Patent Application
20140106235
The present invention relates to a separator for nonaqueous electrolyte electricity storage devices and to a nonaqueous electrolyte electricity storage device. The present invention particularly relates to a separator for which an epoxy resin is used.
The demand for nonaqueous electrolyte electricity storage devices, as typified by lithium-ion secondary batteries, lithium-ion capacitors etc., is increasing year by year against a background of various problems such as global environment conservation and depletion of fossil fuel. Porous polyolefin membranes are conventionally used as separators for nonaqueous electrolyte electricity storage devices. A porous polyolefin membrane can be produced by the method described below.
First, a solvent and a polyolefin resin are mixed and heated to prepare a polyolefin solution. The polyolefin solution is formed into a sheet shape by means of a metal mold such as a T-die, and the resultant product is discharged and cooled to obtain a sheet-shaped formed body. The sheet-shaped formed body is stretched, and the solvent is removed from the formed body. A porous polyolefin membrane is thus obtained. In the step of removing the solvent from the formed body, an organic solvent is used (see Patent Literature 1).
Patent Literature 1: JP 2001-192487 A
Patent Literature 2: JP 2000-30683 A
In the above production method, a halogenated organic compound such as dichloromethane is often used as the organic solvent. The use of a halogenated organic compound places a very large load on the environment, and thus has become a problem.
By contrast, with a method described in Patent Literature 2 (a so-called dry method), a porous polyolefin membrane can be produced without use of a solvent that places a large load on the environment. However, this method has a problem in that control of the pore diameter of the porous membrane is difficult. In addition, there is also a problem in that when a porous membrane produced by this method is used as a separator for an electricity storage device, imbalance of ion permeation tends to occur inside the electricity storage device.
A porous epoxy resin membrane can be produced by removing a porogen from an epoxy resin sheet by means of a halogen-free solvent. In addition, parameters such as the porosity and the pore diameter can be controlled relatively easily by adjusting the content and type of the porogen. However, porous epoxy resin membranes have hitherto been considered inferior to porous polyolefin membranes in characteristics required for separators for nonaqueous electrolyte electricity storage devices. Also in an early study by the present inventors, electricity storage devices for which porous epoxy resin membranes were used as separators did not exhibit sufficient charge/discharge characteristics, as described later for Comparative Examples.
An object of the present invention is to provide a separator for nonaqueous electrolyte electricity storage devices that includes an improved porous epoxy resin membrane.
That is, the present invention provides a separator for nonaqueous electrolyte electricity storage devices, the separator including a porous epoxy resin membrane in which a ratio I/Io is 1.0 or more and 2.4 or less, the ratio I/Io being a ratio between a peak intensity Io of an absorption peak present at 1240 cm−1 in an infrared absorption spectrum of the porous epoxy resin membrane and a peak intensity I of an absorption peak present at 1240 cm−1 in an infrared absorption spectrum of the porous epoxy resin membrane having been subjected to an acetic anhydride treatment.
Here, the acetic anhydride treatment is a treatment carried out by immersing the porous epoxy resin membrane in acetic anhydride of 20° C. for 10 minutes, then air-drying the membrane in a chamber of 23° C., and subsequently heating the membrane in an oven of 70° C. for 10 minutes.
In another aspect, the present invention provides a nonaqueous electrolyte electricity storage device including: a cathode; an anode; a separator of the present invention disposed between the cathode and the anode; and an electrolyte having ion conductivity.
According to the present invention, a separator for nonaqueous electrolyte electricity storage devices that includes a porous epoxy resin membrane can be improved so as to be adapted to enhance the charge/discharge characteristics of nonaqueous electrolyte electricity storage devices.
Hereinafter, one embodiment of the present invention will be described with reference to the accompanying drawings. In the following description, ordinary temperature means a temperature in the range of 5° C. to 35° C.
As shown in
In the present embodiment, the casing 5 has a hollow-cylindrical shape. That is, the electricity storage device 100 has a hollow-cylindrical shape. However, the shape of the electricity storage device 100 is not particularly limited. For example, the electricity storage device 100 may have a flat, rectangular shape. In addition, the electrode group 10 need not have a wound structure. A plate-shaped electrode group may be formed simply by stacking the cathode 2, the separator 4, and the anode 3. The casing 5 is made of a metal such as stainless steel or aluminum. Alternatively, the electrode group 10 may be contained in a casing made of a material having flexibility. The material having flexibility is composed of, for example, an aluminum foil and resin films attached to both surfaces of the aluminum foil.
The electricity storage device 100 further includes a cathode lead 2a, an anode lead 3a, a cover 6, a packing 9, and two insulating plates 8. The cover 6 is fixed at an opening of the casing 5 via the packing 9. The two insulating plates 8 are disposed above and below the electrode group 10, respectively. The cathode lead 2a has one end connected electrically to the cathode 2 and the other end connected electrically to the cover 6. The anode lead 3a has one end connected electrically to the anode 3 and the other end connected electrically to the bottom of the casing 5. The inside of the electricity storage device 100 is filled with a nonaqueous electrolyte (typically, a nonaqueous electrolyte solution) having ion conductivity. The nonaqueous electrolyte is impregnated into the electrode group 10. This makes it possible for ions (typically, lithium ions) to move between the cathode 2 and the anode 3 through the separator 4.
The cathode 2 can be composed of, for example, a cathode active material capable of absorbing and releasing lithium ions, a binder, and a current collector. For example, a cathode active material is mixed with a solution containing a binder to prepare a composite agent, and the composite agent is applied to a cathode current collector and then dried. Thus, the cathode 2 can be fabricated.
As the cathode active material, for example, a commonly-known material used as a cathode active material for a lithium-ion secondary battery can be used. Specifically, a lithium-containing transition metal oxide, a lithium-containing transition metal phosphate, a chalcogen compound, or the like, can be used as the cathode active material. Examples of the lithium-containing transition metal oxide include LiCoO2, LiMnO2, LiNiO2, and substituted compounds thereof in which part of the transition metal is substituted by another metal. Examples of the lithium-containing transition metal phosphate include LiFePO4, and a substituted compound of LiFePO4 in which part of the transition metal (Fe) is substituted by another metal. Examples of the chalcogen compound include titanium disulfide and molybdenum disulfide.
A commonly-known resin can be used as the binder. Examples of resins that can be used as the binder include: fluorine-based resins such as polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF), hexafluoropropylene, and polytetrafluoroethylene; hydrocarbon-based resins such as styrene-butadiene rubber and ethylene-propylene terpolymer; and mixtures thereof. Conductive powder such as carbon black may be contained in the cathode 2 as a conductive additive.
A metal material excellent in oxidation resistance, such as aluminum processed into the form of foil or mesh, can be suitably used as the cathode current collector.
The anode 3 can be composed of, for example, an anode active material capable of absorbing and releasing lithium ions, a binder, and a current collector. The anode 3 can also be fabricated by the same method as that for the cathode 2. The same binder as used for the cathode 2 can be used for the anode 3.
As the anode active material, for example, a commonly-known material used as an anode active material for a lithium-ion secondary battery can be used.
Specifically, a carbon-based active material, an alloy-based active material that can form an alloy with lithium, a lithium-titanium composite oxide (e.g., Li4Ti5O12), or the like, can be used as the anode active material. Examples of the carbon-based active material include: coke; pitch; baked products of phenolic resins, polyimides and cellulose etc.; artificial graphite; and natural graphite. Examples of the alloy-based active material include aluminum, tin, tin compounds, silicon, and silicon compounds.
For example, a metal material excellent in reduction stability, such as copper or a copper alloy processed into the form of foil or mesh, can be suitably used as the anode current collector. In the case where a high-potential anode active material such as a lithium-titanium composite oxide is used, aluminum processed into the form of foil or mesh can also be used as the anode current collector.
The nonaqueous electrolyte solution typically contains a nonaqueous solvent and an electrolyte. Specifically, for example, an electrolyte solution obtained by dissolving a lithium salt (electrolyte) in a nonaqueous solvent can be suitably used.
In addition, a gel electrolyte containing a nonaqueous electrolyte solution, a solid electrolyte obtained by dissolving and decomposing a lithium salt in a polymer such as polyethylene oxide, or the like, can also be used as the nonaqueous electrolyte. Examples of the lithium salt include lithium tetrafluoroborate (LiBF4), lithium hexafluorophosphate (LiPF6), lithium perchlorate (LiClO4), and lithium trifluoromethanesulfonate (LiCF3SO3). Examples of the nonaqueous solvent include propylene carbonate (PC), ethylene carbonate (EC), methyl ethyl carbonate (MEC), 1,2-dimethoxyethane (DME), γ-butyrolactone (γ-BL), and mixtures thereof.
Next, the separator 4 will be described in detail.
In the present embodiment, the separator 4 is formed of a porous epoxy resin membrane having a three-dimensional network structure and pores. Adjacent pores may communicate with each other so that ions can move between the front surface and the back surface of the separator 4, i.e., so that ions can move between the cathode 2 and the anode 3.
