Patent Application
20140041462
The invention relates to a sensor system comprising an exchangeable cartridge and a reader for making measurements in said cartridge. Moreover, it relates to a cartridge for such a sensor system.
The WO2009016533A2 discloses a microelectronic sensor device for making optical examinations at a carrier, particularly for the detection of magnetic particles at a contact surface of the carrier by frustrated total internal reflection (FTIR). A particular laser modulation is used to minimize optical distortions arising from a thermal expansion of the carrier during measurements.
It is an object of the invention to improve the accuracy and robustness of measurements made in an exchangeable cartridge, particularly if the temperature within the cartridge may be different from ambient temperature.
This object is achieved by a sensor system according to claim 1 or claim 2, an exchangeable cartridge according to claim 3, and a use according to claim 11. Preferred embodiments are disclosed in the dependent claims.
According to its first aspect, the invention relates to a sensor system for making examinations of a sample, particularly a sensor system for making measurements in a biological sample. The sensor system comprises two main components, namely:
The sensor system further comprises at least one contact element by which the cartridge is supported in the accommodation space (i.e. at least a part of the weight of the cartridge is carried by this element) and which comprises the first contact region or touches the first contact region (when the cartridge is in the accommodation space). The contact element may be a component of its own, but it is typically an integral part of the cartridge or of the reader. Moreover, it should be noted that the contact element is a subsidiary component in relation to the cartridge and the reader, i.e. its volume and/or weight is typically less than 50%, preferably less than 10% of the volume/weight of the cartridge.
Furthermore, the above components of the sensor system are designed such that there exists a first cross section through the contact element for which the thermal resistance is higher than the thermal resistance at any other (second) cross section which
(i) cuts through the cartridge,
(ii) comprises the examination region, and
(iii) separates the first contact region from the second contact region.
Due to its higher thermal resistance, the first cross section will be called “high-resistance” cross section in the following. The second cross sections will accordingly be called “low-resistance” cross sections. Moreover, it should be noted that the thermal resistance of the low-resistance cross section refers to a state in which the cartridge is filled with a sample liquid, typically with a water based liquid. In particular, this liquid may be (pure) water. While the “low-resistance” cross sections shall include only those cross sections that comprise the examination region, the mentioned requirement for the contact element will preferably also hold with respect to the larger set of all cross sections that just fulfill conditions (i) and (iii).
In the context of the present invention, the “thermal resistance” R of an area A (here the cartridge-area of a high-resistance or low-resistance cross section) is defined as the (inverse) proportionality constant in the following equation:
P=grad T/R (1)
The equation represents the heat flow P (unit: W) through the considered area A when a constant temperature gradient (grad T) is assumed across said area A. It should be noted that the value of the thermal resistance, R, is usually inversely proportional to the size of the considered area A.
According to a second aspect, the invention relates to a sensor system comprising:
The sensor system according to the second aspect may preferably comprise the features of a sensor system according to the first aspect of the invention. The small contact area between cartridge and reader achieves an analogous effect as the design of the first sensor system, i.e. it yields a high thermal resistance in the contact element.
By the provision of a contact element bearing a cartridge within an accommodation space of a reader which has a high (relative) thermal resistance, the robustness and accuracy of measurements can be increased, particularly in assays that involve a temperature control within the cartridge. This is because whenever a quantity of heat flows through the cartridge such that it passes both the first and the second contact region (which are main areas through which the cartridge can exchange heat), the thermal resistance encountered in the high-resistance cross section of the contact element is larger than the thermal resistance encountered in any other low-resistance cross section. The contact element hence provides a bottleneck for the heat exchange due its high thermal resistance, which in turn causes a more homogeneous temperature distribution within the remainder of the cartridge. This allows particularly to keep thermal stress and distortions away from parts of the examination region of the cartridge that are critical for the measurements, for instance optical surfaces.
As the cartridge and the reader of the sensor system are physically and commercially independent items, the idea of the present invention can be applied to and realized in any of them. Accordingly, the present invention also relates to an exchangeable cartridge for a sensor system of the kind described above as a standalone element, said cartridge comprising a examination region in which sample can be provided, a first and (optionally) a second contact region where it can be contacted, and at least one contact element by which the cartridge is supported and which comprises the first contact region. Furthermore, there exists a high-resistance cross section through the contact element for which the thermal resistance is higher than the thermal resistance at any other low-resistance cross section through the cartridge and the examination region that separates the contact regions. Alternatively or additionally, the area of the first contact region is less than about 200 mm2.
