Patent Application
20130177817
The present invention relates to a separator for nonaqueous electrolyte electricity storage devices, a nonaqueous electrolyte electricity storage device, and methods for producing them. The present invention particularly relates to a separator using an epoxy resin.
The demand for nonaqueous electrolyte electricity storage devices, as typified by lithium-ion secondary batteries, lithium-ion capacitors etc., is increasing year by year against a background of various problems such as global environment conservation and depletion of fossil fuel. Porous polyolefin membranes are conventionally used as separators for nonaqueous electrolyte electricity storage devices. A porous polyolefin membrane can be produced by the method described below.
First, a solvent and a polyolefin resin are mixed and heated to prepare a polyolefin solution. The polyolefin solution is formed into a sheet shape by means of a metal mold such as a T-die, and the resultant product is discharged and cooled to obtain a sheet-shaped formed body. The sheet-shaped formed body is stretched, and the solvent is removed from the formed body. A porous polyolefin membrane is thus obtained. In the step of removing the solvent from the formed body, an organic solvent is used (see Patent Literature 1).
In the above production method, a halogenated organic compound such as dichloromethane is often used as the organic solvent. The use of a halogenated organic compound places a very large load on the environment, and thus has become a problem.
By contrast, with a method described in Patent Literature 2 (a so-called dry method), a porous polyolefin membrane can be produced without use of a solvent that places a large load on the environment. However, this method has a problem in that control of the pore diameter of the porous membrane is difficult. In addition, there is also a problem that when a porous membrane produced by this method is used as a separator, imbalance of ion permeation is likely to occur inside an electricity storage device.
The present invention aims to provide a method for producing a separator for nonaqueous electrolyte electricity storage devices, the method allowing avoidance of use of a solvent that places a large load on the environment, and also allowing relatively easy control of parameters such as the porosity and the pore diameter.
That is, the present invention provides a method for producing a separator for nonaqueous electrolyte electricity storage devices that has a thickness ranging from 10 to 50 μm, the method including the steps of: preparing an epoxy resin composition containing an epoxy resin, a curing agent, and a porogen; forming a cured product of the epoxy resin composition into a sheet shape or curing a sheet-shaped formed body of the epoxy resin composition, so as to obtain an epoxy resin sheet; and removing the porogen from the epoxy resin sheet by means of a halogen-free solvent.
In another aspect, the present invention provides a method for producing a nonaqueous electrolyte electricity storage device, the method including the steps of: preparing a cathode, an anode, and a separator; and assembling an electrode group from the cathode, the anode, and the separator. The separator has a thickness ranging from 10 to 50 μm, and the step of preparing the separator includes the steps of: (i) preparing an epoxy resin composition containing an epoxy resin, a curing agent, and a porogen; (ii) forming a cured product of the epoxy resin composition into a sheet shape or curing a sheet-shaped formed body of the epoxy resin composition, so as to obtain an epoxy resin sheet; and (iii) removing the porogen from the epoxy resin sheet by means of a halogen-free solvent.
In still another aspect, the present invention provides a separator for nonaqueous electrolyte electricity storage devices, the separator including: a three-dimensional network structure composed of an epoxy resin; and pores communicating with each other so that ions can move between a front surface and a back surface of the separator. The separator has a thickness ranging from 10 to 50 μm.
In still another aspect, the present invention provides a nonaqueous electrolyte electricity storage device including: a cathode; an anode; the separator of the present invention disposed between the cathode and the anode; and an electrolyte having ion conductivity.
According to the present invention, a porogen is removed from an epoxy resin sheet by means of a halogen-free solvent, and thus a porous epoxy resin membrane is obtained. Therefore, the use of a solvent that places a large load on the environment can be avoided. Furthermore, according to the present invention, parameters such as the porosity and the pore diameter can be controlled relatively easily by adjusting the content and type of the porogen.
Hereinafter, one embodiment of the present invention will be described with reference to the accompanying drawings.
As shown in
In the present embodiment, the case 5 has a hollow-cylindrical shape. That is, the electricity storage device 100 has a hollow-cylindrical shape. However, the shape of the electricity storage device 100 is not particularly limited. For example, the electricity storage device 100 may have a flat rectangular shape. In addition, the electrode group 10 need not have a wound structure. A plate-shaped electrode group may be formed by simply stacking the cathode 2, the separator 4, and the anode 3. The case 5 is made of a metal such as stainless steel or aluminum. Furthermore, the electrode group 10 may be contained in a case made of a material having flexibility. The material having flexibility is composed of, for example, an aluminum foil and resin films attached to both surfaces of the aluminum foil.
The electricity storage device 100 further includes a cathode lead 2a, an anode lead 3a, a cover 6, a packing 9, and two insulating plates 8. The cover 6 is fixed at an opening of the case 5 via the packing 9. The two insulating plates 8 are disposed above and below the electrode group 10, respectively. The cathode lead 2a has one end connected electrically to the cathode 2 and the other end connected electrically to the cover 6. The anode lead 3a has one end connected electrically to the anode 3 and the other end connected electrically to the bottom of the case 5. The inside of the electricity storage device 100 is filled with a nonaqueous electrolyte (typically, a nonaqueous electrolyte solution) having ion conductivity. The nonaqueous electrolyte is impregnated into the electrode group 10. This makes it possible for ions (typically, lithium ions) to move between the cathode 2 and the anode 3 through the separator 4.
