Patent Grant
8080642
The present invention relates to a novel coronavirus (referred to herein as SARS-CoV) and to SARS-CoV vaccine compositions and methods of treating or preventing SARS-CoV infection and disease in mammals. SARS-CoV was discovered in March of 2003, in association with Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS), a newly emerging infectious disease of global importance.
The recognition of SARS has led to activation of a global response network, with resultant travel restrictions, major quarantine, and closure of health care facilities. As of May 14, 2003, 7628 cases and 587 deaths from SARS have been reported from 29 countries. Initial reports of an atypical pneumonia began to surface in November of 2002 from the Guangdong province of China. This early outbreak reportedly involved 305 people, many of whom were healthcare workers. On Feb. 21, 2003, a healthcare worker from Guangdong traveled to Hong Kong, where his pre-existing cold symptoms escalated and he was hospitalized for acute respiratory distress. From Hong Kong, the illness spread rapidly throughout Southeast Asia and to Canada from this one index case. Seven individuals can be linked to the index case through a stay on the ninth floor of the hotel he occupied during his first night in Hong Kong. Infected persons from three hospitals in the Hong Kong metropolitan area are traceable to this index case as well. The primary mode of transmission has been either person-to-person contact or droplet transmission. Two notable exceptions to this are the hotel in Hong Kong, where direct human contact cannot be established for all those infected, and the Amoy Garden apartment buildings where more than 221 residents have been infected. In the outbreak at the Amoy Garden apartments, an unknown environmental factor is suspected of playing a role in transmission.
The incubation period ranges on average between two and seven days. Onset of symptoms begins with a high fever associated with chills and rigors. Additional symptoms at onset may include headache, malaise, myalgia, mild respiratory symptoms and more rarely common cold symptoms such as sore throat and runny nose. After this initial three to seven day period, additional lower respiratory symptoms appear including dry, non-productive cough and dyspnea. Initial chest x-rays reveal small, unilateral, patchy shadowings that progress quickly to bilateral, diffuse infiltrates. Preliminary. Outbreak news: severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS). Wkly. Epidemiol. Rec., 2003: 81-88 (2003). The median duration of symptoms in a small epidemiologic study was 25.5 days. Tsang, K.W., et al. A cluster of cases of severe acute respiratory syndrome in Hong Kong, N. Engl. J. Med. (2003). The severity of illness can range widely from a mild illness to acute respiratory failure resulting in death. Patients with a significant co-morbidity, such as diabetes, or who are older, are more likely to suffer from a severe form of the disease. Questions remain as to why some patients become infected, while others who have intimate contact with infected individuals are spared. It does appear that patients are very contagious at the onset of symptoms. Studies from hospitals in Hong Kong and Hanoi have shown attack rates >56% among healthcare workers caring for SARS patients. It is unclear at this time whether individuals are contagious during the incubation phase.
Important Features of Coronaviruses
Coronaviruses are large, enveloped, positive-stranded RNA viruses, and they are known to elicit coincident diseases in animals and humans. Mature human coronavirus (HCoV) virions are approximately 100 nm-diameter enveloped particles exposing prominent spike (S), hemagglutinin-esterase (HE) (in some types of coronaviruses), envelope (E) and membrane (M) glycoproteins. Each particle contains an approximately 30 kilobase (kB) RNA genome complexed with an approximately 60 kilodalton (kD) nucleoprotein (N). Fields, B.N. VIROLOGY New York: Lippincott, Williams & Wilkins, (Fields, B.N., ed. 2001). All of the above references are herein incorporated by reference in their entireties.
The S proteins of HCoV's have two large domains, the variable S1 domain responsible for host cell binding, Breslin, J.J. et al. J Virol. 77: 4435-8 (2003), and the S2 domain containing a heptad coiled-coiled structure reminiscent of those involved in fusion in HIV and influenza. Yoo, D.W. et al. Virology 183: 91-8 (1991). The HCoV-229E, group I S protein appears to bind to the human aminopeptidase N glycoprotein, Yeager, C.L., et al. Nature 357: 420-2 (1992); Bonavia, A. et al. J. Virol. 77: 2530-8 (2003), whereas the HCoV-OC43 strain (HCoV-OC43, group II) may bind via sialic acid moieties. Vlasak, R. et al. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 85:4526-9 (1988). The genetic variability between strains of coronavirus has not been thoroughly evaluated, although only minor variability has been observed in the S protein in the small number of strains sequenced. Hays, J.P. and Myint, S.H. J. Virol. Methods 75: 179-93 (1998); Kunkel, F. and Herrler, G. Arch. Virol. 141: 1123-31 (1996). Most coronaviruses are not only species specific, but also somewhat tissue tropic. This tropism is mostly related to changes in the S protein. Sanchez, C.M. et al. J Virol. 73: 7607-18 (1999). Examples of such coronavirus tropism changes are the in vitro demonstration that tropism can be experimentally manipulated by genetically replacing a feline S protein with a mouse S protein, and the natural emergence of the porcine respiratory coronavirus (PRCoV) from the transmissible gastroenteritis virus of swine (TGEV) strain merely through a deletion of a region in the S protein. Haijema, B.J. et al. J. Virol. 77:4528-38 (2003); Page, K.W. et al. J. Gen. Virol. 72:579-87 (1991); Britton, P. et al. Virus Res. 21:181-98 (1991). All of the above references are herein incorporated by reference in their entireties.
The recently discovered novel coronavirus, SARS-CoV, appears to be a new member of the order Nidovirales. Concerted efforts by many laboratories worldwide has led to the rapid sequencing of various strains of SARS-CoV, including CUKH-Su10 (GenBank Accession No. AY282752), TOR2 (GenBank Accession No. AY274119 and NC.sub.-004781), BJ01 (GenBank Accession No. AY278488), CUHK-W1 (GenBank Accession No. AY278554), Urbani (GenBank Accession No. AY278741) and HKU-39849 (GenBank Accession No. AY278491). The Urbani strain of SARS-CoV, sequenced by the Centers for Disease Control in Atlanta, Ga., is a 29,727-nucleotide, polyadenylated RNA with a genomic organization that is typical of coronaviruses: 5′-replicase, spike (S), envelope (E), membrane (M)-3′. Rota et al., Science 300:1394-1399 (2003), (hereinafter “Rota et al.”). In addition, there are short untranslated regions at both termini, and open reading frames (ORFs) encoding non-structural proteins located between S and E, between M and N, or downstream of N. Rota et al. The hemagglutinin-esterase (HE) gene found in group 2 and some group 3 coronaviruses was not found in SARS-CoV. Rota et al. Sequencing of the Tor2 SARS-CoV strain by a collaboration of researchers in British Columbia, Canada, yielded a genomic sequence that differed from the Urbani SARS-CoV strain by eight nucleotide bases. Marra et al., Science 300:1399-1404 (2003), (hereinafter “Marra et al.”). A comparison of the HKU-39849 and CUHK-W1 SARS-CoV strains also differed from the Urbani sequence by 10 or fewer nucleotide bases. Rota et al. All of the above references are herein incorporated by reference in their entireties.
Phylogenetic analyses indicate that, based on the genetic distance between SARS-CoV and other known coronaviruses in all of their genetic regions, no large region of the SARS-CoV genome was derived from other known viruses, and that SARS forms a distinct group within the genus Cornavirus. Rota et al.; Marra et al. The analyses also showed greater sequence conservation among enzymatic proteins of SARS-CoV than among the S, N, M, and E structural proteins; and, while there were regions of amino acid conservation within each protein as between SARS-CoV and other coronaviruses, the overall similarity was low. Rota et al. All of the above references are herein incorporated by reference in their entireties.
A virus, almost identical to the human SARS-CoV virus, has been isolated from rare Chinese masked palm civet cats. This virus is believed to be identical to human SARS-CoV except for a 29 nucleotide deletion in the region encoding the N protein of the virus. Walgate, R. “Human SARS virus not identical to civet virus” The Scientist, May 27, 2003, incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.
Coronavirus Vaccine Candidates
Because SARS-CoV was so recently discovered, there are no vaccines against the virus. The approach to vaccine development can, however, be partially guided by the results of past studies in animals, of which three diseases have received the greatest attention. These are transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV) in swine, feline infectious peritonitis virus (FIPV), and avian infectious bronchitis virus (IBV). Of note, none of the vaccines, most of which have been attenuated vaccines, have proven to be highly efficacious except for inactivated IBV. Enjuanes, L. et al., Adv. Exp. Med. Biol. 380: 197-211 (1995). The FIPV vaccine is a live attenuated virus that has provided minimal efficacy in field trials, and the TGEV vaccine has also been problematic. Scott, F. W., Adv. Vet. Med. 41:347-58 (1999); Sestak, K. et al., Vet. Immunol. Immunopathol. 70:203-21 (1999). All of the above references are herein incorporated by reference in their entireties.
In the TGEV model, the major focus has been on neutralizing antibody directed at the S glycoprotein. Sestak, K. et al., Vet. Immunol. Immunopathol. 70: 203-21 (1999); Tuboly, T. et al. Vaccine 18: 2023-8 (2000); Shoup, D.I. et al. Am. J. Vet. Res. 58: 242-50 (1997). Protection has also been associated with antibodies in IBV and bovine coronavirus. Mondal, S. P. et al. Avian. Dis. 45:1054-9 (2001); Yoo, D.W. et al. Virology 180: 395-9 (1991). In fact, in most of the animal models, control of coronavirus infection can be due to antibodies reactive to the N-terminal region of the S protein. Gallagher, T.M. and Buchmeier, M.J. Virology 279: 371-4 (2001); Tuboly, T. et al. Arch. Virol. 137: 55-67 (1994). In one study of respiratory bovine coronavirus, antibody appearance to the S and N proteins was correlated with recovery. Lin, X.Q. et al. Arch. Virol. 145: 2335-49 (2000); Passive transfer studies have also been successful and demonstrated the value of humoral immune responses. Enjuanes, L. et al., Adv. Exp. Med. Biol. 380: 197-211 (1995); Spaan, W.J. Adv. Exp. Med. Biol. 276: 201-3 (1990). All of the above references are herein incorporated by reference in their entireties.
Cell-mediated immune responses have been most clearly detected in coronaviruses against the S, M and N proteins. Spencer, J.S. et al. Adv. Exp. Med. Biol. 380: 121-9 (1995); Collisson, E.W. et al. Dev. Comp. Immunol. 24: 187-200 (2000); Stohlman, S.A. et al. Virology 189: 217-24 (1992). In one study, the use of a DNA vaccine encoding the carboxyl terminus of the N gene of IBV, which induced cytotoxic T cell (CTL) activity, was able to decrease virus titers by 7 logs in target organs. Seo, S.H. et al. J. Virol. 71: 7889-94 (1997). Some protection was also noted in a DNA vaccine encoding the N protein in the Mouse Hepatitis Virus (MHV) model. Hayashi, M. et al. Adv. Exp. Med. Biol. 440:693-9 (1998). There is also some evidence that CTL may be involved in the control of MHV, and prevent the development of persistent infection and neuropathology. Pewe, L. and Perlman, S. Virology 255: 106-16 (1999); Pewe, L. et al. J. Virol. 71: 7640-7 (1997). All of the above references are herein incorporated by reference in their entireties.
A large number of coronavirus challenge studies have been conducted in humans by Tyrrell and colleagues, in which the subjects were inoculated intranasally and followed. Callow, K.A. et al. Epidemiol. Infect. 105: 435-46 (1990); Bende, M. et al. Acta Otolaryngol. 107: 262-9 (1989). Such challenge studies will clearly be impossible for the much more serious SARS-CoV virus. The presence of antibodies to the challenge strain did not prevent infection or disease, even in the face of rising neutralizing antibody titers. However, a second infection with similar strains led to decreased symptoms, revealing persistence of immunity against homologous challenge. Reed, S.E. J. Med. Virol. 13: 179-92 (1984). Also, the 2-4 year cyclical nature of the disease points to some persistence of immune response over time. Reed, S.E. J. Med. Virol. 13: 179-92 (1984); Hendley, J.O. et al. Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. 105: 805-11 (1972); Evans, A.S. and Kaslow, R.A. VIRAL INFECTIONS OF HUMANS. 4th ed. New York and London: Plenum Medical Book Company, (Evans, A.S. and Kaslow, R.A., eds., 1997). All of the above references are herein incorporated by reference in their entireties.
Heterologous “prime boost” strategies have been effective for enhancing immune responses and protection against numerous pathogens. Schneider et al., Immunol. Rev. 170:29-38 (1999); Robinson, H.L., Nat. Rev. Immunol. 2:239-50 (2002); Gonzalo, R.M. et al., Vaccine 20:1226-31 (2002); Tanghe, A., Infect. Immun. 69: 3041-7 (2001). Providing antigen in different forms in the prime and the boost injections appears to maximize the immune response to the antigen. DNA vaccine priming followed by boosting with protein in adjuvant or by viral vector delivery of DNA encoding antigen appears to be the most effective way of improving antigen specific antibody and CD4+ T-cell responses or CD8+ T-cell responses respectively. Shiver J.W. et al., Nature 415: 331-5 (2002); Gilbert, S.C. et al., Vaccine 20:1039-45 (2002); Billaut-Mulot, O. et al., Vaccine 19:95-102 (2000); Sin, J.I. et al., DNA Cell Biol. 18:771-9 (1999). Recent data from monkey vaccination studies suggests that adding CRL1005 poloxamer to DNA encoding the HIV gag antigen enhances T-cell responses when monkeys are vaccinated with an HIV gag DNA prime followed by a boost with an adenoviral vector expressing HIV gag (Ad5-gag). The cellular immune responses for a DNA/poloxamer prime followed by an Ad5-gag boost were greater than the responses induced with a DNA (without poloxamer) prime followed by Ad5-gag boost or for Ad5-gag only. Shiver, J.W. et al. Nature 415:331-5 (2002). U.S. Patent Appl. Publication No. US 2002/0165172 A1describes simultaneous administration of a vector construct encoding an immunogenic portion of an antigen and a protein comprising the said immunogenic portion of an antigen such that an immune response is generated. The document is limited to hepatitis B antigens and HIV antigens. Moreover, U.S. Pat. No. 6,500,432 is directed to methods of enhancing an immune response of nucleic acid vaccination by simultaneous administration of a polynucleotide and polypeptide of interest. According to the patent, simultaneous administration means administration of the polynucleotide and the polypeptide during the same immune response, preferably within 0-10 or 3-7 days of each other. The antigens contemplated by the patent include, among others, those of Hepatitis (all forms), HSV, HIV, CMV, EBV, RSV, VZV, HPV, polio, influenza, parasites (e.g., from the genus Plasmodium), pathogenic bacteria (including but not limited to M tuberculosis, M leprae, Chlamydia, Shigella, B. burgdorferi, enterotoxigenic E. coli, S. typhosa, H. pylori, V. cholerae, B. pertussis, etc.). All of the above references are herein incorporated by reference in their entireties.
The present invention is directed to compositions and methods for raising a detectable immune response in a vertebrate against the infectious agent transmitting Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS), by administering in vivo, into a tissue of a vertebrate, at least one polynucleotide comprising one or more nucleic acid fragments, wherein each nucleic acid fragment is a fragment of a coding region operably encoding a polypeptide, or a fragment, variant, or derivative thereof, or a fragment of a codon-optimized coding region operably encoding a polypeptide, or a fragment, variant, or derivative thereof, from a coronavirus which causes SARS (SARS-CoV). The present invention is also directed to administering in vivo, into a tissue of the vertebrate the above-described polynucleotide and at least one isolated SARS-CoV polypeptide, or a fragment, variant, or derivative thereof. The isolated SARS-CoV polypeptide or fragment, variant, or derivative thereof can be, for example, a recombinant protein, a purified subunit protein, a protein expressed and carried by a heterologous live or inactivated or attenuated viral vector expressing the protein. According to either method, the polynucleotide is incorporated into the cells of the vertebrate in vivo, and an amount of the SARS-CoV protein, or fragment or variant encoded by the polynucleotide sufficient to raise a detectable immune response is produced in vivo. The isolated protein or fragment, variant, or derivative thereof is also administered in an amount sufficient to raise a detectable immune response. The polynucleotide may be administered to the vertebrate either prior to, at the same time (simultaneously), or subsequent to the administration of the isolated SARS-CoV polypeptide or fragment, variant, or derivative thereof.
Also within the scope of the present invention are combinations of SARS-CoV polypeptides and polynucleotides that encode SARS-CoV polypeptides that assemble into virus-like particles (VLP). One such combination is, but is not limited to a combination of SARS-CoV S, M, and E polypeptides or fragments, variants, or derivatives thereof, and polynucleotides encoding SARS-CoV S, M, and E polypeptides or fragments, variants, or derivatives thereof.
In a specific embodiment, the invention provides polynucleotide (e.g., DNA) vaccines in which the single formulation comprises a SARS-CoV polypeptide-encoding polynucleotide vaccine as described herein. An alternative embodiment of the invention provides for a multivalent formulation comprising several (e.g., two, three, four, or more) SARS-CoV polypeptide-encoding polynucleotides, as described herein, within a single vaccine composition. The SARS-CoV polypeptide-encoding polynucleotides, fragments or variants thereof may be contained within a single expression vector (e.g., plasmid or viral vector) or may be contained within multiple expression vectors.
In a specific embodiment, the invention provides combinatorial polynucleotide (e.g., DNA) vaccines which combine both a polynucleotide vaccine and polypeptide (e.g., either a recombinant protein, a purified subunit protein, a viral vector expressing an isolated SARS-CoV polypeptide) vaccine in a single formulation. , The single formulation comprises a SARS-CoV polypeptide-encoding polynucleotide vaccine as described herein, and optionally, an effective amount of a desired isolated SARS-CoV polypeptide or fragment, variant, or derivative thereof. The polypeptide may exist in any form, for example, a recombinant protein, a purified subunit protein, or a viral vector expressing an isolated SARS-CoV polypeptide. The SARS-CoV polypeptide or fragment, variant, or derivative thereof encoded by the polynucleotide vaccine may be identical to the isolated SARS-CoV polypeptide or fragment, variant, or derivative thereof. Alternatively, the SARS-CoV polypeptide or fragment, variant, or derivative thereof encoded by the polynucleotide may be different from the isolated SARS-CoV polypeptide or fragment, variant, or derivative thereof.
The present invention further provides a method for generating, enhancing, or modulating a protective and/or therapeutic immune response to SARS-CoV in a vertebrate, comprising administering to a vertebrate in need of therapeutic and/or preventative immunity one or more of the compositions described herein.
The invention also provides for antibodies specifically reactive with SARS Co-V polypeptides which have been produced from an immune response elicited by the administration, to a vertebrate, of polynucleotide and polypeptides of the present invention.
In one embodiment, purified monoclonal antibodies or polyclonal antibodies containing the variable heavy and light sequences are used as therapeutic and prophylactic agents to treat or prevent SARS-CoV infection by passive antibody therapy. In general, this will comprise administering a therapeutically or prophylactically effective amount of the monoclonal antibodies to a susceptible vertebrate or one exhibiting SARS Co-V infection.
The present invention is directed to compositions and methods for raising a detectable immune response in a vertebrate against the infectious agent transmitting Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS), by administering in vivo, into a tissue of a vertebrate, at least one polynucleotide comprising one or more nucleic acid fragments, wherein each nucleic acid fragment is a fragment of a coding region operably encoding a polypeptide, or a fragment, variant, or derivative thereof, or a fragment of a codon-optimized coding region operably encoding a polypeptide, or a fragment, variant, or derivative thereof, from a coronavirus which causes SARS (SARS-CoV). The present invention is also directed to administering in vivo, into a tissue of the vertebrate the above-described polynucleotide and at least one isolated SARS-CoV polypeptide, or a fragment, variant, or derivative thereof. The isolated SARS-CoV polypeptide or fragment, variant, or derivative thereof can be, for example, a recombinant protein, a purified subunit protein, a protein expressed and carried by a heterologous live or inactivated or attenuated viral vector expressing the protein. According to either method, the polynucleotide is incorporated into the cells of the vertebrate in vivo, and an amount of the SARS-CoV protein, or fragment or variant encoded by the polynucleotide sufficient to raise a detectable immune response is produced in vivo. The isolated protein or fragment, variant, or derivative thereof is also administered in an amount sufficient to raise a detectable immune response. The polynucleotide may be administered to the vertebrate either prior to, at the same time (simultaneously), or subsequent to the administration of the isolated SARS-CoV polypeptide or fragment, variant, or derivative thereof.
In certain embodiments, the present invention provides for methods for raising a detectable immune response to polypeptides from a SARS-CoV virus, comprising administering to a vertebrate a polynucleotide which operably encodes a SARS-CoV polypeptide, wherein said polynucleotide is administered in an amount sufficient to elicit a detectable immune response to the encoded polypeptide.
The nucleotide and amino acid sequences of several SARS-CoV polypeptides have recently been determined. Several strains of human SARS-CoV (hSARS-CoV) have been sequenced. Sequences available on GenBank include the complete genomic sequences for SARS coronavirus strains CUKH-Su1, TOR2, BJ01, CUHK-W1, Urbani, and HKU-39849. SARS-CoV polypeptides from any of these strains are within the scope of the invention. Non-limiting examples of SARS-CoV polypeptides within the scope of the invention include the Spike (S), Nucleocapsid (N), Envelope (E), and Membrane glycoprotein (M) polypeptides, fragments, derivatives, (e.g., a TPA-S fusion), and variants thereof. As shown in Table 1 below, adapted from Rota et al., the various SARS-CoV strains that have been sequenced differ in various nucleotide base positions, some of which, as shown in Table 2 below, adapted from Marra et al., may result in a different amino acid residue. Thus, also within the scope of the invention are polypeptides that have different amino acids at those positions. The SARS-CoV polypeptide examples described below are from the Urbani strain of SARS-CoV, and are not meant to be limiting in terms of the scope of the invention.
From about nucleotide 21492 to about 25259 of the Urbani strain of the SARS-CoV genome encode the Spike (S) protein. (Bellini et al. SARS Coronavirus Urbani, complete genome. GenBank Accession No. AY278741.) The complete S protein is about 1255 amino acids in length (139.12 kDa) and is predicted, by analogy to other coronaviruses, to be a surface projection glycoprotein precursor. The S protein has several important biologic functions. Monoclonal antibodies against S can neutralize virus infectivity, consistent with the observation that S protein binds to cellular receptors. The S glycoprotein has several important biologic functions. Monoclonal antibodies against S can neutralize virus infectivity, consistent with the observation that S protein binds to cellular receptors. The S protein is encoded by the following polynucleotide sequence in the Urbani strain and is referred to herein as SEQ ID NO:22.
The S protein has the following amino acid sequence and is referred to herein as SEQ ID NO:23.
The S protein can be divided into three structural domains: a large external domain at the N-terminus, a transmembrane domain and a short carboxyterminal cytoplasmic domain. These domains within the S protein of SARS-CoV Urbani strain have been identified using the program TMHMM2.0. (Sonnhammer et al. Proc. Of 6th Int. Conf On Intelligent Systems for Molecular Biology. AAAI Press:175-182 (1998). Based on this algorithm, amino acids about 1 to about 1195 comprise an extracellular domain; amino acids about 1196 to about 1218 are part of a transmembrane domain; and amino acids about 1219 to about 1240 comprise the cytoplasmic domain. Removal of residues comprising the transmembrane domain and optionally, the cytoplasmic domain, results in a soluble protein that can be used in the compositions of the invention.
The large external domain of the S protein is further divided into two sub-domains, S1 and S2. The S1 sub-domain (amino acids about 1 to about 683) includes the N-terminal half of the molecule and forms the globular portion of the spikes. This region contains sequences that are responsible for binding to specific receptors on the membranes of susceptible cells. S1 sequences are variable, containing various degrees of deletion and substitutions in different coronavirus strains or isolates. Mutations in S1 sequences have been associated with altered antigenicity and pathogenicity of the virus. The receptor-binding domain of the S protein of murine hepatitis virus (MHV) is localized within the N-terminal 330 amino acids of the S1 domain. Consequently, the amino acid sequences of the S1 domain may determine the target cell specificity of coronaviruses in animals.
The S2 sub-domain comprises amino acids about 684 to about 1210 of the S protein. In coronaviruses, the S2 sub-domain of the S protein is usually acylated and contains two heptad repeat motifs. The motifs suggest that this portion of the S protein may assume a coiled-coil structure. The mature S protein forms an oligomer, which is most likely a trimer based on the spike proteins of other coronaviruses. Thus, the S2 subdomain probably constitutes the stalk of the viral spike.
Non limiting examples of nucleotide sequences encoding the S protein are as follows. It should be noted that S sequences vary between SARS-CoV strains. Virtually any nucleotide sequence encoding a SARS-CoV S protein is suitable for the present invention. In fact, S polynucleotide sequences included in vaccines and therapeutic formulations of the current invention may change from year to year, depending on the prevalent strain or strains of SARS-CoV.