In the case of the porous epoxy resin membrane for the separator 4, the change in the intensity of the peak present at 1240 cm−in an infrared absorption spectrum (IR spectrum) which is caused by an acetic anhydride treatment is smaller than in the case of conventional membranes. Specifically, a ratio I/Io of a peak intensity I after the acetic anhydride treatment to a peak intensity Io before the acetic anhydride treatment is 1.0 or more and 2.4 or less, and preferably 1.0 or more and 1.6 or less.
As a result of the acetic anhydride treatment, the intensities of the absorption peaks derived from C—O—C bonds and C═O bonds are increased, and the intensity of the absorption peak derived from OH bonds is decreased. This means that alcoholic hydroxyl groups (C—OH) present in the porous epoxy resin membrane react with acetic anhydride ((CH3COOO)2O) to produce carboxylic acid ester bonds (acetic acid ester: C—O—C(═O)—CH3). Therefore, if a more significant change in absorption peak is caused by the acetic anhydride treatment, this means that the porous epoxy resin membrane contains a larger amount of hydroxyl groups capable of participating in the reaction. Hereinafter, hydroxyl groups capable of participating in the reaction may be referred to as “active hydroxyl groups”. In this view, for example, hydroxyl groups buried in the resin and not capable of contacting reactive species are inactive.
As a result of experiments, it has been found that when a porous epoxy resin membrane containing a small amount of active hydroxyl groups, i.e., a porous epoxy resin membrane for which the absorption peaks described above are not significantly changed by the acetic anhydride treatment, is used as a separator for a nonaqueous electrolyte electricity storage device, the characteristics of the nonaqueous electrolyte electricity storage device are better than when a conventional porous epoxy resin membrane is used as the separator.
It is conceivable to evaluate the amount of active hydroxyl groups directly from the change in the absorption peak derived from hydroxyl groups. However, the baseline of an absorption spectrum for the wavelength range where the absorption peak is present is susceptible to the influence of scattering by pores of the porous epoxy resin membrane. For this reason, in order to evaluate the amount of hydroxyl groups by means of the absorption peak, the influence of the state change of the pores caused by the acetic anhydride treatment needs to be eliminated. The absorption peak derived from C═O bonds may also be subject to the influence of scattering by the pores. In view of these circumstances, it is more appropriate to evaluate the amount of active hydroxyl groups based on the peak at 1240 cm−1 derived from C—O—C bonds. As indicated in the description of Examples, it has been found that when the ratio I/Io between the intensities of the absorption peak derived from C—O—C bonds is decreased below about 2.4, the discharge efficiency of a nonaqueous electrolyte electricity storage device is considerably improved.
In the case where an amine curing agent is used, when curing reaction proceeds sufficiently, the curing agent is incorporated into the molecular chain of the epoxy resin in the form of tertiary amines. However, when curing reaction does not proceed sufficiently, the amine curing agent remains in the porous epoxy resin membrane in the form of secondary amines. Similar to active hydroxyl groups, the secondary amines can also form active reaction sites in the porous epoxy resin membrane. However, when the acetic anhydride treatment is carried out, the secondary amines (—NH—) react with acetic anhydride to be converted into tertiary amines (—NM-, where M is —C(═O)R), and thus carboxylic acid amide bonds are produced. The carboxylic acid amide bond is represented by a general formula: N—C(═O)—R. The C—N bond contained in the carboxylic acid amide bond exhibits absorption at around 1240 cm−1. Also in this view, it is considered proper to evaluate the porous epoxy resin membrane based on the peak present at 1240 cm−1. Evaluation using the absorption peak present at 1240 cm−1 is basically intended to estimate the amount of active hydroxyl groups. However, in the case of a porous epoxy resin membrane in which a significant amount of secondary amines exist due to insufficient curing reaction of the epoxy resin, the above evaluation can be used also to estimate the amount of secondary amines (active secondary amines) capable of participating in reactions.
Even when the curing proceeds to the extent that all of the secondary amines derived from the curing agent are converted into tertiary amines, hydroxyl groups produced by ring opening of epoxy groups may remain in the porous epoxy resin membrane. In view of this, the following description will be given taking active hydroxyl groups as a main example of active functional groups remaining in the porous epoxy resin membrane. However, as described above, active secondary amines are also contained in the porous epoxy resin membrane in some cases. In addition, the following will describe the acetic anhydride treatment mainly as a treatment for evaluating the amount of active hydroxyl groups. To be precise, however, the acetic anhydride treatment is a treatment for allowing evaluation of the amount of not only active hydroxyl groups but also active secondary amines.
The amount of active hydroxyl groups contained in the porous epoxy resin membrane (to be more precise, the proportion of the amount of active hydroxyl groups to the total amount of all hydroxyl groups) is influenced by the specific surface area of the porous epoxy resin membrane. As a result of experiments, it has been confirmed that there is a tendency that the higher the temperature of a solution being stirred to prepare an epoxy resin composition is, the larger the specific surface area of the porous epoxy resin membrane is. Therefore, preparation of the epoxy resin composition is preferably carried out while the solution temperature during stirring is kept from becoming too high, specifically, while the solution temperature during stirring is maintained lower than 65° C. or even 60° C. On the other hand, when the solution temperature during stirring is too low, curing reaction of the epoxy resin does not proceed sufficiently, and the cross-linked structure is not fully developed. When the formation of cross-links is insufficient, hydroxyl groups are likely to be exposed as active hydroxyl groups in the porous epoxy resin membrane, and the amount of secondary amines is also increased. Therefore, the solution temperature is preferably 30° C. or higher, more preferably 33° C. or higher, and particularly preferably 35° C. or higher.
The epoxy resin composition is prepared by stirring a solution that is a mixture of an epoxy resin (prepolymer), a curing agent, and a porogen (pore-forming agent). At this time, heat generated by reaction between the epoxy resin and the curing agent increases the temperature of the solution. One effective method for restricting the increase in the solution temperature is to add the curing agent in two portions. More specifically, the epoxy resin composition is preferably prepared by a method including; a step A of stirring a solution containing an epoxy resin, a porogen, and a portion of a curing agent to be added; and a step B of adding another portion of the curing agent into the solution, and then further stirring the solution. The step B may be carried out two or more times. In the last step B, all of the remaining portion of the curing agent to be added is added to the solution.
The amount of active hydroxyl groups contained in the porous epoxy resin membrane is influenced also by, for example, the stirring speed of the epoxy resin composition. When preparing the epoxy resin composition, it is preferable to mix the constituent materials over long time with the speed of stirring by a stirrer (specifically, the rotation speed per unit time for stirring) being kept low, although this is contrary to improvement in production efficiency. Preferable stirring speed (rotation speed of the stirrer) and stirring time vary depending on, for example, the type of the stirrer, the amount of the solution to be stirred, and the reactivity between the epoxy resin and the curing agent, and thus are difficult to unambiguously specify. In the case where the extent of increase in the temperature of the solution during stirring is not clearly known, it is advantageous that the temperature be measured from time to time while the stirring is being carried out, or that stirring conditions for preventing the solution temperature from increasing to a temperature equal to or higher than a predetermined temperature (e.g., 60° C.) be previously determined through experiments before the stirring is carried out.
Since the factors determining the amount of active hydroxyl groups contained in the porous epoxy resin membrane are complicated, there is a limit to uniquely describing a general example of a specific method for reducing the amount of active hydroxyl groups. For example, as can be understood from Examples described later, the amount of active hydroxyl groups is not determined only by the solution temperature during stirring. The factors influencing the amount of active hydroxyl groups include, in addition to the above-described solution temperature and the like, the epoxy equivalent of the epoxy resin, ω of the epoxy resin composition (the ω will be described later), the reactivity between the epoxy resin and the curing agent, and the ratio between the epoxy equivalent and the curing agent equivalent. Examples described later provide useful standards for how to set these factors. In the case where, for some reason, it is difficult to adjust these factors within suitable ranges indicated in Examples, a porous epoxy resin membrane containing a reduced amount of active hydroxyl groups can be obtained by employing the method described below.
A reliable method for reducing the amount of active hydroxyl groups contained in the porous epoxy resin membrane is to previously treat (pretreat) the porous epoxy resin membrane or the epoxy resin sheet with a carboxylic acid or a derivative thereof. Specifically, it is preferable that the porous epoxy resin membrane or the epoxy resin sheet be brought into contact with at least one compound selected from a carboxylic acid, a carboxylic acid salt, a carboxylic acid anhydride, and a carboxylic acid halide, and thus hydroxyl groups contained in the porous epoxy resin membrane or hydroxyl groups contained in the cured epoxy resin composition of the epoxy resin sheet be reacted with the compound to produce carboxylic acid ester bonds. In the case where secondary amines are contained in the porous epoxy resin membrane or the epoxy resin sheet, carboxylic acid amide bonds can be produced by contact between the secondary amines and the compound. In the case where the pretreatment is performed using a carboxylic acid or the like, the solution temperature during stirring need not be controlled to be within the aforementioned range (lower than 65° C.). In this case, the solution temperature during stirring is, for example, lower than 120° C., and preferably lower than 100° C.
