Patent Application
20240194901
The present disclosure relates to a separator for a secondary battery, a manufacturing method thereof, and a secondary battery including the separator.
The global economic growth accompanied by global warming continues increase the urgency of a need for renewable and sustainable energy systems based on renewable energy, e.g., solar and wind energy. To enhance the stability of grid networks against fluctuations due to intermittent availability such forms of energy, advances in energy storage systems (ESS) are used for storing surplus electricity, which may be delivered to end customers or to power grids when needed. Among others, ESS based on electrochemical energy, e.g., rechargeable or secondary batteries, may provide cost effective and clean forms of energy storage solutions. The electrochemical energy storage system is a secondary battery in a broad sense. Examples of electrochemical energy storage systems include lithium-ion, lead-acid, sodium-sulfur and redox-flow batteries. Different storage times are needed for different applications: short-term storage, medium-term storage and long-term storage. The different types of electrochemical energy storage systems have different physical and/or chemical properties. Factors that determine the suitability for a particular application of the electrochemical energy storage systems include investment cost, power, energy, lifetime, recyclability, efficiency, scalability and maintenance cost, to name a few. Competing factors are weighed in the selection and design of a suitable electrochemical storage system. Generally, the secondary battery includes two electrodes, an electrolyte, and a separator (or ion exchange membrane). Each of the above components may affect the performance of the secondary battery.
A purpose of the present disclosure is to provide a separator manufacturing method that may improve the mechanical strength of the separator and increase process efficiency without using a base substrate in manufacturing of the separator for a secondary battery.
Furthermore, in a process of forming a separator by impregnating a porous membrane with a solution containing an ion conductive resin and then drying the porous membrane, when the porous membrane is hydrophobic and the electrolyte used in an electrode assembly is hydrophilic, there is an area in which the hydrophilic electrolyte does not come into contact with the hydrophobic porous membrane, that is, the separator, causing defective charging and discharging of the secondary battery. Thus, a purpose of the present disclosure is to provide a separator manufacturing method to solve this problem.
In the present disclosure, an example in which the secondary battery is embodied as a redox flow battery or a sealed redox battery using a redox couple is described. However, the secondary battery which the separator in accordance with the present disclosure is applied is not limited thereto.
Purposes according to the present disclosure are not limited to the above-mentioned purpose. Other purposes and advantages according to the present disclosure that are not mentioned may be understood based on following descriptions, and may be more clearly understood based on embodiments according to the present disclosure. Further, it will be easily understood that the purposes and advantages according to the present disclosure may be realized using means shown in the claims or combinations thereof.
A first aspect of the present disclosure provides a method for manufacturing a separator for a secondary battery, the method comprising: dissolving an ion conductive resin and a surfactant in an organic solvent to produce a mixed solution; and impregnating at least one surface of a porous membrane with the mixed solution.
According to some embodiments of the method, the porous membrane not impregnated with the mixed solution exhibits hydrophobicity, wherein the at least one surface of the porous membrane is impregnated with the mixed solution such that the porous membrane becomes hydrophilic.
According to some embodiments of the method, the surfactant is contained in a content in a range of 0.1% by weight exclusive to 5.0% by weight exclusive based on 100% by weight of the mixed solution.
According to some embodiments of the method, the surfactant includes at least one of an ionic surfactant, a non-ionic surfactant, or an organic surfactant.
According to some embodiments of the method, the organic surfactant includes a silicone-based organic surfactant.
According to some embodiments of the method, the ion conductive resin includes a polybenzimidazole-based polymer.
According to some embodiments of the method, the porous membrane is made of polypropylene, polyethylene, or a combination thereof.
According to some embodiments of the method, producing the mixed solution includes dissolving the ion conductive resin and the surfactant in a viscosity control solvent and the organic solvent to produce the mixed solution, wherein a content of the viscosity control solvent is in a range of 10% to 25% by weight based on 100% by weight of the mixed solution.
According to some embodiments of the method, the viscosity control solvent includes at least one of acetone, methyl ethyl ketone, methyl isobutyl ketone, methanol, ethanol, isopropanol, butanol, or isobutanol.
According to some embodiments of the method, the method further comprises, after impregnating the at least one surface of the porous membrane with the mixed solution, drying the porous membrane.
According to some embodiments of the method, the secondary battery employs an aqueous electrolyte as a liquid electrode.
According to some embodiments of the method, the aqueous electrolyte contains vanadium ions and an acidic aqueous solution.
A second aspect of the present disclosure provides a separator for a secondary battery manufactured according to the manufacturing method as described above.
A third aspect of the present disclosure provides a secondary battery including the separator manufactured according to the manufacturing method as described above.
The manufacturing method of the separator for the secondary battery according to the present disclosure may maximize the effect of efficiently and uniformly making the porous membrane hydrophilic. Accordingly, the manufactured separator may solve the problem of poor contact with the electrolyte, thereby contributing to improving the performance of the secondary battery.
Furthermore, according to the manufacturing method of the separator for the secondary battery according to the present disclosure, the drying speed in the later drying step may be increased, such that the process efficiency of the film formation process for the separator may be increased.
Effects of the present disclosure are not limited to the effects mentioned above, and other effects not mentioned will be clearly understood by those skilled in the art from the description below.
In addition to the above effects, specific effects of the present disclosure are described together while describing specific details for carrying out the present disclosure.
Advantages and features of the present disclosure, and a method of achieving the advantages and features will become apparent with reference to embodiments described later in detail together with the accompanying drawings. However, the present disclosure is not limited to the embodiments as disclosed under, but may be embodied in various different forms. Thus, these embodiments are set forth only to make the present disclosure complete, and to completely inform the scope of the present disclosure to those of ordinary skill in the technical field to which the present disclosure belongs, and the present disclosure is only defined by the scope of the claims.
