Patent Application
20210033556
The present invention relates to a sensor for determining gas parameters according to independent claim 1. The present invention also relates to a method for producing a sensor.
The most varied of sensors for analyzing gases are known from the prior art. Such sensors are often used in the exhaust gas system of internal combustion engines, for example as temperature sensors, soot sensors, flow sensors, and as multi-sensors, which may comprise a combination of different sensor types. The combustion gases or exhaust gases of such internal combustion engines may have a very high temperature depending on the position of the sensor in the exhaust gas system relative to the engine. Thus, very high temperature gradients may frequently occur accordingly, which can negatively influence the function of the sensor, during cooling of the sensor. Depending on usage, these sensors must be actively brought to a certain temperature level, permanently or at certain time intervals, for pyrolytic cleaning in order to ensure the functionality. Thus, the sensors must have high temperature-shock resistance, i.e. high resistance to strong temperature changes. For example, such temperature changes can result from impact with drops of condensate.
An example of a sensor that can be used in the exhaust system of an internal combustion engine is described in WO 2007/048573 A1. The sensor comprises a velocity sensor element with a temperature measurement element and a heating element. These elements are arranged on a support element, wherein the temperature measurement element has a platinum thin-film resistor on a ceramic substrate for temperature measurement and is heated with an additional platinum thin-film resistor.
An example of a soot sensor with heating element is shown in WO 2006/111386 A1. The described soot sensor has a sensor structure on a substrate for determining soot deposit. In order to burn off soot, a heating conductor is arranged on the substrate as a thin-film structure made of platinum.
However, the sensors known from the prior art have the disadvantage that the sensor structures and heating elements take up a large surface on the substrate. In addition, the production costs of the sensors known from the prior art are correspondingly high due to the precious metal content in the low-resistance heating elements. A further disadvantage of the heating elements known from the prior art is the low temperature-shock resistance. This low resistance to quick temperature changes often is expressed in cracks and/or other changes in the substrate material.
Thus, the object of the present invention is to provide an improved sensor that overcomes the disadvantages of the prior art. In particular, the object is to provide a sensor resistant to high temperatures that is economical to produce.
According to the invention, this object is achieved by means of the subject matter of claim 1.
To this end, the sensor according to the invention, particularly the high-temperature sensor, has the following:
at least one completely ceramic heater; and
at least one first sensor structure arranged on a first side of the completely ceramic heater, at least in areas.
The term “completely ceramic heater” can be understood to be a heater comprising a heating conductor made of an electrically conductive ceramic and a shell made of an electrically insulating ceramic. The electrically conductive ceramic and the electrically insulating ceramic can be sintered into a homogenous body.
Preferably, the areas of the electrically conductive ceramic and the electrically insulating ceramic are joined together as a green body and the completely ceramic heater is produced by means of co-sintering, i.e. in a common sintering step. Therefore, in examples of the invention, the completely ceramic heater can also be characterized as a “co-sintered completely ceramic heater.”
In terms of the present invention, any structure that is adapted to record at least one gas parameter of a gas flowing passed can be considered a “sensor structure.”
The surprising finding with the present invention is that a sensor with a reduced precious metal content can be produced, because the completely ceramic heater is substantially constructed without precious metal components. Electrodes, for example electrical feed lines which may comprise the precious metal components, can be used only for making contact with the ceramic. In examples of the invention, the electrodes may be further advantageously also formed by means of an electrically conductive ceramic, which substantially comprises no precious metal components.
Due to the invention, it has been successful for the first time to obtain a sensor for high-temperature changes which can withstand high temperatures over 1000° C. as well as quick temperature changes without this resulting in destruction or in a drift, i.e. changes in an output signal of the sensor without it resulting in changes in the variable to be measured.
Compared to the sensors known from the prior art which have a similar size, the sensor further advantageously offers more space for the sensor structure(s), because, with the sensor according to the invention, heating on a surface of a support element or substrate which is arranged about or in the sensor structure is not absolutely necessary.
In addition, a long service life of the heater is ensured due to the good aging and wear resistance of the ceramics. Temperatures of up to 1000° C. can be reliably recorded with a completely ceramic heater constructed in this manner. Further advantages of the completely ceramic heater are short heat-up times, low residual heat, improved controllability, increased service life at high temperatures, as well as high mechanical strength.
A further advantage of the sensor on a completely ceramic heater is the possibility of use in electrically conductive media such as, e.g., fluids or ionized gases. Due to the electrically insulating shell of the completely ceramic heater, there is no risk of a short-circuit, contrary to the exposed heaters.
In one example, the completely ceramic heater has at least one electrically conductive ceramic; preferably, the electrically conductive ceramic makes contact with electrodes in at least two positions separate from one another. Furthermore, the completely ceramic heater has at least one electrically insulating ceramic, wherein the electrically insulating ceramic encloses the electrically conductive ceramic, at least in areas, preferably enclosing it completely.
