly on the user's computer and partly on a remote computer or entirely on the remote computer or server. In the latter scenario, the remote computer may be connected to the user's computer through any type of network, including a local area network (LAN) or a wide area network (WAN), or the connection may be made to an external computer (for example, through the Internet using an Internet Service Provider). In some embodiments, electronic circuitry including, for example, programmable logic circuitry, field-programmable gate arrays (FPGA), or programmable logic arrays (PLA) may execute the computer readable program instructions by utilizing state information of the computer readable program instructions to personalize the electronic circuitry, in order to perform aspects of the present invention.
Aspects of the present invention are described herein with reference to flowchart illustrations and/or block diagrams of methods, apparatus (systems), and computer program products according to embodiments of the invention. It will be understood that each block of the flowchart illustrations and/or block diagrams, and combinations of blocks in the flowchart illustrations and/or block diagrams, can be implemented by computer readable program instructions.
These computer readable program instructions may be provided to a processor of a general purpose computer, special purpose computer, or other programmable data processing apparatus to produce a machine, such that the instructions, which execute via the processor of the computer or other programmable data processing apparatus, create means for implementing the functions/acts specified in the flowchart and/or block diagram block or blocks. These computer readable program instructions may also be stored in a computer readable storage medium that can direct a computer, a programmable data processing apparatus, and/or other devices to function in a particular manner, such that the computer readable storage medium having instructions stored therein comprises an article of manufacture including instructions which implement aspects of the function/act specified in the flowchart and/or block diagram block or blocks.
The computer readable program instructions may also be loaded onto a computer, other programmable data processing apparatus, or other device to cause a series of operational steps to be performed on the computer, other programmable apparatus or other device to produce a computer implemented process, such that the instructions which execute on the computer, other programmable apparatus, or other device implement the functions/acts specified in the flowchart and/or block diagram block or blocks.
The flowchart and block diagrams in the Figures illustrate the architecture, functionality, and operation of possible implementations of systems, methods, and computer program products according to various embodiments of the present invention. In this regard, each block in the flowchart or block diagrams may represent a module, segment, or portion of instructions, which comprises one or more executable instructions for implementing the specified logical function(s). In some alternative implementations, the functions noted in the block may occur out of the order noted in the figures. For example, two blocks shown in succession may, in fact, be executed substantially concurrently, or the blocks may sometimes be executed in the reverse order, depending upon the functionality involved. It will also be noted that each block of the block diagrams and/or flowchart illustration, and combinations of blocks in the block diagrams and/or flowchart illustration, can be implemented by special purpose hardware-based systems that perform the specified functions or acts or carry out combinations of special purpose hardware and computer instructions.
| Number | Name | Date | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| 6631482 | Marks | Oct 2003 | B1 |
| 7966664 | Makkinejad | Jun 2011 | B2 |
| 20140019756 | Krajec | Jan 2014 | A1 |
| 20140310679 | Bhattacharya | Oct 2014 | A1 |
| Entry |
|---|
| Duelafn (RFC: SecureString Obfuscated / masked strings exept when you need them, Jul. 19, 2011, 19 pages). |
| Nico (Dump all PHP variables, Stack Overflow, Feb. 24, 2011, 2pages). |
| Disclosed Ananymously, “Method and Apparatus for log obfuscation to prevent sensitive info exposure,” ip.com, ip.com Disclosure No. 000217620, May 9, 2012, pp. 1-8. |
| Disclosed Anonymosly, “System and method to allow the ability to prevent programming trace data in containing sensitive information,” ip.com,, ip.com Disclosure No. 000204074, Feb. 10, 2011, pp. 1-2. |
| Disclosed Anonymously, “Information Redaction and Masking in Log and Trace Files,” ip.com, ip.com Disclosure No. ip.com 000233197, Dec. 2, 2013, pp. 1-4. |
| Mohindra “ERR01-J. Do not allow exceptions to expose sensitive information,” https://www.securecoding.cert.org/confluence/display/java/ERR01-J.+Do+not+allow+ex . . . , Software Engineering Institute Carnegie Mellon University, pp. 1-18. |
| Unknown/Anonymous, “Information Exposure Through an Error Message,” Common Weakness Enumeration, http://cwe.mitre.org/data/definitions/209.html, pp. 1-7. |