For simplicity and clarity of illustration, elements in the drawings are not necessarily drawn to scale. The same reference numbers in different drawings represent the same or similar elements, and as such perform similar functionality. Further, descriptions and details of well-known steps and elements are omitted for simplicity of the description. Furthermore, in the following detailed description of the present disclosure, numerous specific details are set forth in order to provide a thorough understanding of the present disclosure. However, it will be understood that the present disclosure may be practiced without these specific details. In other instances, well-known methods, procedures, components, and circuits have not been described in detail so as not to unnecessarily obscure aspects of the present disclosure. Examples of various embodiments are illustrated and described further below. It will be understood that the description herein is not intended to limit the claims to the specific embodiments described. On the contrary, it is intended to cover alternatives, modifications, and equivalents as may be included within the spirit and scope of the present disclosure as defined by the appended claims.
A shape, a size, a ratio, an angle, a number, etc. disclosed in the drawings for illustrating embodiments of the present disclosure are illustrative, and the present disclosure is not limited thereto.
The terminology used herein is directed to the purpose of describing particular embodiments only and is not intended to be limiting of the present disclosure. As used herein, the singular constitutes “a” and “an” are intended to include the plural constitutes as well, unless the context clearly indicates otherwise. It will be further understood that the terms “comprise”, “comprising”, “include”, and “including” when used in this specification, specify the presence of the stated features, integers, operations, elements, and/or components, but do not preclude the presence or addition of one or more other features, integers, operations, elements, components, and/or portions thereof. As used herein, the term “and/or” includes any and all combinations of one or more of associated listed items. Expression such as “at least one of” when preceding a list of elements may modify the entire list of elements and may not modify the individual elements of the list. In interpretation of numerical values, an error or tolerance therein may occur even when there is no explicit description thereof.
It will be understood that when an element or layer is referred to as being “connected to”, or “connected to” another element or layer, it may be directly on, connected to, or connected to the other element or layer, or one or more intervening elements or layers may be present. In addition, it will also be understood that when an element or layer is referred to as being “between” two elements or layers, it may be the only element or layer between the two elements or layers, or one or more intervening elements or layers may also be present.
Further, as used herein, when a layer, film, region, plate, or the like is disposed “on” or “on a top” of another layer, film, region, plate, or the like, the former may directly contact the latter or still another layer, film, region, plate, or the like may be disposed between the former and the latter. As used herein, when a layer, film, region, plate, or the like is directly disposed “on” or “on a top” of another layer, film, region, plate, or the like, the former directly contacts the latter and still another layer, film, region, plate, or the like is not disposed between the former and the latter. Further, as used herein, when a layer, film, region, plate, or the like is disposed “below” or “under” another layer, film, region, plate, or the like, the former may directly contact the latter or still another layer, film, region, plate, or the like may be disposed between the former and the latter. As used herein, when a layer, film, region, plate, or the like is directly disposed “below” or “under” another layer, film, region, plate, or the like, the former directly contacts the latter and still another layer, film, region, plate, or the like is not disposed between the former and the latter.
In descriptions of temporal relationships, for example, temporal precedent relationships between two events such as “after”, “subsequent to”, “before”, etc., another event may occur therebetween unless “directly after”, “directly subsequent” or “directly before” is not indicated.
When a certain embodiment may be embodied differently, a function or an operation specified in a specific block may occur in a different order from an order specified in a flowchart. For example, two blocks in succession may be actually performed substantially concurrently, or the two blocks may be performed in a reverse order depending on a function or operation involved.
It will be understood that, although the terms “first”, “second”, “third”, and so on may be used herein to describe various elements, components, regions, layers and/or sections, these elements, components, regions, layers and/or sections should not be limited by these terms. These terms are used to distinguish one element, component, region, layer or section from another element, component, region, layer or section. Thus, a first element, component, region, layer or section described below could be termed a second element, component, region, layer or section, without departing from the spirit and scope of the present disclosure.
Spatially relative terms, such as “beneath,” “below,” “lower,” “under,” “above,” “upper,” and the like, may be used herein for ease of explanation to describe one element or feature's relationship to another element or feature as illustrated in the figures. It will be understood that the spatially relative terms are intended to encompass different orientations of the device in use or in operation, in addition to the orientation depicted in the figures. For example, when the device in the drawings may be turned over, elements described as “below” or “beneath” or “under” other elements or features would then be oriented “above” the other elements or features. Thus, the example terms “below” and “under” may encompass both an orientation of above and below. The device may be otherwise oriented for example, rotated 90 degrees or at other orientations, and the spatially relative descriptors used herein should be interpreted accordingly.
The features of the various embodiments of the present disclosure may be partially or entirely combined with each other, and may be technically associated with each other or operate with each other. The embodiments may be embodied independently of each other and may be embodied together in an association relationship.
In interpreting a numerical value, the value is interpreted as including an error range unless there is no separate explicit description thereof.
Unless otherwise defined, all terms including technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art to which this inventive concept belongs. It will be further understood that terms, such as those defined in commonly used dictionaries, should be interpreted as having a meaning that is consistent with their meaning in the context of the relevant art and will not be interpreted in an idealized or overly formal sense unless expressly so defined herein.
As used herein, “embodiments,” “examples,” “aspects, and the like should not be construed such that any aspect or design as described is superior to or advantageous over other aspects or designs.
Further, the term ‘or’ means ‘inclusive or’ rather than ‘exclusive or’. That is, unless otherwise stated or clear from the context, the expression that ‘x uses a or b’ means any one of natural inclusive permutations.
The terms used in the description below have been selected as being general and universal in the related technical field. However, there may be other terms than the terms depending on the development and/or change of technology, convention, preference of technicians, etc. Therefore, the terms used in the description below should not be understood as limiting technical ideas, but should be understood as examples of the terms for illustrating embodiments.
