Patent Application
20150278084
One or more aspects relate, in general, to processing within a computing environment, and in particular, to memory accesses within the computing environment.
System configurations include physical memory used to store applications and data. The amount of physical memory is fixed and often inadequate to support the needs of users. Therefore, to provide additional memory or at least the appearance of additional memory, a memory management technique, referred to as virtual memory, is utilized. Virtual memory uses virtual addressing, which provides ranges of addresses that can appear to be much larger than the physical size of main memory.
To access main memory in a system configuration that includes virtual memory, a memory access is requested that includes an effective address. The effective address is translated into a real address used to access the physical memory.
Translation is performed using an address translation technique. Several address translation techniques are available. For instance, in PowerPC systems offered by International Business Machines Corporation, an effective address is translated to a corresponding real address by way of page table entries found by selecting an effective segment identifier (ESID) table entry associated with the effective address, and using the entry to locate a group of page table entries by way of a hashing algorithm. In a further example, in the z/Architecture, also offered by International Business Machines Corporation, an effective address is translated to a corresponding real address by way of a hierarchy of translation tables. Translation tables are indexed by a portion of the effective address to find the address of the next translation table of the hierarchy until a real (or absolute) address is obtained. Both address translation techniques provide advantages to their respective operating systems.
Shortcomings of the prior art are overcome and advantages are provided through the provision of a computer program product for facilitating address translation. The computer program product includes, for instance a computer readable storage medium readable by a processing circuit and storing instructions for execution by the processing circuit for performing a method. The method includes, for instance, obtaining, by a processor, an address to be translated from the address to another address; translating the address from the address to the another address, wherein the translating includes: determining an attribute of the address to be translated to the another address; based on the attribute being a first attribute, selecting first information as selected information to be used in translating the address to the another address; based on the attribute being a second attribute, selecting second information as selected information to be used in translating the address to the another address, the first information and the second information being concurrently available for selection; and using the selected information to translate the address from the address to the another address, wherein the another address indicates one memory location based on the selected information including the selected first information and another memory location different from the one memory location based on the selected information comprising the selected second information, and wherein the one memory location and the another memory location are in an address space that includes memory locations addressed by addresses translated using the selected first information and the selected second information.
Methods and systems relating to one or more embodiments are also described and claimed herein. Further, services relating to one or more embodiments are also described and may be claimed herein.
Additional features and advantages are realized. Other embodiments and aspects are described in detail herein and are considered a part of the claimed invention.
One or more aspects are particularly pointed out and distinctly claimed as examples in the claims at the conclusion of the specification. The foregoing and other objects, features, and advantages are apparent from the following detailed description taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings in which:
In accordance with one or more aspects, a capability is provided to enable separate memory address translations for instruction fetches and data accesses to regions of memory, while providing common memory address translations to other regions of memory. This enables, for instance, transparency when code modifications occur by enabling the view of the memory as seen by the programs fetching instructions to be fenced off as compared to that of the data accesses.
Computing environments of different architectures may incorporate and use one or more aspects of the address translation capability provided herein. For instance, environments based on the PowerPC architecture, also referred to as Power ISA, offered by International Business Machines Corporation (IBM®) and described in Power ISA™ Version 2.07, May 3, 2013, hereby incorporated by reference herein in its entirety, may include one or more aspects, as well as computing environments of other architectures, such as the z/Architecture, offered by International Business Machines Corporation, and described in z/Architecture—Principles of Operation, Publication No. SA22-7932-09, 10th Edition, September 2012, which is hereby incorporated by reference herein in its entirety.
POWER, POWER ARCHITECTURE, POWERPC, Z/ARCHITECTURE, IBM, AIX, POWERVM, Z/OS and Z/VM (referenced herein) are registered trademarks of International Business Machines Corporation, Armonk, N.Y. Other names used herein may be registered trademarks, trademarks or product names of International Business Machines Corporation or other companies.
One example of a computing environment to incorporate and use one or more aspects of the address translation capability is described with reference to
Memory management unit 104 is used in managing memory portion 108 including facilitating access to the memory by providing address translation. To improve address translation, the memory management unit utilizes one or more address translation structures 105 including, for instance, a translation lookaside buffer (TLB) and a segment lookaside buffer (SLB) which, in one embodiment, are located in the MMU. The TLB is a cache of previously translated addresses. Thus, when a request is received for a memory access that includes an address to be translated, the TLB is checked first. If the address and its translation are in the TLB, then no further translation process based on using any number of translation techniques is necessary. Otherwise, the received address is translated using one of any number of translation techniques.
A further embodiment of a computing environment to incorporate and use one or more aspects of the address translation capability is depicted in
Processor memory 208 includes one or more virtual machines 214 (for one example of the PowerPC architecture) or one or more logical partitions 214 (for one example of the z/Architecture), and processor firmware 216, which includes a hypervisor 218 and other processor firmware 220. As used herein, firmware includes, e.g., the microcode and/or millicode of the processor. It includes, for instance, the hardware-level instructions and/or data structures used in implementation of higher level machine code. In one embodiment, it includes, for instance, proprietary code that is typically delivered as microcode that includes trusted software or microcode specific to the underlying hardware and controls operating system access to the system hardware.
Each virtual machine or logical partition 214 functions as a separate system and has one or more applications 222, and optionally, a resident operating system 224 therein, which may differ for each virtual machine or logical partition. In one embodiment, the operating system is the z/VM operating system, the z/OS operating system, the z/Linux operating system, the TPF operating system, the AIX operating system, the Power Linux operating system, the IBM i/OS operating system, or another operating system, offered by International Business Machines Corporation, Armonk, N.Y., or another operating system offered by another company. The virtual machines are managed by hypervisor 218, such as PowerVM, offered by International Business Machines Corporation, Armonk, New York; and the logical partitions are managed by hypervisor 218, such as the Processor Resource/System Manager (PR/SM), offered by International Business Machines Corporation, Armonk, N.Y.
Central processors 210 are physical processor resources assignable to the virtual machines or allocated to the logical partitions. For instance, each virtual machine or logical partition 214 includes one or more logical processors, each of which represents all or a share of a physical processor 210 that may be dynamically allocated to the virtual machine or partition. A central processor may include a memory management unit (MMU) 230 and one or more address translation structures 231 providing the address translation capability described herein, and at least one cache 232.
Input/output subsystem 212 directs the flow of information between input/output devices 204 and main memory 208. It is coupled to the central processing complex, in that it can be a part of the central processing complex or separate therefrom. The I/O subsystem relieves the central processors of the task of communicating directly with the input/output devices and permits data processing to proceed concurrently with input/output processing. To provide communications, the I/O subsystem employs I/O communications adapters. There are various types of communications adapters including, for instance, channels, I/O adapters, PCI cards, Ethernet cards, Small Computer Storage Interface (SCSI) cards, etc. Further, the I/O subsystem uses one or more input/output paths as communication links in managing the flow of information to or from input/output devices 204.
Another embodiment of a computing environment to incorporate and use one or more aspects of the address translation capability is described with reference to
Native central processing unit 302 includes one or more native registers 310, such as one or more general purpose registers and/or one or more special purpose registers used during processing within the environment, as well as one or more address translation structures 311. These registers include information that represents the state of the environment at any particular point in time.
Moreover, native central processing unit 302 executes instructions and code that are stored in memory 304. In one particular example, the central processing unit executes emulator code 312 stored in memory 304. This code enables the computing environment configured in one architecture to emulate another architecture. For instance, emulator code 312 allows machines based on architectures other than the z/Architecture, such as PowerPC processors, Power Systems servers, HP Superdome servers or others, to emulate the z/Architecture and to execute software and instructions developed based on the z/Architecture, or allows machines based on architectures other than the Power Architecture, such as HP Superdome servers or others, to emulate the Power Architecture and to execute software and instructions developed based on the Power Architecture.
Further details relating to emulator code 312 are described with reference to
Further, emulator code 312 includes an emulation control routine 360 to cause the native instructions to be executed. Emulation control routine 360 may cause native CPU 302 to execute a routine of native instructions that emulate one or more previously obtained guest instructions and, at the conclusion of such execution, return control to the instruction fetch routine to emulate the obtaining of the next guest instruction or a group of guest instructions. Execution of the native instructions 356 may include loading data into a register from memory 304; storing data back to memory from a register; or performing some type of arithmetic or logic operation, as determined by the translation routine.
Each routine is, for instance, implemented in software, which is stored in memory and executed by native central processing unit 302. In other examples, one or more of the routines or operations are implemented in firmware, hardware, software or some combination thereof. The registers of the emulated processor may be emulated using registers 310 of the native CPU or by using locations in memory 304. In embodiments, guest instructions 350, native instructions 356 and emulator code 312 may reside in the same memory or may be disbursed among different memory devices.