The cathode 2 can be composed of a cathode active material capable of absorbing and releasing lithium ions, a binder, and a current collector. For example, a cathode active material is mixed with a solution containing a binder to prepare a composite agent, the composite agent is applied to a cathode current collector and then dried, and thus the cathode 2 can be fabricated.
As the cathode active material, a commonly-known material used as a cathode active material for a lithium-ion secondary battery can be used. Specifically, a lithium-containing transition metal oxide, a lithium-containing transition metal phosphate, a chalcogen compound, or the like, can be used as the cathode active material. Examples of the lithium-containing transition metal oxide include LiCoO2, LiMnO2, LiNiO2, and substituted compounds thereof in which part of the transition metal is substituted by another metal. Examples of the lithium-containing transition metal phosphate include LiFePO4, and a substituted compound of LiFePO4 in which part of the transition metal (Fe) is substituted by another metal. Examples of the chalcogen compound include titanium disulfide and molybdenum disulfide.
A commonly-known resin can be used as the binder. Examples of resins which can be used as the binder include: fluorine-based resins such as polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF), hexafluoropropylene, and polytetrafluoroethylene; hydrocarbon-based resins such as styrene-butadiene rubbers and ethylene-propylene terpolymer; and mixtures thereof. Conductive powder such as carbon black may be contained in the cathode 2 as a conductive additive.
A metal material excellent in oxidation resistance, for example, aluminum processed into the form of foil or mesh, can be suitably used as the cathode current collector.
The anode 3 can be composed of an anode active material capable of absorbing and releasing lithium ions, a binder, and a current collector. The anode 3 can also be fabricated by the same method as that for the cathode 2. The same binder as used for the cathode 2 can be used for the anode 3.
As the anode active material, a commonly-known material used as an anode active material for a lithium-ion secondary battery can be used. Specifically, a carbon-based active material, an alloy-based active material that can form an alloy with lithium, a lithium-titanium composite oxide (e.g., Li4Ti5O12), or the like, can be used as the anode active material. Examples of the carbon-based active material include: calcined products of coke, pitch, phenolic resins, polyimides, cellulose etc.; artificial graphite; and natural graphite. Examples of the alloy-based active material include aluminum, tin, tin compounds, silicon, and silicon compounds.
A metal material excellent in reduction stability, for example, copper or a copper alloy processed into the form of foil or mesh, can be suitably used as the anode current collector. In the case where a high-potential anode active material such as a lithium-titanium composite oxide is used, aluminum processed into the form of foil or mesh can also be used as the anode current collector.
The nonaqueous electrolyte solution typically contains a nonaqueous solvent and an electrolyte. Specifically, an electrolyte solution obtained by dissolving a lithium salt (electrolyte) in a nonaqueous solvent can be suitably used. In addition, a gel electrolyte containing a nonaqueous electrolyte solution, a solid electrolyte obtained by dissolving and decomposing a lithium salt in a polymer such as polyethylene oxide, or the like, can also be used as the nonaqueous electrolyte. Examples of the lithium salt include lithium tetrafluoroborate (LiBF4), lithium hexafluorophosphate (LiPF6), lithium perchlorate (LiClO4), and lithium trifluoromethanesulfonate (LiCF3SO3). Examples of the nonaqueous solvent include propylene carbonate (PC), ethylene carbonate (EC), methyl ethyl carbonate (MEC), 1,2-dimethoxyethane (DME), γ-butyrolactone (γ-BL), and mixtures thereof.
Next, the separator 4 will be described in detail.
In the present embodiment, the separator 4 is formed of a porous epoxy resin membrane having a three-dimensional network structure and pores. Adjacent pores may communicate with each other so that ions can move between the front surface and the back surface of the separator 4, i.e., so that ions can move between the cathode 2 and the anode 3. The separator 4 has a thickness in the range of, for example, 10 to 50 μm. If the separator 4 is too thick, it becomes difficult for ions to move between the cathode 2 and the anode 3. Although it is possible to produce the separator 4 having a thickness less than 10 μm, the thickness is preferably 10 μm or more in order to ensure reliability of the electricity storage device 100.
For example, the separator 4 has a porosity in the range of 20 to 80%, and an average pore diameter in the range of 0.02 to 1 μm. If the porosity and average pore diameter are adjusted in such ranges, the separator 4 can fulfill a required function sufficiently.
The porosity can be measured by the following method. First, an object to be measured is cut into predetermined dimensions (e.g., a circle having a diameter of 6 cm), and the volume and weight are obtained. The obtained results are substituted into the following expression to calculate the porosity.
Porosity (%)=100×(V−(W/D))/V
The average pore diameter can be obtained by observing a cross-section of the separator 4 with a scanning electron microscope. Specifically, pore diameters are obtained through image processing of each of the pores present within a visual-field width of 60 μm and within a predetermined depth from the surface (e.g., ⅕ to 1/100 of the thickness of the separator 4), and the average value of the pore diameters can be obtained as the average pore diameter. The image processing can be executed by means of, for example, a free software “Image J” or “Photoshop” manufactured by Adobe Systems Incorporated.