By using a carboxylic acid or a derivative thereof ((R—C(═O)—X) to convert hydroxyl groups (C—OH) contained in the porous epoxy resin membrane or the epoxy resin sheet into carboxylic acid ester bonds (C—O—C(═O)—R), the amount of active hydroxyl groups in the porous epoxy resin membrane is reliably reduced. In addition, the amount of active secondary amines is reliably reduced by converting secondary amines into tertiary amines. Here, the leftmost carbon atom of a carboxylic acid ester bond (C—O—C(═O)—R) and the leftmost nitrogen atom of a carboxylic acid amide bond (N—C(═O)—R) are atoms contained in the molecular chain of the epoxy resin. The rightmost R is an organic residue derived from an carboxylic acid or the like. As can be easily understood from
As is apparent from their production process, the carboxylic acid ester bonds described above constitute chains (—O—C(═O)—R) branched from the main chain of the epoxy resin. In addition, the carboxylic acid amide bonds constitute chains (—C(═O)—R) branched from the main chain of the epoxy resin. In a preferred example of the porous epoxy resin membrane according to the present invention, the epoxy resin included in the porous membrane contains: carboxylic acid ester bonds constituted by carbon atoms in the main chain and by chains branched from the carbon atoms; and/or carboxylic acid amide bonds constituted by nitrogen atoms in the main chain and by chains branched from the nitrogen atoms. In addition, the intensity ratio I/Io is 1.0 to 2.4, and is 1.0 in some cases.
Here, examples of the carboxylic acid include: aliphatic monocarboxylic acids such as formic acid, acetic acid, propionic acid, butyric acid, valeric acid, and caproic acid; aromatic monocarboxylic acids such as benzoic acid, toluic acid, and tolylacetic acid; and aliphatic or aromatic dicarboxylic acids such as oxalic acid, malonic acid, succinic acid, glutaric acid, fumaric acid, maleic acid, and phthalic acid. Examples of the carboxylic acid salt include alkali metal salts, alkaline-earth metal salts, and transition metal salts of the carboxylic acids mentioned above as examples. Examples of the carboxylic acid anhydride include anhydrides of the carboxylic acids mentioned above as examples, such as acetic anhydride and phthalic anhydride. Examples of the carboxylic acid halide include halides of the carboxylic acids mentioned above as examples, and specific examples include fluorides, chlorides, bromides, and iodides, of the carboxylic acids.
The separator 4 has a thickness in the range of, for example, 5 μm to 50 μm. When the separator 4 is too thick, it becomes difficult for ions to move between the cathode 2 and the anode 3. Although it is possible to produce the separator 4 having a thickness less than 5 μm, the thickness is preferably 5 μm or more, and particularly preferably 10 μm or more, in order to ensure reliability of the electricity storage device 100.
For example, the separator 4 has a porosity in the range of 20% to 80%, and an average pore diameter in the range of 0.02 μm to 1 μm. When the porosity and average pore diameter are adjusted in such ranges, the separator 4 can fulfill a required function sufficiently.
The porosity can be measured by the following method. First, an object to be measured is cut into predetermined dimensions (e.g., a circle having a diameter of 6 cm), and its volume and weight are determined. The obtained results are substituted into the following expression to calculate the porosity.
Porosity (%)=100×(V−(W/D))/V
V: Volume (cm3)
W: Weight (g)
D: Average density of components (g/cm3)
The average pore diameter can be determined by observing a cross-section of the separator 4 with a scanning electron microscope. Specifically, pore diameters are determined through image processing of each of the pores present within a visual-field width of 60 μm and within a predetermined depth from the surface (e.g., ⅕ to 1/100 of the thickness of the separator 4), and the average value of the pore diameters can be determined as the average pore diameter. The image processing can be performed by means of, for example, a free software “Image J” or “Photoshop” manufactured by Adobe Systems Incorporated.
In addition, the separator 4 may have an air permeability (Gurley value) in the range of 1 second/100 cm3 to 1000 seconds/100 cm3, in particular, 10 seconds/100 cm3 to 1000 seconds/100 cm3. When the separator 4 has an air permeability within such a range, ions can easily move between the cathode 2 and the anode 3. The air permeability can be measured according to the method specified in Japanese Industrial Standards (JIS) P 8117.
For example, the porous epoxy resin membrane can be produced by any of the following methods (a), (b), and (c). The methods (a) and (b) are the same in that an epoxy resin composition is formed into a sheet shape, and then a curing step is carried out. The method (c) is characterized in that a block-shaped cured product of an epoxy resin is made, and the cured product is formed into a sheet shape.
Method (a)
An epoxy resin composition containing an epoxy resin, a curing agent, and a porogen is applied onto a substrate so that a sheet-shaped formed body of the epoxy resin composition is obtained. Thereafter, the sheet-shaped formed body of the epoxy resin composition is heated to cause the epoxy resin to be three-dimensionally cross-linked. At this time, a bicontinuous structure is formed as a result of phase separation between the cross-linked epoxy resin and the porogen. Thereafter, the obtained epoxy resin sheet is washed to remove the porogen, and is then dried to obtain a porous epoxy resin membrane having a three-dimensional network structure and pores communicating with each other. The type of the substrate is not particularly limited. A plastic substrate, a glass substrate, a metal plate, or the like, can be used as the substrate.
Method (b)
An epoxy resin composition containing an epoxy resin, a curing agent, and a porogen is applied onto a substrate. Thereafter, another substrate is placed onto the applied epoxy resin composition to fabricate a sandwich structure. Spacers (e.g., double-faced tapes) may be provided at four corners of the substrate in order to keep a certain space between the substrates. Next, the sandwich structure is heated to cause the epoxy resin to be three-dimensionally cross-linked. At this time, a bicontinuous structure is formed as a result of phase separation between the cross-linked epoxy resin and the porogen. Thereafter, the obtained epoxy resin sheet is taken out, washed to remove the porogen, and then dried to obtain a porous epoxy resin membrane having a three-dimensional network structure and pores communicating with each other. The type of the substrates is not particularly limited. Plastic substrates, glass substrates, metal plates, or the like, can be used as the substrates. In particular, glass substrates can be suitably used.
Method (c)
An epoxy resin composition containing an epoxy resin, a curing agent, and a porogen is filled into a metal mold having a predetermined shape. Thereafter, the epoxy resin is caused to be three-dimensionally cross-linked to fabricate a hollow-cylindrical or solid-cylindrical cured product of the epoxy resin composition. At this time, a bicontinuous structure is formed as a result of phase separation between the cross-linked epoxy resin and the porogen. Thereafter, the surface portion of the cured product of the epoxy resin composition is cut at a predetermined thickness while rotating the cured product about the hollow cylinder axis or solid cylinder axis, to fabricate a long epoxy resin sheet. Then, the epoxy resin sheet is washed to remove the porogen contained in the sheet, and is then dried to obtain a porous epoxy resin membrane having a three-dimensional network structure and pores communicating with each other.
Hereinafter, the production method of the porous epoxy resin membrane will be described in more detail, taking the method (c) as an example. The step of preparing an epoxy resin composition, the step of curing an epoxy resin, the step of removing a porogen, and the like, are common to all of the methods. In addition, usable materials are also common to all of the methods.
With the method (c), a porous epoxy resin membrane can be produced through the following main steps.
(i) Preparing an epoxy resin composition.
(ii) Forming a cured product of the epoxy resin composition into a sheet shape.
(iii) Removing a porogen from the epoxy resin sheet.
First, an epoxy resin composition containing an epoxy resin, a curing agent, and a porogen (pore-forming agent) is prepared. Specifically, a homogeneous solution is prepared by dissolving an epoxy resin and a curing agent in a porogen. In the case where the temperature of the resultant solution is excessively increased by mixing these components at one time, it is advantageous that the curing agent be added in at least two portions as described above. In addition, the stirring of the solution is preferably carried out over sufficient time in consideration of temperature increase caused by the stirring.
As the epoxy resin, either an aromatic epoxy resin or a non-aromatic epoxy resin can be used. Examples of the aromatic epoxy resin include polyphenyl-based epoxy resins, epoxy resins containing a fluorene ring, epoxy resins containing triglycidyl isocyanurate, and epoxy resins containing a heteroaromatic ring (e.g., a triazine ring). Examples of polyphenyl-based epoxy resins include bisphenol A-type epoxy resins, brominated bisphenol A-type epoxy resins, bisphenol F-type epoxy resins, bisphenol AD-type epoxy resins, stilbene-type epoxy resins, biphenyl-type epoxy resins, bisphenol A novolac-type epoxy resins, cresol novolac-type epoxy resins, diaminodiphenylmethane-type epoxy resins, and tetrakis(hydroxyphenyl)ethane-based epoxy resins. Examples of non-aromatic epoxy resins include aliphatic glycidyl ether-type epoxy resins, aliphatic glycidyl ester-type epoxy resins, cycloaliphatic glycidyl ether-type epoxy resins, cycloaliphatic glycidyl amine-type epoxy resins, and cycloaliphatic glycidyl ester-type epoxy resins. These may be used singly, or two or more thereof may be used in combination.