The computing environments described above are only examples of computing environments that can be used. Other environments, including but not limited to, other non-partitioned environments, other partitioned environments, and/or other emulated environments, may be used; embodiments are not limited to any one environment.
Computing environments, such as those described above, are enhanced by including components that alter application programs executing within the environments to provide those application programs with additional features. For instance, a component, referred to as dynamic code optimization (DCO), may be provided that examines programs as they are executing, recognizes frequently executed code segments and optimizes those segments. Other types of optimization are also possible, as well as other types of components. Further, changes may be made to programs for other reasons, such as correcting an error, providing workarounds for known hardware errata, enhancing security, etc.
Changing a program while it is executing is complicated and issues may arise. For instance, if a program references itself, i.e., it is self-referential, it may detect the change and refuse to run or the change may cause it to run improperly due to it being self-referential. An example of a self-referential code may be a binary that validates its own correctness by computing the checksum of its program code, and comparing the computed result with an expected result to avoid tampering. Thus, in accordance with one aspect, a capability is provided that allows applications to be modified, while preserving self-referential integrity.
In one example, for dynamic code optimization, code that is not frequently used is maintained unchanged, and code that is frequently used, referred to as hot spots, are dynamically compiled into optimized code and the pre-existing code is patched to integrate the optimized code into the pre-existing code generating patched code. Then, to transfer to the optimized code, the original binary is modified (patched) by inserting a jump instruction to jump to the optimized code and when done, another jump instruction is inserted to jump back to the original code.
One example of a computing environment that includes patched code is depicted in
When code is patched, in accordance with one or more aspects, separate address translation is provided, which depends, for instance, on whether the translation is for an instruction fetch or a data access. For instance, data accesses (e.g., address translation for data accesses) are directed to the unmodified code (i.e., one or more first memory regions), while code translation (e.g., address translation for instruction fetches) is directed to the modified code (i.e., one or more second memory regions). Additionally, instruction fetches and data accesses for code of the application that has not been copied are directed to the same pre-existing code, which are also stored in the one or more first memory regions, in this example. This separate address translation capability, in conjunction with the memory mapping in, for instance,
Further details regarding the physical memory used by one or more of the computing environments described herein and access thereto are described with reference to
As indicated above, an effective address is used to obtain a physical address in order to access a particular memory location. In accordance with one aspect, as depicted in
In particular, in accordance with one aspect, an address translation capability is described in which the address translation takes into consideration whether the memory access is for an instruction fetch or a data access. One embodiment of address translation is described with reference to
Initially, referring to
Further details regarding translating from the effective address to the virtual address, by, for instance, the MMU are described with reference to
In particular, as shown in
1In one embodiment, the “additional values” are implementation-dependent, as are the corresponding base virtual page sizes. Any values that are not supported by a given implementation are reserved in that implementation, in at least one embodiment.
For each SLB entry, software is to ensure the following requirements are satisfied.
In accordance with one aspect, the NOA field specifies for each SLB entry whether the SLB entry is to be used to translate an effective memory address to a virtual address for instruction fetch and data access (NOA=0b00, in one encoding of allowed accesses for a segment in accordance with one aspect), for data accesses but not instruction fetch (NOA=0b10, in one encoding of allowed accesses for a segment in accordance with one aspect), and for instruction fetch but not data access (NOA=0b01, in one encoding of allowed accesses for a segment in accordance with one aspect).
It is legal to have multiple effective to virtual segment id translations, as long as only one is selected to be performed based on the NOA bits. To accomplish this, software is to ensure that the SLB contains at most one entry that translates a given instruction effective address, and that if the SLB contains an entry that translates a given instruction effective address (NOA0=0), then no other entry can translate the same address for instruction fetches. In accordance with one aspect, when installing a new SLB entry for one or more access modes (e.g., instruction fetch), software is to ensure that any previously existing SLB translation entry of that effective address that may translate an address for such access mode has been invalidated. Likewise, software is to ensure that the SLB contains at most one entry that translates a given data effective address (NOA1=0), and that if the SLB contains an entry that translates a given data effective address, then any previously existing translation of that effective address for data accesses has been invalidated. An attempt to create an SLB entry that violates these requirements may cause a machine check. In accordance with one embodiment, a machine check is a high priority interrupt to a firmware, hypervisor or other supervisor component to indicate that system integrity constraints have been violated.
In accordance with one embodiment, it is permissible for software to replace the contents of a valid SLB entry without invalidating the translation specified by that entry provided the specified restrictions are followed.
When the hardware searches the SLB, all entries are tested for a match with the effective address (EA). For a match to exist, the following conditions are to be satisfied for indicated fields in the SLBE.
In particular, in one embodiment, an entry in the SLB is matching if the entry is valid, has an effective segment identifier matching the obtained effective segment identifier from the effective address, and the No Access (NOA) SLB field is set for the type of memory access being performed, e.g., for an instruction fetch or a data access. The NOA includes, for instance, two bits, in which a value of 01 indicates an address can be used to match addresses associated with instruction access only; 10 indicates an entry can be used to match addresses associated with data access only; and 00 indicates an entry can be used to match addresses associated with both instruction fetches and data accesses. If the NOA field is set for the requested access and the effective SID is the same as the obtained effective SID, then there is a match.
Returning to
However, if there is one match (or one is selected), a virtual segment identifier (VSID) 916 (
As described above, for the SLB search, if no match is found, the search fails. If one match is found, the search succeeds. If more than one match is found, one of the matching entries may be used as if it were the only matching entry, or a machine check occurs. If the SLB search succeeds, the virtual address (VA) is formed from the EA and the matching SLB entry fields as follows: VA=VSID0:77-s∥EA64-s:63. The Virtual Page Number (VPN) is bits 0:77-p of the virtual address. The value of p is the actual virtual page size specified by the PTE used to translate the virtual address. If SLBEN=1, the N (noexecute) value used for the storage access is 1.
On an instruction fetch, if SLBEN=1, an Instruction Storage interrupt may occur without the page table being searched. If the SLB search fails, a segment fault occurs. This is an instruction segment exception or a data segment exception, depending on whether the effective address is for an instruction fetch or for a data access.
The virtual address created from translation of the effective address is then translated to a physical address (a.k.a., a real address) using, for instance, a hash page table. Further details regarding translation using a hash page table are described with reference to
In particular,
As described above, in one example, address translation is performed based on a particular attribute, such as, for instance, the type of access: instruction fetch or data access. To enable this, a mechanism is provided that includes a field in the SLB to prevent SLBEs from being used for instruction-side or data-side accesses. This field, as indicated above, is the No Access (NOA) field. The NOA is used to indicate that a particular SLBE associated with the NOA can be used for only instruction fetches, only data accesses, or for both instruction fetches and data accesses.
In accordance with one embodiment, the NOA field is separately specified for each segment in conjunction with an SLB entry, thereby allowing some effective address segments (memory regions of the input address) to be translated to a common segment address for instruction and data accesses (memory regions of the output address), and other segments (memory regions of the input address) to be translated to separate segment addresses for instruction and data accesses (memory regions of the output address), respectively, or to provide a translation for one type of access (e.g., instruction access), but not another type of access (e.g., data access) by loading an appropriate SLB entry for one type of access, but not another. While the description has been made with respect to the presence of a NO Access field, and to a specific encoding of a NO Access field in the SLB, it is understood that other fields, other encodings for such fields, or both, may be used to identify the types of permissible access for a translation.
In further embodiments, the SLB is managed using SLB management instructions, some of which are affected by the NOA field and NOA mechanism. A description of those instructions and the changes for NOA are described below:
SLB Invalidate Entry (slbie) Instruction:
Referring to
Referring to the above, let the effective address (EA) be any EA for which EA0:35=(RB)0:35. Let the class be (RB)36. Let the No Instruction (NOI) field be (RB)40. Let the No Data (NOD) field be (RB)41. Let the segment size be equal to the segment size specified in (RB)37:38; the allowed values of (RB)37:38, and the correspondence between the values and the segment size, are the same as for the B field in the SLBE. Let the maximum number of entries (MNE) which are permitted to translate the EA be the sum (0b0∥NOI)+(0b0∥
NOD).
The contents of register RB is interpreted in one example, as follows: RB0:35-EA; RB36-C; RB37:38-B; RB39 is to be 0b0; RB40:41-NOA; and RB42:63 is to be 0b00∥0x00000.
The hardware ignores the contents of RB listed below and software are to set them to 0s: (RB)39; (RB)42:63; and if s=40, (RB)24:35.
For an SLB entry to be considered for invalidation, at least one of the following is to be zero.