In addition, the separator 4 may have an air permeability (Gurley value) in the range of 10 to 1000 seconds/100 cm3. If the separator 4 has an air permeability within such a range, ions can easily move between the cathode 2 and the anode 3. The air permeability can be measured according to the method specified in Japan Industrial Standards (JIS) P 8117.
Next, the method for producing the porous epoxy resin membrane used for the separator 4 will be described.
For example, the porous epoxy resin membrane can be produced by any of the following methods (a), (b), and (c). The methods (a) and (b) are the same in that an epoxy resin composition is formed into a sheet shape, and then a curing step is carried out. The method (c) is characterized in that a block-shaped cured product of an epoxy resin is made, and the cured product is formed into a sheet shape.
Method (a)
An epoxy resin composition containing an epoxy resin, a curing agent, and a porogen is applied onto a substrate so that a sheet-shaped formed body of the epoxy resin composition is obtained. Subsequently, the sheet-shaped formed body of the epoxy resin composition is heated to cause the epoxy resin to be three-dimensionally cross-linked. At this time, a bicontinuous structure is formed as a result of phase separation between the cross-linked epoxy resin and the porogen. Subsequently, the obtained epoxy resin sheet is washed to remove the porogen, and is then dried to obtain a porous epoxy resin membrane having a three-dimensional network structure and pores communicating with each other. The type of the substrate is not particularly limited. A plastic substrate, a glass substrate, a metal plate, or the like, can be used as the substrate.
Method (b)
An epoxy resin composition containing an epoxy resin, a curing agent, and a porogen is applied onto a substrate. Subsequently, another substrate is placed onto the applied epoxy resin composition to fabricate a sandwich-like structure. Spacers (e.g., double-faced tapes) may be provided at four corners of the substrate in order to keep a certain space between the substrates. Next, the sandwich-like structure is heated to cause the epoxy resin to be three-dimensionally cross-linked. At this time, a bicontinuous structure is formed as a result of phase separation between the cross-linked epoxy resin and the porogen. Subsequently, the obtained epoxy resin sheet is taken out, washed to remove the porogen, and then dried to obtain a porous epoxy resin membrane having a three-dimensional network structure and pores communicating with each other. The type of the substrate is not particularly limited. A plastic substrate, a glass substrate, a metal plate, or the like, can be used as the substrate. In particular, a glass substrate can be suitably used.
Method (c)
An epoxy resin composition containing an epoxy resin, a curing agent, and a porogen is filled into a metal mold having a predetermined shape. Subsequently, the epoxy resin is caused to be three-dimensionally cross-linked to fabricate a hollow-cylindrical or solid-cylindrical cured product of the epoxy resin composition. At this time, a bicontinuous structure is formed as a result of phase separation between the cross-linked epoxy resin and the porogen. Subsequently, the surface part of the cured product of the epoxy resin composition is cut with a predetermined thickness while rotating the cured product about the hollow cylinder axis or solid cylinder axis, to fabricate an epoxy resin sheet having an elongated shape. Then, the epoxy resin sheet is washed to remove the porogen contained in the sheet, and is then dried to obtain a porous epoxy resin membrane having a three-dimensional network structure and pores communicating with each other.
The method (c) will be described in detail. The step of preparing an epoxy resin composition, the step of curing an epoxy resin, the step of removing a porogen, and the like, are the same among all the methods. In addition, usable materials are also the same among all the methods.
With the method (c), a porous epoxy resin membrane can be produced through the following main steps.
(i) Preparing an epoxy resin composition
(ii) Forming a cured product of the epoxy resin composition into a sheet shape
(iii) Removing a porogen from the epoxy resin sheet
First, an epoxy resin composition containing an epoxy resin, a curing agent, and a porogen (micropore-forming agent) is prepared. Specifically, a uniform solution is prepared by dissolving an epoxy resin and a curing agent in a porogen.
As the epoxy resin, either an aromatic epoxy resin or a non-aromatic epoxy resin can be used. Examples of the aromatic epoxy resin include polyphenyl-based epoxy resins, epoxy resins containing a fluorene ring, epoxy resins containing triglycidyl isocyanurate, and epoxy resins containing a heteroaromatic ring (e.g., a triazine ring). Examples of polyphenyl-based epoxy resins include bisphenol A-type epoxy resins, brominated bisphenol A-type epoxy resins, bisphenol F-type epoxy resins, bisphenol AD-type epoxy resins, stilbene-type epoxy resins, biphenyl-type epoxy resins, bisphenol A novolac-type epoxy resins, cresol novolac-type epoxy resins, diaminodiphenylmethane-type epoxy resins, and tetrakis(hydroxyphenyl)ethane-based epoxy resins. Examples of non-aromatic epoxy resins include aliphatic glycidyl ether-type epoxy resins, aliphatic glycidyl ester-type epoxy resins, cycloaliphatic glycidyl ether-type epoxy resins, cycloaliphatic glycidylamine-type epoxy resins, and cycloaliphatic glycidyl ester-type epoxy resins. These may be used singly, or two or more thereof may be used in combination.