Similarly, the invention also relates to a reader for a sensor system of the kind described above, said reader comprising the following components:
In the following, various preferred embodiments of the invention will be described that relate to the sensor system, the exchangeable cartridge, and/or the reader described above.
The first embodiment relates to preferred relative values for the thermal resistances. The thermal resistance of any low-resistance cross section through the cartridge shall optionally be less than 50%, preferably less than 10%, still more preferably less than 3%, and most preferably less than 1% of the thermal resistance of the high-resistance cross section in the contact element.
Preferably all regions of contact between the cartridge and the reader are designed as a “contact element” with high thermal resistance (at least all those regions that carry the weight of the cartridge and perhaps aside from regions where a controlled heat exchange is intended).
There are different ways how the thermal resistance of the contact element can be increased with respect to the remainder of the cartridge. For example, the contact element may be made of a material having a smaller thermal conductivity than the material of the residual cartridge. To allow for a cost-effective production of the cartridge from a single material, it is however preferred to achieve the increased thermal resistance of the contact element via its geometrical design. In a particular embodiment of the invention, the contact element therefore comprises a leg extending from the body of the cartridge or from the reader. The leg hence represents an element with a reduced cross section through which heat has to be transported, yielding an increased thermal resistance in a high-resistance cross section through the leg.
In a further development of the aforementioned embodiment, the leg may be provided with a tapered tip or a rounded tip at which contact between the cartridge and the reader is made. In case of a rounded tip, the radius of curvature is preferably between about 10 μm and 1000 μm. At a tapered or rounded tip, the cross section through which heat flow must take place is still further reduced (theoretically to a value of zero in a line or point contact), thus increasing the thermal resistance accordingly.
In another embodiment of the invention, the reader comprises a thermal control unit for exchanging heat with the cartridge when it is disposed in the accommodation space. The thermal control unit shall be able to generate heat (acting as a heater) and/or to absorb heat (acting as a cooler). With such a thermal control unit, the temperature within the cartridge can be controlled as desired, which is crucial for many biological assays. The thermal control unit is typically in thermal contact with the cartridge to allow for a precise and fast temperature regulation. In contrast to this, the residual contacts between the cartridge and the reader are preferably all made via contact elements with a high thermal resistance. The cartridge is hence thermally tightly coupled to the thermal control unit but only weakly coupled to the remainder of the reader.
The aforementioned thermal control unit is preferably disposed opposite to the at least one contact element. Hence heat is substantially transferred to (or taken from) the cartridge from one side, the cartridge being held in thermal isolation at the other side.
The sensor unit of the reader may be adapted to make measurements according to any measurement principle that is appropriate for a task at hand, and may for example be an optical, magnetic, mechanical, acoustic, thermal and/or electrical sensor unit. A magnetic sensor unit may particularly comprise a coil, Hall sensor, planar Hall sensor, flux gate sensor, SQUID (Superconducting Quantum Interference Device), magnetic resonance sensor, magneto-restrictive sensor, or magneto-resistive sensor of the kind described in the WO 2005/010543 A1 or WO 2005/010542 A2, especially a GMR (Giant Magneto Resistance), a TMR (Tunnel Magneto Resistance), or an AMR (Anisotropic Magneto Resistance).
Most preferably, the sensor unit of the reader is adapted to make optical measurements. An optical sensor unit may for instance be adapted to detect variations in an output light beam that arise from a frustrated total internal reflection due to target particles at a sensing surface. Optical measurements are typically very sensitive to thermal influences, which affect for example the geometry of optical surfaces. Accordingly, these measurements will considerably profit from the advantages provided by the present invention.
The invention further relates to the use of the sensor system, the cartridge, or the reader described above for molecular diagnostics, biological sample analysis, chemical sample analysis, food analysis, and/or forensic analysis. Molecular diagnostics may for example be accomplished with the help of magnetic beads or fluorescent particles that are directly or indirectly attached to target molecules.
These and other aspects of the invention will be apparent from and elucidated with reference to the embodiments described hereinafter.
In the drawings:
The accommodation space 151 is constituted by some kind of cavity of the reader 150. The bottom of this cavity 151 provides a surface 152 on which the cartridge 110 can stand with its legs 111. The tips of the legs hence have (first) “contact regions” C1 and C2 at which the cartridge is contacted by the reader.
To get an accurate assay result with the sensor system 100, the temperature of the assay during a test is important, since assays are usually temperature dependent. Therefore the reader 150 is equipped with a heating unit 153 to control the temperature of the disposable cartridge 110. A heating plate of this heating unit 153 is pressed against the top of the cartridge 110 to transfer heat into the cartridge. The heating plate contacts the cartridge in a further (“second”) contact region C3.