In addition, the class value and segment size are to be the same as the class value and segment size in the SLB entry that translates the EA, or the values that were in the SLB entry that most recently translated the EA if the translation is no longer in the SLB; if these values are not the same, it is implementation-dependent whether the SLB entry (or implementation-dependent translation information) that translates the EA is invalidated, and the next paragraph need not apply.
In the case where MNE=1, if the SLB contains only a single entry that translates the EA, then that is the only SLB entry that is invalidated, except that it is implementation-dependent whether an implementation-specific lookaside entry for a real mode address “translation” is invalidated. If the SLB contains more than one such entry, then zero or more such entries are invalidated, and similarly for any implementation-specific lookaside information used in address translation; additionally, a machine check may occur.
In the case where MNE=2, it extends the MNE=1 case in that up to two SLB entries that translate the EA can be invalidated provided that the exclusive or of the corresponding bits of the two NOA fields is 0b11.
SLB entries are invalidated by setting the V bit in the entry to 0, and the remaining fields of the entry are set to undefined values. If this instruction is executed in 32-bit mode, (RB)0:31 are to be zeros. This instruction is privileged, in one embodiment. The slbie instruction does not affect SLBs on other threads.
The reason the class value specified by the slbie instruction is to be the same as the class value that is or was in the relevant SLB entry is that the hardware may use these values to optimize invalidation of implementation-specific lookaside information used in address translation. If the value specified by the slbie instruction differs from the value that is or was in the relevant SLB entry, these optimizations may produce incorrect results. (An example of implementation-specific address translation lookaside information is the set of recently used translations of effective addresses to real addresses that some implementations maintain in an effective to real address translation (ERAT) lookaside buffer.)
When switching tasks in certain cases, it may be advantageous to preserve some implementation-specific lookaside entries while invalidating others. The IH=0b001 invalidation hint of the SLB invalidate all (slbia) instruction can be used for this purpose if SLB class values are appropriately assigned, i.e., a class value of 0 gives the hint that the entry should be preserved and a class value of 1 indicates the entry is to be invalidated. Also, it is advantageous to assign a class value of 1 to entries that need to be invalidated via an slbie instruction while preserving implementation-specific lookaside entries that are not derived from an SLB entry since such entries are assigned to class value of 0.
In accordance with one implementation of the Power ISA, there are supported move to segment register instructions previously used to translate from effective to virtual addresses. In one aspect of an implementation of the Move to Segment Register instructions, the Move to Segment Register instructions create SLB entries in which the class value is 0.
The B value in register RB may be needed for invalidating ERAT entries corresponding to the translation being invalidated.
SLB Move to Entry (slbmte) Instruction:
Referring to
For RS: RS0:1-B; RS2:51-VSID; RS52-Ks; RS53-Kp; RS54-N; RS55-L; RS56-C; RS57- is to be 0b0; RS58:59-LP; RS60:61-NOA; and RS62:63 are to be 0b0000.
For RB: RB0:35-ESID; RB36-V; RB37:51- are to be 0b000∥0x000; and RB52:63-index, which selects the SLB entry.
On implementations that support a virtual address size of only n bits, n<78, (RS)2:79-n are to be zeros. (RS)57 and (RS)62:63 are ignored by the hardware. High-order bits of (RB)52:63 that correspond to SLB entries beyond the size of the SLB provided by the implementation is to be zeros. If this instruction is executed in 32-bit mode, (RB)0:31 is to be zeros (i.e., the ESID is to be in the range of 0:15). This instruction is not to be used to invalidate the translation contained in an SLB entry. This instruction is privileged, in one embodiment.
SLB Move from Entry VSID (slbmfev):
Referring to
RT0:1-B; RT2:51-VSID; RT52-Ks; RT53-Kp; RT54-N; RT55-L; RT56-C; RT57- set to 0b0; RT58:59-LP; RT60:61-NOA; and RT60:63- set to 0b0000.
For RB: RB0:51- are to be 0x0—0000—0000—0000; and RB52:63- index, which selects the SLB entry.
On implementations that support a virtual address size of only n bits, n<78, (RS)2:79-n are set to zeros. If the SLB entry specified by bits 52:63 of registers RB is invalid (V=0), the contents of register RT are set to 0. High-order bits of (RB)52:63 that correspond to SLB entries beyond the size of the SLB provided by the implementation are to be zeros. This instruction is privileged, in one embodiment.
SLB Find Entry ESID (slbfee) Instruction:
Referring to
The SLB is searched for an entry that matches the effective address specified by register RB.
For an SLB entry to be considered for a match, the logical OR of RB40 and the NOA0 value are to be zero, or the logical OR of RB41 and the NOA1 value are to be zero. If both RB40 and RB41 are 1, no SLBE will considered for a match.
The search is performed as it were being performed for purposes of address translation. That is, in order for a given entry to satisfy the search, the entry is to be valid (V=1), and (RB)0:63-s is to equal SLBE[ESID0:63-s] (where 2s is the segment size selected by the B field in the entry). If exactly one matching entry is found, the contents of the B, VSID, Ks, Kp, N, L, C, LP and NOA fields of the entry are placed into register RT. If no matching entry is found, register RT is set to 0. If more than one matching entry is found, either one of the matching entries is used, as if it were the only matching entry, or a machine check occurs. If a machine check occurs, register RT, and CR Field 0 are set to undefined values, and the description below of how this register and this field is set does not apply.
The contents of register RT and RB are interpreted as indicated below: For RT: RT0:1-B; RT2:51-VSID; RT52-Ks; RT53-Kp; RT54-N; RT55-L; RT56-C; RT57- set to 0b0; RT58:59-LP; RT60:61-NOA; and RT62:63 are to be 0b0000.
For RB: RB0:35-ESID; RB36:39- are to be 0b0000; and RB40:63- are to be 0b00∥0x000000.
If s>28, RT80-s:51 are set to zeros. On implementations that support a virtual address size of only n bits, n<78, RT2:79-n are set to zeros.
CR Field 0 is set as follows: j is a 1-bit value that is equal to 0b1 if a matching entry was found. Otherwise, j is 0b0.
CR0LT GT EQ SO=0b00∥j∥XERSO
If this instruction is executed in 32-bit mode, (RB)0:31 is to be zeros (i.e., the ESID is to be in the range 0-15). This instruction is privileged, in one embodiment, and special register CR0 is altered.
In addition to the above, there are two segment register manipulation instructions, Move To Segment Register (MTSR) and Move To Segment Register Indirect (MTSRIN), to be described. These instructions allow software to associate effective segments 0 through 15 with any of virtual segments 0 through 227−1. SLB entries 0:15 serve as virtual segment registers, with SLB entry i used to emulate segment register i. The mtsr and mtsrin instructions move 32 bits from a selected SLB entry to a selected general purpose register (GPR).
The contents of the GPRs used by the mtsr and mtsrin instructions are described with reference to
The segment register format used by the instructions described in this section corresponds to the low-order 32 bits of RS and RT. This format is essentially the same as that for the segment registers of 32-bit PowerPC implementations. The only differences are the following, in one embodiment.
Software can use these extra VSID bits to create VSIDs that are larger than those supported by the segment register manipulation instructions of 32-bit PowerPC implementations.
Bit 32 of RS and RT corresponds to the T (direct-store) bit of early 32-bit PowerPC implementations. No corresponding bit exists in SLB entries.
Move to Segment Register (MTSR) Instruction:
Referring to
In operation, the SLB entry specified by SR is loaded from register RS, as follows.
MSRSF is to be 0 when this instruction is executed; otherwise the results are boundedly undefined. This instruction is privileged, in one embodiment, and no special registers are altered.
Move to Segment Register Indirect (MTSRIN) Instruction:
Referring to
In operation, the SLB entry specified by (RB)32:35 is loaded from register RS, as follows.
MSRSF is to be 0 when the instruction is executed; otherwise the results are boundedly undefined. This instruction is privileged, in one embodiment, and no special registers are altered.
In one embodiment, an Instruction Cache Block Touch (icbt) instruction and an Instruction Cache Block Invalidate (icbi) instruction to address a segment in which either the NOI (No Instruction) or NOD (No Data) attribute is active are not to be used. In one embodiment, these instructions are treated as load-type data accesses because they are executed in the load/store unit of a processor, and consequently, it is possible that the addressed cache line will not be the one expected. In the case of icbt, this can lead to unreachable instructions being preloaded into the instruction cache. In the case of icbi, it is possible that instruction cache invalidations can target an unintended address and not evict the instructions that are to be evicted from the instruction cache.
In a further embodiment, when icbt and icbi are performed, instruction translations are used in lieu of data translations in accordance with the implied semantics of these instructions directed at manipulation of instruction caches for use by instruction fetch. In at least one embodiment, this requires the load/store unit to translate addresses for both instruction fetch and data access.