Among these, at least one that is selected from the group consisting of bisphenol A-type epoxy resins, brominated bisphenol A-type epoxy resins, bisphenol F-type epoxy resins, bisphenol AD-type epoxy resins, epoxy resins containing a fluorene ring, epoxy resins containing triglycidyl isocyanurate, cycloaliphatic glycidyl ether-type epoxy resins, cycloaliphatic glycidylamine-type epoxy resins, and cycloaliphatic glycidyl ester-type epoxy resins, and that has an epoxy equivalent of 6000 or less and a melting point of 170° C. or lower, can be suitably used. The use of these epoxy resins allows formation of a uniform three-dimensional network structure and uniform pores, and also allows excellent chemical resistance and high strength to be imparted to the porous epoxy resin membrane.
As the curing agent, either an aromatic curing agent or a non-aromatic curing agent can be used. Examples of the aromatic curing agent include aromatic amines (e.g., meta-phenylenediamine, diaminodiphenylmethane, diaminodiphenyl sulfone, benzyldimethylamine, and dimethylaminomethylbenzene), aromatic acid anhydrides (e.g., phthalic anhydride, trimellitic anhydride, and pyromellitic anhydride), phenolic resins, phenolic novolac resins, and amines containing a heteroaromatic ring (e.g., amines containing a triazine ring). Examples of the non-aromatic curing agent include aliphatic amines (e.g., ethylenediamine, diethylenetriamine, triethylenetetramine, tetraethylenepentamine, iminobispropylamine, bis(hexamethylene)triamine, 1,3,6-trisaminomethylhexane, polymethylenediamine, trimethylhexamethylenediamine, and polyetherdiamine), cycloaliphatic amines (e.g., isophoronediamine, menthanediamine, N-aminoethylpiperazine, an adduct of 3,9-bis(3-aminopropyl)2,4,8,10-tetraoxaspiro(5, 5)undecane, bis(4-amino-3-methylcyclohexyl)methane, bis(4-aminocyclohexyl)methane, and modified products thereof), and aliphatic polyamidoamines containing polyamines and dimer acids. These may be used singly, or two or more thereof may be used in combination.
Among these, a curing agent having two or more primary amines per molecule can be suitably used. Specifically, at least one selected from the group consisting of meta-phenylenediamine, diaminodiphenylmethane, diaminodiphenyl sulfone, polymethylenediamine, bis(4-amino-3-methylcyclohexyl)methane, and bis(4-aminocyclohexyl)methane, can be suitably used. The use of these curing agents allows formation of a uniform three-dimensional network structure and uniform pores, and also allows high strength and appropriate elasticity to be imparted to the porous epoxy resin membrane.
A preferred combination of an epoxy resin and a curing agent is a combination of an aromatic epoxy resin and an aliphatic amine curing agent, a combination of an aromatic epoxy resin and a cycloaliphatic amine curing agent, or a combination of a cycloaliphatic epoxy resin and an aromatic amine curing agent. These combinations allow excellent heat resistance to be imparted to the porous epoxy resin membrane.
The porogen can be a solvent capable of dissolving the epoxy resin and the curing agent. The porogen is also used as a solvent that can cause reaction-induced phase separation after the epoxy resin and the curing agent are polymerized. Specific examples of substances which can be used as the porogen include cellosolves such as methyl cellosolve and ethyl cellosolve, esters such as ethylene glycol monomethyl ether acetate and propylene glycol monomethyl ether acetate, glycols such as polyethylene glycol and polypropylene glycol, and ethers such as polyoxyethylene monomethyl ether and polyoxyethylene dimethyl ether. These may be used singly, or two or more thereof may be used in combination.
Among these, at least one selected from the group consisting of methyl cellosolve, ethyl cellosolve, polyethylene glycol having a molecular weight of 600 or less, ethylene glycol monomethyl ether acetate, propylene glycol monomethyl ether acetate, polypropylene glycol, polyoxyethylene monomethyl ether, and polyoxyethylene dimethyl ether, can be suitably used. In particular, at least one selected from the group consisting of polyethylene glycol having a molecular weight of 200 or less, polypropylene glycol having a molecular weight of 500 or less, polyoxyethylene monomethyl ether, and propylene glycol monomethyl ether acetate, can be suitably used. The use of these porogens allows formation of a uniform three-dimensional network structure and uniform pores. These may be used singly, or two or more thereof may be used in combination.
In addition, a solvent in which a reaction product of the epoxy resin and the curing agent is soluble can be used as the porogen even if the epoxy resin or the curing agent is individually insoluble or poorly-soluble in the solvent at normal temperature. Examples of such a porogen include a brominated bisphenol A-type epoxy resin (“Epicoat 5058” manufactured by Japan Epoxy Resin Co., Ltd).
The porosity, the average pore diameter, and the pore diameter distribution of the porous epoxy resin membrane vary depending on the types of the materials, the blending ratio of the materials, and reaction conditions (e.g., heating temperature and heating time at the time of reaction-induced phase separation). Accordingly, in order to obtain the intended porosity, average pore diameter, and pore diameter distribution, optimal conditions are preferably selected. In addition, by control of the molecular weight of the cross-linked epoxy resin, the molecular weight distribution, the viscosity of the solution, the cross-linking reaction rate etc. at the time of phase separation, a bicontinuous structure of the cross-linked epoxy resin and the porogen can be fixed in a particular state, and thus a stable porous structure can be obtained.