The electrically conductive ceramic can also be characterized as a heating conductor or heating resistor. The task of the electrically conductive ceramic is to convert electrical energy into thermal energy. To this end, the electrically conductive ceramic preferably has a low specific resistance, for example in a range of from 5*10−3 Ω cm to 5*10−1 Ω cm, so that the ceramic heats up when current flows through it. The resistance of the heating conductor can be specified by means of the spatial arrangement of the electrodes on the ceramic and is formed by means of the resistance section between the electrodes.
In this context, the term “electrode” can be used to characterize an electrical conductor or an area, for example a connection pad, of an electrical conductor which is electrically connected to the electrically conductive ceramic.
According to the invention, the electrically conductive ceramic is surrounded by the electrically insulating ceramic, at least in areas. In one example, the electrically conductive ceramic can be encapsulated in the electrically insulating ceramic, or even hermetically sealed. The surface of the completely ceramic heater can thus be formed by means of the electrically insulating ceramic, and the first sensor structure can be arranged on the electrically insulating ceramic.
The electrodes can be guided through the electrically insulating ceramic such that the completely ceramic heater can be electrically contacted; for example, the completely ceramic heater can be connected to a power supply source by means of the electrodes. For example, the electrodes can be metal wires.
The completely ceramic heater can be formed, for example, by means of pressing at least one ceramic powder into a desired form as a so-called “green body.” Depending on the desired purpose of use however, other forming processes, such as tape casting, extruding, injection molding, and high-pressure slip casting, etc., can be used to produce the green body. After production of the green body, the green body can be sintered in a nitrogen atmosphere. A possible production method is described, for example, in EP 0 384 342 A1.
Furthermore, the electrically insulating or electrically conductive ceramic may comprise a mixture of two powders and more in order to thus better specify, for example, the mechanical properties of the ceramics.
Depending on the intended area of use of the resulting sensor, the quantity ratios of the powders can be changed relative to one another such that the ceramics may have different electrical and/or thermal properties depending on the powder quantities.
The powders can also be homogenously mixed such that the material properties of the ceramics are substantially equivalent over the entire expansion of the ceramics. Alternatively, the ceramics may also have nonuniformly mixed powder in certain areas in order to hereby have better/worse electrical and/or thermal conductivities in these areas, depending on the intended area of use of the resulting sensor.
In one example, the electrically conductive ceramic is formed from ceramic powders comprising silicide, carbonate, and/or nitride powder, and at least one element from the tungsten, tantalum, niobium, titanium, molybdenum, zirconium, hafnium, vanadium, and/or chromium group, and the electrically insulating ceramic is formed from heat-conducting ceramic powders comprising silicon nitride and/or aluminum nitride.
Advantageously, the elements of the ceramic powders of the electrically conductive ceramic mean that the electrically conducting ceramic has a low specific resistance. Further advantageously, the elements of the ceramic powders of the electrically insulating ceramic mean that the electrically insulating ceramic has a high strength value as well as high oxygen resistance.
In another example, the completely ceramic heater has a thickness between 0.3 mm and 3 mm; preferably, the completely ceramic heater has a thickness between 0.5 mm and 1.5 mm.
Advantageously, extremely thin completely ceramic heaters can be realized on which the first sensor structure can be arranged and which can provide sufficient heating capacity for heating the first sensor structure.
In yet another example, the sensor has the following:
at least one first insulating layer arranged on the first side of the completely ceramic heater, at least in areas and/or
at least one second insulating layer arranged, at least in areas, on a second side of the completely ceramic heater, which is opposite the first side.
Depending on the completely ceramic heater used, the first and/or second insulating layer can be arranged either on the electrically conductive ceramic or on the electrically insulating ceramic and can serve as an electrical insulator between the electrically conductive ceramic and the sensor structure(s). Further advantageously, the first and/or second insulating layer may also serve as a bonding agent for the sensor structure(s).
In yet another example, the first insulating layer and/or the second insulating layer comprises an electrically insulating ceramic.
The electrically insulating ceramic may have good heat-conducting properties so that the heat generated by the electrically insulating ceramic can be guided through. In one example, the second insulating layer may comprise the same material as the first insulating layer. However, the second insulating layer may also have an electrically insulating ceramic with other insulating and/or heat-conducting properties as compared to those of the first insulating layer.
In one example, the first sensor structure and/or a second sensor structure, which is arranged on the first side or on a second side of the completely ceramic heater, comprises at least one resistance structure for temperature measurement, particularly a meandering measuring resistor.
The measuring resistor may be formed from a conductor with a curved path between the two electrodes. For example, the conductor may be designed with a meandering shape. Such type of measuring resistor can only be arranged on one side, either on the first or the second side of the completely ceramic heater. In another example, a measuring resistor may also be arranged on both sides of the completely ceramic heater.
Advantageously, the sensor structure(s) may extend over the entire surface of the completely ceramic heater, because no separate heating element must be arranged on the surface of the completely ceramic heater.
In another example, the first sensor structure and/or the second sensor structure, which is/are arranged on the first side or on the second side of the completely ceramic heater, comprises at least one comb structure, IDK structure, for measuring a concentration of a deposit of soot particles.