In another embodiment, when the icbi and/or icbt instruction is executed, a notification event is generated to notify a software component to take synchronizing actions. In at least one aspect where this address translation capability is used in conjunction with a DCO component, this triggers retranslation of part or all of a code generated for a memory area comprising the subject address of the icbi.
Once the SLB has been used to map effective address page numbers to virtual page numbers, instruction and data references to the same effective addresses can be mapped to different virtual addresses in accordance with the Power ISA Book 3 use of segment based translation (from effective to virtual addresses using the SLB, and then using virtual to physical address translation using the HPT hashed page tables).
Thus, the HPT can contain separate virtual to physical translations for these different virtual addresses generated from the same effective address based on the nature (I or D) of the access. In one embodiment, within a segment (i.e., a memory region) that uses separate instruction and data translations, some sub-regions (e.g., pages) of the region may not require separate translation. For instance, for pages where no separate translation is necessary, the separate virtual addresses can point to the same physical page, allowing pages that do not need separate I and D images to share the same physical page. That is, in one example, if a memory region has been configured to require separate accesses, but only an area within the segment really requires separate I/D—e.g., because no hot spots were found in other pages and no patching has been performed—then the non-changed pages can be shared for I/D accesses, even though they are generated via separate translation paths.
Described in detail above is an address translation capability that takes into consideration a particular attribute, such as whether the address translation is for an instruction fetch or a data access. In other embodiments, the address translation may be based on other attributes, such as whether it is for a load or a store, etc.
Further details regarding one or more aspects of the address translation capability are described with reference to
Based on receiving the request to translate the address, the processor (e.g., the MMU of the processor) translates the address from the address to the another address, STEP 1904. In translating the address, a determination is made as to an attribute of the address to be translated, STEP 1906. For instance, is the address to be translated for an instruction fetch (e.g., first attribute) or a data access (e.g., second attribute). In one example, this determination is made based on the unit (e.g., instruction fetch or load/store unit) that is requesting the translation. For instance, if it is the instruction fetch unit requesting the translation, then it is assumed that the address is for an instruction fetch. Similarly, if it is the load/store unit requesting the translation, then it is assumed that the address is for a data access. In other embodiments, an indicator may be used, regardless of the unit requesting the translation, to indicate the attribute, or other mechanisms may be used. In at least one embodiment, an indication is provided to indicate that an instruction translation is required when the load/store unit executes an instruction cache management instruction, such as, for example, including but not limited to the icbi and icbt instructions.
Based on the attribute being the first attribute (e.g., instruction fetch), INQUIRY 1908, information, referred to as first information (e.g., an identifier), is selected as selected information to be used in translating the address to the another address, STEP 1910. Further, based on the attribute being the second attribute (e.g., data access), information, referred to as second information (e.g., an identifier), is selected as selected information to be used in translating the address to the another address, STEP 1912.
The selected information is then used to translate the address from the address to the another address, STEP 1914. The another address indicates one memory location based on the selected information being the selected first information and another memory location based on the selected information being the selected second information, STEP 1916. The one memory location and the another memory location are in an address space that includes memory locations addressed by addresses translated using the selected first information and the selected second information, STEP 1918.
Further details regarding the selecting and translating are described with reference to
Further, in one embodiment, if the attribute is the second attribute, INQUIRY 1908, then the second information (e.g., an identifier to be used to create the another address) is selected from an entry of a data structure (e.g., SLBE), STEP 1926. Again, the entry is selected at least in part based on the attribute being the second attribute.
The selected information (i.e., the first information or the second information) is used to translate the address from the address to the another address, STEP 1928. In one example, the another address is a virtual address, which is then translated to a physical address, STEP 1930. The translation from the virtual address to the physical address is independent of the attribute, in this embodiment. That is, the translation from the virtual address to the physical address is not based on the attribute and the translation is not even cognizant that the first translation from the address to the another address was based on the attribute.
In yet a further embodiment, referring to
As described above, an address translation capability is provided in which a segment lookaside buffer (SLB) is modified to generate different virtual addresses for an effective address which can then be translated to different physical addresses, in order to preserve the illusion of an unmodified instruction space even during binary rewriting when an application attempts to read with data access instructions its own instruction stream. In one particular example, each entry of the SLB (SLBE) includes a field having a No Access (NOA) indicator. The NOA indicator includes, for instance, a bit mask to indicate whether each type of access (e.g., instruction fetch, data access) is allowed or not. In one embodiment, one or more entries are to be used for address translations for only instruction fetches, one or more entries are to be used for address translations for only data accesses, and one or more entries are to be used for address translations for both instruction fetches and data accesses. In other embodiments, encodings, other than a mask, may be used.
In one embodiment, the translations, which may be further translated, in one example, (e.g., from virtual addresses to real addresses), are located in a common address space, interspersed with addresses translated based on the first attribute, addresses translated based on the second attribute, and addresses translated regardless of the attribute. Further, in one example, the further translation is not based on an attribute, but uses a common address space that includes addresses regardless of translation attribute (e.g., physical addresses for the virtual addresses regardless of the attribute used to translate the virtual address.). In this example, one region of memory is translated separately based on a set of attributes, and another region is translated irrespective of attributes, thereby conserving a number of entries to be maintained.
In one embodiment, based on the attribute being a first attribute, third information is selected (directed at translating both addresses associated with a first and a second attribute) as selected information to be used in translating the address to the another address; and based on the attribute being a second attribute, the third information is selected as selected information to be used in translating the address to the another address.
In one embodiment, a single SLB entry is used for address translations for both instruction fetches and data accesses when the program has not been changed (e.g., has not been optimized), or for memory regions having not been changed (e.g., having not been optimized). Further, although examples herein describe the attributes as instruction fetch and data access, other attributes may be used, including, for instance, a first attribute being for address translations for loads and a second attribute being for address translations for stores. Other attributes are also possible. Also, while the selection by attribute has been described with reference to a first and a second attribute, the teachings contained herein can be used in conjunction with embodiments having also a third attribute, and a fourth attribute, and so forth.
In one or more aspects, a capability is provided in which different memory contents may be accessed for instruction and data spaces at a memory region granularity. As examples, a memory region is a segment of memory or a page of memory. The separate accessing occurs by way of separating address translation giving a first physical address for a first effective address when an instruction access is performed, and a second physical address for the first effective address when a data translation is performed. The separation is controlled separately for each process, in one embodiment. Further, in another embodiment, the separate translation occurs in a memory translation architecture with at least two levels. The memory region is to be separately translated by one level, and the other level is not cognizant of separate translation. In one or more embodiments, the SLB is used in translation and the SLB gives a first virtual segment address for a first effective segment address.
In one or more aspects, a capability is provided to select an address translation from concurrently available translations which are active and selectable (concurrently stored in one or more address translation structures) by, e.g., hardware translation logic (MMU) without software intervention during the translation process. The selection is among multiple simultaneously active and installed translations corresponding to possible attributes, such as instruction and data accesses. In one embodiment, expensive software-implemented page table switches and reconfiguration of page tables and address spaces is avoided.
Referring to
The present invention may be a system, a method, and/or a computer program product. The computer program product may include a computer readable storage medium (or media) having computer readable program instructions thereon for causing a processor to carry out aspects of the present invention.
The computer readable storage medium can be a tangible device that can retain and store instructions for use by an instruction execution device. The computer readable storage medium may be, for example, but is not limited to, an electronic storage device, a magnetic storage device, an optical storage device, an electromagnetic storage device, a semiconductor storage device, or any suitable combination of the foregoing. A non-exhaustive list of more specific examples of the computer readable storage medium includes the following: a portable computer diskette, a hard disk, a random access memory (RAM), a read-only memory (ROM), an erasable programmable read-only memory (EPROM or Flash memory), a static random access memory (SRAM), a portable compact disc read-only memory (CD-ROM), a digital versatile disk (DVD), a memory stick, a floppy disk, a mechanically encoded device such as punch-cards or raised structures in a groove having instructions recorded thereon, and any suitable combination of the foregoing. A computer readable storage medium, as used herein, is not to be construed as being transitory signals per se, such as radio waves or other freely propagating electromagnetic waves, electromagnetic waves propagating through a waveguide or other transmission media (e.g., light pulses passing through a fiber-optic cable), or electrical signals transmitted through a wire.
Computer readable program instructions described herein can be downloaded to respective computing/processing devices from a computer readable storage medium or to an external computer or external storage device via a network, for example, the Internet, a local area network, a wide area network and/or a wireless network. The network may comprise copper transmission cables, optical transmission fibers, wireless transmission, routers, firewalls, switches, gateway computers and/or edge servers. A network adapter card or network interface in each computing/processing device receives computer readable program instructions from the network and forwards the computer readable program instructions for storage in a computer readable storage medium within the respective computing/processing device.