For example, the blending ratio of the curing agent to the epoxy resin is such that the curing agent equivalent is 0.6 to 1.5 per one epoxy group equivalent. An appropriate curing agent equivalent contributes to improvement in the characteristics of the porous epoxy resin membrane, such as the heat resistance, the chemical durability, and the mechanical characteristics.
In order to obtain an intended porous structure, a curing accelerator may be added to the solution in addition to the curing agent. Examples of the curing accelerator include tertiary amines such as triethylamine and tributylamine, and imidazoles such as 2-phenol-4-methylimidazole, 2-ethyl-4-methylimidazole, and 2-phenol-4,5-dihydroxyimidazole.
For example, 40 to 80% by weight of the porogen can be used relative to the total weight of the epoxy resin, the curing agent, and the porogen. The use of an appropriate amount of the porogen allows formation of a porous epoxy resin membrane having the desired porosity, average pore diameter, and air permeability.
One example of the method for adjusting the average pore diameter of the porous epoxy resin membrane within a desired range is to mix and use two or more types of epoxy resins having different epoxy equivalents. At this time, the difference between the epoxy equivalents is preferably 100 or more, and an epoxy resin which is liquid at normal temperature and an epoxy resin which is solid at normal temperature are mixed and used in some cases.
Next, a cured product of the epoxy resin composition is fabricated from the solution containing the epoxy resin, the curing agent, and the porogen. Specifically, the solution is filled into a metal mold, and heated as necessary. A cured product having a predetermined shape can be obtained by causing the epoxy resin to be three-dimensionally cross-linked. At this time, a bicontinuous structure is formed as a result of phase separation between the cross-linked epoxy resin and the porogen.
The shape of the cured product is not particularly limited. If a solid-cylindrical or hollow-cylindrical metal mold is used, a cured product having a hollow-cylindrical or solid-cylindrical shape can be obtained. In the case of a cured product having a hollow-cylindrical or solid-cylindrical shape, the cutting step described later (see
The temperature and time required for curing the epoxy resin composition vary depending on the types of the epoxy resin and the curing agent, and thus are not particularly limited. In order to obtain a porous epoxy resin membrane having pores which are distributed uniformly and have uniform pore diameters, the curing process can be carried out at a room temperature. In the case of curing at a room temperature, the temperature is about 20 to 40° C., and the time is about 3 to 100 hours, and preferably about 20 to 50 hours. In the case of curing by heating, the temperature is about 40 to 120° C., and preferably about 60 to 100° C., and the time is about 10 to 300 minutes, and preferably about 30 to 180 minutes. After the curing process, postcuring (post-treatment) may be performed in order to increase the degree of cross-linking of the cross-linked epoxy resin. The conditions for the postcuring are not particularly limited. The temperature is a room temperature, or about 50 to 160° C., and the time is about 2 to 48 hours.
The dimensions of the cured product are not particularly limited. In the case where the cured product has a hollow-cylindrical or solid-cylindrical shape, the diameter of the cured product is, for example, 20 cm or more, and preferably 30 to 150 cm, from the standpoint of production efficiency of the porous epoxy resin membrane. The length (in the axial direction) of the cured product can also be set as appropriate taking into account the dimensions of the porous epoxy resin membrane to be obtained. The length of the cured product is, for example, 20 to 200 cm. From the standpoint of handleability, the length is preferably 20 to 150 cm, and more preferably 20 to 120 cm.
Next, the cured product is formed into a sheet shape. The cured product having a hollow-cylindrical or solid-cylindrical shape can be formed into a sheet shape by the following method. Specifically, a cured product 12 is mounted on a shaft 14 as shown in
The line speed during cutting of the cured product 12 is in the range of, for example, 2 to 70 m/min. The thickness of the epoxy resin sheet 16 is determined depending on the intended thickness (10 to 50 μm) of the porous epoxy resin membrane. Removal of the porogen and the subsequent drying slightly reduce the thickness. Therefore, the epoxy resin sheet 16 generally has a thickness slightly greater than the intended thickness of the porous epoxy resin membrane. The length of the epoxy resin sheet 16 is not particularly limited. From the standpoint of the production efficiency of the epoxy resin sheet 16, the length is, for example, 100 m or more, and preferably 1000 m or more.
Finally, the porogen is extracted and removed from the epoxy resin sheet 16. Specifically, the porogen can be removed from the epoxy resin sheet 16 by immersing the epoxy resin sheet 16 in a halogen-free solvent. Thus, the porous epoxy resin membrane which is usable as the separator 4 can be obtained.
As the halogen-free solvent for removing the porogen from the epoxy resin sheet 16, at least one selected from the group consisting of water, DMF (N,N-dimethylformamide), DMSO (dimethylsulfoxide), and THF (tetrahydrofuran), can be used depending on the type of the porogen. In addition, a supercritical fluid of water, carbon dioxide, or the like, can also be used as the solvent for removing the porogen. In order to actively remove the porogen from the epoxy resin sheet 16, ultrasonic washing may be performed, or the solvent may be heated and then used.