Among these, at least one selected from the group consisting of bisphenol A-type epoxy resins, brominated bisphenol A-type epoxy resins, bisphenol F-type epoxy resins, bisphenol AD-type epoxy resins, epoxy resins containing a fluorene ring, epoxy resins containing triglycidyl isocyanurate, cycloaliphatic glycidyl ether-type epoxy resins, cycloaliphatic glycidyl amine-type epoxy resins, and cycloaliphatic glycidyl ester-type epoxy resins, is suitably used. Among these, those having an epoxy equivalent of 6000 or less and a melting point of 170° C. or lower can be suitably used. The use of these epoxy resins allows a uniform three-dimensional network structure and uniform pores to be formed, and also allows excellent chemical resistance and high strength to be imparted to the porous epoxy resin membrane.
At least one selected from the group consisting of bisphenol A-type epoxy resins, cycloaliphatic glycidyl ether-type epoxy resins, and cycloaliphatic glycidyl amine-type epoxy resins, is particularly preferable as an epoxy resin used for a separator for a nonaqueous electrolyte electricity storage device.
As the curing agent, either an aromatic curing agent or a non-aromatic curing agent can be used. Examples of the aromatic curing agent include aromatic amines (e.g., meta-phenylenediamine, diaminodiphenylmethane, diaminodiphenyl sulfone, benzyldimethylamine, and dimethylaminomethylbenzene), aromatic acid anhydrides (e.g., phthalic anhydride, trimellitic anhydride, and pyromellitic anhydride), phenolic resins, phenolic novolac resins, and amines containing a heteroaromatic ring (e.g., amines containing a triazine ring). Examples of the non-aromatic curing agent include aliphatic amines (e.g., ethylenediamine, diethylenetriamine, triethylenetetramine, tetraethylenepentamine, iminobispropylamine, bis(hexamethylene)triamine, 1,3,6-trisaminomethylhexane, polymethylenediamine, trimethylhexamethylenediamine, and polyetherdiamine), cycloaliphatic amines (e.g., isophoronediamine, menthanediamine, N-aminoethylpiperazine, an adduct of 3,9-bis(3-aminopropyl)2,4,8,10-tetraoxaspiro(5,5)undecane, bis(4-amino-3-methylcyclohexyl)methane, bis(4-aminocyclohexyl)methane, and modified products thereof), and aliphatic polyamidoamines containing polyamines and dimer acids. These may be used singly, or two or more thereof may be used in combination.
Among these, a curing agent having two or more primary amines per molecule can be suitably used. Specifically, at least one selected from the group consisting of meta-phenylenediamine, diaminodiphenylmethane, diaminodiphenyl sulfone, polymethylenediamine, bis(4-amino-3-methylcyclohexyl)methane, and bis(4-aminocyclohexyl)methane, can be suitably used. The use of these curing agents allows a uniform three-dimensional network structure and uniform pores to be formed, and also allows high strength and appropriate elasticity to be imparted to the porous epoxy resin membrane.
A preferred combination of an epoxy resin and a curing agent is a combination of an aromatic epoxy resin and an aliphatic amine curing agent, a combination of an aromatic epoxy resin and a cycloaliphatic amine curing agent, or a combination of a cycloaliphatic epoxy resin and an aromatic amine curing agent. These combinations allow excellent heat resistance to be imparted to the porous epoxy resin membrane.
The porogen can be a solvent capable of dissolving the epoxy resin and the curing agent. The porogen is used also as a solvent that can cause reaction-induced phase separation after the epoxy resin and the curing agent are polymerized. Specific examples of substances that can be used as the porogen include cellosolves such as methyl cellosolve and ethyl cellosolve, esters such as ethylene glycol monomethyl ether acetate and propylene glycol monomethyl ether acetate, glycols such as polyethylene glycol and polypropylene glycol, and ethers such as polyoxyethylene monomethyl ether and polyoxyethylene dimethyl ether. These may be used singly, or two or more thereof may be used in combination.
Among these, at least one selected from the group consisting of methyl cellosolve, ethyl cellosolve, polyethylene glycol having a molecular weight of 600 or less, ethylene glycol monomethyl ether acetate, propylene glycol monomethyl ether acetate, polypropylene glycol, polyoxyethylene monomethyl ether, and polyoxyethylene dimethyl ether, can be suitably used. In particular, at least one selected from the group consisting of polyethylene glycol having a molecular weight of 200 or less, polypropylene glycol having a molecular weight of 500 or less, polyoxyethylene monomethyl ether, and propylene glycol monomethyl ether acetate, can be suitably used. The use of these porogens allows a uniform three-dimensional network structure and uniform pores to be formed. These may be used singly, or two or more thereof may be used in combination.
In addition, a solvent in which a reaction product of the epoxy resin and the curing agent is soluble can be used as the porogen even if the epoxy resin or the curing agent is individually insoluble or poorly-soluble in the solvent at ordinary temperature. Examples of such a porogen include a brominated bisphenol A-type epoxy resin (“Epicoat 5058” manufactured by Japan Epoxy Resin Co., Ltd).
The porosity, the average pore diameter, and the pore diameter distribution of the porous epoxy resin membrane vary depending on the types of the materials, the blending ratio of the materials, and reaction conditions (e.g., heating temperature and heating time at reaction-induced phase separation). Therefore, in order to obtain the intended porosity, average pore diameter, and pore diameter distribution, optimal conditions are preferably selected. In addition, by controlling the molecular weight of the cross-linked epoxy resin, the molecular weight distribution, the viscosity of the solution, the cross-linking reaction rate etc. at the time of phase separation, a bicontinuous structure of the cross-linked epoxy resin and the porogen can be fixed in a particular state, and thus a stable porous structure can be obtained.
For example, the blending ratio of the curing agent to the epoxy resin is such that the curing agent equivalent is 0.6 to 1.5 per one epoxy equivalent. An appropriate curing agent equivalent contributes to improvement in the characteristics of the porous epoxy resin membrane, such as the heat resistance, the chemical durability, and the mechanical properties.
In order to obtain an intended porous structure, a curing accelerator may be added to the solution in addition to the curing agent. Examples of the curing accelerator include tertiary amines such as triethylamine and tributylamine, and imidazoles such as 2-phenol-4-methylimidazole, 2-ethyl-4-methylimidazole, and 2-phenol-4,5-dihydroxyimidazole.
In general, 40% by weight to 80% by weight of the porogen can be used relative to the total weight of the epoxy resin, the curing agent, and the porogen.
Here, the ratio of the sum of the weights of the epoxy resin and the curing agent to the total weight of the epoxy resin, the curing agent, and the porogen, is expressed as ω%. In the case of use as a separator for a nonaqueous electrolyte electricity storage device, the epoxy resin composition is preferably prepared in such a manner that ω is in the range of 30% to 50%. By adjusting ω within the preferable range, compositional control of the reaction temperature can easily be achieved. Accordingly, the porosity, the pore diameter, the specific surface area etc., which are factors determining the physical properties and structure of the membrane, can be adjusted within preferable ranges.
One example of the method for adjusting the average pore diameter of the porous epoxy resin membrane within a desired range is to mix and use two or more types of epoxy resins having different epoxy equivalents. At this time, the difference between the epoxy equivalents is preferably 100 or more. In some cases, an epoxy resin that is liquid at ordinary temperature and an epoxy resin that is solid at ordinary temperature are mixed and used.
Next, a cured product of the epoxy resin composition is fabricated from the solution containing the epoxy resin, the curing agent, and the porogen. Specifically, the solution is filled into a metal mold, and heated as necessary. A cured product having a predetermined shape can be obtained by causing the epoxy resin to be three-dimensionally cross-linked. At this time, a bicontinuous structure is formed as a result of phase separation between the cross-linked epoxy resin and the porogen.
The shape of the cured product is not particularly limited. If a solid-cylindrical or hollow-cylindrical metal mold is used, a cured product having a hollow-cylindrical or solid-cylindrical shape can be obtained. When the cured product has a hollow-cylindrical or solid-cylindrical shape, the cutting step is easy to carry out.
The dimensions of the cured product are not particularly limited. In the case where the cured product has a hollow-cylindrical or solid-cylindrical shape, the diameter of the cured product is, for example, 20 cm or more, and preferably 30 cm to 150 cm, from the standpoint of the production efficiency of the porous epoxy resin membrane. The length (in the axial direction) of the cured product can also be set as appropriate in consideration of the dimensions of the porous epoxy resin membrane to be obtained. The length of the cured product is, for example, 20 cm to 200 cm. From the standpoint of handleability, the length is preferably 20 cm to 150 cm, and more preferably 20 cm to 120 cm.
Next, the cured product is formed into a sheet shape. The cured product having a hollow-cylindrical or solid-cylindrical shape can be formed into a sheet shape by the following method. Specifically, the cured product is mounted on a shaft, and a surface portion of the circumference of the cured product is cut (sliced) at a predetermined thickness by means of a cutting blade (slicer) so that a long epoxy resin sheet is obtained. More specifically, the surface portion of the cured product is skived while the cured product is being rotated about a hollow cylinder axis (or solid cylinder axis) O of the cured product relative to the cutting blade. With this method, the epoxy resin sheet can be efficiently fabricated.