Further, in a specific case, a term may be arbitrarily selected by the applicant, and in this case, the detailed meaning thereof will be described in a corresponding description section. Therefore, the terms used in the description below should be understood based on not simply the name of the terms, but the meaning of the terms and the contents throughout the Detailed Descriptions.
As discussed above, competing factors that are weighed in the selection and design of a suitable electrochemical energy storage system for a particular application includes investment cost, power, energy, lifetime, recyclability, efficiency, scalability and maintenance costs, among others. Among various electrochemical energy storage systems, redox flow batteries (RFBs) are considered to be promising for stationary energy storage. RFBs are electrochemical energy conversion devices, that exploit redox processes of redox species dissolved in a solution. The solution is stored in external tanks and introduced into the RFB cell when needed. Some of the advantageous features of the RFB technology are: independent scalability of power and energy, high depth of discharge (DOD), and reduced environmental impact. Such features allow for wide ranges of operational powers and discharge times, making RFBs desirable for storage of electricity generated from renewable sources.
Particular disadvantages of some secondary batteries known in the art, such as a lithium-ion batteries, include excessive heat and internal pressure generation during operation thereof. To mitigate these effects, some secondary batteries employ a gap between the battery cells and/or a separate cooling device. Advantageously, in batteries according to some embodiments disclosed herein, heat and pressure generation is significantly lower, which in turn lowers the risk of an explosion, such that a gap or a cooling device between the battery cells may not be needed, thereby enabling compact integration of the battery cells and batteries themselves.
Various batteries use a bus bar to electrically connect the battery cells and/or the batteries themselves. For compact integration, there is a need to reduce the amount of space occupied by the bus bars by efficiently disposing them. In addition to electrically connecting the battery cells and batteries, there is a separate need for physically and mechanically holding the battery cells or batteries together in an efficient manner. To address these and other needs, various embodiments disclosed herein provide bus bars to enable high-density integration of the battery cells and/or batteries, and an energy storage device including the same. In addition, embodiments disclosed herein provide a battery that is easy to maintain after installation and an energy storage device including the same.
In some configurations, a plurality of battery cells 104-1, 104-2, . . . , 104-n are stacked to constitute a RFB cell 150, where each cell is configured in a similar manner as the battery cell 104. The plurality of battery cells 104-1, 104-2, . . . , 104-n include respective positive electrolyte reservoirs 106A which may be in fluidic communication with each other, and respective negative electrolyte reservoirs 106B which may be in fluidic communication with each other. The positive electrolyte reservoirs 106A are connected to each other and in turn are in fluidic communication with the positive electrolyte tank 116A, and the negative electrolyte reservoirs 106B are connected to each other and in turn are in fluidic communication with the negative electrolyte tank 116B.
Compared to other electrochemical storage technologies such as lithium-ion, lead-acid and sodium-sulfur batteries, RFBs offer several advantages including separation of power conversion from energy storage, thus allowing for independent power and energy scaling. For example, RFBs may be adapted in a flexible and decentralized manner depending on the application, and be scaled to provide power and energy ranging from a few kW/kWh for e.g., domestic storage, up to systems of several to tens of MW/MWh for grid storage. In addition, unlike fuel cells, reactions in RFBs are reversible, thereby enabling the same cell to operate as converter of electricity into chemical energy and vice-versa. RFBs operate by changing the metal ion valence, without consuming ion metals, thereby allowing for long cycle service life. Cell temperature may be controlled relatively easily by regulating the electrolyte flow, in part due to the relatively high thermal mass of electrolytes. The state of charge (SOC) may be easily monitored through the cell voltage while very deep depth of discharge (DOD) may be achieved.
Despite various advantages of RFBs, their commercialization has not been widespread relative to other electrochemical storage technologies, despite relatively large capital, research and development investments that have been made in the technology through several decades. In particular, notwithstanding the recent surge in battery demand for ESS application and the apparent fitness of RFBs for such application including higher safety against fire and explosion, a widespread commercialization has yet to be realized, suggesting that there remain long felt need but substantial obstacles to commercialization of RFBs. The inventors have recognized several such obstacles, including relatively low reliability, low efficiency, large system footprint and high system complexity.
First obstacle to widespread commercialization of RFBs relates to relatively high complexity and the associated reliability issues of RFBs such as the RFB 100 as described above with respect to
Second obstacle to widespread commercialization of RFBs relates to relatively low efficiency of RFBs. One cause of the relatively low efficiency relates to the energy expended in circulating the electrolytes. For example, the electrolyte for vanadium-based RFBs includes sulfuric acid, which may have relatively high viscosity. Circulating an electrolyte, especially an electrolyte having a relatively high viscosity, through fine porous structure of randomly oriented carbon fiber felt-based electrode may expend relatively high amounts of external energy, thereby lowering the extrinsic efficiency of the RFBs. The lower extrinsic efficiency of the RFB system is one of the main reasons for lower commercial competitiveness relative to competing secondary battery technologies such as lithium-ion battery (LIB) technology.
Third obstacle to widespread commercialization of RFBs relates to relatively lower power density and energy density compared to other electrochemical storage technologies, hindering their mobile applications. As described herein, power and energy densities refer to the power output and energy storage, respectively, of a storage device relative to the total volume of the energy storage device. Thus, for an RFB, the power and energy densities refer to ratios of power output and energy storage to the total volume including the cell volume, the tank volumes and the volumes of conduits for transferring the electrolytes. To partly compensate the lower power and energy densities, RFBs often have cell active areas and membranes that are relatively large, resulting in increased cell dimensions, which may in turn cause high transverse gradients of electrolytes inside the electrolyte reservoirs 116A and 116B. Consequently, the average current density and nominal current of RFBs may be substantially lower compared to the maximum theoretical values based on uniform maximum current density. In addition, the overall system-level space efficiency is further reduced by the need for a circulation system including separate tanks and conduits.