The type of a washing device for removing the porogen is not particularly limited either, and a commonly-known washing device can be used. In the case where the porogen is removed by immersing the epoxy resin sheet 16 in the solvent, a multi-stage washer having a plurality of washing tanks can be suitably used. The number of stages of washing is more preferably three or more. In addition, washing by means of counterflow which substantially corresponds to multi-stage washing may be performed. Furthermore, the temperature or the type of the solvent may be changed for each stage of washing.
After removal of the porogen, the porous epoxy resin membrane is subjected to a drying process. The conditions for drying are not particularly limited. The temperature is generally about 40 to 120° C., and preferably about 50 to 100° C. The drying time is about 10 seconds to 5 minutes. For the drying process, a dryer can be used that employs a commonly-known sheet drying method, such as a tenter method, a floating method, a roll method, or a belt method. A plurality of drying methods may be combined.
With the method of the present embodiment, the porous epoxy resin membrane which is usable as the separator 4 can be produced very easily. Since some step such as a stretching step required for production of conventional porous polyolefin membranes can be omitted, the porous epoxy resin membrane can be produced with high productivity. In addition, since a conventional porous polyolefin membrane is subjected to high temperature and high shear force during the production process, an additive such as an antioxidant need to be used. By contrast, with the method of the present embodiment, the porous epoxy resin membrane can be produced without being subjected to high temperature and high shear force. Therefore, the need for use of an additive such as an antioxidant as contained in a conventional porous polyolefin membrane can be eliminated. Furthermore, since low-cost materials can be used as the epoxy resin, the curing agent, and the porogen, the production cost of the separator 4 can be reduced.
The separator 4 may consist only of the porous epoxy resin membrane, or may be composed of a stack of the porous epoxy resin membrane and another porous material. Examples of the other porous material include porous polyolefin membranes such as porous polyethylene membranes and porous polypropylene membranes, porous cellulose membranes, and porous fluorine resin membranes. The other porous material may be provided on only one surface or on both surfaces of the porous epoxy resin membrane.
Also, the separator 4 may be composed of a stack of the porous epoxy resin membrane and a reinforcing member. Examples of the reinforcing member include woven fabrics and non-woven fabrics. The reinforcing member may be provided on only one surface or on both surfaces of the porous epoxy resin membrane.
Hereinafter, the present invention will be described in detail using examples. However, the present invention is not limited to the examples.
A polyethylene glycol solution of epoxy resins was prepared by mixing 70 parts by weight of a bisphenol A-type epoxy resin (jER (registered trademark) 828 manufactured by Mitsubishi Chemical Corporation), 30 parts by weight of a bisphenol A-type epoxy resin (jER (registered trademark) 1009 manufactured by Mitsubishi Chemical Corporation), and 202 parts by weight of polyethylene glycol (PEG 200 manufactured by Sanyo Chemical Industries, Ltd.).
A mold release agent (QZ-13 manufactured by Nagase ChemteX Corporation) was applied thinly to the inner surface of a hollow-cylindrical metal mold (made of stainless steel and having an inner diameter of 20 cm and a height of 30 cm), and the metal mold was dried in a dryer set at 40 to 100° C. The polyethylene glycol solution of the epoxy resins was filled into the metal mold, and 22 parts by weight of bis(4-aminocyclohexyl)methane was added. An epoxy resin composition containing epoxy resins, a curing agent, and a porogen was thus prepared.
Next, the epoxy resin composition was stirred with an anchor blade at 300 rpm for 30 minutes. Subsequently, vacuum defoaming was carried out using a vacuum desiccator (VZ-type manufactured by AS ONE Corporation) at about 0.1 MPa until foams were vanished. After the epoxy resin composition was left for about two hours, the epoxy resin composition was stirred again for about 30 minutes, and was defoamed again under vacuum. Next, the epoxy resin composition was left at 20 to 22° C. for 70.5 hours to cure the epoxy resin composition. Then, secondary curing was performed for 17 hours with a hot air circulating dryer set at 130° C. A cured product of the epoxy resin composition was thus obtained.
Next, the surface part of the cured product was continuously sliced with a thickness of 25 μm using a cutting lathe (manufactured by Toshiba Machine Co., Ltd) according to the method described with reference to
A porous epoxy resin membrane having a thickness of about 40 μm was fabricated using the same cured product and the same method as those for Example 1.
A porous epoxy resin membrane having a thickness of about 150 μm was fabricated by the same method as that for Example 1 except that the amount of polyethylene glycol was changed from 202 parts by weight to 258 parts by weight.
A porous polyethylene membrane was fabricated as a porous membrane of Reference Example 1 according to the method described below. First, 15 parts by weight of an ultrahigh molecular weight polyethylene (having a weight-average molecular weight of 1,000,000 and a melting point of 137° C.) and 85 parts by weight of a liquid paraffin were uniformly mixed to obtain a slurry. The slurry was melted and kneaded with a twin-screw extruder at a temperature of 170° C., and then extruded with a coat hanger die into a sheet shape having a thickness of 2 mm. The obtained sheet was cooled while the sheet is being wound around a roll, and a gel sheet having a thickness of 1.3 mm was obtained. The gel sheet was heated to a temperature of 123° C., and was biaxially-stretched in the MD direction (machine direction) and the TD direction (width direction) simultaneously at stretch ratios of 4.5 and 5, respectively, to obtain a stretched film. The liquid paraffin was removed from the stretched film using decane, and then decane was dried at a room temperature to obtain a porous polyethylene membrane. The obtained porous polyethylene membrane was heat-treated in the air at a temperature of 125° C. for 3 minutes. The porous polyethylene membrane of Reference Example 1 was thus obtained. The porous polyethylene membrane of Reference Example 1 had a thickness of about 16 μm.
