Patent Application
20080045058
1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to separable electrical connectors and more particularly to improvements in manufacturing separable electrical connectors, such as loadbreak connectors and deadbreak connectors, wherein a sleeve of low coefficient of friction material is provided during a molding process to protect the critical electrical interfaces of the connector from contamination. The sleeve further provides for ease of connection and disconnection of the resulting molded connector.
2. Description of the Prior Art
Loadbreak connectors used in conjunction with 15 and 25 KV switchgear generally include a power cable elbow connector having one end adapted for receiving a power cable and another end adapted for receiving a loadbreak bushing insert. The end adapted for receiving the bushing insert generally includes an elbow cuff for providing an interference fit with a molded flange on the bushing insert. This interference fit between the elbow cuff and the bushing insert provides a moisture and dust seal therebetween. An indicator band may be provided on a portion of the loadbreak bushing insert so that an inspector can quickly visually determine proper assembly of the elbow cuff and the bushing insert.
The elbow cuff forms a cavity having a volume of air which is expelled upon insertion of the bushing insert. During initial movement of the loadbreak connectors in the disassembly operation, the volume of air in the elbow cavity increases but is sealed off at the elbow cuff resulting in a decrease in pressure within the cavity. The dielectric strength of the air in the cavity decreases with the decrease in air pressure. Although this is a transient condition, it occurs at a critical point in the disassembly operation and can result in dielectric breakdown of the opening interface causing a flashover or arc to ground. The occurrence of flashover is also related to other parameters such as ambient temperature, the time relationship between the physical separation of the connectors and the sinusoidal voltage through the loadbreak connectors.
Another reason for flashover while switching loadbreak connectors, prior to contact separation, is attributed to a decrease in dielectric strength of the air along the interface between the bushing insert and the power cable elbow to ground. As earlier described, a decrease in air pressure is momentarily formed by the sealed cavity between the elbow cuff and the bushing insert flange. The lower pressure in the cavity reduces the dielectric strength of the air along the connection interface possibly resulting in flashover.
One drawback with loadbreak connectors of the prior art is the difficulty involved in inserting one end of the loadbreak bushing insert into the power elbow connector and inserting the opposite end of the loadbreak bushing insert into a bushing well. In particular, because the interface surfaces of the loadbreak bushing insert and the power elbow connector and the bushing well are typically made from a rubber material, the frictional forces engaged in inserting the loadbreak bushing insert are substantial, even when lubricated. In other words, the rubber to rubber surfaces typically stick together upon assembly of the loadbreak connector.
Other drawbacks with these type of connectors relate to the problems encountered during manufacturing. Typically, these connectors are made by injection molding of a rubber or an epoxy material wherein the critical electrical interfaces are formed by molding the material against a metal mold surface. To prevent the material from sticking to the mold surface, release agents are typically sprayed in the mold cavities. Once cured, the connector is removed from the mold and, due to the nature of the molding material, a considerable amount of mold flashing must be trimmed. Even when trimmed properly, mold parting lines on the connector interface surfaces may disrupt the required connector seal and result in an electrical short. Also, the mold cavities are typically prone to contaminants, which may in turn be imparted onto the electrical interface of the connector resulting in a scrapped part.
Accordingly, it would be advantageous to provide a method for manufacturing a molded electrical connector which reduces or prevents the aforesaid manufacturing problems. It would also be desirable to provide a separable electrical connector system which is easily assembled and disassembled with a mating connector and is quickly visually inspected to determine proper assembly. It would further be advantageous to provide such a system with a visible identification of the operating voltage class of the connectors.
It is an object of the invention to provide separable electrical connectors, which upon disassembly under load, prevent flashover from occurring at the interface of the connectors.
It is a further object of the invention to provide a separable electrical connector, such as a power cable elbow connector and loadbreak bushing insert, having a modified interface which is vented to prevent a decrease in air pressure therebetween and a resulting decrease in dielectric strength of the air causing a flashover.
It is still a further object of the invention to provide a power cable elbow connector and loadbreak bushing insert having an indicator band formed on the bushing insert and which is vented to prevent a decrease in air pressure therebetween and a resulting decrease in dielectric strength of the air causing a flashover.