Fourth obstacle to widespread commercialization of RFBs relates to the system complexity, which may be comparable to that of a chemical plant. The complexity of designing the RFB systems is high, which in turn increases the development cycle, which in turn results in significantly slow technology development. In addition, the system complexity is labor- and capital-intensive and requires a high level of expertise in installation, maintenance and demolition at an ESS site. The system complexity deters consumers due to the potential need for increased staffing and training required to build and maintain the systems, as well as the accompanying increase in the overall cost.
To address these and other limitations while retaining most of the benefits conferred by the RFBs, the present disclosure is directed to a sealed redox battery which may not be connected to a separate electrolyte tank. In addition, the present disclosure is additionally directed to a secondary battery including a bus bar that enables efficient integration of a plurality of redox battery cells which may be sealed. However, the present disclosure is not limited to an example in which the secondary battery is embodied as the battery type as described above. Further, it will be appreciated that the inventive concepts including the sealed redox battery and the bus bar may be practiced individually or in combination with each other.
In an aspect of the present disclosure, various embodiments of a redox battery disclosed herein are directed to a redox battery. The redox battery according to some embodiments retain the advantages of RFBs while at least partly overcoming or mitigating some of all of the commercialization obstacles of RFBs as discussed above. In particular, while using redox couples that participate in redox reactions, unlike some RFBs, embodiments of a redox battery disclosed herein include a sealed redox battery cell and do not have a separate electrolyte tank connected to the redox battery cell, nor an electrolyte circulating device such as a pump for supplying the electrolyte from outside of the redox battery cell.
Unlike conventional RFBs, in the sealed redox battery 200A according to some embodiments, the first half cell 204A, the second half cell 204B and the ion exchange membrane or separator 112 define a redox battery cell that is enclosed or sealed in part by a casing or a frame 212 surrounding at least four sides of the battery cell. The illustrated sealed redox battery 200A depicts a cross-sectional view and therefore only upper and lower sides of the casing 212 are shown. However, it will be understood that the casing 212 continuously surrounds the upper, lower, front and back sides of the illustrated battery cell. In addition, the first and second bipolar plates 208A and 208B contact the casing 212 at left and right edges or lips thereof, respectively, to enclose and/or seal the battery cell in the sealed space defined by the casing 212 and the first and second bipolar plates 208A and 208B. Thus, the enclosed and/or sealed frame or casing 212, the first bipolar plate 208A and the second bipolar plate 208B define an enclosed or sealed volume, which is divided into two spaces via the separator 112, namely the negative electrolyte reservoir 106B accommodating the negative electrode therein and the positive electrolyte reservoir 106A accommodating the positive electrode therein. The volume sealed by the casing 212 and the first and second bipolar plates 208A and 208B is such that under normal operation, internal contents thereof may not be physically accessible from the outside. That is, the positive and negative electrolytes are not in fluidic communication with external containers such as electrolyte tanks. The casing 212 and the first and second bipolar plates 208A and 208B may seal the redox battery 200A hermetically and/or permanently. Such configuration is in contrast to conventional redox flow batteries, in which the redox battery cell is in fluidic communication with external tanks. That is, in the sealed redox battery 200A, unlike the RFB 100 as described above with respect to
As described above, a notable structural distinction of the sealed redox battery 200A is the omission of the pumps 128A and 128B (
The inventors have discovered that self-circulation is effective to provide stability of the power and energy output when the thickness of each of the positive and negative electrolyte reservoirs 106A and 106B in the cross-sectional view of
Still referring to
The sealed redox battery 200A as configured as described above provides various technical and commercial advantages. For example, various reliability failures associated with the conduits, e.g., pipe joints, between the redox battery cell and the tanks, as well as pumps for circulating the electrolytes, are substantially reduced or eliminated, which in turn reduces unscheduled repairs as well as safety hazard and operational cost associated with operation of the sealed redox battery 200A. In addition, extrinsic efficiency is substantially improved by obviating a need to circulate the electrolyte between the redox battery cell and the tanks using pumps, as described above with respect to the RFB 100 (
Hereinafter, the operating principle and aspects of the sealed redox battery 200A are described using an example of a sealed vanadium (V) redox battery, which is based on vanadium-based redox pairs. However, it will be understood that embodiments are not limited thereto, and the principles described herein may be applied to redox batteries according to various other redox pairs.
In a sealed V redox battery according to some embodiments, the first redox couple dissolved in the first or positive electrolyte of the first half cell 204A may be a V4+/V5+ redox couple, and the second redox couple dissolved in the second or negative electrolyte of the second half cell 204B may be a V2+/V3+ redox couple. The redox reactions during charging and discharging may be described using the following equations, where → denotes a discharge reaction direction and ← denotes a charging reaction direction:
During charging, in the first half cell 204A, tetravalent vanadium ions V4+ is oxidized to pentavalent vanadium ions V5+, while in the second half cell 204B, trivalent ions V3+ are reduced to bivalent ions V2+. During discharging, in the first half cell 204A, pentavalent vanadium ions V5+ is reduced to tetravalent vanadium ions V4+, while in the second half cell 204B, bivalent ions V2+ are oxidized to trivalent ions V3+. While these redox reactions occur, electrons are transferred through an external circuit and certain ions diffuse across the ion exchange membrane or separator 112 to balance electrical neutrality of positive and negative half cells, respectively.
Other redox reactions may be implemented in the sealed redox battery 200A according to some embodiments. According to various embodiments, the first redox couple or the second redox couple includes ions of one or more of vanadium (V), zinc (Zn), bromine (Br), chromium (Cr), manganese (Mn), titanium (Ti), iron (Fe), cerium (Ce) and cobalt (Co). In some embodiments, the first and second redox couples include ions of the same metal, as in the sealed V redox battery as described above. In these embodiments, advantageously, mixing of the positive and negative electrolytes does not lead to cross-contamination of the electrolytes.