A porous polypropylene membrane (Celgard 2400 manufactured by Celgard, LLC. and having a thickness of 25 μm) was prepared as a porous membrane of Reference Example 2.
(1) Porosity
The porosities of the porous membranes of Examples, Comparative Example, and Reference Examples were calculated according to the method described in the above embodiment. In order to calculate the porosity of each of Examples and Comparative Example, the two types of epoxy resins and the amine (curing agent) used for fabricating the porous membrane were used to fabricate a non-porous body of the epoxy resins. The specific gravity of the non-porous body was used as an average density D. The results are shown in Table 1.
(2) Air Permeability
The air permeabilities (Gurley values) of the porous membranes of Examples, Comparative Example, and Reference Examples were measured according to the method specified in Japan Industrial Standards (JIS) P 8117. The results are shown in Table 1.
(3) Liquid Retention Property
The liquid retention properties of the porous membranes of Examples, Comparative Example, and Reference Examples were evaluated by the following method. Specifically, first, a weight A of each porous membrane cut into dimensions of 10 mm×10 mm was measured. Next, the porous membrane was immersed in a solvent (propylene carbonate) sufficiently. Subsequently, the porous membrane was drawn from the solvent, an excess of the solvent on the surface of the membrane was removed with a wiping cloth, and then a weight B was measured. The liquid retentivity was calculated based on the following expression. The results are shown in Table 1.
(Liquid retentivity)=B/A
The liquid retentivity defined by the above expression represents a weight change ratio of a porous membrane. It can be determined that the larger the weight change ratio is, the higher the liquid retention property the porous membrane has. Since a separator is required to have appropriate liquid retention property, the porous membrane desirably has an appropriately high liquid retentivity. Assuming that the density of propylene carbonate is 1.2, and taking into account the porosity and the density of the porous membrane, the liquid retentivity is about 2 in the state where all of the pores are filled with the solvent. If the above liquid retentivity is used as a measure of simple evaluation of the liquid retention property, a porous membrane that has low liquid retention property and a porous membrane that has high liquid retention property can be clearly differentiated. The possible reasons why the liquid retentivity largely exceeds 2 as in Comparative Example 1 include: a large amount of the solvent remaining in the surface of the porous membrane due to high affinity between the epoxy resin and the solvent; and increase of the volume of the pores.
[Fabrication of Lithium Secondary Battery]
Next, a lithium-ion secondary battery of Example 1 was fabricated using the porous epoxy resin membrane of Example 1 as a separator according to the method described below.
Mixed were 89 parts by weight of lithium cobalt oxide (Cellseed C-10 manufactured by Nippon Chemical Industrial Co., Ltd.), 10 parts by weight of acetylene black (Denka Black manufactured by Denki Kagaku Kogyo K.K.), and 5 parts by weight of PVDF (KF Polymer L#1120 manufactured by Kureha Chemical Industries Co., Ltd.). N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone was then added so that the solid content concentration became 15% by weight, and thereby a slurry for a cathode was obtained. Onto an aluminum foil (current collector) having a thickness of 20 μm, the slurry was applied with a thickness of 200 μm. The coating was dried under vacuum at 80° C. for 1 hour and at 120° C. for 2 hours, and then was compressed by roll pressing. A cathode having a cathode active material layer with a thickness of 100 μm was thus obtained.
Mixed were 80 parts by weight of mesocarbon microbead (MCMB6-28 manufactured by Osaka Gas Chemicals Co., Ltd.), 10 parts by weight of acetylene black (Denka Black manufactured by Denki Kagaku Kogyo K.K.), and 10 parts by weight of PVDF (KF Polymer L#1120 manufactured by Kureha Chemical Industries Co., Ltd.). N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone was then added so that the solid content concentration became 15% by weight, and thereby a slurry for an anode was obtained. Onto a copper foil (current collector) having a thickness of 20 μm, the slurry was applied with a thickness of 200 μm. The coating was dried under vacuum at 80° C. for 1 hour and at 120° C. for 2 hours, and then was compressed by roll pressing. An anode having an anode active material layer with a thickness of 100 μm was thus obtained.
Next, an electrode group was assembled from the cathode, the anode, and the separator. Specifically, the electrode group was obtained by stacking the cathode, the porous epoxy resin membrane (separator) of Example 1, and the anode. The electrode group was placed in an aluminum-laminated package, and then an electrolyte solution was injected into the package. The used electrolyte solution was a solution obtained by dissolving LiPF6 at a concentration of 1.4 mol/liter in a solvent containing ethylene carbonate and diethyl carbonate at a volume ratio of 1:2. The package was finally sealed to obtain the lithium-ion secondary battery of Example 1.