It is still a further object of the present invention to provide a separable electrical connector, such as a loadbreak bushing insert, with a plastic shell disposed on an interface surface thereof to reduce friction upon insertion of the loadbreak bushing insert into a power cable elbow connector.
It is still a further object of the present invention to provide a bushing well with a plastic shell disposed on an interface surface thereof to reduce friction upon insertion of a loadbreak bushing insert therein.
It is yet another object of the present invention to provide a power cable elbow connector and a loadbreak bushing insert in which the distance from the energized electrode of the elbow to the ground electrode of the bushing insert is increased to avoid flashover.
It is still a further object of the present invention to provide a power cable elbow connector having an electrode or probe in which a portion of the electrode is covered with an insulating material to increase the flashover distance to ground.
It is yet another object of the present invention to provide a power cable elbow connector in which the bushing insert receiving opening includes, at its upper end, an insulating material positioned within the conductive insert portion of the elbow connector to thereby increase the distance between an energized electrode and ground.
It is still another object of the present invention to provide an improved method of manufacturing a separable electrical connector which reduces the possibility of contaminants and irregularities on the critical electrical interfaces of the connector and which further reduces mold tool wear and cleaning.
In accordance with one form of the present invention, a loadbreak connector assembly includes a power cable elbow having a conductor receiving end and a loadbreak bushing insert insertion end and a loadbreak bushing insert. The loadbreak bushing insert includes an insulative outer housing having an axial bore therethrough, a conductive member positioned within the axial bore of the housing and wherein the outer housing is formed in three sections. The first end section is dimensioned to be seated in a universal bushing well, a second end section is dimensioned for insertion into the power cable elbow connector and the third section is a mid-section which is radially larger than the first and second end sections. The mid-section preferably includes a conductive portion for attachment of a ground conductor and a transition shoulder portion between the second end section and the mid-section. In order to prevent a pressure drop in a cavity formed between an elbow cuff of the elbow connector and the mid-section of the bushing insert, the transition shoulder portion of the bushing insert includes means for venting an annular top surface of the transition shoulder portion with the longitudinal side surface of the housing mid-section.
The venting means may be formed in a number of different ways including at least one vent groove formed in the transition shoulder portion of the outer housing, at least one through hole from the annular top surface to the longitudinal side surface, a circumferential groove formed in a transition shoulder portion, or a plurality of ribs circumferentially spaced along the transition shoulder portion of the outer housing. Furthermore, the cavity formed between the elbow cuff and bushing insert transition shoulder portion may include an elastomeric flap which fills the cavity therebetween preventing any pressure drop in the cavity.
In one embodiment, the venting means is included on an elbow seating indicator band formed on the transition shoulder portion of the bushing insert. Upon proper mating of the elbow to the loadbreak bushing, the indicator band is completely hidden from view under the elbow cuff. The transition shoulder portion is formed with a step or recess and the indicator band, molded or extruded of a contrasting bright color is placed in the step or recess. Thus, the band serves the dual purpose of indicating proper assembly of the elbow cuff and the bushing insert while also providing venting for the cavity formed therebetween.
In another embodiment, a separable electrical connector, such as a loadbreak bushing insert or a deadbreak plug, includes an interface shell molded from a low coefficient of friction plastic and having a sleeve portion provided on at least a substantial portion of the second end section of the housing for reducing frictional forces between the interface surfaces of mating connectors upon connection and disconnection therebetween. Preferably, the interface shell is molded from a different colored material than that of the housing, wherein the contrasting colored shell provides visual indication of proper assembly of the connector and can also represent the operating voltage class of the connector.
The interface shell further preferably includes a band portion being provided on the mid-section, adjacent the second end section of the housing, similar to the indicator band described above. The band portion can have a first color different than that of the housing, to provide visual indication of proper assembly of the connector, and the sleeve portion can have a second color different than that of the housing and the band portion, to represent the operating voltage class of a loadbreak bushing insert. The band portion of the interface shell is preferably integral with the sleeve portion and preferably includes at least one vent for venting a cavity formed between the bushing insert and a power cable elbow connector upon disconnection therebetween. Upon disconnection of the power cable elbow connector from the loadbreak bushing insert, the cavity is exposed to ambient air pressure via the vent thereby substantially preventing formation of a vacuum within the cavity. Thus, upon disassembly, a pressure decrease within the cavity is substantially prevented to reduce the possibility of flashover.