The line speed during cutting of the cured product is in the range of, for example, 2 m/min to 70 m/min. The thickness of the epoxy resin sheet is determined depending on the intended thickness (10 μm to 50 μm) of the porous epoxy resin membrane. Removal of the porogen and the subsequent drying slightly reduce the thickness. Therefore, the epoxy resin sheet generally has a thickness slightly greater than the intended thickness of the porous epoxy resin membrane. The length of the epoxy resin sheet is not particularly limited. From the standpoint of the production efficiency of the epoxy resin sheet, the length is, for example, 100 m or more, and preferably 1000 m or more.
Furthermore, the porogen is extracted and removed from the epoxy resin sheet (porosification step). Specifically, the porogen is preferably removed from the epoxy resin sheet by immersing the epoxy resin sheet in a halogen-free solvent. Thus, the porous epoxy resin membrane is obtained.
As the halogen-free solvent for removing the porogen from the epoxy resin sheet, at least one selected from the group consisting of water, DMF (N,N-dimethylformamide), DMSO (dimethylsulfoxide), and THF (tetrahydrofuran), can be used depending on the type of the porogen. In addition, a supercritical fluid of water, carbon dioxide, or the like, can also be used as the solvent for removing the porogen. In order to actively remove the porogen from the epoxy resin sheet, ultrasonic washing may be performed, or the solvent may be heated and then used.
The type of a washing device for removing the porogen is not particularly limited either, and a commonly-known washing device can be used. In the case where the porogen is removed by immersing the epoxy resin sheet in the solvent, a multi-stage washer having a plurality of washing tanks can be suitably used. The number of stages of washing is more preferably three or more. In addition, washing that substantially corresponds to multi-stage washing may be performed by means of counterflow. Furthermore, the temperature of the solvent or the type of the solvent may be changed for each stage of washing.
After removal of the porogen, the porous epoxy resin membrane is subjected to drying treatment. The conditions for drying are not particularly limited. The temperature is generally about 40° C. to 120° C., and preferably about 50° C. to 100° C. The drying time is about 10 seconds to 5 minutes. For the drying treatment, a dryer can be used that employs a commonly-known sheet drying method, such as a tenter method, a floating method, a roll method, or a belt method. A plurality of drying methods may be combined. In the case where treatment of active hydroxyl groups is subsequently performed, the drying step may be omitted.
In the pretreatment (treatment step) for reducing active hydroxyl groups and the like, at least one selected from a carboxylic acid, a carboxylic acid salt, a carboxylic acid anhydride, and a carboxylic acid halide, is preferably used as a treatment agent. The treatment step may be carried out either before or after the porosification step of removing the porogen. The treatment step may be carried out in combination with the porosification step. That is, the relation between the treatment step and the porosification step is as described in the following 1) to 3).
1) The treatment step may be carried out before the porosification step. In this case, an epoxy resin sheet that is yet to be made porous and that contains a cured epoxy resin composition and a porogen is subjected to the treatment. Hydroxyl groups contained in the cured epoxy resin composition react with the above-described compound to produce carboxylic acid ester bonds.
2) The treatment step may be carried out after the porosification step. In this case, the porous epoxy resin membrane is subjected to the treatment. Hydroxyl groups contained in the porous epoxy resin membrane react with the above-described compound to produce carboxylic acid ester bonds.
3) The treatment step may be carried out in combination with the porosification step. In this case, in a combined step in which the two steps are carried out together, a treatment liquid containing the above-described compound and a solvent for removing the porogen is used, and carboxylic acid ester bonds are produced while the porogen is removed from the epoxy resin sheet. In other words, the following processes proceed simultaneously: porosification by removal of the porogen from the epoxy resin sheet; and production of carboxylic acid ester bonds on the surface formed by the porosification.
According to the confirmation provided by experiments, the amounts of active hydroxyl groups etc. contained in the porous epoxy resin membrane are reduced by any of 1) to 3) described above.
The treatment of active functional groups can be carried out by bringing the porous epoxy resin membrane or the epoxy resin sheet yet to be made porous into contact with a treatment liquid containing a treatment agent. Specifically, the treatment can be carried out by: (a) immersing the porous epoxy resin membrane or the epoxy resin sheet in the treatment liquid; or (b) applying or spraying the treatment liquid onto the porous epoxy resin membrane or the epoxy resin sheet. An aqueous solution is suitable as the treatment liquid. However, the treatment liquid is not limited to an aqueous solution. Toluene, ethyl acetate, N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF), acetonitrile, ethanol, isopropanol, a mixed solvent thereof, or the like, may be used as the solvent of the treatment liquid, depending on the type of the treatment agent. In addition, when the treatment agent is liquid at the treatment temperature, the liquid can be used as the treatment liquid as it is. That is, a treatment agent in liquid form or a solution containing a treatment agent can be used as the treatment liquid.
In the case of treating functional groups by application or spraying of the treatment liquid, since evaporation of the treatment liquid need not be taken into account, adjustment of the concentration of the treatment liquid is unnecessary, and the necessary amount of the treatment liquid is easy to estimate. In addition, the temperature of the treatment liquid can easily be controlled by adjusting the temperature of a discharge port. For these and other reasons, treatment by application or spraying of the treatment liquid is suitable for mass production.
The treatment of active functional groups can be carried out also by (c) bringing a vapor generated from the treatment liquid into contact with the porous epoxy resin membrane. For example, the porous epoxy resin membrane having been wound, that is, a wound body of the porous epoxy resin membrane, is left in contact with an atmosphere containing a vapor generated from the treatment liquid. Thus, functional groups can be treated. This treatment can be carried out, for example, by feeding a vapor generated from the treatment liquid into a container or a treatment chamber inside which the wound body of the porous epoxy resin membrane is allowed to stand still.
It is sufficient that the treatment liquid of ordinary temperature be brought into contact with the porous epoxy resin membrane or the epoxy resin sheet. However, the treatment liquid may be heated to a temperature higher than ordinary temperature as necessary. In this case, the heating temperature is, for example, higher than ordinary temperature and equal to or lower than 80° C., and particularly higher than ordinary temperature and equal to or lower than 70° C. In addition, the treatment time may be set so that the treatment agent sufficiently pervades the surface of the porous epoxy resin membrane or the like. For example, in the case of treatment by immersion in or application of the treatment liquid, the appropriate treatment time at ordinary temperature is 10 seconds to 30 minutes, and the appropriate treatment time at temperatures higher than ordinary temperature is 1 second to 5 minutes.
It is advantageous that the porous epoxy resin membrane be heated as necessary after contact with the treatment liquid. The heating conditions may be set as appropriate so that, for example, esterification of hydroxyl groups proceeds sufficiently. In one example, the appropriate conditions are such that the heating temperature is in the range of ordinary temperature to 80° C., and is particularly in the range of ordinary temperature to 70° C., and the heating time is 1 second to 60 minutes, and 5 minutes to 60 minutes in some cases. In addition, the porous epoxy resin membrane may be dried to remove an excess of the solution in advance of heating. Generally, it is sufficient that this drying be performed by air drying at ordinary temperature.
After the heating, the porous epoxy resin membrane is washed to remove a compound remaining in the membrane, such as a carboxylic acid, and is then subjected to drying treatment. Water is suitable as a solvent for washing. However, methanol, ethanol, isopropanol, N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF), acetonitrile, a mixed solvent thereof, a mixed solvent thereof with water, or the like, may be used. The apparatus and temperature applied to the washing and drying can be the apparatus and temperature described above for washing for removing the porogen and drying.
According to 1) described above, in the porosification step of removing the porogen, the above-described compound used as the treatment agent can also be removed together with the porogen. Therefore, washing for removing the treatment agent need not be additionally carried out. According to 3) described above, the treatment step with the treatment agent need not be carried out as a separate step from the porosification step. Therefore, 1) and 3) are more advantageous than 2) in terms of production efficiency.
The separator 4 may consist only of the porous epoxy resin membrane, or may be composed of a stack of the porous epoxy resin membrane and another porous material. Examples of the other porous material include porous polyolefin membranes such as porous polyethylene membranes and porous polypropylene membranes, porous cellulose membranes, and porous fluorine resin membranes. The other porous material may be provided on only one surface or both surfaces of the porous epoxy resin membrane.
Also, the separator 4 may be composed of a stack of the porous epoxy resin membrane and a reinforcing member. Examples of the reinforcing member include woven fabrics and non-woven fabrics. The reinforcing member may be provided on only one surface or both surfaces of the porous epoxy resin membrane.
Hereinafter, the present invention will be described in more detail with reference to examples. However, the present invention is not limited to these examples. In the following description, RO water means pure water obtained by treatment using a reverse osmosis membrane, DMF means N,N-dimethylformamide, and v/v means a volume ratio. Furthermore, in stirring of solutions in the examples and comparative examples described below, external heating or cooling was not performed. The ambient temperatures (room temperatures) at stirring of solutions were about 23° C. in all cases. The methods for evaluating characteristics were as described below.