From about nucleotide 21492 to about 25080 of the Urbani strain of the SARS-CoV genome encode a soluble extracellular portion of the S protein (Bellini et al. SARS Coronavirus Urbani, compete genome, Genbank accession number AY278741) and has the following sequence, referred to herein as SEQ ID NO: 1:
In a further embodiment the methods of the present invention provide for administering a polynucleotide which operably encodes a SARS-CoV S polypeptide, wherein said polynucleotide is 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% or 100% identical to SEQ ID NO:1, or a codon-optimized version as described below, and wherein said polynucleotide encodes a polypeptide that elicits a detectable immune response. The present invention is also directed to raising a detectable immune response with or without a wildtype or other secretory leader sequence as described below.
The amino acid sequence of the soluble S protein encoded by SEQ ID NO:1 has the following sequence shown below and is referred to herein as SEQ ID NO:2:
In a further embodiment the methods of the present invention provide for administering a polynucleotide which operably encodes a SARS-CoV S polypeptide comprising an amino acid sequence at least 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% or 100% identical to SEQ ID NO:2, wherein said polypeptide raises a detectable immune response. The present invention is also directed to raising a detectable immune response with or without a wildtype or other secretory leader sequence as described below.
A conserved protein domain program on the National Center for Biotechnology Information's web site (www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov) was used to predict domains within the SARS-CoV S protein. Two domains, S1 and S2, were predicted within the soluble portion of the S protein. The S1 domain spans from amino acids about 1 to about 683 of the S protein. The nucleotide sequence encoding the soluble S1 domain from SARS-CoV Urbani strain has the following sequence and is referred to herein as SEQ ID NO:3: TABLE-US-00007
In a further embodiment the methods of the present invention provide for administering a polynucleotide which operably encodes a SARS-CoV S1 polypeptide, wherein said polynucleotide is 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% or 100% identical to SEQ ID NO:3, or a codon-optimized version as described below, and wherein said polynucleotide encodes a polypeptide that elicits a detectable immune response. The present invention is also directed to raising a detectable immune response with or without a wildtype or other secretory leader sequence as described below.
The amino acid sequence of the soluble S1 protein encoded by SEQ ID NO:3 has the following sequence shown below and is referred to herein as SEQ ID NO:4:
In a further embodiment the methods of the present invention provide for administering a polynucleotide which operably encodes a SARS-CoV S1 polypeptide comprising an amino acid sequence at least 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100% identical to SEQ ID NO:4, wherein said polypeptide raises a detectable immune response. The present invention is also directed to raising a detectable immune response with or without a wildtype or other secretory leader sequence as described below.
The S2 domain spans from amino acids about 684 to about 1210 of the S protein. The nucleotide sequence encoding the soluble S2 domain from SARS-CoV Urbani strain has the following sequence and is referred to herein as SEQ ID NO:5:
In a further embodiment the methods of the present invention provide for administering a polynucleotide which operably encodes a SARS-CoV S2 polypeptide, wherein said polynucleotide is 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% or 100% identical to SEQ ID NO:5, or a codon-optimized version as described below, and wherein said polynucleotide encodes a polypeptide that elicits a detectable immune response. It should be noted that in order to achieve a polynucleotide “operably encoding” a SARS-CoV S2 polypeptide, at least a methionine codon (ATG) would need to be included, in frame, upstream of the polynucleotide presented herein as SEQ ID NO:5. An example of such a polynucleotide includes, but is not limited to the following, presented herein as SEQ ID NO:54.
The present invention is also directed to raising a detectable immune response with or without a wildtype or other secretory leader sequence as described below.
The amino acid sequence of the soluble S2 protein encoded by SEQ ID NO:5 has the following sequence shown below and is referred to herein as SEQ ID NO:6
The amino acid sequence of the soluble S2 protein encoded by SEQ ID NO:54 has the following sequence shown below and is referred to herein as SEQ ID NO:56
In a further embodiment the methods of the present invention provide for administering a polynucleotide which operably encodes a SARS-CoV S2 polypeptide comprising an amino acid sequence at least 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% or 100% identical to SEQ ID NO:6, wherein said polypeptide raises a detectable immune response. The present invention is also directed to raising a detectable immune response with or without a wildtype or other secretory leader sequence as described below.
In one embodiment, soluble S, soluble S1 and soluble S2, described herein, are encoded by a polynucleotide which contains the wild-type S secretory leader peptide sequence. The secretory leader peptide of the S protein in SARS-CoV Urbani strain comprises about the first 13 residues of the protein. Marra et al. The present invention is also directed to raising a detectable immune response with or without amino acids about 1 to about 10, about 1 to about 11, about 1 to about 12, about 1 to about 13, about 1 to about 14, about 1 to about 15, about 1 to about 16, about 1 to about 17, about 1 to about 18, about 1 to about 19, about 1 to about 20, about 1 to about 21, about 1 to about 22, about 1 to about 23, about 1 to about 24, and about 1 to about 25 of the secretory leader peptide sequence.
In an alternative embodiment, the secretory leader peptide of soluble S, soluble S1 and soluble S2 can be replaced by the secretory leader peptide of human Tissue Plasminogen Activator (TPA). The polynucleotide sequences encoding the various S polypeptides with the TPA secretory leader peptide are shown below.
In a further embodiment the methods of the present invention provide for administering a polynucleotide which operably encodes a SARS-CoV S, S1, or S2 polypeptide, wherein said polynucleotide is 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% or 100% identical to SEQ ID NOs:7, 9, or 11, or a codon-optimized version as described below, and wherein said polynucleotide encodes a polypeptide that elicits a detectable immune response.
The amino acid sequences of the soluble S protein, S1 and S2 proteins with the TPA secretory leader peptide are shown below.
In a further embodiment the methods of the present invention provide for administering a polynucleotide which operably encodes a SARS-CoV S, S1, or S2 polypeptide comprising an amino acid sequence at least 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% or 100% identical to SEQ ID NOs:8, 10, or 12, wherein said polypeptide raises a detectable immune response.
In a further embodiment, the present invention provides for methods for raising a a detectable immune response to the SARS-CoV polypeptides, comprising administering to a vertebrate a polynucleotide which operably encodes polypeptides, fragments, variants, or derivatives thereof as described above.
The S protein of some coronaviruses contain an Fcγ-like domain that binds immunoglobulin. Data from the FIPV immunization suggests that high levels of potentially neutralizing antibody may be bound by the Fc-mimicking region of the S protein. Scott, F. W. Adv. Vet. Med. 41: 347-58 (1999). Thus, modification or deletion of an Fcγ region of the SARS-CoV S protein may be useful in the compositions of the present invention.
The nucleocapsid protein (N) is encoded by about nucleotides 28120 through about 29388 of the Urbani strain of SARS-CoV. (Bellini et al. SARS Coronavirus Urbani, complete genome. GenBank Accession No. AY278741).
The protein is a phosphoprotein of 50 to 60 kd that interacts with viral genomic RNA to form the viral nucleocapsid. N has three relatively conserved structural domains, including an RNA-binding domain in the middle that binds to the leader sequence of viral RNA. N protein in the viral nucleocapsid further interacts with the membrane protein (M), leading to the formation of virus particles. N is also suggested to play a role in viral RNA synthesis, by a study in which an antibody directed against N inhibited an in vitro coronavirus RNA polymerase reaction. Marra et al. N protein also binds to cellular membranes and phospholipids, a property that may help to facilitate both virus assembly and formation of RNA replication complexes.
From about nucelotides 28120 to about 29388 of the Urbani strain of the SARS-CoV genome encode the N protein. (Bellini et al. SARS Coronavirus Urbani, complete genome. GenBank Accession No. AY278741) and has the following sequence, referred to herein as SEQ ID NO:13:
In a further embodiment the methods of the present invention provide for administering a polynucleotide which operably encodes a SARS-CoV N, polypeptide, wherein said polynucleotide is 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% or 100% identical to SEQ ID NO:13, or a codon-optimized version as described below, and wherein said polynucleotide encodes a polypeptide that elicits a detectable immune response.
The amino acid sequence of the N protein encoded by SEQ ID NO:13 has the following sequence shown below and is referred to herein as SEQ ID NO:14
In a further embodiment the methods of the present invention provide for administering a polynucleotide which operably encodes a SARS-CoV N polypeptide comprising an amino acid sequence at least 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% or 100% identical to SEQ ID NO:14, wherein said polypeptide raises a detectable immune response.
The N protein contains a nuclear localization sequence (NLS) which directs the protein to the nucleus infected cells or cells in which the protein is expressed. The sequence of the NLS is KTFPPTEPKKDKKKKTDEAQ (underlined above) and is referred to herein as SEQ ID NO:17. For purposes of the invention, the NLS may be deleted from the protein to obtain a non-nuclear localized version of the protein. The nucleotide sequence of an N protein lacking the NLS is referred to herein as SEQ ID NO:15 and is shown below.
In a further embodiment the methods of the present invention provide for administering a polynucleotide which operably encodes a SARS-CoV N, polypeptide, wherein said polynucleotide is 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% or 100% identical to SEQ ID NO:15, or a codon-optimized version as described below, and wherein said polynucleotide encodes a polypeptide that elicits a detectable immune response.
The amino acid sequence of the N protein without the NLS sequence is encoded by SEQ ID NO:15 has the following sequence shown below and is referred to herein as SEQ ID NO:16:
In a further embodiment the methods of the present invention provide for administering a polynucleotide which operably encodes a SARS-CoV N polypeptide comprising an amino acid sequence at least 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% or 100% identical to SEQ ID NO:16, wherein said polypeptide raises a detectable immune response.
The membrane glycoprotein (M) is encoded by about nucleotides 26398 to about 27063 of the Urbani strain of SARS-CoV. (Bellini et al. SARS Coronavirus Urbani, complete genome. GenBank Accession No. AY278741). The M protein differs from other coronavirus glycoproteins in that only a short amino terminal domain of M is exposed on the exterior of the viral envelope. This domain is followed by a triple-membrane-spanning domain, an α-helical domain, and a large carboxylterminal domain inside the viral envelope. In some coronaviruses, such as transmissible gastroenteritis coronavirus (TGEV), the carboxylterminus of the M protein is exposed on the virion surface. Glycosylation of the aminoterminal domain is O-linked for MHV and N-linked for infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) and TGEV. Monoclonal antibodies against the external domain of M neutralize viral infectivity, but only in the presence of complement. M proteins of some coronaviruses can induce interferon-α. The M proteins are targeted to the Golgi apparatus and not transported to the plasma membrane. In TGEV and MHV virions, the M glycoprotein is present not only in the viral envelope but also in the internal core structure. (Field's Virology, B. N. Fields, D. M. Knipe, P. M. Howley, R. M. Chanock, J. L. Melnick, T. P. Monath, B. Roizman, and S. E. Straus, eds., 4th Edition. Lippincott-Raven, Philadelphia, Pa.).
From about nucelotides 26398 to about 27063 of the Urbani strain of the SARS-CoV genome encode the M protein, Bellini et al. SARS Coronavirus Urbani, complete genome, GenBank Accession No. AY27874, and has the following sequence, referred to herein as SEQ ID NO:18:
In a further embodiment the methods of the present invention provide for administering a polynucleotide which operably encodes a SARS-CoV M, polypeptide, wherein said polynucleotide is 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% or 100% identical to SEQ ID NO:18, or a codon-optimized version as described below, and wherein said polynucleotide encodes a polypeptide that elicits a detectable immune response.
The amino acid sequence of the M protein encoded by SEQ ID NO:18 has the following sequence shown below and is referred to herein as SEQ ID NO:19:
In a further embodiment the methods of the present invention provide for administering a polynucleotide which operably encodes a SARS-CoV M polypeptide comprising an amino acid sequence at least 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% or 100% identical to SEQ ID NO:19 wherein said polypeptide raises a detectable immune response.
The small envelope protein (E) is encoded by about nucleotide 26117 to about 26347 of the Urbani strain of SARS-CoV (Bellini et al. SARS Coronavirus Urbani, complete genome, GenBank Accession No. AY278741), and has the following sequence, referred to herein as SEQ ID NO: 20:
In a further embodiment the methods of the present invention provide for administering a polynucleotide which operably encodes a SARS-CoV E, polypeptide, wherein said polynucleotide is 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%,. 99% or 100% identical to SEQ ID NO:20, or a codon-optimized version as described below, and wherein said polynucleotide encodes a polypeptide that elicits a detectable immune response
Based on protein comparisons with other coronaviruses, the SARS-CoV E protein shares conserved sequences with TGEV and MHV. For some coronaviruses, such as TGEV, the E protein is necessary for replication of the virus, while for others, such as MHV, loss of the E protein merely reduces virus replication without eliminating it completely. Marra et al. The protein sequence is shown below and referred to, herein as SEQ ID NO:21.
In a further embodiment the methods of the present invention provide for administering a polynucleotide which operably encodes a SARS-CoV E polypeptide comprising an amino acid sequence at least 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% or 100% identical to SEQ ID NO:21 wherein said polypeptide raises a detectable immune response.
It should be noted that nucleotide sequences encoding various SARS-CoV polypeptides may vary between SARS-CoV strains. Virtually any nucleotide sequence encoding a SARS-CoV protein is suitable for the present invention. In fact, polynucleotide sequences included in vaccines and therapeutic formulations of the current invention may change from year to year, depending on the prevalent strain or strains of SARS-CoV.
Further examples of SARS-CoV polypeptides within the scope of the invention are multimerized fragments of SARS-CoV polypeptides and polynucleotides that encode multimerized fragments of SARS-CoV polypeptides. The polypeptide fragments of the invention contain at least one antigenic region. The SARS-CoV polypeptide fragments are fused to small assembly polypeptides. Non-limiting examples within the scope of the invention include coiled-coiled structures such as: an amphipathic helix, the yeast CGN4 leucine zipper, the human p53 tetramerization domain, and synthetic coil polypeptides. The SARS-CoV and assembly peptide fusion proteins self-assemble into stable multimers forming dimers, trimers, tetramers, and higher order multimers depending on the interacting amino acid residues. These multimerized SARS-CoV polypeptide fragments have increased local epitope valency which functions to more efficiently activate B lymphocytes, thereby producing a more robust immune response. Also within the scope of the invention are multimerized SARS-CoV polypeptide fragments that maintain conformational neutralizing epitopes.
Also within the scope of the present invention are combinations of SARS-CoV polypeptides and polynucleotides that encode SARS-CoV polypeptides, where the polypeptides assemble into virus-like particles (VLP). One such combination is, but is not limited to a combination of SARS-CoV S, M, and E polypeptides or fragments, variants, or derivatives thereof, and polynucleotides encoding SARS-CoV S, M, and E polypeptides or fragments, variants, or derivatives thereof. Combinations of SARS-CoV polypeptides that form VLPs may be useful in enhancing immunogenicity of SARS-CoV polypeptides and in eliciting a detectable immune response to the SARS-CoV virus. Also within the scope of the present invention are methods of producing SARS-CoV VLPs in vitro by using protocols that are well known in the art. The production of VLPs may be performed in any tissue culture cell line that can tolerate expression of SARS-CoV polypeptide. Examples of cell lines include, but are not limited to, fungal cells, including yeast cells such as Saccharomyces spp. cells; insect cells such as Drosophila S2, Spodoptera Sf9 or Sf21 cells and Trichoplusa High-Five cells; other animal cells (particularly mammalian cells and human cells) such as Vero, MDCK, CV1, 3T3, CPAE, A10, Sp2/0-Ag14, PC12, CHO, COS, HeLa, Bowes melanoma cells, SW-13, NCI-H295, RT4, HT-1376, UM-UC-3, IM-9, KG-1, R54;11, A-172, U-87MG, BT-20, MCF-7, SK-BR-3, ChaGo K-1, CCD-14Br, CaSki, ME-180, FHC, HT-29, Caco-2, SW480, HuTu80, Tera 1, NTERA-2, AN3 CA, KLE, RL95-2, Caki-1, ACHN, 769 P, CCRF-CEM, Hut 78, MOLT 4, HL-60, Hep-3B, HepG2, SK-HEP1, A-549, NCI-H146, NCI-H82, NCI-H82, SK-LU-1, WI-38, MRC-5, HLF-a, CCD-19Lu, C39, Hs294T, SK-MEL5, COLO 829, U266B1, RPMI 2650, BeWo, JEG-3, JAR, SW 1353, MeKam, and SCC-4; and higher plant cells. Appropriate culture media and conditions for the above-described host cells are known in the art.
De Haan et al., J. Virol. 72: 6838-50 (1998), describe the assembly of coronavirus VLPs from the coexpression of mouse hepatitis virus M and E genes in eukaryotic cells. Bos et al., J. Virol. 71: 9427-33 describe the role of the S protein in infectivity of coronavirus VLPs produced by coexpression of mouse hepatitis virus S, M, and E proteins. These references are hereby incorporated by reference in their entireties.
In another embodiment, the VLP comprising SARS-CoV polypeptides S, M, and E provides a method for mimicking a SARS-CoV infection without the use of the actual infectious agent. In addtion, the VLP provides a method for eliciting a detectable immune response to multiple antigens in a confirmation similar to the actual virus particle thereby enhancing the immunogenicity of the SARS-CoV polypeptides.
The VLP's of the invention can be produced in vivo by delivery of S, M or E polynucleotides or polypeptides, described herein, to a vertebrate wherein assembly of the VLPs occurs with the cells of the vertebrate. In an alternative embodiment, VLPs of the invention can be produced in vitro in cells that have received the S, M, and E polynucleotides described herein and express said proteins. VLPs are then purified from the cells using techniques known in the art for coronavirus particle purification. These purified particles can then be administered to a vertebrate to elicit a detectable immune response or to study the pathogenesis of the SARS-CoV infection without the need of the actual infectious agent.
The combination of S, M and E to create virus like particles in the previous examples is not meant to be limiting. Other SARS-CoV polypeptides, which assemble into, or are engineered to assemble into virus like particles, may be used as well.
The present invention also provides vaccine compositions and methods for delivery of SARS-CoV coding sequences to a vertebrate. In other embodiments, the present invention provides vaccine compositions and methods for delivery of SARS-CoV coding sequences to a vertebrate with optimal expression and safety conferred through codon optimization and/or other manipulations. These vaccine compositions are prepared and administered in such a manner that the encoded gene products are optimally expressed in the vertebrate of interest. As a result, these compositions and methods are useful in stimulating an immune response against SARS-CoV infection. Also included in the invention are expression systems, delivery systems, and codon-optimized SARS-CoV coding regions.
In a specific embodiment, the invention provides polynucleotide (e.g., DNA) vaccines in which the single formulation comprises a SARS-CoV polypeptide-encoding polynucleotide vaccine as described herein. An alternative embodiment of the invention provides for a multivalent formulation comprising several (e.g., two, three, four, or more) SARS-CoV polypeptide-encoding polynucleotides, as described herein, within a single vaccine composition. The SARS-CoV polypeptide-encoding polynucleotides, fragments, or variants thereof may be contained within a single expression vector (e.g., plasmid or viral vector) or may be contained within multiple expression vectors.
In a specific embodiment, the invention provides combinatorial polynucleotide (e.g., DNA) vaccines which combine both a polynucleotide vaccine and polypeptide (e.g., either a recombinant protein, a purified subunit protein, a viral vector expressing an isolated SARS-CoV polypeptide) vaccine in a single formulation. The single formulation comprises a SARS-CoV polypeptide-encoding polynucleotide vaccine as described herein, and optionally, an effective amount of a desired isolated SARS-CoV polypeptide or fragment, variant, or derivative thereof. The polypeptide may exist in any form, for example, a recombinant protein, a purified subunit protein, or a viral vector expressing an isolated SARS-CoV polypeptide. The SARS-CoV polypeptide or fragment, variant, or derivative thereof encoded by the polynucleotide vaccine may be identical to the isolated SARS-CoV polypeptide or fragment, variant, or derivative thereof. Alternatively, the SARS-CoV polypeptide or fragment, variant, or derivative thereof encoded by the polynucleotide may be different from the isolated SARS-CoV polypeptide or fragment, variant, or derivative thereof.
It is to be noted that the term “a” or “an” entity refers to one or more of that entity; for example, “a polynucleotide,” is understood to represent one or more polynucleotides. As such, the terms “a” (or “an”), “one or more,” and “at least one” can be used interchangeably herein.
It is to be noted that the term “about” when referring to a polynucleotide, coding region or any nucleotide sequence, for example, is understood to represent plus or minus 1 to 30 nucleotides on either end of the defined coding region, polynucleotide or nucleotide sequence. It is to be noted that when referring to a polypeptide, or polypeptide sequence, that the term “about” is understood to represent plus or minus 1 to 10 amino acids on either end of the defined polypeptide or polypeptide sequence. It should be further noted that the term “about,” when referring to the quantity of a specific codon in a given codon-optimized coding region has a specific meaning, described in more detail below.
The term “polynucleotide” is intended to encompass a singular nucleic acid or nucleic acid fragment as well as plural nucleic acids or nucleic acid fragments, and refers to an isolated molecule or construct, e.g., a virus genome (e.g., a non-infectious viral genome), messenger RNA (mRNA), plasmid DNA (pDNA), or derivatives of pDNA (e.g., minicircles as described in Darquet, A-M et al., Gene Therapy 4:1341-1349 (1997)) comprising a polynucleotide. A nucleic acid or fragment thereof may be provided in linear (e.g., mRNA), circular (e.g., plasmid), or branched form as well as double-stranded or single-stranded forms. A polynucleotide may comprise a conventional phosphodiester bond or a non-conventional bond (e.g., an amide bond, such as found in peptide nucleic acids (PNA)).
The terms “nucleic acid” or “nucleic acid fragment” refer to any one or more nucleic acid segments, e.g., DNA or RNA fragments, present in a polynucleotide or construct.
As used herein, a “coding region” is a portion of nucleic acid which consists of codons translated into amino acids. Although a “stop codon” (TAG, TGA, or TAA) is not translated into an amino acid, it may be considered to be part of a coding region, but any flanking sequences, for example promoters, ribosome binding sites, transcriptional terminators, and the like, are not part of a coding region. Two or more nucleic acids or nucleic acid fragments of the present invention can be present in a single polynucleotide construct, e.g., on a single plasmid, or in separate polynucleotide constructs, e.g., on separate (different) plasmids. Furthermore, any nucleic acid or nucleic acid fragment may encode a single SARS-CoV polypeptide or fragment, derivative, or variant thereof, e.g., or may encode more than one polypeptide, e.g., a nucleic acid may encode two or more polypeptides. In addition, a nucleic acid may include a regulatory element such as a promoter, ribosome binding site, or a transcription terminator, or may encode heterologous coding regions fused to the SARS-CoV coding region, e.g., specialized elements or motifs, such as a secretory signal peptide or a heterologous functional domain.
The terms “fragment,” “variant,” “derivative,” and “analog,” when referring to SARS-CoV polypeptides of the present invention, include any polypeptides which retain at least some of the immunogenicity or antigenicity of the corresponding native polypeptide. Fragments of SARS-CoV polypeptides of the present invention include proteolytic fragments, deletion fragments, and in particular, fragments of SARS-CoV polypeptides which exhibit increased secretion from the cell or higher immunogenicity or reduced pathogenicity when delivered to an animal. Polypeptide fragments further include any portion of the polypeptide which comprises an antigenic or immunogenic epitope of the native polypeptide, including linear as well as three-dimensional epitopes. Variants of SARS-CoV polypeptides of the present invention include fragments as described above, and also polypeptides with altered amino acid sequences due to amino acid substitutions, deletions, or insertions. Variants may occur naturally, such as an allelic variant. By an “allelic variant” is intended alternate forms of a gene occupying a given locus on a chromosome or genome of an organism or virus. Genes II, Lewin, B., ed., John Wiley & Sons, New York (1985), which is incorporated herein by reference. Naturally or non-naturally occurring variations such as amino acid deletions, insertions or substitutions may occur. Non-naturally occurring variants may be produced using art-known mutagenesis techniques. Variant polypeptides may comprise conservative or non-conservative amino acid substitutions, deletions or additions. Derivatives of SARS-CoV polypeptides of the present invention, are polypeptides which have been altered so as to exhibit additional features not found on the native polypeptide. Examples include fusion proteins. An analog is another form of a SARS-CoV polypeptide of the present invention. An example is a proprotein which can be activated by cleavage of the proprotein to produce an active mature polypeptide.
The terms “infectious polynucleotide” or “infectious nucleic acid” are intended to encompass isolated viral polynucleotides and/or nucleic acids which are solely sufficient to mediate the synthesis of complete infectious virus particles upon uptake by permissive cells. Thus, “infectious nucleic acids” do not require pre-synthesized copies of any of the polypeptides it encodes, e.g., viral replicases, in order to initiate its replication cycle in a permissive host cell.
The terms “non-infectious polynucleotide” or “non-infectious nucleic acid” as defined herein are polynucleotides or nucleic acids which cannot, without additional added materials, e.g, polypeptides, mediate the synthesis of complete infectious virus particles upon uptake by permissive cells. An infectious polynucleotide or nucleic acid is not made “non-infectious” simply because it is taken up by a non-permissive cell. For example, an infectious viral polynucleotide from a virus with limited host range is infectious if it is capable of mediating the synthesis of complete infectious virus particles when taken up by cells derived from a permissive host (i.e., a host permissive for the virus itself). The fact that uptake by cells derived from a non-permissive host does not result in the synthesis of complete infectious virus particles does not make the nucleic acid “non-infectious.” In other words, the term is not qualified by the nature of the host cell, the tissue type, or the species taking up the polynucleotide or nucleic acid fragment.