In a preferred method for forming a separable electrical connector, such as a loadbreak bushing insert, an interface shell is first molded from a low coefficient of friction plastic. The shell has an inner surface and a sleeve portion being dimensioned for insertion into a mating connector, such as a power cable elbow connector. An insulative housing is then molded within the interface shell whereby the housing is bonded to the inner surface of the shell. The insulative housing has a first end section extending outside of the shell and being dimensioned to be sealed in a bushing well, a second end section being molded within the sleeve portion of the shell and a mid-section being radially larger than the first and second end sections.
In an alternative method for forming a separable electrical connector, such as a loadbreak bushing insert, an insulative housing is formed having an axial bore therethrough. The housing includes a first end section being dimensioned to be sealed in a bushing well, a second end section being dimensioned for insertion into a mating connector, such as a power cable elbow connector and a mid-section being radially larger than the first and second end sections. An interface shell is separately molded from a low coefficient of friction plastic. The shell has a sleeve portion being dimensioned to be fitted over at least a substantial portion of the second end section of the housing. The interface shell is then bonded over at least a substantial portion of the second end section of the housing.
In yet another embodiment, a universal bushing well is provided having a low coefficient of friction plastic material shell disposed therein. The universal loadbreak bushing well includes a well housing having an interior surface defining an open chamber for receiving therein an end section of a loadbreak bushing insert. The bushing well interface shell is provided on the interior surface of the well housing for reducing frictional forces between the loadbreak bushing insert and the bushing well upon insertion of the insert into the well.
In combination, the present invention includes a first connector, such as a power cable elbow connector, a second connector, such as a loadbreak bushing insert having an interface shell molded from a low coefficient of friction plastic and a receptacle, such as a loadbreak bushing well. The power cable elbow connector includes a conductor receiving end, a loadbreak bushing insert receiving end and a conductive member extending from the cable receiving end to the bushing insert receiving end. The bushing insert receiving end includes an open end portion having an elbow cuff therearound. The loadbreak bushing insert includes an insulative housing having an axial bore therethrough and a conductive member positioned within the axial bore. The housing includes a first end section being dimensioned to be sealed in the bushing well, a second end section being dimensioned for insertion into the open end portion of the bushing insert receiving end of the power cable elbow connector and a mid-section being radially larger than the first and second end sections. The interface shell has a sleeve portion provided on at least a substantial portion of the second end section of the housing for reducing frictional forces between the loadbreak bushing insert and the power cable elbow connector upon connection and disconnection therebetween.
The bushing well includes a well housing having an interior surface defining an open chamber for receiving therein the first end section of the loadbreak bushing insert. In a preferred embodiment, the loadbreak bushing well further includes a bushing well interface shell provided on the interior surface of the well housing for reducing frictional forces between the loadbreak bushing insert and the bushing well upon insertion of the insert into the well.
Alternatively, the combination of a power cable elbow and loadbreak bushing insert may include a means for increasing the distance from an energized electrode to ground in order to prevent flashover during disassembly operation. The power cable elbow connector includes a conductor receiving end, loadbreak bushing insert receiving end and a conductive member extending from the cable receiving end to the bushing insert receiving end. The bushing insert receiving end includes an open end portion having an elbow cuff therearound. The loadbreak bushing insert includes an insulative outer housing having an axial bore therethrough and a conductive member positioned within the axial bore. The outer housing includes a power cable elbow insertion end and a mid-section dimensionally radially larger than the power cable elbow insertion end of the outer housing. The outer housing includes a transition shoulder portion between the mid-section and elbow insertion end for providing an interference-fit sealing relationship with the elbow cuff upon insertion of the bushing insert into the power cable elbow. The transition shoulder portion of the bushing insert includes vent means in accordance with the present invention for providing fluid communication between a cavity defined by the elbow cuff and the transition shoulder portion of the bushing insert upon disassembly therebetween and a location outside the mating elbow cuff and transition shoulder portion to prevent a pressure decrease within the cavity and flashover due to a decrease in dielectric strength of the air therein.