Lithium-ion secondary batteries were fabricated using the porous membranes of Example 2, Comparative Example 1, Reference Example 1, and Reference Example 2 in the same manner as in Example 1.
A 0.2 C charge/discharge test, a continuous charge test, and a high-temperature storage test, were conducted for each of the batteries of Example 1, Example 2, Comparative Example 1, Reference Example 1, and Reference Example 2. For each test, a new battery yet to be subjected to any other test was used. Each battery was charged and discharged repeatedly twice at a temperature of 25° C. with a current of 0.2 CmA before the battery was subjected to the continuous charge test and the high-temperature storage test.
(4) 0.2 C Charge/Discharge Test
Each battery was charged at a temperature of 25° C. with a constant current corresponding to 0.2 C until the voltage reached 4.2 V, and after the voltage reached 4.2 V, the battery was charged with a constant voltage of 4.2 V until the current value decreased to 5% of a current value corresponding to 0.2 C. This charging was defined as one charging. Subsequently, the battery was discharged with a current value corresponding to 0.2 C until the voltage reached 2.75 V. This series of charge and discharge was defined as one charge/discharge cycle. The charge/discharge cycle was repeated twice. At this time, a discharged capacity in the first cycle was measured as an initial discharged capacity. The initial capacity of the battery of Reference Example 2 (Celgard 2400) was used as a reference value, and the initial capacities of the other batteries were evaluated. Batteries having an initial capacity of 95 to 105% of the initial capacity of the battery of Reference Example 2 were evaluated as “Good”, and the other battery was evaluated as “Poor”. The results are shown in Table 1.
(5) Continuous Charge Test
Each battery was placed in a constant-temperature chamber having a temperature of 60° C., and the battery was charged with a constant current of 0.2 CmA and a constant voltage of 4.25 V. In charging with a current of 0.2 CmA, when the voltage of the battery has reached 4.25 V, the current value starts to decrease. However, a phenomenon in which the reduced current value increases again is observed in some cases. This phenomenon can be considered to suggest that some chemical reaction is caused in the vicinity of the cathode where there is high voltage and high activity. Accordingly, the current behavior in the above continuous charging was observed for 7 days as an indicator for evaluation of the oxidation resistance of the separator. A case in which the current value was not observed to increase again in the 7-day observation was evaluated as “Good”, and a case in which the current value was observed to increase again was evaluated as “Poor”. The results are shown in Table 1.
(6) High-Temperature Storage Test
Each of the batteries of Example 1, Example 2, Comparative Example 1, Reference Example 1, and Reference Example 2, was continuously charged at a room temperature for 20 hours with a constant current of 0.2 CmA and then with a constant voltage of 4.2 V. Next, the battery was retained in a constant-temperature chamber having a temperature of 80° C. for 4 days while the fully-charged state was being kept. Thereafter, the voltage of the battery was measured at a temperature of 80° C. The results are shown in Table 1.
As shown in Table 1, the porous epoxy resin membranes of Examples 1 and 2 had appropriate porosities and air permeabilities. In addition, the porous epoxy resin membranes of Examples 1 and 2 had liquid retentivities as good as that of the porous polyethylene membrane of Reference Example 1. By contrast, the liquid retentivity of the porous membrane of Comparative Example 1 was large, while the liquid retentivity of the porous membrane of Reference Example 2 was small.
The batteries using the porous epoxy resin membranes of Examples 1 and 2 (having thicknesses of 20 μm and 40 μm, respectively) had the same levels of initial capacity as those of the batteries using the porous polyolefin membranes of Reference Examples 1 and 2. By contrast, the battery using the porous epoxy resin membrane of Comparative Example 1 (having a thickness of 150 μm) had an extremely small initial capacity of about 60% of the reference value.
The current values of the batteries using the porous epoxy resin membranes of Examples 1 and 2 were not observed to increase again in the 7-day continuous charge tests. That is, the porous epoxy resin membranes of Examples 1 and 2 were excellent in electrochemical oxidation resistance. By contrast, since the porous membrane of Reference Example 1 was poor in electrochemical oxidation resistance, the current value was observed to increase again.
The batteries using the porous epoxy resin membranes of Examples 1 and 2 exhibited high voltages even after high-temperature storage. That is, the porous epoxy resin membranes existed stably in the batteries even at high temperature, and hardly caused any side reaction. The porous membrane of Reference Example 1 had low electrochemical oxidation resistance, and the voltage of the battery was reduced at high temperature. The voltage of the battery using the porous epoxy resin membrane of Comparative Example 1 was low. The possible reason for this is that the internal resistance was very large, and the initial charge was insufficient.
A separator provided by the present invention can be suitably used for nonaqueous electrolyte electricity storage devices such as lithium-ion secondary batteries, and can be suitably used in particular for high-capacity secondary batteries required for vehicles, motorcycles, ships, construction machines, industrial machines, residential electricity storage systems, etc.
| Number | Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2011-131553 | Jun 2011 | JP | national |
| Filing Document | Filing Date | Country | Kind | 371c Date |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| PCT/JP2011/006317 | 11/11/2011 | WO | 00 | 3/13/2013 |