In some cases, an isolated infectious polynucleotide or nucleic acid may produce fully-infectious virus particles in a host cell population which lacks receptors for the virus particles, i.e., is non-permissive for virus entry.
Thus viruses produced will not infect surrounding cells. However, if the supernatant containing the virus particles is transferred to cells which are permissive for the virus, infection will take place.
The terms “replicating polynucleotide” or “replicating nucleic acid” are meant to encompass those polynucleotides and/or nucleic acids which, upon being taken up by a permissive host cell, are capable of producing multiple, e.g., one or more copies of the same polynucleotide or nucleic acid. Infectious polynucleotides and nucleic acids are a subset of replicating polynucleotides and nucleic acids; the terms are not synonymous. For example, a defective virus genome lacking the genes for virus coat proteins may replicate, e.g., produce multiple copies of itself, but is NOT infectious because it is incapable of mediating the synthesis of complete infectious virus particles unless the coat proteins, or another nucleic acid encoding the coat proteins, are exogenously provided.
In certain embodiments, the polynucleotide, nucleic acid, or nucleic acid fragment is DNA. In the case of DNA, a polynucleotide comprising a nucleic acid which encodes a polypeptide normally also comprises a promoter and/or other transcription or translation control elements operably associated with the polypeptide-encoding nucleic acid fragment. An operable association is when a nucleic acid fragment encoding a gene product, e.g., a polypeptide, is associated with one or more regulatory sequences in such a way as to place expression of the gene product under the influence or control of the regulatory sequence(s). Two DNA fragments (such as a polypeptide-encoding nucleic acid fragment and a promoter associated with the 5′ end of the nucleic acid fragment) are “operably associated” if induction of promoter function results in the transcription of mRNA encoding the desired gene product and if the nature of the linkage between the two DNA fragments does not (1) result in the introduction of a frame-shift mutation, (2) interfere with the ability of the expression regulatory sequences to direct the expression of the gene product, or (3) interfere with the ability of the DNA template to be transcribed. Thus, a promoter region would be operably associated with a nucleic acid fragment encoding a polypeptide if the promoter were capable of effecting transcription of that nucleic acid fragment. The promoter may be a cell-specific promoter that directs substantial transcription of the DNA only in predetermined cells. Other transcription control elements, besides a promoter, for example enhancers, operators, repressors, and transcription termination signals, can be operably associated with the polynucleotide to direct cell-specific transcription. Suitable promoters and other transcription control regions are disclosed herein.
A variety of transcription control regions are known to those skilled in the art. These include, without limitation, transcription control regions which function in vertebrate cells, such as, but not limited to, promoter and enhancer segments from cytomegaloviruses (the immediate early promoter, in conjunction with intron-A), simian virus 40 (the early promoter), and retroviruses (such as Rous sarcoma virus). Other transcription control regions include those derived from vertebrate genes such as actin, heat shock protein, bovine growth hormone and rabbit β-globin, as well as other sequences capable of controlling gene expression in eukaryotic cells. Additional suitable transcription control regions include tissue-specific promoters and enhancers as well as lymphokine-inducible promoters (e.g. promoters inducible by interferons or interleukins).
Similarly, a variety of translation control elements are known to those of ordinary skill in the art. These include, but are not limited to ribosome binding sites, translation initiation and termination codons, elements from picomaviruses (particularly an internal ribosome entry site, or IRES, also referred to as a CITE sequence).
A DNA polynucleotide of the present invention may be a circular or linearized plasmid, or other linear DNA which may also be non-infectious and nonintegrating (i.e., does not integrate into the genome of vertebrate cells). A linearized plasmid is a plasmid that was previously circular but has been linearized, for example, by digestion with a restriction endonuclease. Linear DNA may be advantageous in certain situations as discussed, e.g., in Cherng, J. Y., et al., J. Control. Release 60:343-53 (1999), and Chen, Z. Y., et al. Mol. Ther. 3:403-10 (2001), both of which are incorporated herein by reference.
Alternatively, DNA virus genomes may be used to administer DNA polynucleotides into vertebrate cells. In certain embodiments, a DNA virus genome of the present invention is nonreplicative, noninfectious, and/or nonintegrating. Suitable DNA virus genomes include without limitation, herpesvirus genomes, adenovirus genomes, adeno-associated virus genomes, and poxvirus genomes. References citing methods for the in vivo introduction of non-infectious virus genomes to vertebrate tissues are well known to those of ordinary skill in the art, and are cited supra.
In other embodiments, a polynucleotide of the present invention is RNA, for example, in the form of messenger RNA (mRNA). Methods for introducing RNA sequences into vertebrate cells are described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,580,859, the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.
Polynucleotides, nucleic acids, and nucleic acid fragments of the present invention may be associated with additional nucleic acids which encode secretory or signal peptides, which direct the secretion of a polypeptide encoded by a nucleic acid fragment or polynucleotide of the present invention. According to the signal hypothesis, proteins secreted by mammalian cells have a signal peptide or secretory leader sequence which is cleaved from the mature protein once export of the growing protein chain across the rough endoplasmic reticulum has been initiated. Those of ordinary skill in the art are aware that polypeptides secreted by vertebrate cells generally have a signal peptide fused to the N-terminus of the polypeptide, which is cleaved from the complete or “full length” polypeptide to produce a secreted or “mature” form of the polypeptide. In certain embodiments, the native leader sequence is used, or a functional derivative of that sequence that retains the ability to direct the secretion of the polypeptide that is operably associated with it. Alternatively, a heterologous mammalian leader sequence, or a functional derivative thereof, may be used. For example, the wild-type leader sequence may be substituted with the leader sequence of human tissue plasminogen activator (TPA) or mouse β-glucuronidase.
In accordance with one aspect of the present invention, there is provided a polynucleotide construct, for example, a plasmid, comprising a nucleic acid fragment, where the nucleic acid fragment is a fragment of a coding region operably encoding an SARS-CoV-derived polypeptide. In accordance with another aspect of the present invention, there is provided a polynucleotide construct, for example, a plasmid, comprising a nucleic acid fragment, where the nucleic acid fragment is a fragment of a codon-optimized coding region operably encoding an SARS-CoV-derived polypeptide, where the coding region is optimized for expression in vertebrate cells, of a desired vertebrate species, e.g., humans, to be delivered to a vertebrate to be treated or immunized. Suitable SARS-CoV polypeptides, or fragments, variants, or derivatives thereof may be derived from, but are not limited to, the SARS-CoV S, Soluble S1, Soluble S2, N, E or M proteins. Additional SARS-CoV-derived coding sequences, e.g., coding for S, Soluble S1, Soluble S2, N, E or M, may also be included on the plasmid, or on a separate plasmid, and expressed, either using native SARS-CoV codons or one or more codons optimized for expression in the vertebrate to be treated or immunized. When such a plasmid encoding one or more optimized SARS-CoV sequences and/or one or more optimized SARS-CoV sequences is delivered, in vivo to a tissue of the vertebrate to be treated or immunized, one or more of the encoded gene products will be expressed, i.e., transcribed and translated. The level of expression of the gene product(s) will depend to a significant extent on the strength of the associated promoter and the presence and activation of an associated enhancer element, as well as the degree of optimization of the coding region.
As used herein, the term “plasmid” refers to a construct made up of genetic material (i.e., nucleic acids). Typically a plasmid contains an origin of replication which is functional in bacterial host cells, e.g., Escherichia coli, and selectable markers for detecting bacterial host cells comprising the plasmid. Plasmids of the present invention may include genetic elements as described herein arranged such that an inserted coding sequence can be transcribed and translated in eukaryotic cells. Also, the plasmid may include a sequence from a viral nucleic acid. However, such viral sequences normally are not sufficient to direct or allow the incorporation of the plasmid into a viral particle, and the plasmid is therefore a non-viral vector. In certain embodiments described herein, a plasmid is a closed circular DNA molecule.
The term “expression” refers to the biological production of a product encoded by a coding sequence. In most cases a DNA sequence, including the coding sequence, is transcribed to form a messenger-RNA (mRNA). The messenger-RNA is then translated to form a polypeptide product which has a relevant biological activity. Also, the process of expression may involve further processing steps to the RNA product of transcription, such as splicing to remove introns, and/or post-translational processing of a polypeptide product.
As used herein, the term “polypeptide” is intended to encompass a singular “polypeptide” as well as plural “polypeptides,” and comprises any chain or chains of two or more amino acids. Thus, as used herein, terms including, but not limited to “peptide,” “dipeptide,” “tripeptide,” “protein,” “amino acid chain,” or any other term used to refer to a chain or chains of two or more amino acids, are included in the definition of a “polypeptide,” and the term “polypeptide” may be used instead of, or interchangeably with any of these terms. The term further includes polypeptides which have undergone post-translational modifications, for example, glycosylation, acetylation, phosphorylation, amidation, derivatization by known protecting/blocking groups, proteolytic cleavage, or modification by non-naturally occurring amino acids.
Also included as polypeptides of the present invention are fragments, derivatives, analogs, or variants of the foregoing polypeptides, and any combination thereof. Polypeptides, and fragments, derivatives, analogs, or variants thereof of the present invention can be antigenic and immunogenic polypeptides related to SARS-CoV polypeptides, which are used to prevent or treat, i.e., cure, ameliorate, lessen the severity of, or prevent or reduce contagion of infectious disease caused by the SARS-CoV.
As used herein, an antigenic polypeptide or an immunogenic polypeptide is a polypeptide which, when introduced into a vertebrate, reacts with the vertebrate's immune system molecules, i.e., is antigenic, and/or induces an immune response in the vertebrate, i.e., is immunogenic. It is quite likely that an immunogenic polypeptide will also be antigenic, but an antigenic polypeptide, because of its size or conformation, may not necessarily be immunogenic. Examples of antigenic and immunogenic polypeptides of the present invention include, but are not limited to, e.g., S or fragments, derivatives, or variants thereof; N or fragments, derivatives, or variants thereof; E or fragments, derivatives, or variants thereof; M or fragments, derivatives, or variants thereof; other predicted ORF's within the sequence of the SARS-CoV viruses which may posses antigenic properties, for example, an ORF which may encode for the hemagglutinin-esterase or fragments, derivatives, or variants thereof; or any of the foregoing polypeptides or fragments, derivatives, or variants thereof fused to a heterologous polypeptide, for example, a hepatitis B core antigen. Isolated antigenic and immunogenic polypeptides of the present invention in addition to those encoded by polynucleotides of the invention, may be provided as a recombinant protein, a purified subunit, a viral vector expressing the protein, or may be provided in the form of an inactivated SARS-CoV vaccine, e.g., a live-attenuated virus vaccine, a heat-killed virus vaccine, etc.
By an “isolated” SARS-CoV polypeptide or a fragment, variant, or derivative thereof is intended a SARS-CoV polypeptide or protein that is not in its natural environment. No particular level of purification is required. For example, an isolated SARS-CoV polypeptide can be removed from its native or natural environment. Recombinantly produced SARS-CoV polypeptides and proteins expressed in host cells are considered isolated for purposed of the invention, as are native or recombinant SARS-CoV polypeptides which have been separated, fractionated, or partially or substantially purified by any suitable technique, including the separation of SARS-CoV virions from tissue samples or culture cells in which they have been propagated. In addition, an isolated. Thus, isolated SARS-CoV polypeptides and proteins can be provided as, for example, recombinant SARS-CoV polypeptides, a purified subunit of SARS-CoV, or a viral vector expressing an isolated SARS-CoV polypeptide.
The term “epitopes,” as used herein, refers to portions of a polypeptide having antigenic or immunogenic activity in a vertebrate, for example a human. An “immunogenic epitope,” as used herein, is defined as a portion of a protein that elicits an immune response in an animal, as determined by any method known in the art. The term “antigenic epitope,” as used herein, is defined as a portion of a protein to which an antibody or T-cell receptor can immunospecifically bind as determined by any method well known in the art. Immunospecific binding excludes non-specific binding but does not exclude cross-reactivity with other antigens. Where all immunogenic epitopes are antigenic, antigenic epitopes need not be immunogenic.
The term “immunogenic carrier” as used herein refers to a first polypeptide or fragment, variant, or derivative thereof which enhances the immunogenicity of a second polypeptide or fragment, variant, or derivative thereof. Typically, an “immunogenic carrier” is fused to or conjugated to the desired polypeptide or fragment thereof. An example of an “immunogenic carrier” is a recombinant hepatitis B core antigen expressing, as a surface epitope, an immunogenic epitope of interest. See, e.g., European Patent No. EP 0385610 B 1, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.
In the present invention, antigenic epitopes preferably contain a sequence of at least 4, at least 5, at least 6, at least 7, at least 8, at least 9, at least 10, at least 15, at least 20, at least 25, or between about 8 to about 30 amino acids contained within the amino acid sequence of a SARS-CoV polypeptide of the invention, e.g., an S polypeptide, an N polypeptide, an E polypeptide or an M polypeptide. Certain polypeptides comprising immunogenic or antigenic epitopes are at least 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 55, 60, 65, 70, 75, 80, 85, 90, 95, or 100 amino acid residues in length. Antigenic as well as immunogenic epitopes may be linear, i.e., be comprised of contiguous amino acids in a polypeptide, or may be three dimensional, i.e., where an epitope is comprised of non-contiguous amino acids which come together due to the secondary or tertiary structure of the polypeptide, thereby forming an epitope.
As to the selection of peptides or polypeptides bearing an antigenic epitope (e.g., that contain a region of a protein molecule to which an antibody or T cell receptor can bind), it is well known in that art that relatively short synthetic peptides that mimic part of a protein sequence are routinely capable of eliciting an antiserum that reacts with the partially mimicked protein. See, e.g., Sutcliffe, J. G., et al., Science 219:660-666 (1983).
Peptides capable of eliciting an immunogenic response are frequently represented in the primary sequence of a protein, can be characterized by a set of simple chemical rules, and are confined neither to immunodominant regions of intact proteins nor to the amino or carboxyl terminals. Peptides that are extremely hydrophobic and those of six or fewer residues generally are ineffective at inducing antibodies that bind to the mimicked protein; longer peptides, especially those containing proline residues, usually are effective. Sutcliffe et al., supra, at 661. For instance, 18 of 20 peptides designed according to these guidelines, containing 8-39 residues covering 75% of the sequence of the influenza virus hemagglutinin HA1 polypeptide chain, induced antibodies that reacted with the HA1 protein or intact virus; and 12/12 peptides from the MuLV polymerase and 18/18 from the rabies glycoprotein induced antibodies that precipitated the respective proteins.
Codon Optimization
“Codon optimization” is defined as modifying a nucleic acid sequence for enhanced expression in the cells of the vertebrate of interest, e.g., human, by replacing at least one, more than one, or a significant number, of codons of the native sequence with codons that are more frequently or most frequently used in the genes of that vertebrate. Various species exhibit particular biases for certain codons of a particular amino acid.
In one aspect, the present invention relates to polynucleotides comprising nucleic acid fragments of codon-optimized coding regions which encode SARS-CoV polypeptides, or fragments, variants, or derivatives thereof, with the codon usage adapted for optimized expression in the cells of a given vertebrate, e.g., humans. These polynucleotides are prepared by incorporating codons preferred for use in the genes of the vertebrate of interest into the DNA sequence. Also provided are polynucleotide expression constructs, vectors, and host cells comprising nucleic acid fragments of codon-optimized coding regions which encode SARS-CoV polypeptides, and fragments, variants, or derivatives thereof, and various methods of using the polynucleotide expression constructs, vectors, and/or host cells to treat or prevent SARS disease in a vertebrate.
As used herein the term “codon-optimized coding region” means a nucleic acid coding region that has been adapted for expression in the cells of a given vertebrate by replacing at least one, or more than one, or a significant number, of codons with one or more codons that are more frequently used in the genes of that vertebrate.
Deviations in the nucleotide sequence that comprise the codons encoding the amino acids of any polypeptide chain allow for variations in the sequence coding for the gene. Since each codon consists of three nucleotides, and the nucleotides comprising DNA are restricted to four specific bases, there are 64 possible combinations of nucleotides, 61 of which encode amino acids (the remaining three codons encode signals ending translation). The “genetic code,” which shows which codons encode which amino acids, is reproduced herein as Table 3. As a result, many amino acids are designated by more than one codon. For example, the amino acids alanine and proline are coded for by four triplets, serine and arginine by six triplets, whereas tryptophan and methionine are coded by just one triplet. This degeneracy allows for DNA base composition to vary over a wide range without altering the amino acid sequence of the proteins encoded by the DNA.
ATG Met (M)
Many organisms display a bias for use of particular codons to code for insertion of a particular amino acid in a growing peptide chain. Codon preference or codon bias, differences in codon usage between organisms, is afforded by degeneracy of the genetic code, and is well documented among many organisms. Codon bias often correlates with the efficiency of translation of messenger RNA (mRNA), which is in turn believed to be dependent on, inter alia, the properties of the codons being translated and the availability of particular transfer RNA (tRNA) molecules. The predominance of selected tRNAs in a cell is generally a reflection of the codons used most frequently in peptide synthesis. Accordingly, genes can be tailored for optimal gene expression in a given organism based on codon optimization.
Given the large number of gene sequences available for a wide variety of animal, plant and microbial species, it is possible to calculate the relative frequencies of codon usage. Codon usage tables are readily available, for example, at the “Codon Usage Database,” available at www.kazusa.or.jp/codon/ (visited Jul. 9, 2002), and these tables can be adapted in a number of ways. See Nakamura, Y., et al. “Codon usage tabulated from the international DNA sequence databases: status for the year 2000” Nucl. Acids Res. 28:292 (2000). As examples, the codon usage tables for human, mouse, domestic cat, and cow, calculated from GenBank Release 128.0 (15 Feb. 2002), are reproduced below as Tables 4-7. These tables use mRNA nomenclature, and so instead of thymine (T) which is found in DNA, the tables use uracil (U) which is found in RNA. The tables have been adapted so that frequencies are calculated for each amino acid, rather than for all 64 codons.
By utilizing these or similar tables, one of ordinary skill in the art can apply the frequencies to any given polypeptide sequence, and produce a nucleic acid fragment of a codon-optimized coding region which encodes the polypeptide, but which uses codons more optimal for a given species. Codon-optimized coding regions can be designed by various different methods.
In one method, termed “uniform optimization,” a codon usage table is used to find the single most frequent codon used for any given amino acid, and that codon is used each time that particular amino acid appears in the polypeptide sequence. For example, referring to Table 4 above, the most frequent codon for leucine in humans is CUG, which is used 41% of the time. Thus, all of the leucine residues in a given amino acid sequence would be assigned the codon CUG. A coding region for SARS-CoV soluble S protein (SEQ ID NO:1) optimized by the “uniform optimization” method is presented herein as SEQ ID NO:25.
In another method, termed “full-optimization,” the actual frequencies of the codons are distributed randomly throughout the coding region. Thus, using this method for optimization, if a hypothetical polypeptide sequence had 100 leucine residues, referring to Table 4 for frequency of usage in humans, about 7, or 7% of the leucine codons would be UUA, about 13, or 13% of the leucine codons would be UUG, about 13, or 13% of the leucine codons would be CUU, about 20, or 20% of the leucine codons would be CUC, about 7, or 7% of the leucine codons would be CUA, and about 41, or 41% of the leucine codons would be CUG. These frequencies would be distributed randomly throughout the leucine codons in the coding region encoding the hypothetical polypeptide. As will be understood by those of ordinary skill in the art, the distribution of codons in the sequence can vary significantly using this method, however, the sequence always encodes the same polypeptide.
As an example, a nucleotide sequence for soluble S (SEQ ID NO:1) fully optimized for human codon usage, is shown as SEQ ID NO:24.
In using the “full-optimization” method, an entire polypeptide sequence may be codon-optimized as described above. With respect to various desired fragments, variants, or derivatives of the complete polypeptide, the fragment, variant, or derivative may first be designed, and is then codon-optimized individually. Alternatively, a full-length polypeptide sequence is codon-optimized for a given species, resulting in a codon-optimized coding region encoding the entire polypeptide; then nucleic acid fragments of the codon-optimized coding region, which encode fragments, variants, and derivatives of the polypeptide, are made from the original codon-optimized coding region. As will be well understood by those of ordinary skill in the art, if codons have been randomly assigned to the full-length coding region based on their frequency of use in a given species, nucleic acid fragments encoding fragments, variants, and derivatives would not necessarily be fully codon-optimized for the given species. However, such sequences are still much closer to the codon usage of the desired species than the native codon usage. The advantage of this approach is that synthesizing codon-optimized nucleic acid fragments encoding each fragment, variant, and derivative of a given polypeptide, although routine, would be time consuming and would result in significant expense.
When using the “full-optimization” method, the term “about” is used precisely to account for fractional percentages of codon frequencies for a given amino acid. As used herein, “about” is defined as one amino acid more or one amino acid less than the value given. The whole number value of amino acids is rounded up if the fractional frequency of usage is 0.50 or greater, and is rounded down if the fractional frequency of use is 0.49 or less. Using again the example of the frequency of usage of leucine in human genes, for a hypothetical polypeptide having 62 leucine residues, the fractional frequency of codon usage would be calculated by multiplying 62 by the frequencies for the various codons. Thus, 7.28 percent of 62 equals 4.51 UUA codons, or “about 5,” ie., 4, 5, or 6 UUA codons, 12.66 percent of 62 equals 7.85 UUG codons or “about 8,” i.e., 7, 8, or 9 UUG codons, 12.87 percent of 62 equals 7.98 CUU codons, or “about 8,” i.e., 7, 8, or 9 CUU codons, 19.56 percent of 62 equals 12.13 CUC codons or “about 12,” i.e., 11, 12, or 13 CUC codons, 7.00 percent of 62 equals 4.34 CUA codons or “about 4,” i.e., 3, 4, or 5 CUA codons, and 40.62 percent of 62 equals 25.19 CUG codons, or “about 25,” i.e., 24, 25, or 26 CUG codons.
In a third method termed “minimal optimization,” coding regions are only partially optimized. For example, the invention includes a nucleic acid fragment of a codon-optimized coding region encoding a polypeptide in which at least about 1%, 2%, 3%, 4%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, or 100% of the codon positions have been codon-optimized for a given species. That is, they contain a codon that is preferentially used in the genes of a desired species, e.g., a vertebrate species, e.g., humans, in place of a codon that is normally used in the native nucleic acid sequence. Codons that are rarely found in the genes of the vertebrate of interest are changed to codons more commonly utilized in the coding regions of the vertebrate of interest.
Thus, those codons which are used more frequently in the SARS-CoV gene of interest than in genes of the vertebrate of interest are substituted with more frequently-used codons. The difference in frequency at which the SARS-CoV codons are substituted may vary based on a number factors as discussed below. For example, codons used at least twice more per thousand in SARS-CoV genes as compared to genes of the vertebrate of interest are substituted with the most frequently used codon for that amino acid in the vertebrate of interest. This ratio may be adjusted higher or lower depending on various factors such as those discussed below. Accordingly, a codon in a SARS-CoV native coding region would be substituted with a codon used more frequently for that amino acid in coding regions of the vertebrate of interest if the codon is used 1.1 times, 1.2 times, 1.3 times, 1.4 times, 1.5 times, 1.6 times, 1.7 times, 1.8 times, 1.9 times, 2.0 times, 2.1 times, 2.2 times, 2.3 times, 2.4 times, 2.5 times, 2.6 times, 2.7 times, 2.8 times, 2.9 times, 3.0 times, 3.1 times, 3.2 times, 3.3. times, 3.4 times, 3.5 times, 3.6 times. 3.7 times, 3.8 times, 3.9 times, 4.0 times, 4.1 times, 4.2 times, 4.3 times, 4.4 times, 4.5 times, 4.6 times, 4.7 times, 4.8 times, 4.9 times, 5.0 times, 5.5 times, 6.0 times, 6.5 times, 7.0 times, 7.5 times, 8.0 times, 8.5 times, 9.0 times, 9.5 times, 10.0 times, 10.5 times, 11.0 times, 11.5 times, 12.0 times, 12.5 times, 13.0 times, 13.5 times, 14.0 times, 14.5 times, 15.0 times, 15.5 times, 16.0 times, 16.5 times, 17.0 times, 17.5 times, 18.0 times, 18.5 times, 19.0 times, 19.5 times, 20 times, 21 times, 22 times, 23 times, 24 times, 25 times, or greater more frequently in SARS-CoV coding regions than in coding regions of the vertebrate of interest.
This minimal human codon optimization for highly variant codons has several advantages, which include but are not limited to the following examples. Since fewer changes are made to the nucleotide sequence of the gene of interest, fewer manipulations are required, which leads to reduced risk of introducing unwanted mutations and lower cost, as well as allowing the use of commercially available site-directed mutagenesis kits, and reducing the need for expensive oligonucleotide synthesis. Further, decreasing the number of changes in the nucleotide sequence decreases the potential of altering the secondary structure of the sequence, which can have a significant impact on gene expression in certain host cells. The introduction of undesirable restriction sites is also reduced, facilitating the subcloning of the genes of interest into the plasmid expression vector.