The mid-section of the bushing insert includes a conductive portion having least one ground connection terminal thereon for attachment of a ground conductor. In accordance with the present invention, the conductive portion is partially coated with an insulative material between the ground connection terminal and the transition shoulder portion thereby increasing the distance an arc from an energized electrode must travel to ground. Alternatively, the power cable elbow includes a probe or electrode for electrically contacting the conductive member of the bushing insert upon assembly. The probe includes a portion thereof having an insulative material surrounding the probe which extends into the bushing insert upon assembly of the power cable elbow and bushing insert. Accordingly, the distance an arc must travel from the energized electrode to ground is increased by the length of the insulative material surrounding the probe. Furthermore, the power cable elbow includes a conductive insert at the upper end of the bushing insert receiving space. The conductive insert may include insulative material at the upper portion of the bushing insert receiving space to provide an increased distance between an energized electrode and ground.
The present invention further involves a method for forming a separable electrical connector having an electrical interface surface. The method generally includes the steps of molding an interface shell from a thermoplastic, placing the interface shell against an electrical interface portion of a mold cavity and molding a housing within the mold cavity. When placed in the mold cavity, the interface shell provides a barrier to the mold cavity interface portion, wherein the housing is isolated from the electrical interface potion of the mold cavity by the interface shell. The shell has an inner surface and an outer surface and the housing is bonded to one of the inner and outer surfaces, wherein the other of the inner and outer surfaces of the shell defines the electrical interface surface of the electrical connector.
Preferably, placing the interface shell within the housing mold provides one or more of the following benefits during molding of the housing. The shell provides a barrier against contamination of the housing. The shell provides a barrier against the formation of mold parting lines in the housing. The shell provides a barrier against the formation of mold flashing on the housing and the shell provides a barrier against the formation of surface disruptions on said housing.
A separable electrical connector formed in accordance with the preferred method includes an insulative housing having an interface section being dimensioned to be sealed in a mating connector and an interface shell molded from a thermoplastic and having a sleeve portion provided on at least a substantial portion of the interface section of the housing. The sleeve portion defines an electrical interface surface for interfacing with the mating connector.
A preferred form of the separable electrical connectors including a power cable elbow connector, a loadbreak bushing insert, a seating indicator band, a bushing insert interface shell and a bushing well interface shell, as well as other embodiments, objects, features and advantages of this invention, will be apparent from the following detailed description of illustrative embodiments thereof, which is to be read in conjunction with the accompanying drawings.
Referring to
Referring still to
In order to prevent flashover due to the decrease in dielectric strength of the air upon disconnecting the power cable elbow connector from a bushing insert under load, the present invention provides structure for either venting the cavity 24 created by the elbow cuff and bushing insert mid-section or, alternatively, increasing the distance between the energized electrode and ground thereby compensating for the reduced dielectric strength of the air at reduced pressure.
Referring now to
Referring specifically to
Alternative methods of venting the cavity 24 are illustrated in
Each of the above methods includes modifying the loadbreak bushing insert to allow venting of the cavity formed between the bushing insert and the elbow cuff. Alternatively, the power cable elbow connector 2 may be modified to prevent a decrease in air pressure in the cavity. It is advantageous to maintain the moisture and dust seal at the elbow cuff and bushing insert interface. Accordingly, although removal of the elbow cuff would prevent any pressure build-up in the cavity, this would also allow moisture and dust to accumulate at the base of the interface and may lead to a flashover situation. A viable solution, as illustrated in
Referring now to
Referring additionally to
The bushing interface shell 82 may simply include a conical sleeve portion 90, which is sized and shaped to fit over at least a substantial portion of an interface surface of a separable electrical connector, such as the conical upper (second) end section 81 of the loadbreak bushing insert 80. The sleeve portion 90 is a tubular thin walled member having an inner surface 91 designed to be in direct contact with the interface surface of the connector. In the case of a loadbreak bushing insert as shown in
In a preferred embodiment, the bushing interface shell 82 further includes a band portion 88, which may be formed separately from the sleeve portion 90, but is preferably integral with the sleeve portion. Thus, the band portion 88 with integral sleeve 90 forms the bushing interface shell 82, which is disposed over the portion of the separable electrical connector (e.g., the loadbreak bushing insert 80) that interfaces with a mating second connector (e.g., the power cable elbow connector 2). The band portion 88 is similar in size and shape to the indicator band 70 described above in that it is an annular ring disposed over the transition shoulder portion 20 of the bushing insert 80. Again, the transition shoulder portion 20 of the insert 80 is preferably formed with a step or recess 92 and the band portion 88 of the bushing interface shell 82 is mounted in the step or recess. The band portion 88 is seated on the transition shoulder portion 20 of the bushing insert 80 such that when the loadbreak or deadbreak connector is properly assembled, the elbow cuff 10 completely obscures the band portion from sight providing visual indication of proper assembly. If the loadbreak bushing 80 is not fully inserted within the elbow cuff 10, the band portion 88 is visible bringing attention to the improper assembly.