A side effect of the single sided heating is that the resulting temperature profile in the cartridge 110 may lead to a deformation of the cartridge, which adversely affects the optical read-out. The cartridge deformation is mainly a consequence of the uneven temperature profile in the cartridge. If one side of the cartridge is warmer than the other side of the cartridge, the warmer side of the cartridge will expand more, leading to mechanical deformation.
It is therefore an object of the invention to improve the robustness of measurements with a sensor system of the kind described above. According to the invention, this is achieved by an improved temperature profile in the cartridge, such that the critical elements of the cartridge show minimal deformation as a consequence of local variations in temperature.
A significant reduction in undesired mechanical deformation of the cartridge may be achieved by locally increasing the thermal resistance in a specific part of the cartridge that has no direct optical function, such that the majority of the temperature variation is located in this specific part of cartridge, leading to a reduced deformation in the optically active parts of the cartridge.
In the embodiment shown in
Due to the V-shaped tips of the legs 111, the contact area between cartridge 110 and reader 150 can considerably be reduced for each contact region C1, C2 at which weight of the cartridge is supported. For example, a typical feature size would be two tips being 100 μm wide and 4 cm long, resulting in a contact area of about 8 mm2. The contact area for a cartridge without extra tips (or ridges, cf.
The cartridge CR comprises two “contact elements” CE, i.e. legs with tips, via which it is supported on/in the reader RD and which comprise the contact regions C1 and C2, respectively. For each contact element CE, the following requirements are fulfilled (here expressed for the contact element with contact region C1): There exists a “high-resistance” cross section a-a through the contact element CE for which the thermal resistance is higher than the thermal resistance at any other “low-resistance” cross section b-b that
(i) cuts through the complete cartridge CR,
(ii) comprises the examination region ER, and
(iii) separates the contact region C1 of the considered contact element CE from any one of the other contact regions (i.e. C2, C3).
In the shown example, the high-resistance cross section a-a lies such that it comprises the respective contact region C1 of the contact element CE. For the low-resistance cross section b-b, one example is shown in
Whenever heat is exchanged between the reader RD and the cartridge CR, this will take place by heat flow via one of the contact regions C1, C2, or C3 (neglecting heat flow across the surface of the cartridge into ambient air). The above requirements hence mean that any heat flowing via contact region C1 to any other contact region (i.e. C2 and/or C3) encounters the largest thermal resistance in the contact element CE, namely in the high-resistance cross section a-a. Hence the largest temperature gradient will occur here, while temperature in the examination region ER will be more homogenous.
It should be noted that the “thermal resistance” R of a cross section (a-a or b-b) is defined via equation (1), P=grad T/R, assuming a constant temperature gradient grad_T across the area of the cross section. The thermal resistance R is measured in K·m/W. In a homogenous material (or, more generally, in a body with constant thermal conductivity λ), the thermal resistance R of any cross section through the body is just R=c/A with c being a constant and A being the area of the considered cross section. Comparison of thermal resistances of different cross sections is hence tantamount to a comparison of the corresponding cross sectional areas.
Furthermore, the temperatures at the center of the cartridge and at its legs are indicated in
In summary, the undesired deformation of a disposable cartridge as a consequence of a temperature profile inside the cartridge is significantly improved by locally increasing the thermal resistance of a non-critical part of the cartridge, such that this non-critical part absorbs the majority of the temperature drop. As a consequence the optical performance of the critical parts of the cartridge is no longer compromised due to mechanical deformation.
While the invention has been illustrated and described in detail in the drawings and foregoing description, such illustration and description are to be considered illustrative or exemplary and not restrictive; the invention is not limited to the disclosed embodiments. Other variations to the disclosed embodiments can be understood and effected by those skilled in the art in practicing the claimed invention, from a study of the drawings, the disclosure, and the appended claims. In the claims, the word “comprising” does not exclude other elements or steps, and the indefinite article “a” or “an” does not exclude a plurality. The mere fact that certain measures are recited in mutually different dependent claims does not indicate that a combination of these measures cannot be used to advantage. Any reference signs in the claims should not be construed as limiting the scope.
| Number | Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| 11163804.5 | Apr 2011 | EP | regional |
| Filing Document | Filing Date | Country | Kind | 371c Date |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| PCT/IB2012/051801 | 4/12/2012 | WO | 00 | 10/25/2013 |