In a fourth method, termed “standardized optimization,” a Codon Usage Table (CUT) for the sequence to be optimized is generated and compared to the CUT for human genomic DNA (see, e.g., Table 8 below). Codons are identified for which there is a difference of at least 10 percentage points in codon usage between human and query DNA. When such a codon is found, all of the wild type codons for that amino acid are modified to conform to predominant human codon.
The codon usage frequencies for all established SARS-CoV open reading frames (ORFs) is compared to the codon usage frequencies for humans in Table 8 below.
The present invention provides isolated polynucleotides comprising codon-optimized coding regions of SARS-CoV polypeptides, e.g., S, S1, S2 N, E, or M, or fragments, variants, or derivatives thereof.
Additionally, a minimally codon-optimized nucleotide sequence can be designed by changing only certain codons found more frequently in SARS-CoV genes than in human genes. For example, if it is desired to substitute more frequently used codons in humans for those codons that occur at least 2 times more frequently in SARS-CoV genes.
In another form of minimal optimization, a Codon Usage Table (CUT) for the specific SARS-CoV sequence in question is generated and compared to the CUT for human genomic DNA. Amino acids are identified for which there is a difference of at least 10 percentage points in codon usage between human and SARS-CoV DNA (either more or less). Then, the wild type SARS-CoV codon is modified to conform to the predominant human codon for each such amino acid. Furthermore, the remainder of codons for that amino acid are also modified such that they conform to the predominant human codon for each such amino acid.
In certain embodiments described herein, a codon-optimized coding region encoding SEQ ID NO:2 is optimized according to codon usage in humans (Homo sapiens). Alternatively, a codon-optimized coding region encoding SEQ ID NO:2 may be optimized according to codon usage in any plant, animal, or microbial species. Codon-optimized coding regions encoding SEQ ID NO:2, optimized according to codon usage in humans are designed as follows. The amino acid composition of SEQ ID NO:2 is shown in Table 9.
Using the amino acid composition shown in Table 9, a human codon-optimized coding region which encodes SEQ ID NO:2 can be designed by any of the methods discussed herein. For “uniform” optimization, each amino acid is assigned the most frequent codon used in the human genome for that amino acid. According to this method, codons are assigned to the coding region encoding SEQ ID NO:2 as follows: the 81 phenylalanine codons are TTC, the 92 leucine codons are CTG, the 74 isoleucine codons are ATC, the 18 methionine codons are ATG, the 86 valine codons are GTG, the 91 serine codons are AGC, the 56 proline codons are CCC, the 96 threonine codons are ACC, the 81 alanine codons are GCC, the 52 tyrosine codons are TAC, the 14 histidine codons are CAC, the 55 glutamine codons are CAG, the 81 asparagine codons are AAC, the 56 lysine codons are AAG, the 70 aspartic acid codons are GAC, the 40 glutamic acid codons are GAG, the 30 cysteine codons are TGC, the 10 tryptophan codon is TGG, the 39 arginine codons are CGG, AGA, or AGG (the frequencies of usage of these three codons in the human genome are not significantly different), and the 74 glycine codons are GGC. The codon-optimized coding region designed by this method is presented herein as SEQ ID NO:25.
Alternatively, a human codon-optimized coding region which encodes SEQ ID NO:2 can be designed by the “full optimization” method, where each amino acid is assigned codons based on the frequency of usage in the human genome. These frequencies are shown in Table 4 above. Using this latter method, codons are assigned to the coding region encoding SEQ ID NO:2 as follows: about 37 of the 81 phenylalanine codons are TTT, and about 44 of the phenylalanine codons are TTC; about 7 of the 92 leucine codons are TTA, about 12 of the leucine codons are TTG, about 12 of the leucine codons are CTT, about 18 of the leucine codons are CTC, about 7 of the leucine codons are CTA, and about 36 of the leucine codons are CTG; about 26 of the 74 isoleucine codons are ATT, about 35 of the isoleucine codons are ATC, and about 13 of the isoleucine codons are ATA; the 18 methionine codons are ATG; about 15 of the 86 valine codons are GTT, about 40 of the valine codons are GTG, about 10 of the valine codons are GTA, and about 21 of the valine codons are GTC; about 17 of the 91 serine codons are TCT, about 20 of the serine codons are TCC, about 14 of the serine codons are TCA, about 5 of the serine codons are TCG, about 13 of the serine codons are AGT, and about 22 of the serine codons are AGC; about 16 of the 56 proline codons are CCT, about 18 of the proline codons are CCC, about 16 of the proline codons are CCA, and about 6 of the proline codons are CCG; about 23 of the 96 threonine codons are ACT, about 35 of the threonine codons are ACC, about 27 of the threonine codons are ACA, and about 11 of the threonine codons are ACG; about 21 of the 81 alanine codons are GCT, about 33 of the alanine codons are GCC, about 18 of the alanine codons are GCA, and about 9 of the alanine codons are GCG; about 23 of the 52 tyrosine codons are TAT and about 29 of the tyrosine codons are TAC; about 6 of the 14 histidine codons are CAT and about 8 of the histidine codons are CAC; about 14 of the 55 glutamine codons are CAA and about 41 of the glutamine codons are CAG; about 37 of the 81 asparagine codons are AAT and about 44 of the asparagine codons are AAC; about 24 of the 56 lysine codons are AAA and about 32 of the lysine codons are AAG; about 32 of the 70 aspartic acid codons are GAT and about 38 of the aspartic acid codons are GAC; about 17 of the 40 glutamic acid codons are GAA and about 23 of the glutamic acid codons are GAG; about 14 of the 30 cysteine codons are TGT and about 16 of the cysteine codons are TGC; the 10 tryptophan codons are TGG; about 3 of the 39 arginine codons are CGT, about 7 of the arginine codons are CGC, about 4 of the arginine codons are CGA, about 8 of the arginine codons are CGG, about 9 of the arginine codons are AGA, and about 8 of the arginine codons are AGG; and about 12 of the 74 glycine codons are GGT, about 25 of the glycine codons are GGC, about 19 of the glycine codons are GGA, and about 18 of the glycine codons are GGG.
As described above, the term “about” means that the number of amino acids encoded by a certain codon may be one more or one less than the number given. It would be understood by those of ordinary skill in the art that the total number of any amino acid in the polypeptide sequence must remain constant, therefore, if there is one “more” of one codon encoding a give amino acid, there would have to be one “less” of another codon encoding that same amino acid.
A representative “fully optimized” codon-optimized coding region encoding SEQ ID NO:2, optimized according to codon usage in humans is presented herein as SEQ ID NO:24.
Another representative codon-optimized coding region encoding SEQ ID NO:2 is presented herein as SEQ ID NO: 44.
A representative codon-optimized coding region encoding SEQ ID NO:2 according to the “standardized optimization” method is presented herein as SEQ ID NO: 67.
In certain embodiments described herein, a codon-optimized coding region encoding SEQ ID NO:4 is optimized according to codon usage in humans (Homo sapiens). Alternatively, a codon-optimized coding region encoding SEQ ID NO:4 may be optimized according to codon usage in any plant, animal, or microbial species. Codon-optimized coding regions encoding SEQ ID NO:4, optimized according to codon usage in humans are designed as follows. The amino acid composition of SEQ ID NO:4 is shown in Table 10.
Using the amino acid composition shown in Table 10, a human codon-optimized coding region which encodes SEQ ID NO:4 can be designed by any of the methods discussed herein. For “uniform” optimization, each amino acid is assigned the most frequent codon used in the human genome for that amino acid. According to this method, codons are assigned to the coding region encoding SEQ ID NO:4 as follows: the 53 phenylalanine codons are TTC, the 46 leucine codons are CTG, the 38 isoleucine codons are ATC, the 8 methionine codons are ATG, the 53 valine codons are GTG, the 56 serine codons are AGC, the 37 proline codons are CCC, the 58 threonine codons are ACC, the 38 alanine codons are GCC, the 35 tyrosine codons are TAC, the 9 histidine codons are CAC, the 21 glutamine codons are CAG, the 46 asparagine codons are AAC, the 31 lysine codons are AAG, the 44 aspartic acid codons are GAC, the 17 glutamic acid codons are GAG, the 20 cysteine codons are TGC; the 6 tryptophan codons are TGG, the 23 arginine codons are CGG, AGA, or AGG (the frequencies of usage of these three codons in the human genome are not significantly different), and the 44 glycine codons are GGC. The codon-optimized S1 coding region designed by this method is presented herein as SEQ I) NO:27.
Alternatively, a human codon-optimized coding region which encodes SEQ ID NO:4 can be designed by the “full optimization” method, where each amino acid is assigned codons based on the frequency of usage in the human genome. These frequencies are shown in Table 4 above. Using this latter method, codons are assigned to the coding region encoding SEQ ID NO:4 as follows: about 24 of the 53 phenylalanine codons are TTT, and about 29 of the phenylalanine codons are TTC; about 3 of the 46 leucine codons are TTA, about 6 of the leucine codons are TTG, about 6 of the leucine codons are CTT, about 9 of the leucine codons are CTC, about 4 of the leucine codons are CTA, and about 18 of the leucine codons are CTG; about 13 of the 38 isoleucine codons are ATT, about 18 of the isoleucine codons are ATC, and about 7 of the isoleucine codons are ATA; the 8 methionine codons are ATG; about 10 of the 53 valine codons are GTT, about 13 of the valine codons are GTC, about 5 of the valine codons are GTA, and about 25 of the valine codons are GTG; about 10 of the 56 serine codons are TCT, about 12 of the serine codons are TCC, about 8 of the serine codons are TCA, about 3 of the serine codons are TCG, about 9 of the serine codons are AGT, and about 14 of the serine codons are AGC; about 10 of the 37 proline codons are CCT, about 12 of the proline codons are CCC, about 11 of the proline codons are CCA, and about 4 of the proline codons are CCG; about 14 of the 58 threonine codons are ACT, about 21 of the threonine codons are ACC, about 16 of the threonine codons are ACA, and about 7 of the threonine codons are ACG; about 10 of the 38 alanine codons are GCT, about 15 of the alanine codons are GCC, about 9 of the alanine codons are GCA, and about 4 of the alanine codons are GCG; about 15 of the 35 tyrosine codons are TAT and about 20 of the tyrosine codons are TAC; about 4 of the 9 histidine codons are CAT and about 5 of the histidine codons are CAC; about 5 of the 21 glutamine codons are CAA and about 16 of the glutamine codons are CAG; about 21 of the 46 asparagine codons are AAT and about 25 of the asparagine codons are AAC; about 13 of the 31 lysine codons are AAA and about 18 of the lysine codons are AAG; about 20 of the 44 aspartic acid codons are GAT and about 24 of the aspartic acid codons are GAC; about 7 of the 17 glutamic acid codons are GAA and about 10 of the glutamic acid codons are GAG; about 9 of the 20 cysteine codons are TGT and about 11 of the cysteine codons are TGC; the 6 tryptophan codons are TGG; about 2 of the 23 arginine codons are CGT, about 4 of the arginine codons are CGC, about 3 of the arginine codons are CGA, about 5 of the arginine codons are CGG, about 4 of the arginine codons are AGA, and about 5 of the arginine codons are AGG; and about 7 of the 44 glycine codons are GGT, about 15 of the glycine codons are GGC, about 11 of the glycine codons are GGA, and about 11 of the glycine codons are GGG.
As described above, the term “about” means that the number of amino acids encoded by a certain codon may be one more or one less than the number given. It would be understood by those of ordinary skill in the art that the total number of any amino acid in the polypeptide sequence must remain constant, therefore, if there is one “more” of one codon encoding a give amino acid, there would have to be one “less” of another codon encoding that same amino acid.
A representative “fully optimized” codon-optimized coding region encoding SEQ ID NO:4, optimized according to codon usage in humans is presented herein as SEQ ID NO:26.
Another representative codon-optimized coding region encoding SEQ ID NO:4 is presented herein as SEQ ID NO:45.
A representative codon-optimized coding region encoding SEQ ID NO:4 according to the “standardized optimization” method is presented herein as SEQ ID NO: 68.
In certain embodiments described herein, a codon-optimized coding region encoding SEQ ID NO:6 is optimized according to codon usage in humans (Homo sapiens). Alternatively, a codon-optimized coding region encoding SEQ ID NO:6 may be optimized according to codon usage in any plant, animal, or microbial species. Codon-optimized coding regions encoding SEQ ID NO:6, optimized according to codon usage in humans are designed as follows. The amino acid composition of SEQ ID NO:6 is shown in Table 11.
Using the amino acid composition shown in Table 11, a human codon-optimized coding region which encodes SEQ ID NO:6 can be designed by any of the methods discussed herein. For “uniform” optimization, each amino acid is assigned the most frequent codon used in the human genome for that amino acid. According to this method, codons are assigned to the coding region encoding SEQ ID NO:6 as follows: the 28 phenylalanine codons are TTC, the 46 leucine codons are CTG, the 36 isoleucine codons are ATC, the 10 methionine codons are ATG, the 33 valine codons are GTG, the 35 serine codons are AGC, the 19 proline codons are CCC, the 38 threonine codons are ACC, the 43 alanine codons are GCC, the 17 tyrosine codons are TAC, the 5 histidine codons are CAC, the 34 glutamine codons are CAG, the 35 asparagine codons are AAC, the 25 lysine codons are AAG, the 26 aspartic acid codons are GAC, the 23 glutamic acid codons are GAG, the 10 cysteine codons are TGC, the 4 tryptophan codon is TGG, the 16 arginine codons are CGG, AGA, or AGG (the frequencies of usage of these three codons in the human genome are not significantly different), and the 30 glycine codons are GGC. The codon-optimized coding region designed by this method is presented herein as SEQ ID NO:29.
A codon-optimized coding region encoding SEQ ID NO:56 designed by this method is presented herein as SEQ ID NO:64.
Alternatively, a human codon-optimized coding region which encodes SEQ ID NO:6 can be designed by the “full optimization” method, where each amino acid is assigned codons based on the frequency of usage in the human genome. These frequencies are shown in Table 4 above. Using this latter method, codons are assigned to the coding region encoding SEQ ID NO:6 as follows: about 13 of the 28 phenylalanine codons are TTT, and about 15 of the phenylalanine codons are TTC; about 3 of the 46 leucine codons are TTA, about 6 of the leucine codons are TTG, about 6 of the leucine codons are CTT, about 9 of the leucine codons are CTC, about 4 of the leucine codons are CTA, and about 18 of the leucine codons are CTG; about 13 of the 36 isoleucine codons are ATT, about 17 of the isoleucine codons are ATC, and about 6 of the isoleucine codons are ATA; the 10 methionine codons are ATG; about 6 of the 33 valine codons are GTT, about 15 of the valine codons are GTG, about 4 of the valine codons are GTA, and about 8 of the valine codons are GTC; about 6 of the 35 serine codons are TCT, about 8 of the serine codons are TCC, about 5 of the serine codons are TCA, about 2 of the serine codons are TCG, about 6 of the serine codons are AGT, and about 8 of the serine codons are AGC; about 5 of the 19 proline codons are CCT, about 6 of the proline codons are CCC, about 6 of the proline codons are CCA, and about 2 of the proline codons are CCG; about 9 of the 38 threonine codons are ACT, about 14 of the threonine codons are ACC, about 11 of the threonine codons are ACA, and about 4 of the threonine codons are ACG; about 11 of the 43 alanine codons are GCT, about 17 of the alanine codons are GCC, about 10 of the alanine codons are GCA, and about 5 of the alanine codons are GCG; about 7 of the 17 tyrosine codons are TAT and about 10 of the tyrosine codons are TAC; about 2 of the 5 histidine codons are CAT and about 3 of the histidine codons are CAC; about 9 of the 34 glutamine codons are CAA and about 25 of the glutarnine codons are CAG; about 16 of the 35 asparagine codons are AAT and about 19 of the asparagine codons are AAC; about 11 of the 25 lysine codons are AAA and about 14 of the lysine codons are AAG; about 12 of the 26 aspartic acid codons are GAT and about 14 of the aspartic acid codons are GAC; about 10 of the 23 glutamic acid codons are GAA and about 13 of the glutarnic acid codons are GAG; about 5 of the 10 cysteine codons are TGT and about 5 of the cysteine codons are TGC; the 4 tryptophan codons are TGG; about 1 of the 16 arginine codons is CGT, about 3 of the arginine codons are CGC, about 2 of the arginine codons are CGA, about 3 of the arginine codons are CGG, about 4 of the arginine codons are AGA, and about 3 of the arginine codons are AGG; and about 5 of the 30 glycine codons are GGT, about 10 of the glycine codons are GGC, about 8 of the glycine codons are GGA, and about 7 of the glycine codons are GGG.
As described above, the term “about” means that the number of amino acids encoded by a certain codon may be one more or one less than the number given. It would be understood by those of ordinary skill in the art that the total number of any amino acid in the polypeptide sequence must remain constant, therefore, if there is one “more” of one codon encoding a give amino acid, there would have to be one “less” of another codon encoding that same amino acid.
A representative “fully optimized” codon-optimized coding region encoding SEQ ID NO:6, optimized according to codon usage in humans is presented herein as SEQ ID NO:28.
A representative “fully optimized” codon-optimized coding region encoding SEQ ID NO:56, optimized according to codon usage in humans is presented herein as SEQ ID NO:65.
Another representative codon-optimized coding region encoding SEQ ID NO:6 is presented herein as SEQ ID NO:46.
Another representative codon-optimized coding region encoding SEQ ID NO:56 is presented herein as SEQ ID NO:66.
In certain embodiments, a codon-optimized coding region encoding the full-length SARS-CoV spike protein (SEQ ID NO:23) is optimized according to any plant, animal, or microbial species, including humans. A codon-optimized coding region encoding SEQ ID NO:23 was first established using the “uniform” optimization protocol described above. However, certain additional adjustments to the sequence were carried out in order to eliminate, for example, newly opened reading frames being created on the opposite strand, splice acceptors, stretches of identical bases, or unwanted restriction enzyme sites. Making such adjustments is well within the capabilities of a person of ordinary skill in the art.
A codon-optimized coding region encoding SEQ ID NO:23 is conveniently synthesized as smaller fragments, which are then spliced together using restriction enzyme sites engineered into the sequence fragments. Examples of fragments of codon-optimized coding regions encoding SEQ ID NO:23 are as follows.
SEQ ID NO:57 has the following sequence:
Nucleotides 7 to 1242 of SEQ ID NO:57 encode amino acids 1 to 412 of SEQ ID NO:23, with the exception that amino acid 2 (Phenylalanine, (F)) of SEQ ID NO:23 is replaced with valine (V). The translation product of nucleotides 7 to 1242 of SEQ ID NO:57 is presented herein as SEQ ID NO:58.
Nucleotides 1 to 6 of SEQ ID NO:57, GTCGAC, is a recognition site for the restriction enzyme Sal I. Nucleotides 1237 to 1242 of SEQ ID NO:57, AAGCTT, is a recognition site for the restriction enzyme Hind III.
SEQ ID NO:59 has the following sequence:
Nucleotides 1 to 1431 of SEQ ID NO:59 encode amino acids 411 to 887 of SEQ ID NO:23. Nucleotides 1 to 6 of SEQ ID NO:59, AAGCTT, is a recognition site for the restriction enzyrne Hind III. Nucleotides 1237 to 1242 of SEQ ID NO:59, ACCGGT, is a recognition site for the restriction enzymes Age I and PinA I.
SEQ ID NO:60 has the following sequence:
Nucleotides 3 to 1109 of SEQ ID NO:60 encode amino acids 887 to 1255 of SEQ ID NO:23. Nucleotides 1 to 6 of SEQ ID NO:60, ACCGGT, is a recognition site for the restriction enzymes Age I and PinA I. Nucleotides 1113 to 1118 of SEQ ID NO:59, AGATCT, is a recognition site for the restriction enzyme Bgl II.
SEQ ID NOs 57, 59, and 60 are then spliced together using the restriction enzyme sites described above to produce a codon-optimized coding region encoding SEQ ID NO:23 in its entirety, with the exception that amino acid 2 (Phenylalanine, (F)) of SEQ ID NO:23 is replaced with valine (V). The spliced sequence is presented herein as SEQ ID NO:61.
The translation product of nucleotides 7 to 3771 of SEQ ID NO:61 is presented herein as SEQ ID NO:62
In certain embodiments described herein, a codon-optimized coding region encoding SEQ ID NO:8 is optimized according to codon usage in humans (Homo sapiens). Alternatively, a codon-optimized coding region encoding SEQ ID NO:8 may be optimized according to codon usage in any plant, animal, or microbial species. Codon-optimized coding regions encoding SEQ ID NO:8, optimized according to codon usage in humans are designed as follows. The amino acid composition of SEQ ID NO:8 is shown in Table 12.
Using the amino acid composition shown in Table 12, a human codon-optimized coding region which encodes SEQ ID NO:8 can be designed by any of the methods discussed herein. For “uniform” optimization, each amino acid is assigned the most frequent codon used in the human genome for that amino acid. According to this method, codons are assigned to the coding region encoding SEQ ID NO:8 as follows: the 79 phenylalanine codons are TTC, the 92 leucine codons are CTG, the 73 isoleucine codons are ATC, the 19 methionine codons are ATG, the 89 valine codons are GTG, the 93 serine codons are AGC, the 57 proline codons are CCC, the 94 threonine codons are ACC, the 84 alanine codons are GCC, the 52 tyrosine codons are TAC, the 14 histidine codons are CAC, the 55 glutamine codons are CAG, the 81 asparagine codons are AAC, the 57 lysine codons are AAG, the 71 aspartic acid codons are GAC, the 40 glutamic acid codons are GAG, the 33 cysteine codons are TGC, the 10 tryptophan codon is TGG, the 41 arginine codons are CGG, AGA, or AGG (the frequencies of usage of these three codons in the human genome are not significantly different), and the 77 glycine codons are GGC. The codon-optimized coding region designed by this method is presented herein as SEQ ID NO:31.
Alternatively, a human codon-optimized coding region which encodes SEQ ID NO:8 can be designed by the “full optimization” method, where each amino acid is assigned codons based on the frequency of usage in the human genome. These frequencies are shown in Table 4 above. Using this latter method, codons are assigned to the coding region encoding SEQ ID NO:8 as follows: about 36 of the 79 phenylalanine codons are TTT, and about 43 of the phenylalanine codons are TTC; about 7 of the 92 leucine codons are TTA, about 12 of the leucine codons are TTG, about 12 of the leucine codons are CTT, about 18 of the leucine codons are CTC, about 7 of the leucine codons are CTA, and about 36 of the leucine codons are CTG; about 26 of the 73 isoleucine codons are ATT, about 35 of the isoleucine codons are ATC, and about 12 of the isoleucine codons are ATA; the 19 methionine codons are ATG; about 16 of the 89 valine codons are GTT, about 41 of the valine codons are GTG, about 11 of the valine codons are GTA, and about 21 of the valine codons are GTC; about 17 of the 93 serine codons are TCT, about 20 of the serine codons are TCC, about 14 of the serine codons are TCA, about 5 of the serine codons are TCG, about 15 of the serine codons are AGT, and about 22 of the serine codons are AGC; about 16 of the 57 proline codons are CCT, about 19 of the proline codons are CCC, about 16 of the proline codons are CCA, and about 6 of the proline codons are CCG; about 23 of the 94 threonine codons are ACT, about 34 of the threonine codons are ACC, about 26 of the threonine codons are ACA, and about 11 of the threonine codons are ACG; about 22 of the 84 alanine codons are GCT, about 34 of the alanine codons are GCC, about 19 of the alanine codons are GCA, and about 9 of the alanine codons are GCG; about 23 of the 52 tyrosine codons are TAT and about 29 of the tyrosine codons are TAC; about 6 of the 14 histidine codons are CAT and about 8 of the histidine codons are CAC; about 14 of the 55 glutamine codons are CAA and about 41 of the glutamine codons are CAG; about 37 of the 81 asparagine codons are AAT and about 44 of the asparagine codons are AAC; about 24 of the 57 lysine codons are AAA and about 33 of the lysine codons are AAG; about 33 of the 71 aspartic acid codons are GAT and about 38 of the aspartic acid codons are GAC; about 17 of the 40 glutamic acid codons are GAA and about 23 of the glutamic acid codons are GAG; about 15 of the 33 cysteine codons are TGT and about 18 of the cysteine codons are TGC; the 10 tryptophan codons are TGG; about 3 of the 41 arginine codons are CGT, about 8 of the arginine codons are CGC, about 5 of the arginine codons are CGA, about 8 of the arginine codons are CGG, about 9 of the arginine codons are AGA, and about 8 of the arginine codons are AGG; and about 13 of the 77 glycine codons are GGT, about 26 of the glycine codons are GGC, about 19 of the glycine codons are GGA, and about 19 of the glycine codons are GGG.
As described above, the term “about” means that the number of amino acids encoded by a certain codon may be one more or one less than the number given. It would be understood by those of ordinary skill in the art that the total number of any amino acid in the polypeptide sequence must remain constant, therefore, if there is one “more” of one codon encoding a give amino acid, there would have to be one “less” of another codon encoding that same amino acid.