In this regard, like the indicator band 70 described above, at least the band portion 88 of the shell 82 is preferably molded from a brightly colored material so as to starkly contrast the color of the bushing insert 80, thus providing clear and apparent visual indication of proper assembly. The color of the shell 82 may also be selected to indicate the operating voltage of the insert 80. For example, red may be selected to identify a connector or an insert 80 having a voltage class of 15 kV, while blue is selected for 25 kV, yellow for 35 kV, etc. Additionally, the band portion 88 of the shell 82 may be provided with a first contrasting color to provide visual indication of proper assembly and the sleeve portion 90 may be provided with a second contrasting color to indicate the operating voltage of the insert 80. Thus, the contrasting color or colors of the shell 82 will not only provide a visual indication of proper assembly of separable electrical connectors, such as the insert 80 within an elbow connector 2, but it will also identify the voltage class of the connector.
Also, like the indicator band 70 described above, the band portion 88 of the bushing interface shell 82 of the present invention preferably includes a venting means, such as a plurality of vent grooves 94, formed in spaced relation around the circumference of the band portion 88. Similar to all the venting means described above, upon movement of the elbow cuff 10 away from the bushing insert 80 during disassembly, the lower portion of the vent grooves 94 is exposed to ambient air pressure creating fluid communication with the cavity 24 formed between the insert and the power cable elbow. Thus, pressure within the cavity is equalized with that of the ambient air pressure surrounding the connector assembly. Again, while the band portion 88 of
Also shown in
It has also been found that the method, according to the present invention, of molding a rubber or epoxy insulation compound for an electrical connector housing directly within a previously molded thermoplastic or nylon shell 82 or 86 provides considerable manufacturing benefits. As specifically shown in
First, at the critical electrical interface surface at the conical upper end 81 of the connector, the rubber material only comes into contact with the inner surface 91 of the plastic shell 82, as opposed to the cavity surfaces 102 of the mold 100. Isolating the insulation material from the mold cavity in this area eliminates the possibility of contaminants from the mold surfaces being transferred to the critical electrical interface surfaces of the connector, which typically results in a scrapped part.
Second, the premolded shell 82 placed within the rubber mold 100 prevents excess flashing and eliminates mold parting lines at the critical electrical interface surfaces of the connector. The rubber or epoxy material typically used to mold such electrical connectors tends to seep freely within the mold during the injection molding process regardless of the precision used in fabricating the mold. Thus, once cured after molding, the electrical connector housing must be removed from the mold and carefully trimmed of all rubber or epoxy flash. Aside from the time consuming and labor intensive process of trimming the excess flash, there is also the drawback of marring or disrupting the surface of the housing, which could result in electrical failure at high voltage. Moreover, even with the utmost care in removing the flash, mold parting lines may be left on the housing. By injection molding the rubber or epoxy material within the preformed plastic shell, these drawbacks are eliminated since the shell prevents the molding material from seeping and forming flash. The shell of the present invention further acts as a barrier against the formation of mold parting lines on the housing surface in the area of the shell, which may result in an electrical short.
Third, the premolded plastic shell 82 further enhances the lifetime and cleanliness of the rubber mold 100. With conventional rubber and epoxy molding of high voltage connectors, the injected material comes in direct contact with the mold surfaces. To prevent the rubber or epoxy from sticking to the mold, release agents are often applied to the mold cavities. Aside from the possibility of the release agents contaminating the finished molded part, these release agents can be abrasive and cause wear on the mold cavity surfaces. Moreover, despite the application of the release agent, the molded material, which is also abrasive, still often sticks to the mold which may result in voids or other irregularities being formed on the housing surface when the housing is removed from the mold. These voids and irregularities must then be patched to preserve the part. Additionally, the rubber and epoxy remnants, as well as the other gaseous by-products of the curing process, deposited on the mold surfaces require the mold to be cleaned regularly. The method according to the present invention minimizes mold cleaning and its associated costs and down time in manufacturing, as well as prolongs the life of the mold, by isolating the molding material from the mold surfaces.