As described herein, an electrolyte of a redox battery is a solution that conducts current through ionization. The electrolyte serves to support the reduced and oxidized forms of a redox couple and also supports the corresponding cations and anions in order to balance the charge of the ions in solution during the oxidation and reduction of the redox couple. The positive and negative electrolytes according to some embodiments comprise an aqueous acidic solution. For a sealed V redox battery, the concentration of V ions relates to the energy density of the electrolytes. Higher energy density may advantageously serve to reduce the volume of the positive and negative electrolyte reservoirs 106A and 106B needed for a given amount of energy and power output. However, the concentration of V ions that is too high may lower the stability of the V ions. Thus, there is an optimum range of V ions for a given application. For example, vanadium ions dissolved in the one or both of the first and second electrolyte may be greater than 1.0 M, 1.5 M, 2.0 M, 2.5 M or a value in a range defined by any of these values. On the one hand, V ion concentrations that are lower than 1.0 M may result in energy levels that are not suitable for some applications. On the other hand, V ion concentrations that are greater than 2.5 M may result in lower stability of the V5+ ions, e.g., at operating temperatures above 50° C., and may approach the solubility limit of V2+ and V3+ ions in the electrolyte, e.g., at operating temperatures below −20° C.
Advantageously, according to some embodiments, the positive and negative electrolytes may include the same solvent(s) and/or ions of the same metal. In these embodiments, mixing of the positive and negative electrolytes through the ion exchange membrane or separator 112 does not result in contamination of the respective half cells. In addition, the positive and negative electrolytes may be prepared from the same starting solvent(s) and solute(s). For example, for a sealed V redox battery according to some embodiments, both the positive and negative electrolytes comprise sulfuric acid. The electrolytes may be prepared by, e.g., dissolving 0.1 M to 2.5 M VOSO4 (vanadyl sulfate) in 0.1 M to 6 M H2SO4 in aqueous solution, to form tetravalent vanadium ions (V4+) and/or trivalent vanadium ions (V3+). The tetravalent/trivalent vanadium ions may be electrochemically oxidized to form the positive electrolyte (catholyte), which contains a solution of pentavalent vanadium ions (V5+). Conversely, the tetravalent/trivalent vanadium ions may be electrochemically reduced to form the negative electrolyte (anolyte), which contains a solution of a divalent vanadium ions (V2+).
Still referring to
The positive and negative electrolyte reservoirs 106A and 106B defining the reaction spaces are partly or entirely filled with respective electrodes between the ion exchange membrane or separator 112 and the first and second bipolar plates 208A and 208B respectively when present, or between the ion exchange membrane or separator 112 and the positive and negative-electrode current collectors 108A and 108B respectively. The remaining spaces of the positive and negative electrolyte reservoirs 106A and 106B after filling with respective electrodes are partly or entirely filled with respective electrolytes between the ion exchange membrane or separator 112 and the first and second bipolar plates 208A and 208B when present, or between the ion exchange membrane or separator 112 and the positive and negative-electrode current collectors 108A and 108B. In various embodiments, except when intentionally perforated or rendered porous, the ion exchange membrane or separator 112 serves to substantially separate the two half-cells, and to substantially prevent the mixing of the two electrolytes and the redox couples, while allowing the transport of ions such as H+ to balance the charge between the two half cells to complete the circuit during passage of current. The ion exchange membrane or separator 112 may be an anion exchange membrane or a cation exchange membrane.
While various illustrated embodiments include an ion exchange membrane or separator 112 that may be selective to a particular type of ion, e.g., a cation or an anion, embodiments are not so limited. For example, in various embodiments, the ion exchange membrane or separator 112 may be a non-selective membrane, e.g., a porous membrane.
Still referring to
Each of the positive and negative-electrode current collectors 108A and 108B includes a metal having high electrical conductivity, such as copper or aluminum, and serves to flow electrical current during the charging and discharging processes.
As a single sealed redox battery 200A as described above has an output voltage that is characteristic of the electrochemical reaction, e.g., about 1.65 V or lower, additional cells may be connected to each other in electrical series or in electrical parallel to achieve higher voltages and currents, respectively, as described herein.
It will be appreciated that some or all of the plurality of redox battery cells in each of the stacked structures as described above with respect to
The distinctions and advantages of sealed redox batteries according to some embodiments against conventional RFBs have been as described above, including the omission of electrolyte tanks, a pumping system and a network of conduits, which have contributed to the slow commercial implementation of conventional RFBs. While no separate electrolyte tanks may be present, the sealed redox batteries 200A to 200D (
Hereinafter, while comparisons may be made between sealed redox batteries according to some embodiments and LIBs, it will be understood that the comparisons are applicable to other conventional secondary batteries.
First, the structure, functional role and operational principle of the electrolytes in the sealed redox battery according to some embodiments are distinguishable from those of conventional secondary batteries, e.g., LIBs. In operation, in LIBs, the electrolyte does not itself store energy nor participate in the electrochemical reactions in the charge/discharge processes. Instead, the electrolyte in LIBs primarily serves to provide a path for lithium ions to be transported between the positive electrode and the negative electrode during the charging/discharging process. Therefore, the movement of the electrolyte is not substantially restricted by the separator. In contrast, in the sealed redox battery 200A according to some embodiments, electrochemical energy is stored in the electrolytes in the form of dissolved active material, e.g., respective redox pairs dissolved in the positive and negative electrolytes that undergo electrochemical reactions during the charge/discharge processes. Thus, the electrolytes may be said to be the medium which stores the energy in the sealed redox batteries according to some embodiments. In the example of V redox battery, as described above, the oxidation states of V ion species dissolved in the positive and negative electrolytes are changed by the respective half reactions. Thus, the chemical compositions of the positive and negative electrolytes in sealed redox batteries are different from the electrolyte of LIBs. Further unlike LIBs, in sealed redox batteries according to some embodiments, since the electromotive force resulting from the difference in the chemical compositions of the positive electrolyte and the negative electrolyte leads to energy storage, mixing of the positive and negative electrolytes leads to a loss of stored energy.