Typically, IDK structures can be used to determine soot particles in a soot sensor.
In one example, the first sensor structure and/or the second sensor structure, which is arranged on the first side or on the second side of the completely ceramic heater, comprises at least one electric heating element and at least one temperature sensor for an anemometric measurement.
Such sensor structures can be used in flow-rate sensors, which can also be characterized as flow sensors, in order to measure the flow rate in a channel, for example in an exhaust system.
In addition, different sensor structures can be arranged on both sides of the completely ceramic heater to determine different variables. Such type of sensor can be characterized as a multi-sensor.
In yet another example, the first sensor structure and/or the second sensor structure comprises at least one platinum material.
Advantageously, the sensor structure(s) may have a platinum resistor as a measuring resistor.
In another example, the sensor has the following:
at least one ceramic intermediate layer, arranged on the first sensor structure, at least in areas, and/or at least one second ceramic intermediate layer, arranged on the second sensor structure, at least in areas, wherein the first and/or second ceramic intermediate layer preferably comprises aluminum oxide and/or magnesium oxide.
Advantageously, such ceramic intermediate layers can be used as diffusion barriers, as is described, for example, in DE 10 2007 046 900 B4.
In yet another example, the sensor has the following:
at least one first covering layer arranged on the first ceramic intermediate layer, at least in areas; and/or
at least one second covering layer arranged on the second ceramic intermediate layer, at least in areas.
Such a covering layer may be arranged on the ceramic intermediate layer(s) as a passivation layer, which may contain, for example, quartz glass and optionally a ceramic, as is described, for example, in DE 10 2007 046 900 B4.
The invention also proposes a use of a sensor according to any of the preceding claims, particularly in the exhaust system of a motor vehicle, as a temperature sensor, soot sensor, flow sensor, and/or as a multi-sensor, which comprises a combination of temperature sensor, soot sensor, and/or flow sensor.
Furthermore, the invention proposes a method for producing a sensor, particularly a high-temperature sensor, having the following steps:
providing at least one completely ceramic heater; and
placing at least one first sensor structure on a first side of the completely ceramic heater, at least in areas.
Advantageously, a ceramic heater, as is described, for example, in EP 0 763 693 B1, can be used as a substrate and the sensor structure(s) can be arranged on the ceramic heater. Advantageously, the sensor can hereby be produced easily and economically.
In one example, the method is characterized in that that provision comprises:
producing the completely ceramic heater by means of co-sintering of an electrically conductive and an electrically insulating ceramic; and/or
wherein the placement comprises:
printing of the first insulating layer, especially in thin-film technology, with a platinum material.
For example, the platinum layer can also be applied to the substrate, however, in thick-film technology. To this end, platinum powder can be mixed with oxides and binders and applied to the substrate by means of screen printing. Subsequently, tempering can take place.
Further features and advantages of the invention result from the following description, in which preferred embodiments of the invention are explained by means of schematic drawings.
The following is shown:
Furthermore,
Optionally, in the embodiment shown in
A first sensor structure 9, which may be designed, for example, as a platinum resistance structure, is arranged on the completely ceramic heater 3 or on the optionally applied first insulating layer 7. The indicated first sensor structure 9 shows a meandering resistance structure as can be used, for example, for temperature measurements. The meandering resistance structure can have two terminals, as shown in
For example, an IDK structure can be arranged instead of or next to the meandering resistance structure to determine soot particles.
Furthermore,
In the embodiment shown in
In the embodiment shown, an exemplary IDK structure for determining soot particles is applied as a second sensor structure 9′ on the completely ceramic heater 3. In alternative embodiments, which are not shown here, the second sensor structure 9′ may also comprise further/alternative structures, which are adapted to record one or more gas parameters of a gas flowing passed.
In addition, as has been already described herein with respect to the first side of the completely ceramic heater 3, a ceramic intermediate layer 11′ can be arranged on the second sensor structure 9′ at least in areas, wherein a covering layer 13′ can be arranged, in turn, on said intermediate layer at least an areas.
However, an arrangement of structures on the second side of the substrate 3 is not essential for the invention. A sensor 1 according to the invention may also only comprise a completely ceramic heater 3, a first insulating layer 7, and a first sensor structure 9.
In the left column of
In the middle column of
In the right column of
The layers 15, 17″, 19″, 21″, and 23 shown in
The stack shown in
provision 1010 of at least one completely ceramic heater 3; and
placement 1015 of at least one first sensor structure 9 on a first side of the completely ceramic heater 3, at least in areas.
Furthermore, the provision 1010 may also comprise production 1005 of the completely ceramic heater 3, 3′ by means of co-sintering an electrically conductive and an electrically insulating ceramic.
The features shown in the previous description, in the claims, and in the figures may be essential for the invention in its various embodiments both individually and in any combination.
| Number | Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| 17171650.9 | May 2017 | EP | regional |
| Filing Document | Filing Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| PCT/EP2018/061273 | 5/3/2018 | WO | 00 |