Computer readable program instructions for carrying out operations of the present invention may be assembler instructions, instruction-set-architecture (ISA) instructions, machine instructions, machine dependent instructions, microcode, firmware instructions, state-setting data, or either source code or object code written in any combination of one or more programming languages, including an object oriented programming language such as Smalltalk, C++ or the like, and conventional procedural programming languages, such as the “C” programming language or similar programming languages. The computer readable program instructions may execute entirely on the user's computer, partly on the user's computer, as a stand-alone software package, partly on the user's computer and partly on a remote computer or entirely on the remote computer or server. In the latter scenario, the remote computer may be connected to the user's computer through any type of network, including a local area network (LAN) or a wide area network (WAN), or the connection may be made to an external computer (for example, through the Internet using an Internet Service Provider). In some embodiments, electronic circuitry including, for example, programmable logic circuitry, field-programmable gate arrays (FPGA), or programmable logic arrays (PLA) may execute the computer readable program instructions by utilizing state information of the computer readable program instructions to personalize the electronic circuitry, in order to perform aspects of the present invention.
Aspects of the present invention are described herein with reference to flowchart illustrations and/or block diagrams of methods, apparatus (systems), and computer program products according to embodiments of the invention. It will be understood that each block of the flowchart illustrations and/or block diagrams, and combinations of blocks in the flowchart illustrations and/or block diagrams, can be implemented by computer readable program instructions.
These computer readable program instructions may be provided to a processor of a general purpose computer, special purpose computer, or other programmable data processing apparatus to produce a machine, such that the instructions, which execute via the processor of the computer or other programmable data processing apparatus, create means for implementing the functions/acts specified in the flowchart and/or block diagram block or blocks. These computer readable program instructions may also be stored in a computer readable storage medium that can direct a computer, a programmable data processing apparatus, and/or other devices to function in a particular manner, such that the computer readable storage medium having instructions stored therein comprises an article of manufacture including instructions which implement aspects of the function/act specified in the flowchart and/or block diagram block or blocks.
The computer readable program instructions may also be loaded onto a computer, other programmable data processing apparatus, or other device to cause a series of operational steps to be performed on the computer, other programmable apparatus or other device to produce a computer implemented process, such that the instructions which execute on the computer, other programmable apparatus, or other device implement the functions/acts specified in the flowchart and/or block diagram block or blocks.
The flowchart and block diagrams in the Figures illustrate the architecture, functionality, and operation of possible implementations of systems, methods, and computer program products according to various embodiments of the present invention. In this regard, each block in the flowchart or block diagrams may represent a module, segment, or portion of instructions, which comprises one or more executable instructions for implementing the specified logical function(s). In some alternative implementations, the functions noted in the block may occur out of the order noted in the figures. For example, two blocks shown in succession may, in fact, be executed substantially concurrently, or the blocks may sometimes be executed in the reverse order, depending upon the functionality involved. It will also be noted that each block of the block diagrams and/or flowchart illustration, and combinations of blocks in the block diagrams and/or flowchart illustration, can be implemented by special purpose hardware-based systems that perform the specified functions or acts or carry out combinations of special purpose hardware and computer instructions.
In addition to the above, one or more aspects may be provided, offered, deployed, managed, serviced, etc. by a service provider who offers management of customer environments. For instance, the service provider can create, maintain, support, etc. computer code and/or a computer infrastructure that performs one or more aspects for one or more customers. In return, the service provider may receive payment from the customer under a subscription and/or fee agreement, as examples. Additionally or alternatively, the service provider may receive payment from the sale of advertising content to one or more third parties.
In one aspect, an application may be deployed for performing one or more embodiments. As one example, the deploying of an application comprises providing computer infrastructure operable to perform one or more embodiments.
As a further aspect, a computing infrastructure may be deployed comprising integrating computer readable code into a computing system, in which the code in combination with the computing system is capable of performing one or more embodiments.
As yet a further aspect, a process for integrating computing infrastructure comprising integrating computer readable code into a computer system may be provided. The computer system comprises a computer readable medium, in which the computer medium comprises one or more embodiments. The code in combination with the computer system is capable of performing one or more embodiments.
Although various embodiments are described above, these are only examples. For example, computing environments of other architectures can be used to incorporate and use one or more embodiments. Further, different instructions, instruction formats, instruction fields and/or instruction values may be used. Yet further, other types of address translation may benefit from one or more aspects. Many variations are possible.
Further, other types of computing environments can benefit and be used. As an example, a data processing system suitable for storing and/or executing program code is usable that includes at least two processors coupled directly or indirectly to memory elements through a system bus. The memory elements include, for instance, local memory employed during actual execution of the program code, bulk storage, and cache memory which provide temporary storage of at least some program code in order to reduce the number of times code must be retrieved from bulk storage during execution.
Input/Output or I/O devices (including, but not limited to, keyboards, displays, pointing devices, DASD, tape, CDs, DVDs, thumb drives and other memory media, etc.) can be coupled to the system either directly or through intervening I/O controllers. Network adapters may also be coupled to the system to enable the data processing system to become coupled to other data processing systems or remote printers or storage devices through intervening private or public networks. Modems, cable modems, and Ethernet cards are just a few of the available types of network adapters.
Referring to
In one embodiment, an instruction is fetched from memory 5002 by an instruction fetch unit 5004 via a cache 5009. The instruction is decoded in an instruction decode unit 5006 and dispatched (with other instructions in some embodiments) to instruction execution unit or units 5008. Typically several execution units 5008 are employed, for example an arithmetic execution unit, a floating point execution unit and a branch instruction execution unit. The instruction is executed by the execution unit, accessing operands from instruction specified registers or memory as needed. If an operand is to be accessed (loaded or stored) from memory 5002, a load/store unit 5005 typically handles the access under control of the instruction being executed. Instructions may be executed in hardware circuits or in internal microcode (firmware) or by a combination of both.
As noted, a computer system includes information in local (or main) storage, as well as addressing, protection, and reference and change recording. Some aspects of addressing include the format of addresses, the concept of address spaces, the various types of addresses, and the manner in which one type of address is translated to another type of address. Some of main storage includes permanently assigned storage locations. Main storage provides the system with directly addressable fast-access storage of data. Both data and programs are to be loaded into main storage (from input devices) before they can be processed.
Main storage may include one or more smaller, faster-access buffer storages, sometimes called caches. A cache is typically physically associated with a CPU or an I/O processor. The effects, except on performance, of the physical construction and use of distinct storage media are generally not observable by the program.
Separate caches may be maintained for instructions and for data operands. Information within a cache is maintained in contiguous bytes on an integral boundary called a cache block or cache line (or line, for short). A model may provide an EXTRACT CACHE ATTRIBUTE instruction which returns the size of a cache line in bytes. In another embodiment, this information may be obtained from firmware, e.g., in accordance with interfaces specified by the Power Architecture Platform Reference specification. A model may also provide one or more of data cache block touch (dcbt), PREFETCH DATA and PREFETCH DATA RELATIVE LONG instructions which effects the prefetching of storage into the data or instruction cache or the releasing of data from the cache.
Storage is viewed as a long horizontal string of bits. For most operations, accesses to storage proceed in a left-to-right sequence. The string of bits is subdivided into units of eight bits. An eight-bit unit is called a byte, which is the basic building block of all information formats. Each byte location in storage is identified by a unique nonnegative integer, which is the address of that byte location or, simply, the byte address. Adjacent byte locations have consecutive addresses, starting with 0 on the left and proceeding in a left-to-right sequence. Addresses are unsigned binary integers and are 24, 31, or 64 bits.
Information is transmitted between storage and a CPU or a channel subsystem one byte, or a group of bytes, at a time. Unless otherwise specified, in, for instance, the POWER ISA and z/Architecture, a group of bytes in storage is addressed by the leftmost byte of the group. The number of bytes in the group is either implied or explicitly specified by the operation to be performed. When used in a CPU operation, a group of bytes is called a field. Within each group of bytes, in, for instance, the POWER ISA and z/Architecture, bits are numbered in a left-to-right sequence. In the POWER ISA and z/Architecture, the leftmost bits are sometimes referred to as the “high-order” bits and the rightmost bits as the “low-order” bits. Bit numbers are not storage addresses, however. Only bytes can be addressed. To operate on individual bits of a byte in storage, the entire byte is accessed. The bits in a byte are numbered 0 through 7, from left to right (in, e.g., the z/Architecture). The bits in an address may be numbered 8-31 or 40-63 for 24-bit addresses, or 1-31 or 33-63 for 31-bit addresses; they are numbered 0-63 for 64-bit addresses. In one example, bits 8-31 and 1-31 apply to addresses that are in a location (e.g., register) that is 32 bits wide, whereas bits 40-63 and 33-63 apply to addresses that are in a 64-bit wide location. Within any other fixed-length format of multiple bytes, the bits making up the format are consecutively numbered starting from 0. For purposes of error detection, and in preferably for correction, one or more check bits may be transmitted with each byte or with a group of bytes. Such check bits are generated automatically by the machine and cannot be directly controlled by the program. Storage capacities are expressed in number of bytes. When the length of a storage-operand field is implied by the operation code of an instruction, the field is said to have a fixed length, which can be one, two, four, eight, or sixteen bytes. Larger fields may be implied for some instructions. When the length of a storage-operand field is not implied but is stated explicitly, the field is said to have a variable length. Variable-length operands can vary in length by increments of one byte (or with some instructions, in multiples of two bytes or other multiples). When information is placed in storage, the contents of only those byte locations are replaced that are included in the designated field, even though the width of the physical path to storage may be greater than the length of the field being stored.