Second, the structure, functional role and operational principle of the electrodes in the sealed redox battery according to some embodiments are distinguishable from those of conventional secondary batteries, e.g., LIBs. In LIBs, the active materials, which are included in the electrodes, directly participate electrochemical reactions. In operation, in a LIB, lithium ions move between an active material of the positive electrode and an active material of the negative electrode to achieve electrochemical equilibrium, and the electrodes themselves serve as the main media for energy storage. In contrast, the electrodes of the sealed redox battery according to some embodiments serve a very different role. The positive electrode of a sealed redox battery does not participate in the first redox half reaction and the negative electrode of the sealed redox battery does not participate in the second redox half reaction. As described herein, an electrode that does not participate in a redox half reaction does not preclude the electrode's function of providing a physical site for the electrochemical reaction in an analogous manner as a catalyst. However, the electrodes themselves are not involved in the electrochemical reactions and redox ions do not move between positive and negative electrodes during charging and discharging of the redox battery. Depending on the composition, a functional group acting as a catalyst may exist on the surface. However, this is distinguishable from the electrodes actively participating in the electrochemical reaction as in the case with LIBs. Rather, the electrodes substantially passively transport electrons generated by the electrochemical reactions.
Third, the structure, functional role, and operational principle of the ion exchange membrane in the sealed redox battery according to some embodiments are distinguishable from those of a separator in conventional secondary batteries, e.g., LIBs. In a LIB, the active materials of electrodes where the electrochemical reactions take place are generally in the solid state, and a separator disposed between positive and negative electrodes primarily serves to prevent an electrical short therebetween. Thus, while the separator serves to prevent an electrical contact between the positive and negative electrodes, in a LIB the separator is not specifically designed to restrict the transport of lithium ions therethrough nor to restrict the electrochemical reactions therebetween. In other words, the separator in a LIB primarily serves to electrically insulate the positive and negative electrodes from each other without interfering the transport of ions as part of the electrochemical reactions for charging and discharging. Thus, a separator for a LIB is designed to freely transport the lithium ions between the electrodes. In contrast, in the sealed redox battery according to some embodiments, the redox active species are dissolved in the electrolyte, and the ion exchange membrane or separator 112 (
In general, the ion exchange membrane or separator 112 includes a selective permeable membrane in which cations or anions are transported therebetween to balance the charge between the two half cells. For example, the ion exchange membrane may be configured to selectively pass therethrough cations or anions. Thus, in sealed redox batteries according to some embodiments, since the electrolytes that store energy are liquids, without the ion exchange membrane or separator 112, an electrical short by mixing of the positive and negative electrolytes occurs, regardless of whether the positive and negative electrodes contact each other.
Therefore, in the sealed redox battery according to some embodiments, the first and second redox half reactions occur without substantial transfer of ions of the first redox couple or the second redox couple across the ion exchange membrane or separator 112 separating the positive electrolyte reservoir 106A and the negative electrolyte reservoir 106B.
As described herein, an ion exchange membrane or separator 112 that substantially does not transfer ions of the redox couples refers an ion exchange membrane or separator 112 that serves to substantially prevent the crossover of the electrolytes between the positive and negative electrolyte reservoirs 106A and 106B (
As described above, the ion exchange membranes or separators serve the functions of, among other functions, conducting ions of the supporting electrolyte between positive and negative electrolyte reservoirs while substantially suppressing passage of redox-active ions, e.g., vanadium ions. To further enhance the performance of redox battery cells, there is a need for further improvement in membranes or separators to achieve, among other improvements, one or more of lowering the ionic resistance to enable operation at higher current densities, improving the barrier properties, balancing net electrolyte transport to minimize capacity imbalance, and enhancing the chemical stability of the membrane or separator material. Of course, these improvements should desirably be achieved while remaining cost competitive to existing membrane technologies.
The separator as one of the key elements in the secondary battery that employs the electrolyte as an aqueous electrolyte acts as an ion exchange membrane to mediate the reaction and performs the function of separating the cathode and the anode from each other to prevent shunting therebetween. The conditions required for the separator include high ion conductivity and ion selectivity. Furthermore, excellent mechanical properties that may withstand the pressure under which the electrolyte circulates, high chemical stability against a strong acid environment, the oxidizing power of the redox couple of the electrolyte, and radicals generated in the aqueous electrolyte, and high efficiency in terms of process and cost are requirements of the separator.
Such a separator may be made of an ion-conducting polymer or may be manufactured by coating an ion-conducting polymer on a substrate.
According to various embodiments, an ion-exchange membrane or separator (e.g., ion exchange membrane or separator 112 in
In accordance with the present disclosure, a process of forming the separator by impregnating a porous membrane with a solution containing an ion conductive resin and then drying the porous membrane is employed. In this approach, there is no base substrate removal process and a drying process time is shortened, compared to the approach of using the base substrate. Furthermore, in this approach, an excellent separator may be manufactured by suppressing formation of an air layer between the base substrate and the separator.
However, in the process of forming the separator by impregnating the porous membrane with the solution containing the ion conductive resin and then drying the porous membrane, when the porous membrane is hydrophobic and the electrolyte used in an electrode assembly is hydrophilic, there is an area in which the hydrophilic electrolyte does not come into contact with the hydrophobic porous membrane, that is, the separator, causing defective charging and discharging of the secondary battery.
In order to solve the above problem, the manufacturing method of the separator for the secondary battery according to the present disclosure includes steps of dissolving an ion conductive resin and a surfactant in an organic solvent to produce a mixed solution; and impregnating at least one surface of a porous membrane with the mixed solution. According to the method of the present disclosure, the porous membrane may become hydrophilic most efficiently and uniformly, compared to the case of not using the surfactant, pre-applying the surfactant to the porous membrane, or treating the separator with the surfactant after manufacturing the separator, etc. Thus, the method of the present disclosure may solve the problem of defects in the electrode in charging and discharging of the secondary battery, and may allow the drying speed to be increased in the subsequent drying step, thereby increasing process efficiency.