A representative “fully optimized” codon-optimized coding region encoding SEQ ID NO:8, optimized according to codon usage in humans is presented herein as SEQ ID NO:30.
In certain embodiments described herein, a codon-optimized coding region encoding SEQ ID NO:10 is optimized according to codon usage in humans (Homo sapiens). Alternatively, a codon-optimized coding region encoding SEQ ID NO:10 may be optimized according to codon usage in any plant, animal, or microbial species. Codon-optimized coding regions encoding SEQ ID NO:10, optimized according to codon usage in humans are designed as follows. The amino acid composition of SEQ ID NO:10 is shown in Table 13.
Using the amino acid composition shown in Table 13, a human codon-optimized coding region which encodes SEQ ID NO:10 can be designed by any of the methods discussed herein. For “uniform” optimization, each amino acid is assigned the most frequent codon used in the human genome for that amino acid. According to this method, codons are assigned to the coding region encoding SEQ ID NO:10 as follows: the 51 phenylalanine codons are TTC, the 46 leucine codons are CTG, the 37 isoleucine codons are ATC, the 9 methionine codons are ATG, the 56 valine codons are GTG, the 58 serine codons are AGC, the 38 proline codons are CCC, the 56 threonine codons are ACC, the 41 alanine codons are GCC, the 35 tyrosine codons are TAC, the 9 histidine codons are CAC, the 21 glutamine codons are CAG, the 46 asparagine codons are AAC, the 32 lysine codons are AAG, the 45 aspartic acid codons are GAC, the 17 glutamic acid codons are GAG, the 23 cysteine codons are TGC, the 6 tryptophan codons are TGG, the 25 arginine codons are CGG, AGA, or AGG (the frequencies of usage of these three codons in the human genome are not significantly different), and the 47 glycine codons are GGC. The codon-optimized coding region designed by this method is presented herein as SEQ ID NO:33.
Alternatively, a human codon-optimized coding region which encodes SEQ ID NO:10 can be designed by the “full optimization” method, where each amino acid is assigned codons based on the frequency of usage in the human genome. These frequencies are shown in Table 4 above. Using this latter method, codons are assigned to the coding region encoding SEQ ID NO:10 as follows: about 23 of the 51 phenylalanine codons are TTT, and about 28 of the phenylalanine codons are TTC; about 3 of the 46 leucine codons are TTA, about 6 of the leucine codons are TTG, about 6 of the leucine codons are CTT, about 9 of the leucine codons are CTC, about 4 of the leucine codons are CTA, and about 18 of the leucine codons are CTG; about 13 of the 37 isoleucine codons are ATT, about 18 of the isoleucine codons are ATC, and about 6 of the isoleucine codons are ATA; the 9 methionine codons are ATG; about 10 of the 56 valine codons are GTT, about 26 of the valine codons are GTG, about 7 of the valine codons are GTA, and about 13 of the valine codons are GTC; about 11 of the 58 serine codons are TCT, about 13 of the serine codons are TCC, about 9 of the serine codons are TCA, about 3 of the serine codons are TCG, about 8 of the serine codons are AGT, and about 14 of the serine codons are AGC; about 11 of the 38 proline codons are CCT, about 13 of the proline codons are CCC, about 10 of the proline codons are CCA, and about 4 of the proline codons are CCG; about 14 of the 56 threonine codons are ACT, about 20 of the threonine codons are ACC, about 16 of the threonine codons are ACA, and about 6 of the threonine codons are ACG; about 11 of the 41 alanine codons are GCT, about 16 of the alanine codons are GCC, about 10 of the alanine codons are GCA, and about 4 of the alanine codons are GCG; about 15 of the 35 tyrosine codons are TAT and about 20 of the tyrosine codons are TAC; about 4 of the 9 histidine codons are CAT and about 5 of the histidine codons are CAC; about 5 of the 21 glutamine codons are CAA and about 16 of the glutarnine codons are CAG; about 21 of the 46 asparagine codons are AAT and about 25 of the asparagine codons are AAC; about 14 of the 32 lysine codons are AAA and about 18 of the lysine codons are AAG; about 21 of the 45 aspartic acid codons are GAT and about 24 of the aspartic acid codons are GAC; about 7 of the 17 glutamic acid codons are GAA and about 10 of the glutarnic acid codons are GAG; about 10 of the 23 cysteine codons are TGT and about 13 of the cysteine codons are TGC; the 6 tryptophan codons are TGG; about 2 of the 25 arginine codons are CGT, about 5 of the arginine codons are CGC, about 3 of the arginine codons are CGA, about 5 of the arginine codons are CGG, about 5 of the arginine codons are AGA, and about 5 of the arginine codons are AGG; and about 8 of the 47 glycine codons are GGT, about 16 of the glycine codons are GGC, about 11 of the glycine codons are GGA, and about 12 of the glycine codons are GGG.
As described above, the term “about” means that the number of amino acids encoded by a certain codon may be one more or one less than the number given. It would be understood by those of ordinary skill in the art that the total number of any amino acid in the polypeptide sequence must remain constant, therefore, if there is one “more” of one codon encoding a give amino acid, there would have to be one “less” of another codon encoding that same amino acid.
A representative “fully optimized” codon-optimized coding region encoding SEQ ID NO: 10, optimized according to codon usage in humans is presented herein as SEQ ID NO:32.
In certain embodiments described herein, a codon-optimized coding region encoding SEQ ID NO:12 is optimized according to codon usage in humans (Homo sapiens). Alternatively, a codon-optimized coding region encoding SEQ ID NO:12 may be optimized according to codon usage in any plant, animal, or microbial species. Codon-optimized coding regions encoding SEQ ID NO:12, optimized according to codon usage in humans are designed as follows. The amino acid composition of SEQ ID NO:12 is shown in Table 14.
Using the amino acid composition shown in Table 14, a human codon-optimized coding region which encodes SEQ ID NO:12 can be designed by any of the methods discussed herein. For “uniform” optimization, each amino acid is assigned the most frequent codon used in the human genome for that amino acid. According to this method, codons are assigned to the coding region encoding SEQ ID NO:12 as follows: the 29 phenylalanine codons are TTC, the 50 leucine codons are CTG, the 36 isoleucine codons are ATC, the 12 methionine codons are ATG, the 36 valine codons are GTG, the 38 serine codons are AGC, the 20 proline codons are CCC, the 38 threonine codons are ACC, the 46 alanine codons are GCC, the 17 tyrosine codons are TAC, the 5 histidine codons are CAC, the 34 glutamine codons are CAG, the 35 asparagine codons are AAC, the 26 lysine codons are AAG, the 35 aspartic acid codons are GAC, the 23 glutamic acid codons are GAG, the 13 cysteine codons are TGC, the 4 tryptophan codon is TGG, the 18 arginine codons are CGG, AGA, or AGG (the frequencies of usage of these three codons in the human genome are not significantly different), and the 34 glycine codons are GGC. The codon-optimized coding region designed by this method is presented herein as SEQ ID NO:35.
Alternatively, a human codon-optimized coding region which encodes SEQ ID NO:12 can be designed by the “full optimization” method, where each amino acid is assigned codons based on the frequency of usage in the human genome. These frequencies are shown in Table 4 above. Using this latter method, codons are assigned to the coding region encoding SEQ ID NO:12 as follows: about 13 of the 29 phenylalanine codons are TTT, and about 16 of the phenylalanine codons are TTC; about 4 of the 50 leucine codons are TTA, about 6 of the leucine codons are TTG, about 6 of the leucine codons are CTT, about 10 of the leucine codons are CTC, about 4 of the leucine codons are CTA, and about 20 of the leucine codons are CTG; about 13 of the 36 isoleucine codons are ATT, about 17 of the isoleucine codons are ATC, and about 6 of the isoleucine codons are ATA; the 12 methionine codons are ATG; about 6 of the 36 valine codons are GTT, about 9 of the valine codons are GTG, about 4 of the valine codons are GTA, and about 17 of the valine codons are GTG; about 7 of the 38 serine codons are TCT, about 8 of the serine codons are TCC, about 6 of the serine codons are TCA, about 2 of the serine codons are TCG, about 6 of the serine codons are AGT, and about 9 of the serine codons are AGC; about 6 of the 20 proline codons are CCT, about 7 of the proline codons are CCC, about 5 of the proline codons are CCA, and about 2 of the proline codons are CCG; about 9 of the 38 threonine codons are ACT, about 14 of the threonine codons are ACC, about 11 of the threonine codons are ACA, and about 4 of the threonine codons are ACG; about 12 of the 46 alanine codons are GCT, about 19 of the alanine codons are GCC, about 10 of the alanine codons are GCA, and about 5 of the alanine codons are GCG; about 7 of the 17 tyrosine codons are TAT and about 10 of the tyrosine codons are TAC; about 2 of the 5 histidine codons are CAT and about 3 of the histidine codons are CAC; about 9 of the 34 glutamine codons are CAA and about 25 of the glutamine codons are CAG; about 16 of the 35 asparagine codons are AAT and about 19 of the asparagine codons are AAC; about 11 of the 26 lysine codons are AAA and about 15 of the lysine codons are AAG; about 12 of the 27 aspartic acid codons are GAT and about 15 of the aspartic acid codons are GAC; about 16 of the 23 glutamic acid codons are GAA and about 13 of the glutamic acid codons are GAG; about 6 of the 13 cysteine codons are TGT and about 7 of the cysteine codons are TGC; the 4 tryptophan codons are TGG; about 1 of the 18 arginine codons are CGT, about 3 of the arginine codons are CGC, about 2 of the arginine codons are CGA, about 4 of the arginine codons are CGG, about 4 of the arginine codons are AGA, and about 4 of the arginine codons are AGG; and about 6 of the 34 glycine codons are GGT, about 12 of the glycine codons are GGC, about 8 of the glycine codons are GGA, and about 8 of the glycine codons are GGG.
As described above, the term “about” means that the number of amino acids encoded by a certain codon may be one more or one less than the number given. It would be understood by those of ordinary skill in the art that the total number of any amino acid in the polypeptide sequence must remain constant, therefore, if there is one “more” of one codon encoding a give amino acid, there would have to be one “less” of another codon encoding that same amino acid.
A representative “fully optimized” codon-optimized coding region encoding SEQ ID NO:12, optimized according to codon usage in humans is presented herein as SEQ ID NO:34.
Another representative codon-optimized coding region encoding SEQ ID NO:12 is presented herein as SEQ ID NO:47.
A representative codon-optimized coding region encoding SEQ ID NO:12 according to the “standardized optimization” method is presented herein as SEQ ID NO: 69.
In certain embodiments described herein, a codon-optimized coding region encoding SEQ ID NO:14 is optimized according to codon usage in humans (Homo sapiens). Alternatively, a codon-optimized coding region encoding SEQ ID NO:14 may be optimized according to codon usage in any plant, animal, or microbial species. Codon-optimized coding regions encoding SEQ ID NO:14, optimized according to codon usage in humans are designed as follows. The amino acid composition of SEQ ID NO:14 is shown in Table 15.
Using the amino acid composition shown in Table 15, a human codon-optimized coding region which encodes SEQ ID NO:14 can be designed by any of the methods discussed herein. For “uniform” optimization, each amino acid is assigned the most frequent codon used in the human genome for that amino acid. According to this method, codons are assigned to the coding region encoding SEQ ID NO:14 as follows: the 13 phenylalanine codons are TTC, the 26 leucine codons are CTG, the 11 isoleucine codons are ATC, the 7 methionine codons are ATG, the 11 valine codons are GTG, the 35 serine codons are AGC, the 31 proline codons are CCC, the 33 threonine codons are ACC, the 34 alanine codons are GCC, the 11 tyrosine codons are TAC, the 5 histidine codons are CAC, the 34 glutamine codons are CAG, the 25 asparagine codons are AAC, the 29 lysine codons are AAG, the 22 aspartic acid codons are GAC, the 14 glutamic acid codons are GAG, the 5 tryptophan codons are TGG, the 31 arginine codons are CGG, AGA, or AGG (the frequencies of usage of these three codons in the human genome are not significantly different), and the 45 glycine codons are GGC. The codon-optimized N coding region designed by this method is presented herein as SEQ ID NO:37.
Alternatively, a human codon-optimized coding region which encodes SEQ ID NO:14 can be designed by the “full optimization” method, where each amino acid is assigned codons based on the frequency of usage in the human genome. These frequencies are shown in Table 4 above. Using this latter method, codons are assigned to the coding region encoding SEQ ID NO:14 as follows: about 4 of the 13 phenylalanine codons are TTT, and about 9 of the phenylalanine codons are TTC; about 1 of the 26 leucine codons are TTA, about 6 of the leucine codons are TTG, about 7 of the leucine codons are CTT, about 3 of the leucine codons are CTC, about 5 of the leucine codons are CTA, and about 4 of the leucine codons are CTG; about 7 of the 11 isoleucine codons are ATT, about 3 of the isoleucine codons are ATC, and about 1 of the isoleucine codons are ATA; the 7 methionine codons are ATG; about 4 of the 11 valine codons are GTT, about 4 of the valine codons are GTC, about 1 of the valine codons is GTA, and about 2 of the valine codons are GTG; about 10 of the 35 serine codons are TCT, about 3 of the serine codons are TCC, about 9 of the serine codons are TCA, about 1 of the serine codons is TCG, about 7 of the serine codons are AGT, and about 5 of the serine codons are AGC; about 10 of the 31 proline codons are CCT, about 9 of the proline codons are CCC, about 10 of the proline codons are CCA, and about 2 of the proline codons are CCG; about 17 of the 33 threonine codons are ACT, about 5 of the threonine codons are ACC, about 11 of the threonine codons are ACA, and about 0 of the threonine codons is ACG; about 14 of the 34 alanine codons are GCT, about 8 of the alanine codons are GCC, about 9 of the alanine codons are GCA, and about 3 of the alanine codons are GCG; about 2 of the 11 tyrosine codons are TAT and about 9 of the tyrosine codons are TAC; about 3 of the 5 histidine codons are CAT and about 2 of the histidine codons are CAC; about 24 of the 34 glutamine codons are CAA and about 10 of the glutamine codons are CAG; about 16 of the 25 asparagine codons are AAT and about 9 of the asparagine codons are AAC; about 20 of the 29 lysine codons are AAA and about 9 of the lysine codons are AAG; about 10 of the 22 aspartic acid codons are GAT and about 12 of the aspartic acid codons are GAC; about 7 of the 14 glutamic acid codons are GAA and about 7 of the glutamic acid codons are GAG; the 5 tryptophan codons are TGG; about 5 of the 31 arginine codons are CGT, about 8 of the arginine codons are CGC, about 6 of the arginine codons are CGA, about 0 of the arginine codons are CGG, about 10 of the arginine codons are AGA, and about 2 of the arginine codons are AGG; and about 10 of the 45 glycine codons are GGT, about 16 of the glycine codons are GGC, about 16 of the glycine codons are GGA, and about 3 of the glycine codons are GGG.
As described above, the term “about” means that the number of amino acids encoded by a certain codon may be one more or one less than the number given. It would be understood by those of ordinary skill in the art that the total number of any amino acid in the polypeptide sequence must remain constant, therefore, if there is one “more” of one codon encoding a give amino acid, there would have to be one “less” of another codon encoding that same amino acid.
A representative “fully optimized” codon-optimized coding region encoding SEQ ID NO:14, optimized according to codon usage in humans is presented herein as SEQ ID NO:36.
Another representative codon-optimized coding region encoding SEQ ID NO:14 is presented herein as SEQ ID NO:63. SEQ ID NO:14 is encoded by nucleotides 7 to 1275 of SEQ ID NO:63.
In certain embodiments described herein, a codon-optimized coding region encoding SEQ ID NO:16 is optimized according to codon usage in humans (Homo sapiens). Alternatively, a codon-optimized coding region encoding SEQ ID NO:16 may be optimized according to codon usage in any plant, animal, or microbial species. Codon-optimized coding regions encoding SEQ ID NO:16, optimized according to codon usage in humans are designed as follows. The amino acid composition of SEQ ID NO:16 is shown in Table 16.
Using the amino acid composition shown in Table 16, a human codon-optimized coding region which encodes SEQ ID NO:16 can be designed by any of the methods discussed herein. For “uniform” optimization, each amino acid is assigned the most frequent codon used in the human genome for that amino acid. According to this method, codons are assigned to the coding region encoding SEQ ID NO:16 as follows: the 12 phenylalanine codons are TTC, the 26 leucine codons are CTG, the 11 isoleucine codons are ATC, the 7 methionine codons are ATG, the 11 valine codons are GTG, the 35 serine codons are AGC, the 28 proline codons are CCC, the 30 threonine codons are ACC, the 33 alanine codons are GCC, the 11 tyrosine codons are TAC, the 5 histidine codons are CAC, the 33 glutamine codons are CAG, the 25 asparagine codons are AAC, the 22 lysine codons are AAG, the 20 aspartic acid codons are GAC, the 12 glutamic acid codons are GAG, the 5 tryptophan codons are TGG, the 31 arginine codons are CGG, AGA, or AGG (the frequencies of usage of these three codons in the human genome are not significantly different), and the 45 glycine codons are GGC. The codon-optimized N (minus NLS) coding region designed by this method is presented herein as SEQ ID NO:39.
Alternatively, a human codon-optimized coding region which encodes SEQ ID NO:16 can be designed by the “full optimization” method, where each amino acid is assigned codons based on the frequency of usage in the human genome. These frequencies are shown in Table 4 above. Using this latter method, codons are assigned to the coding region encoding SEQ ID NO:16 as follows: about 5 of the 12 phenylalanine codons are TTT, and about 7 of the phenylalanine codons are TTC; about 3 of the 26 leucine codons are TTA, about 3 of the leucine codons are TTG, about 3 of the leucine codons are CTT, about 5 of the leucine codons are CTC, about 2 of the leucine codons are CTA, and about 10 of the leucine codons are CTG; about 4 of the 11 isoleucine codons are ATT, about 5 of the isoleucine codons are ATC, and about 2 of the isoleucine codons are ATA; the 7 methionine codons are ATG; about 2 of the 11 valine codons are GTT, about 3 of the valine codons are GTC, about 1 of the valine codons is GTA, and about 5 of the valine codons are GTG; about 6 of the 35 serine codons are TCT, about 8 of the serine codons are TCC, about 5 of the serine codons are TCA, about 2 of the serine codons are TCG, about 6 of the serine codons are AGT, and about 8 of the serine codons are AGC; about 8 of the 28 proline codons are CCT, about 9 of the proline codons are CCC, about 8 of the proline codons are CCA, and about 3 of the proline codons are CCG; about 7 of the 30 threonine codons are ACT, about 11 of the threonine codons are ACC, about 9 of the threonine codons are ACA, and about 3 of the threonine codons are ACG; about 9 of the 33 alanine codons are GCT, about 13 of the alanine codons are GCC, about 7 of the alanine codons are GCA, and about 4 of the alanine codons are GCG; about 5 of the 11 tyrosine codons are TAT and about 6 of the tyrosine codons are TAC; about 2 of the 5 histidine codons are CAT and about 3 of the histidine codons are CAC; about 9 of the 33 glutamine codons are CAA and about 24 of the glutarnine codons are CAG; about 12 of the 25 asparagine codons are AAT and about 13 of the asparagine codons are AAC; about 9 of the 22 lysine codons are AAA and about 13 of the lysine codons are AAG; about 9 of the 20 aspartic acid codons are GAT and about 11 of the aspartic acid codons are GAC; about 5 of the 12 glutamic acid codons are GAA and about 7 of the glutamic acid codons are GAG; the 5 tryptophan codons are TGG; about 3 of the 31 arginine codons are CGT, about 6 of the arginine codons are CGC, about 3 of the arginine codons are CGA, about 6 of the arginine codons are CGG, about 7 of the arginine codons are AGA, and about 6 of the arginine codons are AGG; and about 7 of the 45 glycine codons are GGT, about 15 of the glycine codons are GGC, about 12 of the glycine codons are GGA, and about 11 of the glycine codons are GGG.
As described above, the term “about” means that the number of amino acids encoded by a certain codon may be one more or one less than the number given. It would be understood by those of ordinary skill in the art that the total number of any amino acid in the polypeptide sequence must remain constant, therefore, if there is one “more” of one codon encoding a give amino acid, there would have to be one “less” of another codon encoding that same amino acid.
A representative “fully optimized” codon-optimized coding region encoding SEQ ID NO:16, optimized according to codon usage in humans is presented herein as SEQ ID NO:38.
In certain embodiments described herein, a codon-optimized coding region encoding SEQ ID NO:19 is optimized according to codon usage in humans (Homo sapiens). Alternatively, a codon-optimized coding region encoding SEQ ID NO:19 may be optimized according to codon usage in any plant, animal, or microbial species. Codon-optimized coding regions encoding SEQ ID NO:19, optimized according to codon usage in humans are designed as follows. The amino acid composition of SEQ ID NO:19 is shown in Table 17.
Using the amino acid composition shown in Table 17, a human codon-optimized coding region which encodes SEQ ID NO:19 can be designed by any of the methods discussed herein. For “uniform” optimization, each amino acid is assigned the most frequent codon used in the human genome for that amino acid. According to this method, codons are assigned to the coding region encoding SEQ ID NO:19 as follows: the 11 phenylalanine codons are TTC, the 31 leucine codons are CTG, the 18 isoleucine codons are ATC, the 7 methionine codons are ATG, the 16 valine codons are GTG, the 11 serine codons are AGC, the 6 proline codons are CCC, the 13 threonine codons are ACC, the 19 alanine codons are GCC, the 19 tyrosine codons are TAC, the 3 histidine codons are CAC, the 5 glutamine codons are CAG, the 13 asparagine codons are AAC, the 6 lysine codons are AAG, the 6 aspartic acid codons are GAC, the 7 glutamic acid codons are GAG, the 3 cysteine codons are TGC, the 7 tryptophan codons are TGG, the 15 arginine codons are CGG, AGA, or AGG (the frequencies of usage of these three codons in the human genome are not significantly different), and the 43 glycine codons are GGC. The codon-optimized M coding region designed by this method is presented herein as SEQ ID NO:41.
Alternatively, a human codon-optimized coding region which encodes SEQ ID NO:19 can be designed by the “full optimization” method, where each amino acid is assigned codons based on the frequency of usage in the human genome. These frequencies are shown in Table 4 above. Using this latter method, codons are assigned to the coding region encoding SEQ ID NO:19 as follows: about 5 of the 11 phenylalanine codons are TTT, and about 6 of the phenylalanine codons are TTC; about 3 of the 31 leucine codons are TTA, about 4 of the leucine codons are TTG, about 4 of the leucine codons are CTT, about 6 of the leucine codons are CTC, about 2 of the leucine codons are CTA, and about 12 of the leucine codons are CTG; about 6 of the 18 isoleucine codons are ATT, about 9 of the isoleucine codons are ATC, and about 3 of the isoleucine codons are ATA; the 7 methionine codons are ATG; about 3 of the 16 valine codons are GTT, about 4 of the valine codons are GTC, about 2 of the valine codons are GTA, and about 7 of the valine codons are GTG; about 2 of the 11 serine codons are TCT, about 2 of the serine codons are TCC, about 2 of the serine codons are TCA, about 1 of the serine codons is TCG, about 1 of the serine codons is AGT, and about 3 of the serine codons are AGC; about 2 of the 6 proline codons are CCT, about 2 of the proline codons are CCC, about 1 of the proline codons is CCA, and about 1 of the proline codons is CCG; about 3 of the 13 threonine codons are ACT, about 5 of the threonine codons are ACC, about 4 of the threonine codons are ACA, and about 1 of the threonine codons is ACG; about 5 of the 19 alanine codons are GCT, about 8 of the alanine codons are GCC, about 4 of the alanine codons are GCA, and about 2 of the alanine codons are GCG; about 4 of the 9 tyrosine codons are TAT and about 5 of the tyrosine codons are TAC; about 1 of the 3 histidine codons is CAT and about 2 of the histidine codons are CAC; about 1 of the 5 glutamine codons is CAA and about 4 of the glutamine codons are CAG; about 6 of the 13 asparagine codons are AAT and about 7 of the asparagine codons are AAC; about 3 of the 6 lysine codons are AAA and about 3 of the lysine codons are AAG; about 3 of the 6 aspartic acid codons are GAT and about 3 of the aspartic acid codons are GAC; about 3 of the 7 glutamic acid codons are GAA and about 4 of the glutamic acid codons are GAG; about 1 of the 3 cysteine codons is TGT and about 2 of the cysteine codons are TGC; the 7 tryptophan codons are TGG; about 1 of the 15 arginine codons is CGT, about 3 of the arginine codons are CGC, about 2 of the arginine codons are CGA, about 3 of the arginine codons are CGG, about 3 of the arginine codons are AGA, and about 3 of the arginine codons are AGG; and about 2 of the 15 glycine codons are GGT, about 5 of the glycine codons are GGC, about 4 of the glycine codons are GGA, and about 4 of the glycine codons are GGG.
As described above, the term “about” means that the number of amino acids encoded by a certain codon may be one more or one less than the number given. It would be understood by those of ordinary skill in the art that the total number of any amino acid in the polypeptide sequence must remain constant, therefore, if there is one “more” of one codon encoding a give amino acid, there would have to be one “less” of another codon encoding that same amino acid.