Certain units of information are to be on an integral boundary in storage. A boundary is called integral for a unit of information when its storage address is a multiple of the length of the unit in bytes. Special names are given to fields of 2, 4, 8, 16, and 32 bytes on an integral boundary. A halfword is a group of two consecutive bytes on a two-byte boundary and is the basic building block of instructions. A word is a group of four consecutive bytes on a four-byte boundary. A doubleword is a group of eight consecutive bytes on an eight-byte boundary. A quadword is a group of 16 consecutive bytes on a 16-byte boundary. An octoword is a group of 32 consecutive bytes on a 32-byte boundary. When storage addresses designate halfwords, words, doublewords, quadwords, and octowords, the binary representation of the address contains one, two, three, four, or five rightmost zero bits, respectively. Instructions are to be on two-byte integral boundaries. The storage operands of most instructions do not have boundary-alignment requirements.
On devices that implement separate caches for instructions and data operands, a significant delay may be experienced if the program stores into a cache line from which instructions are subsequently fetched, regardless of whether the store alters the instructions that are subsequently fetched.
In one example, the embodiment may be practiced by software (sometimes referred to licensed internal code, firmware, micro-code, milli-code, pico-code and the like, any of which would be consistent with one or more embodiments). Referring to
The software program code includes an operating system which controls the function and interaction of the various computer components and one or more application programs. Program code is normally paged from storage media device 5011 to the relatively higher-speed computer storage 5002 where it is available for processing by processor 5001. The techniques and methods for embodying software program code in memory, on physical media, and/or distributing software code via networks are well known and will not be further discussed herein. Program code, when created and stored on a tangible medium (including but not limited to electronic memory modules (RAM), flash memory, Compact Discs (CDs), DVDs, Magnetic Tape and the like is often referred to as a “computer program product”. The computer program product medium is typically readable by a processing circuit preferably in a computer system for execution by the processing circuit.
The system 5021 may communicate with other computers or networks of computers by way of a network adapter capable of communicating 5028 with a network 5029. Example network adapters are communications channels, token ring, Ethernet or modems. Alternatively, the system 5021 may communicate using a wireless interface, such as a CDPD (cellular digital packet data) card. The system 5021 may be associated with such other computers in a Local Area Network (LAN) or a Wide Area Network (WAN), or the system 5021 can be a client in a client/server arrangement with another computer, etc. All of these configurations, as well as the appropriate communications hardware and software, are known in the art.
Still referring to
Referring concurrently to
Alternatively, the programming code may be embodied in the memory 5025, and accessed by the processor 5026 using the processor bus. Such programming code includes an operating system which controls the function and interaction of the various computer components and one or more application programs 5032. Program code is normally paged from storage media 5027 to high-speed memory 5025 where it is available for processing by the processor 5026. The techniques and methods for embodying software programming code in memory, on physical media, and/or distributing software code via networks are well known and will not be further discussed herein. Program code, when created and stored on a tangible medium (including but not limited to electronic memory modules (RAM), flash memory, Compact Discs (CDs), DVDs, Magnetic Tape and the like is often referred to as a “computer program product”. The computer program product medium is typically readable by a processing circuit preferably in a computer system for execution by the processing circuit.
The cache that is most readily available to the processor (normally faster and smaller than other caches of the processor) is the lowest (L1 or level one) cache and main store (main memory) is the highest level cache (L3 if there are 3 levels). The lowest level cache is often divided into an instruction cache (I-Cache) holding machine instructions to be executed and a data cache (D-Cache) holding data operands.
Referring to
A program counter (instruction counter) 5061 keeps track of the address of the current instruction to be executed. A program counter in a z/Architecture processor is 64 bits and can be truncated to 31 or 24 bits to support prior addressing limits. A program counter in a Power Architecture processor is 64 bits and can be truncated to 32 bits to support prior addressing limits. A program counter is typically embodied in a PSW (program status word) of a computer such that it persists during context switching. Thus, a program in progress, having a program counter value, may be interrupted by, for example, the operating system (context switch from the program environment to the operating system environment). The PSW of the program maintains the program counter value while the program is not active, and the program counter (in the PSW) of the operating system is used while the operating system is executing. Typically, the program counter is incremented by an amount equal to the number of bytes of the current instruction. RISC (Reduced Instruction Set Computing) instructions are typically fixed length while CISC (Complex Instruction Set Computing) instructions are typically variable length. Instructions of the IBM z/Architecture are CISC instructions having a length of 2, 4 or 6 bytes. Instructions of the IBM Power ISA are RISC instructions having a length of 4 bytes. The Program counter 5061 is modified by either a context switch operation or a branch taken operation of a branch instruction for example. In a context switch operation, the current program counter value is saved in the program status word along with other state information about the program being executed (such as condition codes), and a new program counter value is loaded pointing to an instruction of a new program module to be executed. A branch taken operation is performed in order to permit the program to make decisions or loop within the program by loading the result of the branch instruction into the program counter 5061.
Typically an instruction fetch unit 5055 is employed to fetch instructions on behalf of the processor 5026. The fetch unit either fetches “next sequential instructions”, target instructions of branch taken instructions, or first instructions of a program following a context switch. Modern Instruction fetch units often employ prefetch techniques to speculatively prefetch instructions based on the likelihood that the prefetched instructions might be used. For example, a fetch unit may fetch 16 bytes of instruction that includes the next sequential instruction and additional bytes of further sequential instructions.
The fetched instructions are then executed by the processor 5026. In an embodiment, the fetched instruction(s) are passed to a dispatch unit 5056 of the fetch unit. The dispatch unit decodes the instruction(s) and forwards information about the decoded instruction(s) to appropriate units 5057, 5058, 5060. An execution unit 5057 will typically receive information about decoded arithmetic instructions from the instruction fetch unit 5055 and will perform arithmetic operations on operands according to the opcode of the instruction. Operands are provided to the execution unit 5057 preferably either from memory 5025, architected registers 5059 or from an immediate field of the instruction being executed. Results of the execution, when stored, are stored either in memory 5025, registers 5059 or in other machine hardware (such as control registers, PSW registers and the like).
Virtual addresses are transformed into real addresses using dynamic address translation 5062 and, optionally, using access register translation 5063.
A processor 5026 typically has one or more units 5057, 5058, 5060 for executing the function of the instruction. Referring to
An ADD instruction for example would be executed in an execution unit 5057 having arithmetic and logical functionality while a floating point instruction for example would be executed in a floating point execution having specialized floating point capability. Preferably, an execution unit operates on operands identified by an instruction by performing an opcode defined function on the operands. For example, an ADD instruction may be executed by an execution unit 5057 on operands found in two registers 5059 identified by register fields of the instruction.
The execution unit 5057 performs the arithmetic addition on two operands and stores the result in a third operand where the third operand may be a third register or one of the two source registers. The execution unit preferably utilizes an Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU) 5066 that is capable of performing a variety of logical functions such as Shift, Rotate, And, Or and XOR as well as a variety of algebraic functions including any of add, subtract, multiply, divide. Some ALUs 5066 are designed for scalar operations and some for floating point. Data may be Big Endian (where the least significant byte is at the highest byte address) or Little Endian (where the least significant byte is at the lowest byte address) depending on architecture. The IBM z/Architecture is Big Endian. The IBM Power ISA supports both Big Endian and Little Endian execution modes. Signed fields may be sign and magnitude, 1's complement or 2's complement depending on architecture. A 2's complement number is advantageous in that the ALU does not need to design a subtract capability since either a negative value or a positive value in 2's complement requires only an addition within the ALU. Numbers are commonly described in shorthand, where a 12 bit field defines an address of a 4,096 byte block and is commonly described as a 4 Kbyte (Kilo-byte) block, for example.