According to one embodiment of the present disclosure, the organic solvent may be dimethyl acetamide (DMAC) or etc.
According to one embodiment of the present disclosure, a fluorine-based polymer or a hydrocarbon-based polymer may be selected as the ion conductive polymer.
For example, the ion conductive polymer containing an sulfonic acid group as the fluorine-based polymer may include at least one of perfluorosulfonic acid, poly(styrene sulfonic acid) (PSSA), sulfonated poly(ether ether ketones) (SPEEK), sulfonated poly(ether sulfone) (SPES), sulfonated poly(aryl ether ketone) (SPAEK), sulfonated polybenzimidazole (SPBI), sulfonated poly(phenylen oxide) (SPPO), and sulfonated polyimide (SPI). However, the present disclosure is not limited thereto.
For example, the hydrocarbon-based polymer may include polyimide-based polymers, polyetheretherketone-based polymers, polyethersulfone-based polymers, and polybenzimidazole (PBI)-based polymers.
The polybenzimidazole-based compound in accordance with the present disclosure is a polymer of polybenzimidazole, and refers to a mixture or co-polymer of a precursor of polybenzimidazole. The precursor of polybenzimidazole may be ab-PBI (Poly(2,5-benzimidazole)), OPBI (Poly[2,2′-(4,4′-oxybis(1,4-phenylene))-5,5′-bibenzimidazole), m-PBI (meta-polybenzimidazole), pPBI (para-polybenzimidazole), s-PBI (sulfonated polybenzimidazole), f-PBI (fluorine-containing polybenzimidazole), 2OH-PBI (Dihydroxy polybenzimidazole), PIPBI (Phenylindane-polybenzimidazole), PBI-OO (poly[(1-(4,4′-diphenylether)-5-oxybenzimidazole)-benzimidazole]), etc. However, the present disclosure is not limited thereto.
In accordance with the present disclosure, the separator containing the polybenzimidazole-based polymer may exhibit excellent mechanical strength, heat resistance, chemical resistance, and durability even in increasingly harsh operating environments of secondary batteries.
According to one embodiment of the present disclosure, the porous membrane may be made of at least one type of a polyolefin-based material. For example, the porous membrane of the present disclosure may be made of polypropylene (PP), polyethylene (PE), or a combination thereof. However, the present disclosure is not necessarily limited thereto.
According to one embodiment of the present disclosure, a viscosity of the polybenzimidazole solution may be lowered by further adding a viscosity control solvent to the polybenzimidazole solution. In a film forming process using the solution as in the present disclosure, when the viscosity of the solution is high, fluidity of the solution during the film forming process becomes low, thereby making it difficult to form a thin film, and to achieve precise control thereof. Therefore, film forming performance and precision may be improved by further adding the viscosity control solvent in addition to the organic solvent for dissolving the ion conductive resin therein.
Therefore, based on 100% by weight of the polybenzimidazole solution, the viscosity control solvent may be contained, for example, in an amount of 10% by weight to 25% by weight, for example, in a range of 12% by weight to 20% by weight, for example, in a range of 15% by weight to 18% by weight. However, the present disclosure is not necessarily limited thereto.
According to one embodiment of the present disclosure, the viscosity control solvent may be at least one of a ketone-based solvent or an alcohol-based solvent. In a more specific example, the ketone-based solvent may be acetone, methyl ethyl ketone, methyl isobutyl ketone, etc., and the alcohol-based solvent may be methanol, ethanol, isopropanol, butanol, isobutanol, etc.
The surfactant according to one embodiment of the present disclosure may effectively hydrophilize the porous membrane. Thus, depending on the type of each of the ion conductive resin, the porous membrane, and the electrolyte solution as used, a silicone-based surfactant, an ionic surfactant, a cationic surfactant, an anionic surfactant, a non-ionic surfactant, an organic surfactant, or combinations thereof may be used as the surfactant. Specific examples of the surfactant in accordance with the present disclosure may include Triton X-100® and Tween® as the non-ionic surfactant, SDS (Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate) and SDBS (Dodecylbenzenesulphonate) as the anionic surfactant, DTAB (dodecyltrimethylammonium bromide), TTAB (tetradecyltrimethylammonium bromide), CTAB (Cetyltrimethylammonium Bromide) and DPC (dodecylpyridinium chloride) as the cationic surfactant, PVP (Poly(vinylpolypyrrolidone)) as the organic surfactant, or Silwet® as the silicone-based organic surfactant, etc. However, the present disclosure is not necessarily limited thereto.
When the solution containing the ion conductive resin is 100% by weight, a content of the surfactant may be, for example, in a range of 0.1% by weight exclusive to 5.0% by weight exclusive, for example, in a range of 0.2% by weight inclusive to 4.0% by weight inclusive, for example, in a range of 0.5% by weight inclusive to 2.0% by weight inclusive, or for example, in a range of 0.5% by weight inclusive to 1.0% by weight inclusive. However, the present disclosure is not necessarily limited thereto, and the content of the surfactant may be appropriately adjusted depending on the type of each of the ion conductive resin and the surfactant as used.
According to specific examples of the present disclosure, when polybenzimidazole is used as the ion-conducting resin and the polyethylene film is selected as the porous membrane, the silicone-based nonionic organic surfactant may be selected as the surfactant.
The manufacturing method of the separator for the secondary battery according to the present disclosure may be performed without substantially increasing manufacturing costs, reducing efficiency, and/or reducing the performance of the resulting separator, which are problems known to occur when the surface of the porous membrane is made hydrophilic using other approaches.
Furthermore, due to the improved contact ability of the separator for the secondary battery in accordance with the present disclosure with the electrolyte, the electrode assembly using the separator for the secondary battery in accordance with the present disclosure may have improvement in the charging and discharging performance, thereby improving the performance of the secondary battery.