As previously mentioned, yet another alternative to preventing flashover upon disconnection of a power cable elbow connector from a loadbreak bushing entails increasing the distance between the energized electrode and the ground of the bushing insert. Referring now to
The present invention increases this flashover distance from the energized electrode to the ground electrode by placing an insulating layer 40a over a substantial portion of the ground electrode. Accordingly, the flashover distance is increased from the transition shoulder portion 20 to approximately the grounding eye 46 of the ground electrode 38. The grounding eye 46 provides for convenient attachment of a ground conductor. A suitable material for the insulation portion 40 and 40a of the loadbreak bushing insert is a peroxide-cured, synthetic rubber known and referred to in the art as EPDM insulation. Furthermore, the ground electrode 38 may be formed from a molded conductive EPDM.
Alternatively, the power cable elbow connector 2 may be modified from the prior art elbows to increase the distance between the energized electrode and ground.
In prior art devices, the power cable elbow connector includes a conductive insert which surrounds the connection portion 62 of the cable and an upper portion of the bushing insert receiving space. In order to increase the distance between the energized electrode or probe 52 and ground which is located on the bushing insert and positioned near the elbow cuff 10, the present invention adds an insulating layer placed over portions of the energized electrode. In a first embodiment, insulating portion 60 is provided in the upper end of the bushing insert receiving opening within the conductive insert 58. The insulating portion 60 extends from a compression lug 62 for receiving the cable 50 to a position below the locking ring 64 which engages a bushing insert locking groove to secure connection of the bushing insert within the power cable elbow connector. Accordingly, in order for flashover to occur, the arc would have to extend over the insulating layer 60 and further over insulating layer 56 to reach the ground electrode of the bushing insert.
Alternatively, the distance between the energized electrode 52 and the ground electrode 38 of the bushing insert may be further increased by covering a portion of the energized electrode or probe 52 to increase the flashover distance. As illustrated in
The loadbreak connector assembly of the present invention including the modified bushing insert and modified power cable elbow connector greatly reduces the likelihood of flashover upon disassembly operation. Flashover is prevented by either providing venting means at the interference fit interface between the bushing insert and the power cable elbow connector or increasing the flashover distance that an arc has to travel to ground in order to prevent flashover. The increase in flashover distance is accomplished by providing additional insulating material on either the energized electrode, within the conductive insert or both.
Although the illustrative embodiments of the present invention have been described herein with reference to the accompanying drawings, it is to be understood that the invention is not limited to those precise embodiments, and that various other changes and modifications may be effected therein by one skilled in the art without departing from the scope or spirit of the invention.
This application is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No. 11/386,625, filed Mar. 22, 2006, which is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No. 10/751,836, filed Jan. 4, 2004, now U.S. Pat. No. 7,044,760, which is a continuation-in-part of U.S. application Ser. No. 10/186,843, filed on Jul. 1, 2002, now U.S. Pat. No. 6,939,151, which is a continuation-in-part of U.S. application Ser. No. 09/715,571, filed on Nov. 17, 2000, now U.S. Pat. No. 6,585,531, which is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No. 09/287,915, filed on Apr. 7, 1999, now U.S. Pat. No. 6,168,447, which is a continuation-in-part of 08/902,749, filed on Jul. 30, 1997, now U.S. Pat. No. 5,957,712.
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Parent | 11386625 | Mar 2006 | US |
| Child | 11801793 | May 2007 | US |
| Parent | 10751836 | Jan 2004 | US |
| Child | 11386625 | Mar 2006 | US |
| Parent | 09287915 | Apr 1999 | US |
| Child | 09715571 | Nov 2000 | US |
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Parent | 10186843 | Jul 2002 | US |
| Child | 10751836 | Jan 2004 | US |
| Parent | 09715571 | Nov 2000 | US |
| Child | 10186843 | Jul 2002 | US |
| Parent | 08902749 | Jul 1997 | US |
| Child | 09287915 | Apr 1999 | US |