A representative “fully optimized” codon-optimized coding region encoding SEQ ID NO:19, optimized according to codon usage in humans is presented herein as SEQ ID NO:40.
In certain embodiments described herein, a codon-optimized coding region encoding SEQ ID NO:21 is optimized according to codon usage in humans (Homo sapiens). Alternatively, a codon-optimized coding region encoding SEQ ID NO:21 may be optimized according to codon usage in any plant, animal, or microbial species. Codon-optimized coding regions encoding SEQ ID NO:21, optimized according to codon usage in humans are designed as follows. The amino acid composition of SEQ ID NO:21 is shown in Table 18.
Using the amino acid composition shown in Table 18, a human codon-optimized coding region which encodes SEQ ID NO:21 can be designed by any of the methods discussed herein. For “uniform” optimization, each amino acid is assigned the most frequent codon used in the human genome for that amino acid. According to this method, codons are assigned to the coding region encoding SEQ ID NO:21 as follows: the 4 phenylalanine codons are TTC, the 14 leucine codons are CTG, the 18 isoleucine codons are 3, the 1 methionine codon is ATG, the 14 valine codons are GTG, the 7 serine codons are AGC, the 2 proline codons are CCC, the 5 threonine codons are ACC, the 4 alanine codons are GCC, the 4 tyrosine codons are TAC, the 5 asparagine codons are AAC, the 2 lysine codons are AAG, the 1 aspartic acid codon is GAC, the 3 glutamic acid codons are GAG, the 3 cysteine codons are TGC, the 1 tryptophan codon is TGG, the 2 arginine codons are CGG, AGA, or AGG (the frequencies of usage of these three codons in the human genome are not significantly different), and the 2 glycine codons are GGC. The codon-optimized E coding region designed by this method is presented herein as SEQ ID NO:43.
Alternatively, a human codon-optimized coding region which encodes SEQ ID NO:21 can be designed by an optimization method, where each amino acid is assigned codons based on the frequency of usage in the human genome. These frequencies are shown in Table 4 above. Using this latter method, codons are assigned to the coding region encoding SEQ ID NO:21 as follows: about 1 of the 4 phenylalanine codons are TTT, and about 3 of the phenylalanine codons are TTC; about 2 of the 14 leucine codons are TTA, about 2 of the leucine codons are TTG, about 6 of the leucine codons are CTT, about 0 of the leucine codons are CTC, about 2 of the leucine codons are CTA, and about 2 of the leucine codons are CTG; about 1 of the 3 isoleucine codons are ATT, about 1 of the isoleucine codons are ATC, and about 1 of the isoleucine codons are ATA; the 1 methionine codons are ATG; about 6 of the 14 valine codons are GTT, about 3 of the valine codons are GTC, about 3 of the valine codons are GTA, and about 2 of the valine codons are GTG; about 2 of the 7 serine codons are TCT, about 0 of the serine codons are TCC, about 1 of the serine codons are TCA, about 2 of the serine codons is TCG, about 1 of the serine codons is AGT, and about 1 of the serine codons are AGC; about 1 of the 2 proline codons are CCT, about 0 of the proline codons are CCC, about 1 of the proline codons is CCA, and about 0 of the proline codons is CCG; about 1 of the 5 threonine codons are ACT, about 0 of the threonine codons are ACC, about 2 of the threonine codons are ACA, and about 2 of the threonine codons is ACG; about 1 of the 4 alanine codons are GCT, about 1 of the alanine codons are GCC, about 0 of the alanine codons are GCA, and about 2 of the alanine codons are GCG; about 0 of the 4 tyrosine codons are TAT and about 4 of the tyrosine codons are TAC; about 3 of the 5 asparagine codons are AAT and about 2 of the asparagine codons are AAC; about 2 of the 2 lysine codons are AAA and about 0 of the lysine codons are AAG; about 1 of the 1 aspartic acid codons are GAT and about 0 of the aspartic acid codons are GAC; about 3 of the 3 glutamic acid codons are GAA and about 0 of the glutamic acid codons are GAG; about 1 of the 3 cysteine codons is TGT and about 2 of the cysteine codons are TGC; about 1 of the 2 arginine codons is CGT, about 0 of the arginine codons are CGC, about 1 of the arginine codons are CGA, about 0 of the arginine codons are CGG, about 0 of the arginine codons are AGA, and about 0 of the arginine codons are AGG; and about 1 of the 2 glycine codons are GGT, about 0 of the glycine codons are GGC, about 1 of the glycine codons are GGA, and about 0 of the glycine codons are GGG.
As described above, the term “about” means that the number of amino acids encoded by a certain codon may be one more or one less than the number given. It would be understood by those of ordinary skill in the art that the total number of any amino acid in the polypeptide sequence must remain constant, therefore, if there is one “more” of one codon encoding a give amino acid, there would have to be one “less” of another codon encoding that same amino acid.
A representative fully codon-optimized coding region encoding SEQ ID NO:21, optimized according to codon usage in humans is presented herein as SEQ ID NO:42.
Another representative codon-optimized coding region encoding SEQ ID NO:21 is presented herein as SEQ ID NO:48.
Randomly assigning codons at an optimized frequency to encode a given polypeptide sequence using the “uniform optimization,” “full optimization,” “minimal optimization,” or other optimization methods, can be done manually by calculating codon frequencies for each amino acid, and then assigning the codons to the polypeptide sequence randomly. Additionally, various algorithms and computer software programs are readily available to those of ordinary skill in the art. For example, the “EditSeq” function in the Lasergene Package, available from DNAstar, Inc., Madison, WI, the backtranslation function in the VectorNTI Suite, available from InforMax, Inc., Bethesda, Md., and the “backtranslate” function in the GCG—Wisconsin Package, available from Accelrys, Inc., San Diego, Calif. In addition, various resources are publicly available to codon-optimize coding region sequences. For example, the “backtranslation” function found on the Entelechon website at www.entelechon.com/eng/backtranslation.html (visited Jul. 9, 2002), and the “backtranseq” function available on the Institute of Pasteur website at bioinfo.pbi.nrc.ca:8090/EMBOSS/index.html (visited Oct. 15, 2002). Constructing a rudimentary algorithm to assign codons based on a given frequency can also easily be accomplished with basic mathematical functions by one of ordinary skill in the art.
A number of options are available for synthesizing codon-optimized coding regions designed by any of the methods described above, using standard and routine molecular biological manipulations well known to those of ordinary skill in the art. In one approach, a series of complementary oligonucleotide pairs of 80-90 nucleotides each in length and spanning the length of the desired sequence are synthesized by standard methods. These oligonucleotide pairs are synthesized such that upon annealing, they form double stranded fragments of 80-90 base pairs, containing cohesive ends, e.g., each oligonucleotide in the pair is synthesized to extend 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, or more bases beyond the region that is complementary to the other oligonucleotide in the pair. The single-stranded ends of each pair of oligonucleotides is designed to anneal with the single-stranded end of another pair of oligonucleotides. The oligonucleotide pairs are allowed to anneal, and approximately five to six of these double-stranded fragments are then allowed to anneal together via the cohesive single stranded ends, and then they ligated together and cloned into a standard bacterial cloning vector, for example, a TOPO® vector available from Invitrogen Corporation, Carlsbad, Calif. The construct is then sequenced by standard methods. Several of these constructs consisting of 5 to 6 fragments of 80 to 90 base pair fragments ligated together, i.e., fragments of about 500 base pairs, are prepared, such that the entire desired sequence is represented in a series of plasmid constructs. The inserts of these plasmids are then cut with appropriate restriction enzymes and ligated together to form the final construct. The final construct is then cloned into a standard bacterial cloning vector, and sequenced. Additional methods would be immediately apparent to the skilled artisan. In addition, gene synthesis is readily available commercially.
The codon-optimized coding regions can be versions encoding any gene products from any strain, derivative, or variant of SARS-CoV, or fragments, variants, or derivatives of such gene products. For example, nucleic acid fragments of codon-optimized coding regions encoding the S, N, E or M polypeptides, or fragments, variants or derivatives thereof. Codon-optimized coding regions encoding other SARS-CoV polypeptides or fragments, variants, or derivatives thereof (e.g., those encoding certain predicted open reading frames in the SARS-CoV genome), are included within the present invention. Additional, non-codon-optimized polynucleotides encoding SARS-CoV polypeptides or other polypeptides may be included as well.
Compositions and Methods
In certain embodiments, the present invention is directed to compositions and methods of raising a detectable immune in a vertebrate by administering in vivo, into a tissue of a vertebrate, one or more polynucleotides comprising at least one wild-type coding region encoding a SARS-CoV polypeptide, or a fragment, variant, or derivative thereof, and/or at least one codon-optimized coding region encoding a SARS-CoV polypeptide, or a fragment, variant, or derivative thereof. In addition, the present invention is directed to compositions and methods of raising a detectable immune response in a vertebrate by administering to the vertebrate a composition comprising one or more polynucleotides as described herein, and at least one isolated SARS-CoV component, or isolated polypeptide. The SARS-CoV component may be inactivated virus, attenuated virus, a viral vector expressing an isolated SARS-CoV polypeptide, or a SARS-CoV virus protein, fragment, variant or derivative thereof.
The polynucleotides comprising at least one coding region encoding a SARS-CoV polypeptide, or a fragment, variant, or derivative thereof, and/or at least one codon-optimized coding region encoding a SARS-CoV polypeptide may be administered either prior to, at the same time (simultaneously), or subsequent to the administration of the SARS-CoV component, or isolated polypeptide.
The SARS-CoV component, or isolated polypeptide in combination with polynucleotides comprising at least one coding region encoding a SARS-CoV polypeptide, or a fragment, variant, or derivative thereof, and/or at least one codon-optimized coding region encoding a SARS-CoV polypeptide compositions may be referred to as “combinatorial polynucleotide vaccine compositions” or “single formulation heterologous prime-boost vaccine compositions.”
The isolated SARS-CoV polypeptides of the invention may be in any form, and are generated using techniques well known in the art. Examples include isolated SARS-CoV proteins produced recombinantly, isolated SARS-CoV proteins directly purified from their natural milieu, recombinant (non-SARS-COV) virus vectors expressing an isolated SARS-CoV protein, or proteins delivered in the form of an inactivated SARS-CoV vaccine, such as conventional vaccines.
When utilized, an isolated SARS-CoV component, or polypeptide or fragment, variant or derivative thereof is administered in an immunologically effective amount. Canine coronavirus, known to infect swine, turkeys, mice, calves, dogs, cats, rodents, avians and humans, may be administered as a live viral vector vaccine at a dose rate per dog of 105-108 pfu, or as a typical subunit vaccine at 10 ug-1 mg of polypeptide, according to U.S. Pat. No. 5,661,006, incorporated by reference herein in its entirety. Similarly, Bovine coronavirus is administered to animals in an antigen vaccine composition at dose of about 1 to about 100 micrograms of subunit antigen, according to U.S. Pat. No. 5,369,026, incorporated by reference herein in its entirety. The effective amount of SARS-CoV component or isolated polypeptide, and polynucleotides as described herein are determinable by one of ordinary skill in the art based upon several factors, including the antigen being expressed, the age and weight of the subject, and the precise condition requiring treatment and its severity, and route of administration.
In the instant invention, the combination of conventional antigen vaccine compositions with the polynucleotides comprising at least one coding region encoding a SARS-CoV polypeptide, or a fragment, variant, or derivative thereof, and/or at least one codon-optimized coding region encoding a SARS-CoV polypeptide compositions provides for therapeutically beneficial effects at dose sparing concentrations. For example, immunological responses sufficient for a therapeutically beneficial effect in patients predetermined for an approved commercial product, such as for the typical animal coronavirus products described above, may be attained by using less of the product when supplemented or enhanced with the appropriate amount of polynucleotides comprising at least one coding region encoding a SARS-CoV or codon-optimized nucleic acid. Thus, dose sparing is contemplated by administration of conventional coronavirus vaccines administered in combination with the nucleic acids of the invention.
In particular, the dose of an antigen SARS-CoV vaccine may be reduced by at least 5%, at least 10%, at least 20%, at least 30%, at least 40%, at least 50%, at least 60% or at least 70% when administered in combination with the nucleic acid compositions of the invention.
Similarly, a desirable level of an immunological response afforded by a DNA-based pharmaceutical alone may be attained with less DNA by including an aliquot of antigen SARS-CoV vaccine. Further, using a combination of conventional and DNA-based pharmaceuticals may allow both materials to be used in lesser amounts, while still affording the desired level of immune response arising from administration of either component alone in higher amounts (e.g., one may use less of either immunological product when they are used in combination). This may be manifest not only by using lower amounts of materials being delivered at any time, but also to leads to reducing the number of administrations in a vaccination regime (e.g., 2 versus 3 or 4 injections), and/or to reducing the kinetics of the immunological response (e.g., desired response levels are attained in 3 weeks instead of 6 weeks after immunization).
In particular, the dose of DNA-based pharmaceuticals, may be reduced by at least 5%, at least 10%, at least 20%, at least 30%, at least 40%, at least 50%, at least 60% or at least 70% when administered in combination with antigen SARS-CoV vaccines.
Determining the precise amounts of DNA based pharmaceutical and SARS-CoV antigen is based on a number of factors as described above, and is readily determined by one of ordinary skill in the art.
In addition to dose sparing, the claimed combinatorial compositions provide for a broadening of the immune response and/or enhanced beneficial immune responses. Such broadened or enhanced immune responses are achieved by: adding DNA to enhance cellular responses to a conventional vaccine; adding a conventional vaccine to a DNA pharmaceutical to enhance humoral response; using a combination that induces additional epitopes (both humoral and/or cellular) to be recognized and/or responded to in a more desirable way (epitope broadening); employing a DNA-conventional vaccine combination designed for a particular desired spectrum of immunological responses; and/or obtaining a desirable spectrum by using higher amounts of either component. The broadened immune response is measurable by one of ordinary skill in the art by standard immunological assays specific for the desirable response spectrum.
Both broadening and dose sparing may be obtained simultaneously.
In addition, the present invention is directed to compositions and methods of raising a detectable immune response in a vertebrate by administering to the vertebrate a composition comprising one or more SARS-CoV polynucleotides as described herein. The compositions of the invention may comprise at least 1, at least 2, at least 3, at least 4, at least 5, at least 6, at least 7, at least 8, at least 9, at least 10 polynucleotides, as described herein, encoding different SARS-CoV polypeptides or fragments, variants or derivatives thereof in the same composition.
The coding regions encoding SARS-CoV polypeptides or fragments, variants, or derivatives thereof may be codon optimized for a particular vertebrate. Codon optimization is carried out by the methods described herein; for example, in certain embodiments codon-optimized coding regions encoding polypeptides of SARS-CoV, or nucleic acid fragments of such coding regions encoding fragments, variants, or derivatives thereof are optimized according to the codon usage of the particular vertebrate. The polynucleotides of the invention are incorporated into the cells of the vertebrate in vivo, and an immunologically effective amount of a SARS-CoV polypeptide or a fragment, variant, or derivative thereof is produced in vivo. The coding regions encoding a SARS-CoV polypeptide or a fragment, variant, or derivative thereof may be codon optimized for mammals, e.g., humans, apes, monkeys (e.g., owl, squirrel, cebus, rhesus, African green, patas, cynomolgus, and cercopithecus), orangutans, baboons, gibbons, and chimpanzees, dogs, wolves, cats, lions, and tigers, horses, donkeys, zebras, cows, pigs, sheep, deer, giraffes, bears, rabbits, mice, ferrets, seals, whales; birds, e.g., ducks, geese, terns, shearwaters, gulls, turkeys, chickens, quail, pheasants, geese, starlings and budgerigars; or other vertebrates.
In particular, the present invention relates to codon-optimized coding regions encoding polypeptides of SARS-CoV, or fragments, variants, or derivatives thereof, or nucleic acid fragments of such coding regions or fragments, variants, or derivatives thereof, which have been optimized according to human codon usage. For example, human codon-optimized coding regions encoding polypeptides of SARS-CoV, or fragments, variants, or derivatives thereof are prepared by substituting one or more codons preferred for use in human genes for the codons naturally used in the DNA sequence encoding the SARS-CoV polypeptide or a fragment, variant, or derivative thereof. Also provided are polynucleotides, vectors, and other expression constructs comprising wild-type coding regions or codon-optimized coding regions encoding polypeptides of SARS-CoV, or nucleic acid fragments of such wild-type coding regions or codon-optimized coding regions including variants, or derivatives thereof. Also provided are pharmaceutical compositions comprising polynucleotides, vectors, and other expression constructs comprising wild-type coding regions or codon-optimized coding regions encoding polypeptides of SARS-CoV, or nucleic acid fragments of such coding regions encoding variants, or derivatives thereof; and various methods of using such polynucleotides, vectors and other expression constructs. Coding regions encoding SARS-CoV polypeptides may be uniformly optimized, fully optimized, or minimally optimized, or otherwise optimized, as described herein.
The present invention is further directed towards polynucleotides comprising coding regions or codon-optimized coding regions encoding polypeptides of SARS-CoV antigens, for example, (predicted ORF's), optionally in conjunction with other antigens. The invention is also directed to polynucleotides comprising nucleic acid fragments or codon-optimized nucleic acid fragments encoding fragments, variants and derivatives of these polypeptides.
In certain embodiments, the present invention provides an isolated polynucleotide comprising a nucleic acid fragment, where the nucleic acid fragment is a fragment of a coding region or a codon optimized coding region encoding a polypeptide at least 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identical to a SARS-CoV polypeptide, e.g., S, N, E or M, and where the nucleic acid fragment is a variant of a coding region or a codon optimized coding region encoding an SARS-CoV polypeptide, e.g., S, N, E or M. The human codon-optimized coding region can be optimized for any vertebrate species and by any of the methods described herein.
As a practical matter, whether any particular nucleic acid molecule or polypeptide is at least 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98% or 99% identical to a nucleotide sequence of the present invention can be determined conventionally using known computer programs. A preferred method for determining the best overall match between a query sequence (a sequence of the present invention) and a subject sequence, also referred to as a global sequence alignment, can be determined using the FASTDB computer program based on the algorithm of Brutlag et al. (Comp. App. Biosci. 6:237-245 (1990)). In a sequence alignment the query and subject sequences are both DNA sequences. An RNA sequence can be compared by converting U's to T's. The result of said global sequence alignment is expressed as percent identity. Preferred parameters used in a FASTDB alignment of DNA sequences to calculate percent identity are: Matrix=Unitary, k-tuple=4, Mismatch Penalty=1, Joining, Penalty=30 Randomization Group Length=0, Cutoff Score=1, Gap Penalty=5, Gap Size Penalty 0.05, Window Size=500 or the length of the subject nucleotide sequence, whichever is shorter.
Isolated SARS-CoV Polypeptides
The present invention is further drawn to compositions which include at least one polynucleotide comprising one or more nucleic acid fragments, where each nucleic acid fragment is a fragment of a coding region or a codon-optimized coding region operably encoding an SARS-CoV polypeptide or fragment, variant, or derivative thereof; together with and one or more isolated SARS-CoV, components, polypeptides or fragments, variants or derivatives thereof, i.e., “combinatorial polynucleotide vaccine compositions” or “single formulation heterologous prime-boost vaccine compositions.” The isolated SARS-CoV polypeptides of the invention may be in any form, and are generated using techniques well known in the art. Examples include isolated SARS-CoV proteins produced recombinantly, isolated SARS-CoV proteins directly purified from their natural milieu, and recombinant (non-SARS-CoV) virus vectors expressing an isolated SARS-CoV protein.
Similarly, the isolated SARS-CoV polypeptide or fragment, variant, or derivative thereof to be delivered (either a recombinant protein, a purified subunit, or viral vector expressing an isolated SARS-CoV polypeptide) may be any isolated SARS-CoV polypeptide or fragment, variant, or derivative thereof, including but not limited to the S, S1, S2, N, E or M proteins or fragments, variants or derivatives thereof. Fragments include, but are not limited to the soluble portion of the S protein and the S1 and S2 domains of the S protein. In certain embodiments, a derivative protein may be a fusion protein. It should be noted that any isolated SARS-CoV polypeptide or fragment, variant, or derivative thereof described herein may be combined in a composition with any polynucleotide comprising a nucleic acid fragment, where the nucleic acid fragment is a fragment of a coding region or a codon-optimized coding region operably encoding a SARS-CoV polypeptide or fragment, variant, or derivative thereof. The proteins may be different, the same, or may be combined in any combination of one or more isolated SARS-CoV proteins and one or more polynucleotides.
In certain embodiments, the isolated SARS-CoV polypeptides, or fragments, derivatives or variants thereof may be fused to or conjugated to a second isolated SARS-CoV polypeptide, or fragment, derivative or variant thereof, or may be fused to other heterologous proteins, including for example, hepatitis B proteins including, but not limited to the hepatitis B core antigen (HBcAg), or those derived from diphtheria or tetanus. The second isolated SARS-CoV polypeptide or other heterologous protein may act as a “carrier” that potentiates the immunogenicity of the SARS-CoV polypeptide or a fragment, variant, or derivative thereof to which it is attached. Hepatitis B virus proteins and fragments and variants thereof useful as carriers within the scope of the invention are disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,231,864 and 5,143,726, incorporated by reference in their entireties. Polynucleotides comprising coding regions encoding said fused or conjugated proteins are also within the scope of the invention.
Methods and Administration
The present invention also provides methods for delivering a SARS-CoV polypeptide or a fragment, variant, or derivative thereof to a human, which comprise administering to a human one or more of the polynucleotide compositions described herein such that upon administration of polynucleotide compositions such as those described herein, a SARS-CoV polypeptide or a fragment, variant, or derivative thereof is expressed in human cells, in an amount sufficient to generate an immune response to SARS-CoV; or administering the SARS-CoV polypeptide or a fragment, variant, or derivative thereof itself to the human in an amount sufficient to generate an immune response.
The present invention further provides methods for delivering a SARS-CoV polypeptide or a fragment, variant, or derivative thereof to a human, which comprise administering to a vertebrate one or more of the compositions described herein; such that upon administration of compositions such as those described herein, an immune response is generated in the vertebrate.
The term “vertebrate” is intended to encompass a singular “vertebrate” as well as plural “vertebrates” and comprises mammals and birds, as well as fish, reptiles, and amphibians.
The term “mammal” is intended to encompass a singular “mammal” and plural “mammals,” and includes, but is not limited to humans; primates such as apes, monkeys (e.g., owl, squirrel, cebus, rhesus, African green, patas, cynomolgus, and cercopithecus), orangutans, baboons, gibbons, and chimpanzees; canids such as dogs and wolves; felids such as cats, lions, and tigers; equines such as horses, donkeys, and zebras, food animals such as cows, pigs, and sheep; ungulates such as deer and giraffes; ursids such as bears; and others such as rabbits, mice, ferrets, seals, whales. In particular, the mammal can be a human subject, a food animal or a companion animal.
The term “bird” is intended to encompass a singular “bird” and plural “birds,” and includes, but is not limited to feral water birds such as ducks, geese, terns, shearwaters, and gulls; as well as domestic avian species such as turkeys, chickens, quail, pheasants, geese, and ducks. The term “bird” also encompasses passerine birds such as starlings and budgerigars.
The present invention further provides a method for generating, enhancing or modulating an immune response to SARS-CoV comprising administering to a vertebrate one or more of the compositions described herein. In this method, the compositions may include one or more isolated polynucleotides comprising at least one nucleic acid fragment where the nucleic acid fragment is a fragment of a coding region or a codon-optimized coding region encoding an SARS-CoV polypeptide, or a fragment, variant, or derivative thereof. In another embodiment, the compositions may include multiple (e.g., 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10) polynucleotides as described herein, such polynucleotides encoding different SARS CoV polypeptides in the same composition.
In another embodiment, the compositions may include both a polynucleotide as described above; and also an isolated SARS-CoV polypeptide, or a fragment, variant, or derivative thereof, wherein the protein is provided as a recombinant protein, in particular, a fusion protein, a purified subunit, viral vector expressing the protein, or inactivated virus. Thus, the latter compositions include both a polynucleotide encoding a SARS-CoV polypeptide or a fragment, variant, or derivative thereof and an isolated SARS-CoV polypeptide or a fragment, variant, or derivative thereof. The SARS-CoV polypeptide or a fragment, variant, or derivative thereof encoded by the polynucleotide of the compositions need not be the same as the isolated SARS-CoV polypeptide or a fragment, variant, or derivative thereof of the compositions. Compositions to be used according to this method may be univalent, bivalent, trivalent or multivalent.
The polynucleotides of the compositions may comprise a fragment of a coding region or a human (or other vertebrate) codon-optimized coding region encoding a protein of SARS-CoV, or a fragment, variant, or derivative thereof. The polynucleotides are incorporated into the cells of the vertebrate in vivo, and an antigenic amount of the SARS-CoV polypeptide, or fragment, variant, or derivative thereof, is produced in vivo. Upon administration of the composition according to this method, the SARS-CoV polypeptide or a fragment, variant, or derivative thereof is expressed in the vertebrate in an amount sufficient to elicit an immune response. Such an immune response might be used, for example, to generate antibodies to the SARS-CoV for use in diagnostic assays or as laboratory reagents, or as therapeutic or preventative vaccines as described herein.