[1240 cm−1 Peak Intensity Ratio I/Io]
Porous epoxy resin membranes yet to be treated were used as measurement samples, and IR spectra (infrared absorption spectra) were measured for the measurement samples using a transmission FT-IR spectrometer (FT/IR-470 Plus manufactured by JASCO Corporation). From the obtained charts, intensities Io of absorption peaks present at 1240 cm−1 were determined. After the acetic anhydride treatment described below, IR spectra were measured again for the measurement samples under the same conditions as for the measurement performed before the treatment, and intensities I of absorption peaks present at 1240 cm−1 were determined. Based on these results, peak intensity ratios I/Io were calculated.
The details of the acetic anhydride treatment will be described. First, the porous epoxy resin membrane was immersed in acetic anhydride of 20° C. for 10 minutes. Thereafter, the porous epoxy resin membrane was air-dried, and was then heated for 10 minutes in an oven whose internal temperature was maintained at 70° C. The air-drying of the porous epoxy resin membrane was carried out in a draft chamber whose internal temperature was maintained at 23° C. until the drying was fully completed (to be exact, until the reduction in mass became unobservable). The porous epoxy resin membrane taken out from the oven was immersed in ethanol for 10 minutes, and in RO water for 10 minutes, to wash out acetic anhydride remaining in the membrane. Finally, the porous epoxy resin membrane was dried in an oven maintained at 50° C.
In the above, the temperature conditions for the acetic anhydride treatment are clearly specified in order to ensure exactness of the description. However, it has been confirmed by experiments that the values of obtained data remain substantially unchanged even when at least the temperature of acetic anhydride and the internal temperature of the draft chamber vary to some extent. Particularly, even when the temperature of acetic anhydride was increased close to 50° C., substantial change of the values of data was not observed. Although the temperature of acetic anhydride should be adjusted to 20° C. when the temperature needs to be exactly specified, substantial difference in data to be obtained does not occur even when the temperature of acetic anhydride in the acetic anhydride treatment is varied between about 10° C. to 30° C.
[Porosity]An epoxy resin and an amine (curing agent) used in each of the examples and comparative examples was used to fabricate a non-porous body of the epoxy resin. The porosity of each porous epoxy resin membrane was calculated from the specific gravity of the non-porous body and the specific gravity of the porous epoxy resin membrane.
[Air Permeability]
The air permeability (Gurley value) of each porous epoxy resin membrane was measured according to the method specified in Japanese Industrial Standards (JIS) P 8117.
[Evaluation of Characteristics of Lithium-Ion Secondary Battery]
Lithium-ion secondary batteries including separators formed of the porous epoxy resin membranes obtained in the examples and comparative examples were each fabricated according to the method described below.
Mixed were 89 parts by weight of lithium cobalt oxide (Cellseed C-10 manufactured by Nippon Chemical Industrial Co., Ltd.), 10 parts by weight of acetylene black (Denka Black manufactured by Denki Kagaku Kogyo K.K.), and 5 parts by weight of PVDF (KF Polymer L#1120 manufactured by Kureha Chemical Industries Co., Ltd.). N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone was then added so that the solid content concentration was 15% by weight, and thus a slurry for a cathode was obtained. The slurry was applied in a thickness of 200 μm onto an aluminum foil (current collector) having a thickness of 20 μm. The coating was vacuum-dried at 80° C. for 1 hour and at 120° C. for 2 hours, and was then compressed by roll pressing. A cathode having a cathode active material layer with a thickness of 100 μm was thus obtained.
Mixed were 80 parts by weight of mesocarbon microbeads (MCMB6-28 manufactured by Osaka Gas Chemicals Co., Ltd.), 10 parts by weight of acetylene black (Denka Black manufactured by Denki Kagaku Kogyo K.K.), and 10 parts by weight of PVDF (KF Polymer L#1120 manufactured by Kureha Chemical Industries Co., Ltd.). N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone was then added so that the solid content concentration was 15% by weight, and thus a slurry for an anode was obtained. The slurry was applied in a thickness of 200 μm onto a copper foil (current collector) having a thickness of 20 μm. The coating was vacuum-dried at 80° C. for 1 hour and at 120° C. for 2 hours, and was then compressed by roll pressing. An anode having an anode active material layer with a thickness of 100 μm was thus obtained.
Next, an electrode group was assembled from the cathode, the anode, and the separator. Specifically, the electrode group was obtained by stacking the cathode, the porous epoxy resin membrane (separator), and the anode. The electrode group was placed in an aluminum-laminated package, and then an electrolyte solution was injected into the package. The electrolyte solution used was a solution in which LiPF6 was dissolved at a concentration of 1.4 mol/liter in a solvent containing ethylene carbonate and diethyl carbonate at a volume ratio of 1:2 and which contained 1% by weight of vinylene carbonate. The package was finally sealed to obtain a lithium-ion secondary battery.
The initial charge/discharge capacity and the discharge efficiency of each of the lithium-ion secondary batteries obtained as above were measured in accordance with the methods described below. For each test, a new battery not subjected to any other test was used.
[Initial Charge/Discharge Capacity]
Charge and discharge of each battery were performed repeatedly three times at a temperature of 25° C. with a current of 0.2 CmA. The charge was constant current charge until the voltage reached 4.2 V, and was then switched to constant voltage charge. The discharge was constant current discharge, and the cutoff voltage was set at 2.75 V. The discharge capacity at the first discharge was measured as the initial capacity.
[3rd/1st Discharge Efficiency]
Charge and discharge of each battery were performed repeatedly three times at a temperature of 25° C. with a current of 0.2 CmA. The charge was constant current charge until the voltage reached 4.2 V, and was then switched to constant voltage charge. The discharge was constant current discharge, and the cutoff voltage was set at 2.75 V. For each battery, the percentage (%) of the discharge amount at the third discharge to the discharge amount at the first discharge was calculated.
A mold release agent (QZ-13 manufactured by Nagase ChemteX Corporation) was applied thinly to the inner side of a hollow-cylindrical stainless steel container having dimensions of φ120 mm×150 mm, and the container was dried in a dryer set at 80° C.
An amount of 475.8 g of a bisphenol A-type epoxy resin (jER 828 manufactured by Mitsubishi Chemical Corporation and having an epoxy equivalent of 184 g/eq. to 194 g/eq.) was dissolved in 697.2 g of polypropylene glycol (SANNIX PP-400 manufactured by Sanyo Chemical Industries, Ltd.) to prepare an epoxy resin/polypropylene glycol solution. This solution was then added into the stainless steel container. Thereafter, 72.0 g of 1,6-diaminohexane (special grade, manufactured by Tokyo Chemical Industry Co., Ltd.) was added into the container.
Using Three-One Motor, the solution was stirred with a stirring blade at 200 rpm for 285 minutes. The temperature of the solution was increased by the stirring, and was 37.2° C. immediately after the stirring. Thereafter, the solution was vacuum-defoamed using a vacuum desiccator (AS ONE VZ-type) at a room temperature at about 0.1 MPa until bubbles were vanished. Thereafter, the solution was left at 50° C. for about 1 day to allow the resin to cure.
Next, the resultant epoxy resin block was taken out from the stainless steel container, and was continuously sliced at a thickness of 30 μm using a cutting lathe. Thus, an epoxy resin sheet was obtained. The epoxy resin sheet was washed with a mixed liquid of RO water and DMF (v/v=1/1) under ultrasonic wave for 10 minutes. Thereafter, the epoxy resin sheet was washed with only RO water under ultrasonic wave for 10 minutes, and was immersed in RO water for 12 hours to remove polypropylene glycol. Thereafter, drying at 80° C. was performed for 2 hours to obtain a porous epoxy resin membrane.
A mold release agent (QZ-13 manufactured by Nagase ChemteX Corporation) was applied thinly to the inner side of a hollow-cylindrical stainless steel container having dimensions of φ120 mm×150 mm, and the container was dried in a dryer set at 80° C.
An amount of 475.8 g of a bisphenol A-type epoxy resin (jER 827 manufactured by Mitsubishi Chemical Corporation and having an epoxy equivalent of 180 g/eq. to 190 g/eq.) was dissolved in 697.2 g of polypropylene glycol (SANNIX PP-400 manufactured by Sanyo Chemical Industries, Ltd.) to prepare an epoxy resin/polypropylene glycol solution. This solution was then added into the stainless steel container. Thereafter, 72.0 g of 1,6-diaminohexane (special grade, manufactured by Thkyo Chemical Industry Co., Ltd.) was added into the container.
Using Three-One Motor, the solution was stirred with a stirring blade at 200 rpm for 240 minutes. The temperature of the solution was increased by the stirring, and was 36.1° C. immediately after the stirring. Thereafter, the solution was vacuum-defoamed using a vacuum desiccator (AS ONE VZ-type) at a room temperature at about 0.1 MPa until bubbles were vanished. Thereafter, the solution was left at 50° C. for about 1 day to allow the resin to cure.