Referring to
The execution of a group of instructions can be interrupted for a variety of reasons including a context switch initiated by an operating system, a program exception or error causing a context switch, an I/O interruption signal causing a context switch or multi-threading activity of a plurality of programs (in a multi-threaded environment), for example. Preferably a context switch action saves state information about a currently executing program and then loads state information about another program being invoked. State information may be saved in hardware registers or in memory for example. State information preferably comprises a program counter value pointing to a next instruction to be executed, condition codes, memory translation information and architected register content. A context switch activity can be exercised by hardware circuits, application programs, operating system programs or firmware code (microcode, pico-code or licensed internal code (LIC)) alone or in combination.
A processor accesses operands according to instruction defined methods. The instruction may provide an immediate operand using the value of a portion of the instruction, may provide one or more register fields explicitly pointing to either general purpose registers or special purpose registers (floating point registers for example). The instruction may utilize implied registers identified by an opcode field as operands. The instruction may utilize memory locations for operands. A memory location of an operand may be provided by a register, an immediate field, or a combination of registers and immediate field as exemplified by the z/Architecture long displacement facility wherein the instruction defines a base register, an index register and an immediate field (displacement field) that are added together to provide the address of the operand in memory for example; or the Power ISA addressing modes wherein D-Form addresses define a base register and an immediate field (displacement field) that are added together to provide the address of the operand in memory; and wherein X-Form addresses define a base register and an index register that are added together to provide the address of the operand in memory. Location herein typically implies a location in main memory (main storage) unless otherwise indicated.
Referring to
Preferably addresses that an application program “sees” are often referred to as virtual addresses. Virtual addresses are sometimes referred to as “logical addresses” and “effective addresses”. These virtual addresses are virtual in that they are redirected to physical memory location by one of a variety of dynamic address translation (DAT) technologies including, but not limited to, simply prefixing a virtual address with an offset value, translating the virtual address via one or more translation tables, the translation tables preferably comprising at least a segment table and a page table alone or in combination, preferably, the segment table having an entry pointing to the page table. In the z/Architecture, a hierarchy of translation is provided including a region first table, a region second table, a region third table, a segment table and an optional page table. The performance of the address translation is often improved by utilizing a translation lookaside buffer (TLB) which comprises entries mapping a virtual address to an associated physical memory location. The entries are created when the DAT translates a virtual address using the translation tables. Subsequent use of the virtual address can then utilize the entry of the fast TLB rather than the slow sequential translation table accesses. TLB content may be managed by a variety of replacement algorithms including LRU (Least Recently used).
In the case where the processor is a processor of a multi-processor system, each processor has responsibility to keep shared resources, such as I/O, caches, TLBs and memory, interlocked for coherency. Typically, “snoop” technologies will be utilized in maintaining cache coherency. In a snoop environment, each cache line may be marked as being in any one of a shared state, an exclusive state, a changed state, an invalid state and the like in order to facilitate sharing.
I/O units 5054 (
Further, other types of computing environments can benefit from one or more aspects. As an example, an environment may include an emulator (e.g., software or other emulation mechanisms), in which a particular architecture (including, for instance, instruction execution, architected functions, such as address translation, and architected registers) or a subset thereof is emulated (e.g., on a native computer system having a processor and memory). In such an environment, one or more emulation functions of the emulator can implement one or more embodiments, even though a computer executing the emulator may have a different architecture than the capabilities being emulated. As one example, in emulation mode, the specific instruction or operation being emulated is decoded, and an appropriate emulation function is built to implement the individual instruction or operation.
In an emulation environment, a host computer includes, for instance, a memory to store instructions and data; an instruction fetch unit to fetch instructions from memory and to optionally, provide local buffering for the fetched instruction; an instruction decode unit to receive the fetched instructions and to determine the type of instructions that have been fetched; and an instruction execution unit to execute the instructions. Execution may include loading data into a register from memory; storing data back to memory from a register; or performing some type of arithmetic or logical operation, as determined by the decode unit. In one example, each unit is implemented in software. For instance, the operations being performed by the units are implemented as one or more subroutines within emulator software.
More particularly, in a mainframe, architected machine instructions are used by programmers, usually today “C” programmers, often by way of a compiler application. These instructions stored in the storage medium may be executed natively in a Power Systems or a z/Architecture IBM® Server, or alternatively in machines executing other architectures. They can be emulated in the existing and in future IBM® mainframe servers, Power Systems servers and on other machines of IBM® (e.g., System x Servers). They can be executed in machines running Linux on a wide variety of machines using hardware manufactured by IBM®, Intel®, AMD, and others. Besides execution on that hardware under a Power Architecture or z/Architecture, Linux can be used as well as machines which use emulation by Hercules, UMX, or FSI (Fundamental Software, Inc), where generally execution is in an emulation mode. In emulation mode, emulation software is executed by a native processor to emulate the architecture of an emulated processor.
The native processor typically executes emulation software comprising either firmware or a native operating system to perform emulation of the emulated processor. The emulation software is responsible for fetching and executing instructions of the emulated processor architecture. The emulation software maintains an emulated program counter to keep track of instruction boundaries. The emulation software may fetch one or more emulated machine instructions at a time and convert the one or more emulated machine instructions to a corresponding group of native machine instructions for execution by the native processor. These converted instructions may be cached such that a faster conversion can be accomplished. Notwithstanding, the emulation software is to maintain the architecture rules of the emulated processor architecture so as to assure operating systems and applications written for the emulated processor operate correctly. Furthermore, the emulation software is to provide resources identified by the emulated processor architecture including, but not limited to, control registers, general purpose registers, floating point registers, dynamic address translation function including segment tables and page tables for example, interrupt mechanisms, context switch mechanisms, Time of Day (TOD) clocks and architected interfaces to I/O subsystems such that an operating system or an application program designed to run on the emulated processor, can be run on the native processor having the emulation software.
A specific instruction being emulated is decoded, and a subroutine is called to perform the function of the individual instruction. An emulation software function emulating a function of an emulated processor is implemented, for example, in a “C” subroutine or driver, or some other method of providing a driver for the specific hardware as will be within the skill of those in the art after understanding the description of the preferred embodiment. Various software and hardware emulation patents including, but not limited to U.S. Letters Patent No. 5,551,013, entitled “Multiprocessor for Hardware Emulation”, by Beausoleil et al.; and U.S. Letters Patent No. 6,009,261, entitled “Preprocessing of Stored Target Routines for Emulating Incompatible Instructions on a Target Processor”, by Scalzi et al; and U.S. Letters Patent No. 5,574,873, entitled “Decoding Guest Instruction to Directly Access Emulation Routines that Emulate the Guest Instructions”, by Davidian et al; and U.S. Letters Patent No. 6,308,255, entitled “Symmetrical Multiprocessing Bus and Chipset Used for Coprocessor Support Allowing Non-Native Code to Run in a System”, by Gorishek et al; and U.S. Letters Patent No. 6,463,582, entitled “Dynamic Optimizing Object Code Translator for Architecture Emulation and Dynamic Optimizing Object Code Translation Method”, by Lethin et al; and U.S. Letters Patent No. 5,790,825, entitled “Method for Emulating Guest Instructions on a Host Computer Through Dynamic Recompilation of Host Instructions”, by Eric Traut, each of which is hereby incorporated herein by reference in its entirety; and many others, illustrate a variety of known ways to achieve emulation of an instruction format architected for a different machine for a target machine available to those skilled in the art.
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In a further embodiment, one or more aspects relate to cloud computing. It is understood in advance that although this disclosure includes a detailed description on cloud computing, implementation of the teachings recited herein are not limited to a cloud computing environment. Rather, embodiments of the present invention are capable of being implemented in conjunction with any other type of computing environment now known or later developed.
Cloud computing is a model of service delivery for enabling convenient, on-demand network access to a shared pool of configurable computing resources (e.g. networks, network bandwidth, servers, processing, memory, storage, applications, virtual machines, and services) that can be rapidly provisioned and released with minimal management effort or interaction with a provider of the service. This cloud model may include at least five characteristics, at least three service models, and at least four deployment models.
Characteristics are as follows:
On-demand self-service: a cloud consumer can unilaterally provision computing capabilities, such as server time and network storage, as needed automatically without requiring human interaction with the service's provider.
Broad network access: capabilities are available over a network and accessed through standard mechanisms that promote use by heterogeneous thin or thick client platforms (e.g., mobile phones, laptops, and PDAs).
Resource pooling: the provider's computing resources are pooled to serve multiple consumers using a multi-tenant model, with different physical and virtual resources dynamically assigned and reassigned according to demand. There is a sense of location independence in that the consumer generally has no control or knowledge over the exact location of the provided resources but may be able to specify location at a higher level of abstraction (e.g., country, state, or datacenter).
Rapid elasticity: capabilities can be rapidly and elastically provisioned, in some cases automatically, to quickly scale out and rapidly released to quickly scale in. To the consumer, the capabilities available for provisioning often appear to be unlimited and can be purchased in any quantity at any time.