The present invention further provides a method for generating, enhancing, or modulating a protective and/or therapeutic immune response to SARS-CoV in a vertebrate, comprising administering to a vertebrate in need of therapeutic and/or preventative immunity one or more of the compositions described herein. In this method, the compositions include one or more polynucleotides comprising at least one nucleic acid fragment, where the nucleic acid fragment is a fragment of a wild-type coding region or a codon-optimized coding region encoding a SARS-CoV polypeptide, or a fragment, variant, or derivative thereof. In a further embodiment, the composition used in this method includes both an isolated polynucleotide comprising at least one nucleic acid fragment, where the nucleic acid fragment is a fragment of a wild-type coding region or a codon-optimized coding region encoding a SARS-CoV polypeptide, or a fragment, variant, or derivative thereof; and at least one isolated SARS-CoV polypeptide, or a fragment, variant, or derivative thereof. Thus, the latter composition includes both an isolated polynucleotide encoding a SARS-CoV polypeptide or a fragment, variant, or derivative thereof and an isolated SARS-CoV polypeptide or a fragment, variant, or derivative thereof, for example, a recombinant protein, a purified subunit, or viral vector expressing the protein. Upon administration of the composition according to this method, the SARS-CoV polypeptide or a fragment, variant, or derivative thereof is expressed in the vertebrate in a therapeutically or prophylactically effective amount.
In certain embodiments, the polynucleotide or polypeptide compositions of the present invention may be administered to a vertebrate where the vertebrate is used as an in vivo model to observe the effects of individual or multiple SARS-CoV polypeptides in vivo. This approach would not only eliminate the species specific barrier to studying SARS-CoV, but would allow for the study of the immunopathology of SARS-CoV polypeptides as well as SARS-CoV polypeptide specific effects with out using infectious SARS-CoV virus. An in vivo vertebrate model of SARS infection would be useful, for example, in developing treatments for one or more aspects of SARS infection by mimicking those aspects of infection without the potential hazards associated with handling the infectious virus
As used herein, an “immune response” refers to the ability of a vertebrate to elicit an immune reaction to a composition delivered to that vertebrate. Examples of immune responses include an antibody response or a cellular, e.g., T-cell, response. One or more compositions of the present invention may be used to prevent SARS-CoV infection in vertebrates, e.g., as a prophylactic or prevenative vaccine (also sometimes referred to in the art as a “protective” vaccine), to establish or enhance immunity to SARS-CoV in a healthy individual prior to exposure to SARS-CoV or contraction of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS), thus preventing the syndrome or reducing the severity of SARS symptoms. As used herein, “a detectable immune response” refers to an immunogenic response to the polynucleotides and polypeptides of the present invention, which can be measured or observed by standard protocols. These protocols include, but are not limited to, immunoblot analysis (western), fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS), immunoprecipitation analysis, ELISA, cytolytic T-cell response, ELISPOT, and chromium release assay. An immune response may also be “detected” through challenge of immunized animals with virulent SARS-CoV, either before or after vaccination. ELISA assays are performed as described by Ausubel et al., Current Protocols in Molecular Biology, John Wiley and Sons, Baltimore, Md. (1989). Cytolytic T-cell responses are measured as described in Hartikka et al. “Vaxfectin Enhances the Humoral Response to Plasmid DNA-encoded Antigens.” Vaccine 19: 1911-1923 (2001), which is hereby incorporated in its entirety by reference. Standard ELISPOT technology is used for the CD4+ and CD8+ T-cell assays as described in Example 6A. Standard chromium release assays are used to measure specific cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) activity against the various SARS-CoV antigens.
As mentioned above, compositions of the present invention may be used both to prevent SARS-CoV infection, and also to therapeutically treat SARS-CoV infection. In individuals already exposed to SARS-CoV, or already suffering from SARS, the present invention is used to further stimulate the immune system of the vertebrate, thus reducing or eliminating the symptoms associated with that disease or disorder. As defined herein, “treatment ” refers to the use of one or more compositions of the present invention to prevent, cure, retard, or reduce the severity of SARS symptoms in a vertebrate, and/or result in no worsening of SARS over a specified period of time in a vertebrate which has already been exposed to SARS-CoV and is thus in need of therapy. The term “prevention” refers to the use of one or more compositions of the present invention to generate immunity in a vertebrate which has not yet been exposed to a particular strain of SARS-CoV, thereby preventing or reducing disease symptoms if the vertebrate is later exposed to the particular strain of SARS-CoV. The methods of the present invention therefore may be referred to as therapeutic vaccination or preventative or prophylactic vaccination. It is not required that any composition of the present invention provide total immunity to SARS-CoV or totally cure or eliminate all SARS symptoms. As used herein, a “vertebrate in need of therapeutic and/or preventative immunity” refers to an individual for whom it is desirable to treat, i.e., to prevent, cure, retard, or reduce the severity of SARS symptoms, and/or result in no worsening of SARS over a specified period of time. Vertebrates to treat and/or vaccinate include humans, apes, monkeys (e.g., owl, squirrel, cebus, rhesus, African green, patas, cynomolgus, and cercopithecus), orangutans, baboons, gibbons, and chimpanzees, dogs, wolves, cats, lions, and tigers, horses, donkeys, zebras, cows, pigs, sheep, deer, giraffes, bears, rabbits, mice, ferrets, seals, whales, ducks, geese, terns, shearwaters, gulls, turkeys, chickens, quail, pheasants, geese, starlings and budgerigars.
One or more compositions of the present invention are utilized in a “prime boost” regimen. An example of a “prime boost” regimen may be found in Yang, Z. et al. J. Virol. 77:799-803 (2002). In these embodiments, one or more polynucleotide vaccine compositions of the present invention are delivered to a vertebrate, thereby priming the immune response of the vertebrate to SARS-CoV, and then a second immunogenic composition is utilized as a boost vaccination. One or more compositions of the present invention are used to prime immunity, and then a second immunogenic composition, e.g., a recombinant viral vaccine or vaccines, a different polynucleotide vaccine, or one or more purified subunit isolated SARS-CoV polypeptides or fragments, variants or derivatives thereof is used to boost the anti-SARS-CoV immune response.
In one embodiment, a priming composition and a boosting composition are delivered to a vertebrate in separate doses and vaccinations. For example, a single composition may comprise one or more polynucleotides encoding SARS-CoV protein(s), fragment(s), variant(s), or derivative(s) thereof and/or one or more isolated SARS-CoV polypeptide(s) or fragment(s), variant(s), or derivative(s) thereof as the priming component. The polynucleotides encoding the SARS-CoV polypeptides fragments, variants, or derivatives thereof may be contained in a single plasmid or viral vector or in multiple plasmids or viral vectors. At least one polynucleotide encoding a SARS-CoV protein and/or one or more SARS-CoV isolated polypeptide can serve as the boosting component. In this embodiment, the compositions of the priming component and the compositions of the boosting component may be contained in separate vials. In one example, the boosting component is administered approximately 1 to 6 months after administration of the priming component.
In one embodiment, a priming composition and a boosting composition are combined in a single composition or single formulation. For example, a single composition may comprise an isolated SARS-CoV polypeptide or a fragment, variant, or derivative thereof as the priming component and a polynucleotide encoding an SARS-CoV protein as the boosting component. In this embodiment, the compositions may be contained in a single vial where the priming component and boosting component are mixed together. In general, because the peak levels of expression of protein from the polynucleotide does not occur until later (e.g., 7-10 days) after administration, the polynucleotide component may provide a boost to the isolated protein component. Compositions comprising both a priming component and a boosting component are referred to herein as “combinatorial vaccine compositions” or “single formulation heterologous prime-boost vaccine compositions.” In addition, the priming composition may be administered before the boosting composition, or even after the boosting composition, if the boosting composition is expected to take longer to act.
In another embodiment, the priming composition may be administered simultaneously with the boosting composition, but in separate formulations where the priming component and the boosting component are separated.
The terms “priming” or “primary” and “boost” or “boosting” as used herein may refer to the initial and subsequent immunizations, respectively, i.e., in accordance with the definitions these terms normally have in immunology. However, in certain embodiments, e.g., where the priming component and boosting component are in a single formulation, initial and subsequent immunizations may not be necessary as both the “prime” and the “boost” compositions are administered simultaneously.
In certain embodiments, one or more compositions of the present invention are delivered to a vertebrate by methods described herein, thereby achieving an effective therapeutic and/or an effective preventative immune response. More specifically, the compositions of the present invention may be administered to any tissue of a vertebrate, including, but not limited to, muscle, skin, brain tissue, lung tissue, liver tissue, spleen tissue, bone marrow tissue, thymus tissue, heart tissue, e.g., myocardium, endocardium, and pericardium, lymph tissue, blood tissue, bone tissue, pancreas tissue, kidney tissue, gall bladder tissue, stomach tissue, intestinal tissue, testicular tissue, ovarian tissue, uterine tissue, vaginal tissue, rectal tissue, nervous system tissue, eye tissue, glandular tissue, tongue tissue, and connective tissue, e.g., cartilage.
Furthermore, the compositions of the present invention may be administered to any internal cavity of a vertebrate, including, but not limited to, the lungs, the mouth, the nasal cavity, the stomach, the peritoneal cavity, the intestine, any heart chamber, veins, arteries, capillaries, lymphatic cavities, the uterine cavity, the vaginal cavity, the rectal cavity, joint cavities, ventricles in brain, spinal canal in spinal cord, the ocular cavities, the lumen of a duct of a salivary gland or a liver. When the compositions of the present invention are administered to the lumen of a duct of a salivary gland or liver, the desired polypeptide is expressed in the salivary gland and the liver such that the polypeptide is delivered into the blood stream of the vertebrate from each of the salivary gland or the liver. Certain modes for administration to secretory organs of a gastrointestinal system using the salivary gland, liver and pancreas to release a desired polypeptide into the bloodstream are disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,837,693 and 6,004,944, both of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entireties.
In certain embodiments, the compositions are administered to muscle, either skeletal muscle or cardiac muscle, or to lung tissue. Specific, but non-limiting modes for administration to lung tissue are disclosed in Wheeler, C. J., et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 93:11454-11459 (1996), which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.
According to the disclosed methods, compositions of the present invention can be administered by intramuscular (i.m.), subcutaneous (s.c.), or intrapulmonary routes. Other suitable routes of administration include, but are not limited to intratracheal, transdermal, intraocular, intranasal, inhalation, intracavity, intravenous (i.v.), intraductal (e.g., into the pancreas) and intraparenchymal (i.e., into any tissue) administration. Transdermal delivery includes, but is not limited to intradermal (e.g., into the dermis or epidermis), transdermal (e.g., percutaneous) and transmucosal administration (i.e., into or through skin or mucosal tissue). Intracavity administration includes, but is not limited to administration into oral, vaginal, rectal, nasal, peritoneal, or intestinal cavities as well as, intrathecal (i.e., into spinal canal), intraventricular (i.e., into the brain ventricles or the heart ventricles), inraatrial (i.e., into the heart atrium) and sub arachnoid (i.e., into the sub arachnoid spaces of the brain) administration.
Any mode of administration can be used so long as the mode results in the expression of the desired peptide or protein, in the desired tissue, in an amount sufficient to generate an immune response to SARS-CoV and/or to generate a prophylactically or therapeutically effective immune response to SARS-CoV in a vertebrate in need of such response. Administration means of the present invention include needle injection, catheter infusion, biolistic injectors, particle accelerators (e.g., “gene guns” or pneumatic “needleless” injectors) Med-E-Jet (Vahlsing, H., et al., J. Immunol. Methods 171:11-22 (1994)), Pigjet (Schrijver, R., et al., Vaccine 15: 1908-1916 (1997)), Biojector (Davis, H., et al., Vaccine 12: 1503-1509 (1994); Gramzinski, R., et al., Mol. Med. 4: 109-118 (1998)), AdvantaJet (Linmayer, I., et al., Diabetes Care 9:294-297 (1986)), Medi-jector (Martins, J., and Roedl, E. J. Occup. Med. 21:821-824 (1979)), gelfoam sponge depots, other commercially available depot materials (e.g., hydrogels), osmotic pumps (e.g., Alza minipumps), oral or suppositorial solid (tablet or pill) pharmaceutical formulations, topical skin creams, and decanting, use of polynucleotide coated suture (Qin, Y., et al., Life Sciences 65: 2193-2203 (1999)) or topical applications during surgery. Certain modes of administration are intramuscular needle-based injection and pulmonary application via catheter infusion. Energy-assisted plasmid delivery (EAPD) methods may also be employed to administer the compositions of the invention. One such method involves the application of brief electrical pulses to injected tissues, a procedure commonly known as electroporation. See generally Mir, L. M. et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci USA 96:4262-7 (1999); Hartikka, J. et al., Mol. Ther. 4:407-15 (2001); Mathiesen, I., Gene Ther. 6:508-14(1999); Rizzuto G. et al., Hum. Gen. Ther. 11:1891-900 (2000). Each of the references cited in this paragraph is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.
Determining an effective amount of one or more compositions of the present invention depends upon a number of factors including, for example, the antigen being expressed or administered directly, (e.g., S, N, E or M, or fragments, variants, or derivatives thereof), the age and weight of the subject, the precise condition requiring treatment and its severity, and the route of administration. Based on the above factors, determining the precise amount, number of doses, and timing of doses are within the ordinary skill in the art and will be readily determined by the attending physician or veterinarian.
Compositions of the present invention may include various salts, excipients, delivery vehicles and/or auxiliary agents as are disclosed, e.g., in U.S. Patent Application Publication 2002/0019358, published Feb. 14, 2002, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.
Furthermore, compositions of the present invention may include one or more transfection facilitating compounds that facilitate delivery of polynucleotides to the interior of a cell, and/or to a desired location within a cell. As used herein, the terms “transfection facilitating compound,” “transfection facilitating agent,” and “transfection facilitating material” are synonymous, and may be used interchangeably. It should be noted that certain transfection facilitating compounds may also be “adjuvants” as described infra, i.e., in addition to facilitating delivery of polynucleotides to the interior of a cell, the compound acts to alter or increase the immune response to the antigen encoded by that polynucleotide. Examples of the transfection facilitating compounds include, but are not limited to inorganic materials such as calcium phosphate, alum (aluminum sulfate), and gold particles (e.g., “powder” type delivery vehicles); peptides that are, for example, cationic, intercell targeting (for selective delivery to certain cell types), intracell targeting (for nuclear localization or endosomal escape), and ampipathic (helix forming or pore forming); proteins that are, for example, basic (e.g., positively charged) such as histones, targeting (e.g., asialoprotein), viral (e.g., Sendai virus coat protein), and pore-forming; lipids that are, for example, cationic (e.g., DMRIE, DOSPA, DC-Chol), basic (e.g., steryl amine), neutral (e.g., cholesterol), anionic (e.g., phosphatidyl serine), and zwitterionic (e.g., DOPE, DOPC); and polymers such as dendrimers, star-polymers, “homogenous” poly-amino acids (e.g., poly-lysine, poly-arginine), “heterogeneous” poly-amino acids (e.g., mixtures of lysine & glycine), co-polymers, polyvinylpyrrolidinone (PVP), poloxamers (e.g., CRL 1005) and polyethylene glycol (PEG). A transfection facilitating material can be used alone or in combination with one or more other transfection facilitating materials. Two or more transfection facilitating materials can be combined by chemical bonding (e.g., covalent and ionic such as in lipidated polylysine, PEGylated polylysine) (Toncheva, et al., Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1380(3):354-368 (1988)), mechanical mixing (e.g., free moving materials in liquid or solid phase such as “polylysine+cationic lipids”) (Gao and Huang, Biochemistry 35:1027-1036 (1996); Trubetskoy, et al., Biochem. Biophys. Acta 1131:311-313 (1992)), and aggregation (e.g., co-precipitation, gel forming such as in cationic lipids+poly-lactide, and polylysine+gelatin).
One category of transfection facilitating materials is cationic lipids. Examples of cationic lipids are 5-carboxyspermylglycine dioctadecylamide (DOGS) and dipalmitoyl-phophatidylethanolamine-5-carboxyspermylamide (DPPES). Cationic cholesterol derivatives are also useful, including {3β-[N-N′,N′-dimethylamino)ethane]-carbomoyl}-cholesterol (DC-Chol). Dimethyldioctdecyl-ammonium bromide (DDAB), N-(3-aminopropyl)-N,N-(bis-(2-tetradecyloxyethyl))-N-methyl-ammonium bromide (PA-DEMO), N-(3-aminopropyl)-N,N-(bis-(2-dodecyloxyethyl))-N-methyl-ammonium bromide (PA-DELO), N,N,N-tris-(2-dodecyloxy)ethyl-N-(3-amino)propyl-ammonium bromide (PA-TELO), and N1-(3-aminopropyl)((2-dodecyloxy)ethyl)-N2-(2-dodecyloxy)ethyl-1-piperazinaminium bromide (GA-LOE-BP) can also be employed in the present invention.
Non-diether cationic lipids, such as DL-1,2-dioleoyl-3-dimethylaminopropyl-β-hydroxyethylammonium (DORI diester), 1-O-oleyl-2-oleoyl-3-dimethylaminopropyl-β-hydroxyethylammonium (DORI ester/ether), and their salts promote in vivo gene delivery. In some embodiments, cationic lipids comprise groups attached via a heteroatom attached to the quaternary ammonium moiety in the head group. A glycyl spacer can connect the linker to the hydroxyl group.
Specific, but non-limiting cationic lipids for use in certain embodiments of the present invention include DMRIE ((±)-N-(2-hydroxyethyl)-N,N-dimethyl-2,3-bis(tetradecyloxy)-1-propanaminium bromide), GAP-DMORIE ((±)-N-(3-aminopropyl)-N,N-dimethyl-2,3-bis(syn-9-tetradeceneyloxy)-1-propanaminium bromide), and GAP-DLRIE ((±)-N-(3-aminopropyl)-N,N-dimethyl-2,3-(bis-dodecyloxy)-1-propanaminium bromide).
Other specific but non-limiting cationic surfactants for use in certain embodiments of the present invention include Bn-DHRIE, DhxRIE, DhxRIE-OAc, DhxRIE-OBz and Pr-DOctRIE-OAc. These lipids are disclosed in U.S. patent application No. 60/435,303. In another aspect of the present invention, the cationic surfactant is Pr-DOctRIE-OAc.
Other cationic lipids include (±)-N,N-dimethyl-N-[2-(sperminecarboxamido) ethyl]-2,3-bis(dioleyloxy)-1-propaniminium pentahydrochloride (DOSPA), (±)-N-(2-aminoethyl)-N,N-dimethyl-2,3-bis(tetradecyloxy)-1-propaniminium bromide (β-aminoethyl-DMRIE or βAE-DMRIE) (Wheeler, et al., Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1280:1-11 (1996), and (±)-N-(3-aminopropyl)-N,N-dimethyl-2,3-bis(dodecyloxy)-1-propaniminium bromide (GAP-DLRIE) (Wheeler, et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 93:11454-11459 (1996)), which have been developed from DMRIE.
Other examples of DMRIE-derived cationic lipids that are useful for the present invention are (±)-N-(3-aminopropyl)-N,N-dimethyl-2,3-(bis-decyloxy)-1-propanaminium bromide (GAP-DDRIE), (±)-N-(3-aminopropyl)-N,N-dimethyl-2,3-(bis-tetradecyloxy)-1-propanaminium bromide (GAP-DMRIE), (±)-N-((N″-methyl)-N′-ureyl)propyl-N,N-dimethyl-2,3-bis(tetradecyloxy)-1-propanaminium bromide (GMU-DMRIE), (±)-N-(2-hydroxyethyl)-N,N-dimethyl-2,3-bis(dodecyloxy)-1-propanaminium bromide (DLRIE), and (±)-N-(2-hydroxyethyl)-N,N-dimethyl-2,3-bis-([Z]-9-octadecenyIoxy)propyl-1- propaniminium bromide (HP-DORIE).
In the embodiments where the immunogenic composition comprises a cationic lipid, the cationic lipid may be mixed with one or more co-lipids. For purposes of definition, the term “co-lipid” refers to any hydrophobic material which may be combined with the cationic lipid component and includes amphipathic lipids, such as phospholipids, and neutral lipids, such as cholesterol. Cationic lipids and co-lipids may be mixed or combined in a number of ways to produce a variety of non-covalently bonded macroscopic structures, including, for example, liposomes, multilamellar vesicles, unilamellar vesicles, micelles, and simple films. One non-limiting class of co-lipids are the zwitterionic phospholipids, which include the phosphatidylethanolamines and the phosphatidylcholines. Examples of phosphatidylethanolamines, include DOPE, DMPE and DPyPE. In certain embodiments, the co-lipid is DPyPE, which comprises two phytanoyl substituents incorporated into the diacylphosphatidylethanolamine skeleton.
In other embodiments, the co-lipid is DOPE, CAS name 1,2-diolyeoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine.
When a composition of the present invention comprises a cationic lipid and co-lipid, the cationic lipid:co-lipid molar ratio may be from about 9:1 to about 1:9, from about 4:1 to about 1:4, from about 2:1 to about 1:2, or about 1:1.
In order to maximize homogeneity, the cationic lipid and co-lipid components may be dissolved in a solvent such as chloroform, followed by evaporation of the cationic lipid/co-lipid solution under vacuum to dryness as a film on the inner surface of a glass vessel (e.g., a Rotovap round-bottomed flask). Upon suspension in an aqueous solvent, the amphipathic lipid component molecules self-assemble into homogenous lipid vesicles. These lipid vesicles may subsequently be processed to have a selected mean diameter of uniform size prior to complexing with, for example, a polynucleotide or a codon-optimized polynucleotide of the present invention, according to methods known to those skilled in the art. For example, the sonication of a lipid solution is described in Felgner et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 8:,7413-7417 (1987) and in U.S. Pat. No. 5,264,618, the disclosures of which are incorporated herein by reference.
In those embodiments where the composition includes a cationic lipid, polynucleotides of the present invention are complexed with lipids by mixing, for example, a plasmid in aqueous solution and a solution of cationic lipid:co-lipid as prepared herein are mixed. The concentration of each of the constituent solutions can be adjusted prior to mixing such that the desired final plasmid/cationic lipid:co-lipid ratio and the desired plasmid final concentration will be obtained upon mixing the two solutions. The cationic lipid:co-lipid mixtures are suitably prepared by hydrating a thin film of the mixed lipid materials in an appropriate volume of aqueous solvent by vortex mixing at ambient temperatures for about 1 minute. The thin films are prepared by admixing chloroform solutions of the individual components to afford a desired molar solute ratio followed by aliquoting the desired volume of the solutions into a suitable container. The solvent is removed by evaporation, first with a stream of dry, inert gas (e.g., argon) followed by high vacuum treatment.
Other hydrophobic and amphiphilic additives, such as, for example, sterols, fatty acids, gangliosides, glycolipids, lipopeptides, liposaccharides, neobees, niosomes, prostaglandins and sphingolipids, may also be included in compositions of the present invention. In such compositions, these additives may be included in an amount between about 0.1 mol % and about 99.9 mol % (relative to total lipid), about 1-50 mol %, or about 2-25 mol %.
Additional embodiments of the present invention are drawn to compositions comprising an auxiliary agent which is administered before, after, or concurrently with the polynucleotide. As used herein, an “auxiliary agent” is a substance included in a composition for its ability to enhance, relative to a composition which is identical except for the inclusion of the auxiliary agent, the entry of polynucleotides into vertebrate cells in vivo, and/or the in vivo expression of polypeptides encoded by such polynucleotides. Certain auxiliary agents may, in addition to enhancing entry of polynucleotides into cells, enhance an immune response to an immunogen encoded by the polynucleotide. Auxiliary agents of the present invention include nonionic, anionic, cationic, or zwitterionic surfactants or detergents, with nonionic surfactants or detergents being preferred, chelators, DNase inhibitors, poloxamers, agents that aggregate or condense nucleic acids, emulsifying or solubilizing agents, wetting agents, gel-forming agents, and buffers.
Auxiliary agents for use in compositions of the present invention include, but are not limited to non-ionic detergents and surfactants IGEPAL CA 630®, NONIDET NP-40, Nonidet® P40, Tween-20®, Tween-80™, Pluronic® F68 (ave. MW: 8400; approx. MW of hydrophobe, 1800; approx. wt. % of hydrophile, 80%), Pluronic F770® (ave. MW: 6600; approx. MW of hydrophobe, 2100; approx. wt. % of hydrophile, 70%), Pluronic P65® (ave. MW: 3400; approx. MW of hydrophobe, 1800; approx. wt. % of hydrophile, 50%), Triton X-100™, and Triton X-114™; the anionic detergent sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS); the sugar stachyose; the condensing agent DMSO; and the chelator/DNAse inhibitor EDTA, CRL 1005 (12 kDa, 5% POE), and BAK (Benzalkonium chloride 50% solution, available from Ruger Chemical Co. Inc.). In certain specific embodiments, the auxiliary agent is DMSO, Nonidet P40, Pluronic F68® (ave. MW: 8400; approx. MW of hydrophobe, 1800; approx. wt. % of hydrophile, 80%), Pluronic F77® (ave. MW: 6600; approx. MW of hydrophobe, 2100; approx. wt. % of hydrophile, 70%), Pluronic P65® (ave. MW: 3400; approx. MW of hydrophobe, 1800; approx. wt. % of hydrophile, 50%), Pluronic L64® (ave. MW: 2900; approx. MW of hydrophobe, 1800; approx. wt. % of hydrophile, 40%), and Pluronic F108® (ave. MW: 14600; approx. MW of hydrophobe, 3000; approx. wt. % of hydrophile, 80%). See, e.g., U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2002/0019358, published Feb. 14, 2002, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.