Next, the resultant epoxy resin block was taken out from the stainless steel container, and was continuously sliced at a thickness of 30 μm using a cutting lathe. Thus, an epoxy resin sheet was obtained. The epoxy resin sheet was washed with a mixed liquid of RO water and DMF (v/v=1/1) under ultrasonic wave for 10 minutes. Thereafter, the epoxy resin sheet was washed with only RO water under ultrasonic wave for 10 minutes, and was immersed in RO water for 12 hours to remove polypropylene glycol. Thereafter, drying at 80° C. was performed for 2 hours to obtain a porous epoxy resin membrane.
A mold release agent (QZ-13 manufactured by Nagase ChemteX Corporation) was applied thinly to the inner side of a hollow-cylindrical stainless steel container having dimensions of φ120 mm×150 mm, and the container was dried in a dryer set at 80° C.
An amount of 475.8 g of a bisphenol A-type epoxy resin (jER 828 manufactured by Mitsubishi Chemical Corporation) was dissolved in 697.2 g of polypropylene glycol (SANNIX PP-400 manufactured by Sanyo Chemical Industries, Ltd.) to prepare an epoxy resin/polypropylene glycol solution. This solution was then added into the stainless steel container. Thereafter, 72.0 g of 1,6-diaminohexane (special grade, manufactured by Tokyo Chemical Industry Co., Ltd.) was added into the container.
Using Three-One Motor, the solution was stirred with a stirring blade at 200 rpm for 237 minutes. The temperature of the solution was increased by the stirring, and was about 41° C. immediately after the stirring. Thereafter, the solution was vacuum-defoamed using a vacuum desiccator (AS ONE VZ-type) at a room temperature at about 0.1 MPa until bubbles were vanished. Thereafter, the solution was left at 50° C. for about 1 day to allow the resin to cure.
Next, the resultant epoxy resin block was taken out from the stainless steel container, and was continuously sliced at a thickness of 30 μm using a cutting lathe. Thus, an epoxy resin sheet was obtained. The epoxy resin sheet was washed with a mixed liquid of RO water and DMF (v/v=1/1) under ultrasonic wave for 10 minutes. Thereafter, the epoxy resin sheet was washed with only RO water under ultrasonic wave for 10 minutes, and was immersed in RO water for 12 hours to remove polypropylene glycol. Thereafter, drying at 80° C. was performed for 2 hours to obtain a porous epoxy resin membrane.
In a 10 L hollow-cylindrical poly container, 3126.9 g of a bisphenol A-type epoxy resin ER 828 manufactured by Mitsubishi Chemical Corporation) and 94.6 g of 1,6-diaminohexane (special grade, manufactured by Tokyo Chemical Industry Co., Ltd.) were dissolved in 5400 g of polypropylene glycol (SANNIX PP-400 manufactured by Sanyo Chemical Industries, Ltd.) to prepare an epoxy resin/amine/polypropylene glycol solution. Thereafter, 380 g of the diaminohexane was added to the poly container. Using a planetary centrifugal mixer, vacuum defoaming was performed at about 0.7 kPa while stirring was simultaneously performed at a revolution speed of 300 rpm for 10 minutes under the condition that the rotation/revolution ratio was 3/4. This stirring and defoaming process was repeated nine times. By the stirring performed after the addition of the diaminohexane, the temperature of the solution was increased from the solution temperature at the completion of preparation. The temperature of the solution was 48.2° C. immediately after the stirring.
Thereafter, the resultant epoxy resin block was taken out from the poly container, and was continuously sliced at a thickness of 30 μm using a cutting lathe. Thus, an epoxy resin sheet was obtained. A process of immersing the epoxy resin sheet in a mixed liquid of RO water and DMF (v/v=1/1) for 10 minutes was repeated three times, and then 10-minute immersion only in RO water was repeated twice to remove polypropylene glycol. Thereafter, drying at 80° C. was performed for 2 hours to obtain a porous epoxy resin membrane.
In a 10 L hollow-cylindrical poly container, 3283.2 g of a bisphenol A-type epoxy resin ER 828 manufactured by Mitsubishi Chemical Corporation) and 99.4 g of 1,6-diaminohexane (special grade, manufactured by Tokyo Chemical Industry Co., Ltd.) were dissolved in 5220 g of polypropylene glycol (SANNIX PP-400 manufactured by Sanyo Chemical Industries, Ltd.) to prepare an epoxy resin/amine/polypropylene glycol solution. Thereafter, 400 g of the 1,6-diaminohexane was added to the poly container. Using a planetary centrifugal mixer, vacuum defoaming was performed at about 0.7 kPa while stirring was simultaneously performed at a revolution speed of 300 rpm for 10 minutes under the condition that the rotation/revolution ratio was 3/4. This stirring and defoaming process was repeated eight times. By the stirring performed after the addition of the diaminohexane, the temperature of the solution was increased from the solution temperature at the completion of preparation. The temperature of the solution was 52.8° C. immediately after the stirring.
Thereafter, the resultant epoxy resin block was taken out from the poly container, and was continuously sliced at a thickness of 30 μm using a cutting lathe. Thus, an epoxy resin sheet was obtained. A process of immersing the epoxy resin sheet in a mixed liquid of RO water and DMF (v/v=1/1) for 10 minutes was repeated three times, and then 10-minute immersion only in RO water was repeated twice to remove polypropylene glycol. Thereafter, drying at 80° C. was performed for 2 hours to obtain a porous epoxy resin membrane.
In a 45L hollow-cylindrical metal container, 12656.2 g of a bisphenol A-type epoxy resin (jER 828 manufactured by Mitsubishi Chemical Corporation) and 383 g of 1,6-diaminohexane (special grade, manufactured by Tokyo Chemical Industry Co., Ltd.) were dissolved in 18545.5 g of polypropylene glycol (SANNIX PP-400 manufactured by Sanyo Chemical Industries, Ltd.) to prepare an epoxy resin/amine/polypropylene glycol solution. Thereafter, 1532 g of the 1,6-diaminohexane was added to the container.
Using Three-One Motor, the solution was stirred with a stirring blade at 80 rpm for 135 minutes while vacuum drawing was being performed. By the stirring performed after the addition of the diaminohexane, the temperature of the solution was increased from the solution temperature at the completion of preparation. The temperature of the solution was 57.5° C. immediately after the stirring. Thereafter, the solution was left at a room temperature for about 1 day to allow the resin to cure.
The resultant epoxy resin block was taken out from the container, and was continuously sliced at a thickness of 30 μm using a cutting lathe. Thus, an epoxy resin sheet was obtained. The epoxy resin sheet was washed with a mixed liquid of RO water and DMF (v/v=1/1) under ultrasonic wave for 10 minutes. Thereafter, the epoxy resin sheet was washed with only RO water under ultrasonic wave for 10 minutes, and was immersed in RO water for 12 hours to remove polypropylene glycol. Thereafter, drying at 80° C. was performed for 2 hours to obtain a porous epoxy resin membrane.
In a 10 L hollow-cylindrical poly container, 3126.9 g of a bisphenol A-type epoxy resin (jER 828 manufactured by Mitsubishi Chemical Corporation) and 94.6 g of 1,6-diaminohexane (special grade, manufactured by Tokyo Chemical Industry Co., Ltd.) were dissolved in 5400 g of polypropylene glycol (SANNIX PP-400 manufactured by Sanyo Chemical Industries, Ltd.) to prepare an epoxy resin/amine/polypropylene glycol solution. Thereafter, 380 g of the diaminohexane was added to the poly container. Using a planetary centrifugal mixer, vacuum defoaming was performed at about 0.7 kPa while stirring was simultaneously performed at a revolution speed of 500 rpm for 10 minutes under the condition that the rotation/revolution ratio was 3/4. This stirring and defoaming process was repeated four times. Furthermore, stirring was performed once at a revolution speed of 500 rpm for 5 minutes. By the stirring performed after the addition of the diaminohexane, the temperature of the solution was increased from the solution temperature at the completion of preparation. The temperature of the solution was 58.9° C. immediately after the stirring.
Thereafter, the resultant epoxy resin block was taken out from the poly container, and was continuously sliced at a thickness of 30 μm using a cutting lathe. Thus, an epoxy resin sheet was obtained. A process of immersing the epoxy resin sheet in a mixed liquid of RO water and DMF (v/v=1/1) for 10 minutes was repeated three times, and then 10-minute immersion only in RO water was repeated twice to remove polypropylene glycol. Thereafter, drying at 80° C. was performed for 2 hours to obtain a porous epoxy resin membrane.
A mold release agent (QZ-13 manufactured by Nagase ChemteX Corporation) was applied thinly to the inner side of a hollow-cylindrical stainless steel container having dimensions of φ180 mm×180 mm, and the container was dried in a dryer set at 80° C.