Hereinafter, an example of the present disclosure is described. However, the following example is merely an implementation of the present disclosure, and the present disclosure is not limited thereto.
m-PBI (poly[2,2-(m-phenylene)-5,5bibenzimidazole]) as the ion conductive resin, and “Silwet™ Hydrostable 212 Silicone Surfactant (available from Momentive)” as the surfactant were input to dimethyl acetamide (DMAC) as the solvent, and then were dissolved therein via stirring for 24 hours at a temperature of 160° C. and at an atmospheric pressure. Thus, a PBI solution of Present Example 1 with a PBI concentration of 12% by weight and a surfactant concentration of 5% by weight was prepared. Then, a polyethylene (PE) film (thickness: 20 μm) was impregnated with the PBI solution of Present Example 1, and then dried with hot air at a temperature of 50° ° C. for 2 minutes to obtain a separator with a thickness of 27 μm.
The separator was manufactured in the same manner as Present Example 1 above, except that the PBI solution was free of the surfactant.
A surfactant solution (Silwet concentration being 5% by weight) was prepared by mixing “Silwet™ Hydrostable 212 Silicone Surfactant (available from Momentive)” as the surfactant with the DMAc solvent, and then was applied to the separator manufactured in Comparative Example 1, and was dried at a temperature of 50° C. to obtain a separator with a thickness of 27 μm.
A polyethylene (PE) film (thickness: 20 μm) was prepared, and was not subjected to any treatment, and was used as a separator in Comparative Example 3.
A surfactant solution (Silwet concentration being 5% by weight) was prepared by mixing “Silwet™ Hydrostable 212 Silicone Surfactant (available from Momentive)” as the surfactant with the DMAc solvent, and then was applied to a polyethylene (PE) film (thickness: 20 μm) and then dried with hot air for 2 minutes at a temperature of 50° ° C. Thus, a separator with a thickness of 20 μm was obtained.
Two current collectors were manufactured, wherein each thereof was manufactured by stacking a carbon current collector (graphite composite, thickness: 0.2 mm) and a metal current collector (aluminum foil, thickness: 0.2 mm). The two current collectors were used as a positive electrode current collector and a negative electrode current collector, respectively. The separator manufactured in each of Present Example 1 and Comparative Examples 1 to 7 was used to manufacture a unit cell including a positive electrolyte receiving portion and a negative electrolyte receiving portion.
A V3.5+ electrolyte solution (available from Standard Energy) with a concentration of 1.7M was poured into each of the positive electrolyte receiving portion and the negative electrolyte receiving portion. Then, the cell was charged at a constant current of 1 C until the voltage reached 1.55 V, and then, the cell was discharged at a constant current of 1 C until the voltage reached 1.10 V. At this time, energy efficiency (EE) was calculated based on a following equation, and is shown in Table 1 below.
Energy Efficiency (EE)=(Discharge Energy (Wh)/Charge Energy (Wh))×100(%)
As may be identified in Table 1 above, Present Example 1 is characterized by manufacturing the separator by mixing the surfactant with the PBI solution to prepare the mixed solution and then impregnating the PE film with the mixed solution. It is identified that Present Example 1 has significantly improved energy efficiency compared to Comparative Example 1 in which no surfactant is mixed therewith.
Comparative Example 2 differs from Present Example 1 in that the separator is manufactured in the same way as in Comparative Example 1, and then the surfactant solution is additionally applied to the surface of the separator. The process efficiency of Comparative Example 2 is reduced because the number of film treatment times increases. Further, it is identified that EE of Comparative Example 2 is reduced compared to Present Example 1.
In Comparative Example 3, the bare PE film is used as the separator. In this case, the cell cannot be charged, thus making it impossible to evaluate the energy efficiency of the battery cell. In Comparative Example 4 in which the PE film is treated only with the surfactant and without the PBI, energy efficiency is significantly reduced compared to Present Example 1.
The separator was manufactured in the same manner as in Present Example 1, while the content (concentration) of the surfactant was varied as shown in Table 2 below. The energy efficiency (EE) (%) was calculated based on the above Equation, and was shown in the Table 2 below.
No. 1 in Table 2 is the same as Comparative Example 1, and No. 4 in Table 2 is the same as Present Example 1. It was experimentally identified that No. 4 in Table 2 had the highest energy efficiency. As the concentration of the surfactant changed, the value of the energy efficiency changed. When the surfactant concentration became 0.1% by weight or smaller or became 5.0% by weight, energy efficiency was greatly reduced.
In addition, as may be seen in Table 2, energy efficiency was good when the concentration of the surfactant was in a range of 0.1% by weight exclusive to 5.0% by weight exclusive. The energy efficiency was better when the concentration of the surfactant was in a range of 0.2 wt % to 4.0 wt %. The energy efficiency was much better when the concentration of the surfactant was in a range of 0.5 wt % to 2.0 wt %. The energy efficiency was the best when the concentration of the surfactant was in a range of 0.5 wt % to 1.0 wt %.
Although the embodiments of the present disclosure have been described in more detail with reference to the accompanying drawings, the present disclosure is not necessarily limited to these embodiments, and may be modified in a various manner within the scope of the technical spirit of the present disclosure. Accordingly, the embodiments as disclosed in the present disclosure are intended to describe rather than limit the technical idea of the present disclosure, and the scope of the technical idea of the present disclosure is not limited by these embodiments. Therefore, it should be understood that the embodiments described above are not restrictive but illustrative in all respects.
This application claims priority from U.S. Patent Provisional Application No. 63/386,463 filed on Dec. 7, 2023 in the United States Patent and Trademark Office, and all the benefits accruing therefrom under 35 U.S.C. 119, the contents of which in its entirety are herein incorporated by reference.
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 63386463 | Dec 2022 | US |