Measured service: cloud systems automatically control and optimize resource use by leveraging a metering capability at some level of abstraction appropriate to the type of service (e.g., storage, processing, bandwidth, and active user accounts). Resource usage can be monitored, controlled, and reported providing transparency for both the provider and consumer of the utilized service.
Service Models are as follows:
Software as a Service (SaaS): the capability provided to the consumer is to use the provider's applications running on a cloud infrastructure. The applications are accessible from various client devices through a thin client interface such as a web browser (e.g., web-based email). The consumer does not manage or control the underlying cloud infrastructure including network, servers, operating systems, storage, or even individual application capabilities, with the possible exception of limited user-specific application configuration settings.
Platform as a Service (PaaS): the capability provided to the consumer is to deploy onto the cloud infrastructure consumer-created or acquired applications created using programming languages and tools supported by the provider. The consumer does not manage or control the underlying cloud infrastructure including networks, servers, operating systems, or storage, but has control over the deployed applications and possibly application hosting environment configurations.
Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS): the capability provided to the consumer is to provision processing, storage, networks, and other fundamental computing resources where the consumer is able to deploy and run arbitrary software, which can include operating systems and applications. The consumer does not manage or control the underlying cloud infrastructure but has control over operating systems, storage, deployed applications, and possibly limited control of select networking components (e.g., host firewalls).
Deployment Models are as follows:
Private cloud: the cloud infrastructure is operated solely for an organization. It may be managed by the organization or a third party and may exist on-premises or off-premises.
Community cloud: the cloud infrastructure is shared by several organizations and supports a specific community that has shared concerns (e.g., mission, security requirements, policy, and compliance considerations). It may be managed by the organizations or a third party and may exist on-premises or off-premises.
Public cloud: the cloud infrastructure is made available to the general public or a large industry group and is owned by an organization selling cloud services.
Hybrid cloud: the cloud infrastructure is a composition of two or more clouds (private, community, or public) that remain unique entities but are bound together by standardized or proprietary technology that enables data and application portability (e.g., cloud bursting for loadbalancing between clouds).
A cloud computing environment is service oriented with a focus on statelessness, low coupling, modularity, and semantic interoperability. At the heart of cloud computing is an infrastructure comprising a network of interconnected nodes.
Referring now to
In cloud computing node 6010 there is a computer system/server 6012, which is operational with numerous other general purpose or special purpose computing system environments or configurations. Examples of well-known computing systems, environments, and/or configurations that may be suitable for use with computer system/server 6012 include, but are not limited to, personal computer systems, server computer systems, thin clients, thick clients, handheld or laptop devices, multiprocessor systems, microprocessor-based systems, set top boxes, programmable consumer electronics, network PCs, minicomputer systems, mainframe computer systems, and distributed cloud computing environments that include any of the above systems or devices, and the like.
Computer system/server 6012 may be described in the general context of computer system executable instructions, such as program modules, being executed by a computer system. Generally, program modules may include routines, programs, objects, components, logic, data structures, and so on that perform particular tasks or implement particular abstract data types. Computer system/server 6012 may be practiced in distributed cloud computing environments where tasks are performed by remote processing devices that are linked through a communications network. In a distributed cloud computing environment, program modules may be located in both local and remote computer system storage media including memory storage devices.
As shown in
Bus 6018 represents one or more of any of several types of bus structures, including a memory bus or memory controller, a peripheral bus, an accelerated graphics port, and a processor or local bus using any of a variety of bus architectures. By way of example, and not limitation, such architectures include Industry Standard Architecture (ISA) bus, Micro Channel Architecture (MCA) bus, Enhanced ISA (EISA) bus, Video Electronics Standards Association (VESA) local bus, and Peripheral Component Interconnect (PCI) bus.
Computer system/server 6012 typically includes a variety of computer system readable media. Such media may be any available media that is accessible by computer system/server 6012, and it includes both volatile and non-volatile media, removable and non-removable media.
System memory 6028 can include computer system readable media in the form of volatile memory, such as random access memory (RAM) 6030 and/or cache memory 6032. Computer system/server 6012 may further include other removable/non-removable, volatile/non-volatile computer system storage media. By way of example only, storage system 6034 can be provided for reading from and writing to a non-removable, non-volatile magnetic media (not shown and typically called a “hard drive”). Although not shown, a magnetic disk drive for reading from and writing to a removable, non-volatile magnetic disk (e.g., a “floppy disk”), and an optical disk drive for reading from or writing to a removable, non-volatile optical disk such as a CD-ROM, DVD-ROM or other optical media can be provided. In such instances, each can be connected to bus 6018 by one or more data media interfaces. As will be further depicted and described below, memory 6028 may include at least one program product having a set (e.g., at least one) of program modules that are configured to carry out the functions of embodiments of the invention.
Program/utility 6040, having a set (at least one) of program modules 6042, may be stored in memory 6028 by way of example, and not limitation, as well as an operating system, one or more application programs, other program modules, and program data. Each of the operating system, one or more application programs, other program modules, and program data or some combination thereof, may include an implementation of a networking environment. Program modules 6042 generally carry out the functions and/or methodologies of embodiments of the invention as described herein.
Computer system/server 6012 may also communicate with one or more external devices 6014 such as a keyboard, a pointing device, a display 6024, etc.; one or more devices that enable a user to interact with computer system/server 6012; and/or any devices (e.g., network card, modem, etc.) that enable computer system/server 6012 to communicate with one or more other computing devices. Such communication can occur via Input/Output (I/O) interfaces 6022. Still yet, computer system/server 6012 can communicate with one or more networks such as a local area network (LAN), a general wide area network (WAN), and/or a public network (e.g., the Internet) via network adapter 6020. As depicted, network adapter 6020 communicates with the other components of computer system/server 6012 via bus 6018. It should be understood that although not shown, other hardware and/or software components could be used in conjunction with computer system/server 6012. Examples, include, but are not limited to: microcode, device drivers, redundant processing units, external disk drive arrays, RAID systems, tape drives, and data archival storage systems, etc.
Referring now to
Referring now to
Hardware and software layer 6060 includes hardware and software components. Examples of hardware components include mainframes, in one example IBM® zSeries® systems; RISC (Reduced Instruction Set Computer) architecture based servers, in one example IBM pSeries® systems; IBM xSeries® systems; IBM BladeCenter® systems; storage devices; networks and networking components. Examples of software components include network application server software, in one example IBM WebSphere® application server software; and database software, in one example IBM DB2® database software. (IBM, zSeries, pSeries, xSeries, BladeCenter, WebSphere, and DB2 are trademarks of International Business Machines Corporation registered in many jurisdictions worldwide).
Virtualization layer 6062 provides an abstraction layer from which the following examples of virtual entities may be provided: virtual servers; virtual storage; virtual networks, including virtual private networks; virtual applications and operating systems; and virtual clients.
In one example, management layer 6064 may provide the functions described below. Resource provisioning provides dynamic procurement of computing resources and other resources that are utilized to perform tasks within the cloud computing environment. Metering and Pricing provide cost tracking as resources are utilized within the cloud computing environment, and billing or invoicing for consumption of these resources. In one example, these resources may comprise application software licenses. Security provides identity verification for cloud consumers and tasks, as well as protection for data and other resources. User portal provides access to the cloud computing environment for consumers and system administrators. Service level management provides cloud computing resource allocation and management such that required service levels are met. Service Level Agreement (SLA) planning and fulfillment provide pre-arrangement for, and procurement of, cloud computing resources for which a future requirement is anticipated in accordance with an SLA.
Workloads layer 6066 provides examples of functionality for which the cloud computing environment may be utilized. Examples of workloads and functions which may be provided from this layer include: mapping and navigation; software development and lifecycle management; virtual classroom education delivery; data analytics processing; and transaction processing.
The terminology used herein is for the purpose of describing particular embodiments only and is not intended to be limiting. As used herein, the singular forms “a”, “an” and “the” are intended to include the plural forms as well, unless the context clearly indicates otherwise. It will be further understood that the terms “comprises” and/or “comprising”, when used in this specification, specify the presence of stated features, integers, steps, operations, elements, and/or components, but do not preclude the presence or addition of one or more other features, integers, steps, operations, elements, components and/or groups thereof.
The corresponding structures, materials, acts, and equivalents of all means or step plus function elements in the claims below, if any, are intended to include any structure, material, or act for performing the function in combination with other claimed elements as specifically claimed. The description of one or more embodiments has been presented for purposes of illustration and description, but is not intended to be exhaustive or limited to in the form disclosed. Many modifications and variations will be apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art. The embodiment was chosen and described in order to best explain various aspects and the practical application, and to enable others of ordinary skill in the art to understand various embodiments with various modifications as are suited to the particular use contemplated.