An amount of 1060.2 g of a bisphenol A-type epoxy resin (jER 827 manufactured by Mitsubishi Chemical Corporation), 151.5 g of a bisphenol A-type epoxy resin (jER 1001 manufactured by Mitsubishi Chemical Corporation and having an epoxy equivalent of 450 g/eq. to 500 g/eq.), and 302.9 g of a bisphenol A-type epoxy resin (jER 1009 manufactured by Mitsubishi Chemical Corporation and having an epoxy equivalent of 2400 g/eq. to 3300 g/eq.), were dissolved in 3055 g of polyethylene glycol (PEG 200 manufactured by Sanyo Chemical Industries, Ltd.) to prepare an epoxy resin/polyethylene glycol solution. This solution was then added into the stainless steel container. Thereafter, 371.8 g of 4,4-dicyclohexyldiamine (PACM-20 manufactured by DKSH) was added into the container.
Using Three-One Motor, the solution was stirred with a stirring blade at 300 rpm for 30 minutes. The temperature of the solution was increased by the stirring, and was 28.0° C. immediately after the stirring. Thereafter, the solution was vacuum-defoamed using a vacuum desiccator (AS ONE VZ-type) at a room temperature at about 0.1 MPa until bubbles were vanished. After being left for about 1.5 hours, the solution was stirred again with an anchor blade at 200 rpm for about 30 minutes using Three-One Motor, and was vacuum-defoamed again. Thereafter, the solution was left at 25° C. for about 3 days to allow the resin to cure.
Next, secondary curing was performed with a hot air circulating dryer set at 80° C. for 24 hours. After subsequent natural cooling, the resultant epoxy resin block was taken out from the stainless steel container, and was continuously sliced at a thickness of 30 μm using a cutting lathe. Thus, an epoxy resin sheet was obtained. The epoxy resin sheet was washed with a mixed liquid of RO water and DMF (v/v=1/1) under ultrasonic wave for 10 minutes. Thereafter, the epoxy resin sheet was washed with only RO water under ultrasonic wave for 10 minutes, and was immersed in RO water for 12 hours to remove polyethylene glycol. Thereafter, drying at 80° C. was performed for 2 hours to obtain a porous epoxy resin membrane.
A mold release agent (QZ-13 manufactured by Nagase ChemteX Corporation) was applied thinly to the inner side of a hollow-cylindrical stainless steel container having dimensions of φ120 mm x 150 mm, and the container was dried in a dryer set at 80° C.
An amount of 668.8 g of a bisphenol A-type epoxy resin (jER 828 manufactured by Mitsubishi Chemical Corporation) was dissolved in 980.0 g of polypropylene glycol (SANNIX PP-400 manufactured by Sanyo Chemical Industries, Ltd.) to prepare an epoxy resin/polypropylene glycol solution. This solution was then added into the stainless steel container. Thereafter, 101.2 g of 1,6-diaminohexane (special grade, manufactured by Tokyo Chemical Industry Co., Ltd.) was added into the container.
Using Three-One Motor, the solution was stirred with a stirring blade at 150 rpm for 15 minutes. The temperature of the solution was increased by the stirring, and was 65.0° C. immediately after the stirring. Thereafter, the solution was vacuum-defoamed using a reduced-pressure dryer at 50° C. at about 0.1 MPa until bubbles were vanished. Thereafter, the solution was left at 50° C. for about 1 day to allow the resin to cure.
Next, the resultant epoxy resin block was taken out from the stainless steel container, and was continuously sliced at a thickness of 30 μm using a cutting lathe. Thus, an epoxy resin sheet was obtained. The epoxy resin sheet was washed with a mixed liquid of RO water and DMF (v/v=1/1) under ultrasonic wave for 10 minutes. Thereafter, the epoxy resin sheet was washed with only RO water under ultrasonic wave for 10 minutes, and was immersed in RO water for 12 hours to remove polypropylene glycol. Thereafter, drying at 80° C. was performed for 2 hours to obtain a porous epoxy resin membrane.
In a 3L hollow-cylindrical poly container, 1146.5 g of a bisphenol A-type epoxy resin (jER 828 manufactured by Mitsubishi Chemical Corporation) and 94.2 g of diaminohexane (first grade, manufactured by Wako Pure Chemical Industries, Ltd.) were dissolved in 1680 g of polypropylene glycol (SANNIX PP-400 manufactured by Sanyo Chemical Industries, Ltd.) to prepare an epoxy resin/amine/polypropylene glycol solution. Thereafter, 380 g of the diaminohexane was added to the poly container. Using a planetary centrifugal mixer, vacuum defoaming was performed at about 0.7 kPa while stirring was simultaneously performed at a revolution speed of 800 rpm for 10 minutes under the condition that the rotation/revolution ratio was 3/4. This stirring and defoaming process was repeated twice. By the stirring performed after the addition of the diaminohexane, the temperature of the solution was increased from the solution temperature at the completion of preparation. The temperature of the solution was 70.0° C. immediately after the stirring.
After subsequent natural cooling for several days, the resultant epoxy resin block was taken out from the poly container, and was continuously sliced at a thickness of 30 μm using a cutting lathe. Thus, an epoxy resin sheet was obtained. The epoxy resin sheet was washed with a mixed liquid of RO water and DMF (v/v=1/1) under ultrasonic wave for 10 minutes. Thereafter, the epoxy resin sheet was washed with only RO water under ultrasonic wave for 10 minutes, and was immersed in RO water for 12 hours to remove polypropylene glycol. Thereafter, drying at 80° C. was performed for 2 hours to obtain a porous epoxy resin membrane.
A porous polypropylene membrane, CG 2400 manufactured by Celgard, LLC, was used.
The evaluation results are collectively shown in Table 1 and Table 2.
In addition, the specific surface areas of the porous epoxy resin membranes obtained in Examples 1, 4, and 7 and Comparative Example 2 were measured in order to examine the relationships between the solution temperatures T and the specific surface areas of the porous epoxy resin membranes. The specific surface areas were measured by the method described below.
[Specific Surface Area]
Measurements were performed using Shimadzu Micromeritics (ASAP-2400 manufactured by Shimadzu Corporation). In the measurements, BET specific surface areas were determined using a nitrogen gas adsorption method. For the measurement and analysis, about 0.4 g sample was cut into a strip shape, was folded, and was then placed in a large-capacity cell. This sample was subjected to degassing treatment (reduced-pressure treatment) in a pretreatment section of the apparatus at about 80° C. for about 15 hours. Thereafter, the specific surface area was measured.
The results are shown in Table 3.
As shown in Table 1, the charge/discharge characteristics, particularly, the 3rd/1st discharge efficiency of the lithium-ion secondary batteries using the porous epoxy resin membranes of Examples in which the I/Io was in the range of 1.0 to 2.4 were improved compared to the characteristics provided by the porous epoxy resin membranes of Comparative Examples. In addition, by comparison among the four samples of Table 3 which were largely similar in the value of ω having influence on the specific surface area, it can be understood that the lower the solution temperature during the preparation of the epoxy resin composition is, the smaller the specific surface area of the porous epoxy resin membrane is, and the smaller the I/Io is.
In Comparative Examples 2 and 3, the temperatures T at the completion of solution stirring are relatively high. However, this level of temperature does not cause any problem in production. From the standpoint of the production efficiency, it is desirable to prepare a solution in such a way that stirring is completed in a short time as in these Comparative Examples, and such a way of preparation is commonly employed. However, when a porous epoxy resin membrane obtained by employing such a conventional production method is used as a separator of a lithium-ion secondary battery, it is difficult to increase the charge/discharge characteristics (3rd/1st discharge efficiency) of the lithium-ion secondary battery to a level higher than the level of the charge/discharge characteristics of a lithium-ion secondary battery in which a porous membrane made of polyolefin is used (Table 1).
In Comparative Example 1, despite the fact that the temperature T at the completion of solution stirring was sufficiently low, a separator having improved charge/discharge characteristics was not obtained. The major factor of the low temperature T in Comparative Example 1 is the low reactivity of the curing agent used. The low temperature T in Comparative Example 1 means that curing reaction of the epoxy resin did not proceed sufficiently. Therefore, it can be thought that the porous epoxy resin membrane of Comparative Example 1 had a low crosslink density and thereby a large amount of exposed hydroxyl groups, and accordingly had a high proportion of active hydroxyl groups. Through the analysis of the IR spectra, it was also confirmed that a large amount of secondary amines remained in the porous epoxy resin membrane of Comparative Example 1, and that almost no secondary amines remained in the other porous epoxy resin membranes. It can be thought that the increase in the ratio I/Io in Comparative Example 1 was contributed to also by carboxylic acid amide bonds produced from secondary amines.
The separator provided by the present invention can be suitably used for nonaqueous electrolyte electricity storage devices such as lithium-ion secondary batteries, and can be suitably used in particular for high-capacity secondary batteries required for vehicles, motorcycles, ships, construction machines, industrial machines, and residential electricity storage systems.
| Number | Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2011-131365 | Jun 2011 | JP | national |
| Filing Document | Filing Date | Country | Kind | 371c Date |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| PCT/JP2012/003830 | 6/12/2012 | WO | 00 | 12/10/2013 |