Certain compositions of the present invention may further include one or more adjuvants before, after, or concurrently with the polynucleotide. The term “adjuvant” refers to any material having the ability to (1) alter or increase the immune response to a particular antigen or (2) increase or aid an effect of a pharmacological agent. It should be noted, with respect to polynucleotide vaccines, that an “adjuvant,” may be a transfection facilitating material. Similarly, certain “transfection facilitating materials” described supra, may also be an “adjuvant.” An adjuvant may be used with a composition comprising a polynucleotide of the present invention. In a prime-boost regimen, as described herein, an adjuvant may be used with either the priming immunization, the booster immunization, or both. Suitable adjuvants include, but are not limited to, cytokines and growth factors; bacterial components (e.g., endotoxins, in particular superantigens, exotoxins and cell wall components); aluminum-based salts; calcium-based salts; silica; polynucleotides; toxoids; serum proteins, viruses and virally-derived materials, poisons, venoms, imidazoquiniline compounds, poloxamers, and cationic lipids.
A great variety of materials have been shown to have adjuvant activity through a variety of mechanisms. Any compound which may increase the expression, antigenicity or immunogenicity of the polypeptide is a potential adjuvant. The present invention provides an assay to screen for improved immune responses to potential adjuvants. Potential adjuvants which may be screened for their ability to enhance the immune response according to the present invention include, but are not limited to: inert carriers, such as alum, bentonite, latex, and acrylic particles; pluronic block polymers, such as TiterMax® (block copolymer CRL-8941, squalene (a metabolizable oil) and a microparticulate silica stabilizer), depot formers, such as Freunds adjuvant, surface active materials, such as saponin, lysolecithin, retinal, Quil A, liposomes, and pluronic polymer formulations; macrophage stimulators, such as bacterial lipopolysaccharide; alternate pathway complement activators, such as insulin, zymosan, endotoxin, and levamisole; and non-ionic surfactants, such as poloxamers, poly(oxyethylene)-poly(oxypropylene) tri-block copolymers. Also included as adjuvants are transfection-facilitating materials, such as those described above.
Poloxamers which may be screened for their ability to enhance the immune response according to the present invention include, but are not limited to, commercially available poloxamers such as Pluronic® surfactants, which are block copolymers of propylene oxide and ethylene oxide in which the propylene oxide block is sandwiched between two ethylene oxide blocks. Examples of Pluronic® surfactants include Pluronic® L121 (ave. MW: 4400; approx. MW of hydrophobe, 3600; approx. wt. % of hydrophile, 10%), Pluronic® L101 (ave. MW: 3800; approx. MW of hydrophobe, 3000; approx. wt. % of hydrophile, 10%), Pluronic® L81 (ave. MW: 2750; approx. MW of hydrophobe, 2400; approx. wt. % of hydrophile, 10%), Pluronic® L61 (ave. MW: 2000; approx. MW of hydrophobe, 1800; approx. wt. % of hydrophile, 10%), Pluronic® L31 (ave. MW: 1100; approx. MW of hydrophobe, 900; approx. wt. % of hydrophile, 10%), Pluronic® L122 (ave. MW: 5000; approx. MW of hydrophobe, 3600; approx. wt. % of hydrophile, 20%), Pluronic® L92 (ave. MW: 3650; approx. MW of hydrophobe, 2700; approx. wt. % of hydrophile, 20%), Pluronic® L72 (ave. MW: 2750; approx. MW of hydrophobe, 2100; approx. wt. % of hydrophile, 20%), Pluronic® L62 (ave. MW: 2500; approx. MW of hydrophobe, 1800; approx. wt. % of hydrophile, 20%), Pluronic® L42 (ave. MW: 1630; approx. MW of hydrophobe, 1200; approx. wt. % of hydrophile, 20%), Pluronic® L63 (ave. MW: 2650; approx. MW of hydrophobe, 1800; approx. wt. % of hydrophile, 30%), Pluronic® L43 (ave. MW: 1850; approx. MW of hydrophobe, 1200; approx. wt. % of hydrophile, 30%), Pluronic® L64 (ave. MW: 2900; approx. MW of hydrophobe, 1800; approx. wt. % of hydrophile, 40%), Pluronic® L44 (ave. MW: 2200; approx. MW of hydrophobe, 1200; approx. wt. % of hydrophile, 40%), Pluronic® L35 (ave. MW: 1900; approx. MW of hydrophobe, 900; approx. wt. % of hydrophile, 50%), Pluronic® P123 (ave. MW: 5750; approx. MW of hydrophobe, 3600; approx. wt. % of hydrophile, 30%), Pluronic® P103 (ave. MW: 4950; approx. MW of hydrophobe, 3000; approx. wt. % of hydrophile, 30%), Pluronic® P104 (ave. MW: 5900; approx. MW of hydrophobe, 3000; approx. wt. % of hydrophile, 40%), Pluronic® P84 (ave. MW: 4200; approx. MW of hydrophobe, 2400; approx. wt. % of hydrophile, 40%), Pluronic® P105 (ave. MW: 6500; approx. MW of hydrophobe, 3000; approx. wt. % of hydrophile, 50%), Pluronic® P85 (ave. MW: 4600; approx. MW of hydrophobe, 2400; approx. wt. % of hydrophile, 50%), Pluronic® P75 (ave. MW: 4150; approx. MW of hydrophobe, 2100; approx. wt. % of hydrophile, 50%), Pluronic® P65 (ave. MW: 3400; approx. MW of hydrophobe, 1800; approx. wt. % of hydrophile, 50%), Pluronic® F127 (ave. MW: 12600; approx. MW of hydrophobe, 3600; approx. wt. % of hydrophile, 70%), Pluronic® F98 (ave. MW: 13000; approx. MW of hydrophobe, 2700; approx. wt. % of hydrophile, 80%), Pluronic® F87 (ave. MW: 7700; approx. MW of hydrophobe, 2400; approx. wt. % of hydrophile, 70%), Pluronic® F77 (ave. MW: 6600; approx. MW of hydrophobe, 2100; approx. wt. % of hydrophile, 70%), Pluronic® F108 (ave. MW: 14600; approx. MW of hydrophobe, 3000; approx. wt. % of hydrophile, 80%), Pluronic® F98 (ave. MW: 13000; approx. MW of hydrophobe, 2700; approx. wt. % of hydrophile, 80%), Pluronic® F88 (ave. MW: 11400; approx. MW of hydrophobe, 2400; approx. wt. % of hydrophile, 80%), Pluronic® F68 (ave. MW: 8400; approx. MW of hydrophobe, 1800; approx. wt. % of hydrophile, 80%), Pluronic® F38 (ave. MW: 4700; approx. MW of hydrophobe, 900; approx. wt. % of hydrophile, 80%).
Reverse poloxamers which may be screened for their ability to enhance the immune response according to the present invention include, but are not limited to Pluronic® R 31R1 (ave. MW: 3250; approx. MW of hydrophobe, 3100; approx. wt. % of hydrophile, 10%), Pluronic® R 25R1 (aye. MW: 2700; approx. MW of hydrophobe, 2500; approx. wt. % of hydrophile, 10%), Pluronic® R 17R1 (ave. MW: 1900; approx. MW of hydrophobe, 1700; approx. wt. % of hydrophile, 10%), Pluronic® R 31R2 (ave. MW: 3300; approx. MW of hydrophobe, 3100; approx. wt. % of hydrophile, 20%), Pluronic® R 25R2 (ave. MW: 3100; approx. MW of hydrophobe, 2500; approx. wt. % of hydrophile, 20%), Pluronic® R 17R2 (ave. MW: 2150; approx. MW of hydrophobe, 1700; approx. wt. % of hydrophile, 20%), Pluronic® R 12R3 (ave. MW: 1800; approx. MW of hydrophobe, 1200; approx. wt. % of hydrophile, 30%), Pluronic® R 31R4 (ave. MW: 4150; approx. MW of hydrophobe, 3100; approx. wt. % of hydrophile, 40%), Pluronic® R 25R4 (ave. MW: 3600; approx. MW of hydrophobe, 2500; approx. wt. % of hydrophile, 40%), Pluronic® R 22R4 (ave. MW: 3350; approx. MW of hydrophobe, 2200; approx. wt. % of hydrophile, 40%), Pluronic® R 17R4 (ave. MW: 3650; approx. MW of hydrophobe, 1700; approx. wt. % of hydrophile, 40%), Pluronic® R 25R5 (ave. MW: 4320; approx. MW of hydrophobe, 2500; approx. wt. % of hydrophile, 50%), Pluronic® R 10R5 (ave. MW: 1950; approx. MW of hydrophobe, 1000; approx. wt. % of hydrophile, 50%), Pluronic® R 25R8 (ave. MW: 8550; approx. MW of hydrophobe, 2500; approx. wt. % of hydrophile, 80%), Pluronic® R 17R8 (ave. MW: 7000; approx. MW of hydrophobe, 1700; approx. wt. % of hydrophile, 80%), and Pluronic® R 10R8 (ave. MW: 4550; approx. MW of hydrophobe, 1000; approx. wt. % of hydrophile, 80%).
Other commercially available poloxamers which may be screened for their ability to enhance the immune response according to the present invention include compounds that are block copolymer of polyethylene and polypropylene glycol such as Synperonic® L121 (ave. MW: 4400), Synperonic® L122 (ave. MW: 5000), Synperonic® P104 (ave. MW: 5850), Synperonic® P105 (ave. MW: 6500), Synperonic® P123 (ave. MW: 5750), Synperonic® P85 (ave. MW: 4600) and Synperonic® P94 (ave. MW: 4600), in which L indicates that the surfactants are liquids, P that they are pastes, the first digit is a measure of the molecular weight of the polypropylene portion of the surfactant and the last digit of the number, multiplied by 10, gives the percent ethylene oxide content of the surfactant; and compounds that are nonylphenyl polyethylene glycol such as Synperonic® NP10 (nonylphenol ethoxylated surfactant—10% solution), Synperonic® NP30 (condensate of 1 mole of nonylphenol with 30 moles of ethylene oxide) and Synperonic® NP5 (condensate of 1 mole of nonylphenol with 5.5 moles of naphthalene oxide).
Other poloxamers which may be screened for their ability to enhance the immune response according to the present invention include: (a) a polyether block copolymer comprising an A-type segment and a B-type segment, wherein the A-type segment comprises a linear polymeric segment of relatively hydrophilic character, the repeating units of which contribute an average Hansch-Leo fragmental constant of about −0.4 or less and have molecular weight contributions between about 30 and about 500, wherein the B-type segment comprises a linear polymeric segment of relatively hydrophobic character, the repeating units of which contribute an average Hansch-Leo fragmental constant of about −0.4 or more and have molecular weight contributions between about 30 and about 500, wherein at least about 80% of the linkages joining the repeating units for each of the polymeric segments comprise an ether linkage; (b) a block copolymer having a polyether segment and a polycation segment, wherein the polyether segment comprises at least an A-type block, and the polycation segment comprises a plurality of cationic repeating units; and (c) a polyether-polycation copolymer comprising a polymer, a polyether segment and a polycationic segment comprising a plurality of cationic repeating units of formula —NH—R0, wherein R0 is a straight chain aliphatic group of 2 to 6 carbon atoms, which may be substituted, wherein said polyether segments comprise at least one of an A-type of B-type segment. See U.S. Pat. No. 5,656,611, by Kabonov, et al., which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. Other poloxamers of interest include CRL1005 (12 kDa, 5% POE), CRL8300 (11 kDa, 5% POE), CRL2690 (12 kDa, 10% POE), CRL4505 (15 kDa, 5% POE) and CRL1415 (9 kDa, 10% POE).
Other auxiliary agents which may be screened for their ability to enhance the immune response according to the present invention include, but are not limited to Acacia (gum arabic); the poloxyethylene ether R—O—(C2H4O)x—H (BRIJ®), e.g., polyethylene glycol dodecyl ether (BRIJ® 35, x=23), polyethylene glycol dodecyl ether (BRIJ® 30, x=4), polyethylene glycol hexadecyl ether (BRIJ® 52 x=2), polyethylene glycol hexadecyl ether (BRIJ® 56, x=10), polyethylene glycol hexadecyl ether (BRIJ® 58P, x=20), polyethylene glycol octadecyl ether (BRIJ® 72, x=2), polyethylene glycol octadecyl ether (BRIJ® 76, x=10), polyethylene glycol octadecyl ether (BRIJ® 78P, x=20), polyethylene glycol oleyl ether (BRIJ® 92V, x=2), and polyoxyl 10 oleyl ether (BRIJ® 97, x=10); poly-D-glucosamine (chitosan); chlorbutanol; cholesterol; diethanolamine; digitonin; dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO), ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA); glyceryl monosterate; lanolin alcohols; mono- and di-glycerides; monoethanolamine; nonylphenol polyoxyethylene ether (NP-40®); octylphenoxypolyethoxyethanol (NONIDET NP-40 from Amresco); ethyl phenol poly (ethylene glycol ether)n, n=11 (Nonidet® P40 from Roche); octyl phenol ethylene oxide condensate with about 9 ethylene oxide units (nonidet P40); IGEPAL CA 630® ((octyl phenoxy) polyethoxyethanol; structurally same as NONIDET NP-40); oleic acid; oleyl alcohol; polyethylene glycol 8000; polyoxyl 20 cetostearyl ether; polyoxyl 35 castor oil; polyoxyl 40 hydrogenated castor oil; polyoxyl 40 stearate; polyoxyethylene sorbitan monolaurate (polysorbate 20, or TWEEN-20®; polyoxyethylene sorbitan monooleate (polysorbate 80, or TWEEN-80®); propylene glycol diacetate; propylene glycol monstearate; protamine sulfate; proteolytic enzymes; sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS); sodium monolaurate; sodium stearate; sorbitan derivatives (SPAN®), e.g., sorbitan monopalmitate (SPAN® 40), sorbitan monostearate (SPAN® 60), sorbitan tristearate (SPAN® 65), sorbitan monooleate (SPAN® 80), and sorbitan trioleate (SPAN® 85); 2,6,10,15,19,23-hexamethyl-2,6,10,14,18,22-tetracosa-hexaene (squalene); stachyose; stearic acid; sucrose; surfactin (lipopeptide antibiotic from Bacillus subtilis); dodecylpoly(ethyleneglycolether)g (Thesit®) MW 582.9; octyl phenol ethylene oxide condensate with about 9-10 ethylene oxide units (Triton X-100™); octyl phenol ethylene oxide condensate with about 7-8 ethylene oxide units (Triton X-114™); tris(2-hydroxyethyl)amine (trolamine); and emulsifying wax.
In certain adjuvant compositions, the adjuvant is a cytokine. A composition of the present invention can comprise one or more cytokines, chemokines, or compounds that induce the production of cytokines and chemokines, or a polynucleotide encoding one or more cytokines, chemokines, or compounds that induce the production of cytokines and chemokines. Examples include, but are not limited to granulocyte macrophage colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF), granulocyte colony stimulating factor (G-CSF), macrophage colony stimulating factor (M-CSF), colony stimulating factor (CSF), erythropoietin (EPO), interleukin 2 (IL-2), interleukin-3 (IL-3), interleukin 4 (IL-4), interleukin 5 (IL-5), interleukin 6 (IL-6), interleukin 7 (IL-7), interleukin 8 (IL-8), interleukin 10 (IL-10), interleukin 12 (IL-12), interleukin 15 (IL-15), interleukin 18 (IL-18), interferon alpha (IFNα), interferon beta (IFNβ), interferon gamma (IFNγ), interferon omega (IFNω), interferon tau (IFNθ), interferon gamma inducing factor I (IGIF), transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β), RANTES (regulated upon activation, normal T-cell expressed and presumably secreted), macrophage inflammatory proteins (e.g., MIP-1 alpha and MIP-1 beta), Leishmania elongation initiating factor (LEIF), and Flt-3 ligand.
In certain compositions of the present invention, the polynucleotide construct may be complexed with an adjuvant composition comprising (±)-N-(3-aminopropyl)-N,N-dimethyl-2,3-bis(syn-9-tetradeceneyloxy)-1-propanaminium bromide (GAP-DMORIE). The composition may also comprise one or more co-lipids, e.g., 1,2-dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine (DOPE), 1,2-diphytanoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine (DPyPE), and/or 1,2-dimyristoyl-glycer-3-phosphoethanolamine (DMPE). An adjuvant composition comprising; GAP-DMORIE and DPyPE at a 1:1 molar ratio is referred to herein as Vaxfectin™. See, e.g., PCT Publication No. WO 00/57917, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.
In other embodiments, the polynucleotide itself may function as an adjuvant as is the case when the polynucleotides of the invention are derived, in whole or in part, from bacterial DNA. Bacterial DNA containing motifs of unmethylated CpG-dinucleotides (CpG-DNA) triggers innate immune cells in vertebrates through a pattern recognition receptor (including toll receptors such as TLR 9) and thus possesses potent immunostimulatory effects on macrophages, dendritic cells and B-lymphocytes. See, e.g., Wagner, H., Curr. Opin. Microbiol. 5:62-69 (2002); Jung, J. et al., J. Immunol. 169: 2368-73 (2002); see also Klinman, D. M. et al., Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 93:2879-83 (1996). Methods of using unmethylated CpG-dinucleotides as adjuvants are described in, for example, U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,207,646, 6,406,705, and 6,429,199, the disclosures of which are herein incorporated by reference.
The ability of an adjuvant to increase the immune response to an antigen is typically manifested by a significant increase in immune-mediated protection. For example, an increase in humoral immunity is typically manifested by a significant increase in the titer of antibodies raised to the antigen, and an increase in T-cell activity is typically manifested in increased cell proliferation, or cellular cytotoxicity, or cytokine secretion. An adjuvant may also alter an immune response, for example, by changing a primarily humoral or Th2 response into a primarily cellular, or Th1 response.
In certain embodiments, the compositions of the present invention may be administered in the absence of one or more transfection facilitating materials or auxiliary agents. It has been shown that, surprisingly, the cells of living vertebrates are capable of taking up and expressing polynucleotides that have been injected in vivo, even in the absence of any agent to facilitate transfection. Cohen, J., Science 259: 1691-1692; Felgner, P., Scientific American 276: 102-106 (1997). These references are hereby incorporated by reference in their entireties. Thus, by way of non-limiting examples, nucleic acid molecules and/or polynucleotides of the present invention (e.g., plasmid DNA, mRNA, linear DNA, or oligonucleotides) may be administered in the absence of any one of, or any combination of more than one of the following transfection facilitating materials or auxiliary agents as described herein: inorganic materials including but not limited to calcium phosphate, alum, and/or gold particles; peptides including, but not limited to cationic peptides, amphipathic peptides, intercell targeting peptides, and/or intracell targetting peptides; proteins, including, but not limited to basic (i.e., positively-charged) proteins, targeting proteins, viral proteins, and/or pore-forming proteins; lipids, including but not limited to cationic lipids, anionic lipids, basic lipids, neutral lipids, and/or zwitterionic lipids; polymers including but not limited to dendrimers, star-polymers, “homogeneous” poly-amino acids, “heterogenous” poly-amino acids, co-polymers, PVP, poloxamers, and/or PEG; surfactants, including but not limited to anionic surfactants, cationic surfactants, and zwitterionic surfactants; detergents, including but not limited to anionic detergents, cationic detergents, and zwitterionic detergents; chelators, including but not limited to EDTA; DNase inhibitors; condensing agents including, but not limited to DMSO; emulsifying or solublizing agents; gel-forming agents; buffers, and/or adjuvants.
Nucleic acid molecules and/or polynucleotides of the present invention, e.g., plasmid DNA, mRNA, linear DNA or oligonucleotides, may be solubilized in any of various buffers. Suitable buffers include, for example, phosphate buffered saline (PBS), normal saline, Tris buffer, and sodium phosphate (e.g., 150 mM sodium phosphate). Insoluble polynucleotides may be solubilized in a weak acid or weak base, and then diluted to the desired volume with a buffer. The pH of the buffer may be adjusted as appropriate. In addition, a pharmaceutically acceptable additive can be used to provide an appropriate osmolarity. Such additives are within the purview of one skilled in the art. For aqueous compositions used in vivo, sterile pyrogen-free water can be used. Such formulations will contain an effective amount of a polynucleotide together with a suitable amount of an aqueous solution in order to prepare pharmaceutically acceptable compositions suitable for administration to a human.
Compositions of the present invention can be formulated according to known methods. Suitable preparation methods are described, for example, in Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences, 16th Edition, A. Osol, ed., Mack Publishing Co., Easton, Pa. (1980), and Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences, 19th Edition, A. R. Gennaro, ed., Mack Publishing Co., Easton, Pa. (1995), both of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entireties. Although the composition may be administered as an aqueous solution, it can also be formulated as an emulsion, gel, solution, suspension, lyophilized form, or any other form known in the art. In addition, the composition may contain pharmaceutically acceptable additives including, for example, diluents, binders, stabilizers, and preservatives.
Passive Immunotherapy
Antibody therapy can be subdivided into two principally different activities: (i) passive immunotherapy using intact non-labeled antibodies or labeled antibodies and (ii) active immunotherapy using anti-idiotypes for re-establishment of network balance in autoimmunity
In passive immunotherapy, naked antibodies are administered to neutralize an antigen or to direct effector functions to targeted membrane associated antigens. Neutralization would be of a lymphokine, a hormone, or an anaphylatoxin, i.e., C5a. Effector functions include complement fixation, macrophage activation and recruitment, and antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC). Naked antibodies have been used to treat leukemia (Ritz, S.F. et al Blood, 58:141-152 (1981)) and antibodies to GD2 have been used in treatments of neuroblastomas (Schulz et al. Cancer Res. 44:5914 (1984)) and melanomas (Irie et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 83: 8694 (1986) One major advantage of passive antibody immunization is that it provides immediate immunity that can last for weeks and possibly months. Casadevall, A. “Passive Antibody Administration (Immediate Immunity) as a Specific Defense against Biological Weapons.” Emerging Infectious Diseases. 8:833-841(2002).
The invention also provides for antibodies specifically reactive with SARS Co-V polypeptides which have been produced from an immune response elicited by the administration, to a vertebrate, of polynucleotide and polypeptides of the present invention. Anti-protein/anti-peptide antisera or monoclonal antibodies can be made by standard protocols (See, for example, Antibodies: A Laboratory Manual ed. by Harlow and Lane (Cold Spring Harbor Press: 1988)). A vertebrate such as a mouse, a hamster, a rabbit, a horse, a human, or non-human primate can be immunized with an immunogenic form of a SARS Co-V polypeptide or polynucleotide, of the present invention, encoding an immunogenic form of a SARS-CoV polypeptide. Techniques for conferring immunogenicity on a protein or peptide include conjugation to carriers or other techniques well known in the art. An immunogenic portion of the SARS-CoV polypeptide can be administered in the presence of adjuvant and as part of compositions described herein. The progress of immunization can be monitored by detection of antibody titers in plasma or serum. Standard ELISA or other immunoassays can be used with the immunogen as antigen to assess the levels of antibodies.
The antibodies of the invention are immunospecific for antigenic determinants of the SARS-CoV polypeptides of the invention, e.g., antigenic determinants of a polypeptide of the invention or a closely related human or non-human mammalian homolog (e.g., 90% homologous and at least about 95% homologous). In an alternative embodiment of the invention, the SARS Co-V antibodies do not substantially cross react (i.e., react specifically) with a protein which is for example, less than 80% percent homologous to a sequence of the invention. By “not substantially cross react,” is meant that the antibody has a binding affinity for a non-homologous protein which is less than 10 percent, less than 5 percent, or less than 1 percent, of the binding affinity for a protein of the invention. In an alternative embodiment, there is no cross-reactivity between viral and mammalian antigens.
In one embodiment, purified monoclonal antibodies or polyclonal antibodies containing the variable heavy and light sequences are used as therapeutic and prophylactic agents to treat or prevent SARS-CoV infection by passive antibody therapy. In general, this will comprise administering a therapeutically or prophylactically effective amount of the monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies to a susceptible vertebrate or one exhibiting SARS Co-V infection. A dosage effective amount will range from about 50 to 20,000 μg/Kg, and from about 100 to 5000 μg/Kg. However, suitable dosages will vary dependening on factors such as the condition of the treated host, weight, etc. Suitable effective dosages may be determined by those skilled in the art.
In an alternative embodiment, purified antibodies and the polynucleotides or polypeptides of the present invention are administered simultaneously (at the same time) or subsequent to the administration of the isolated antibodies, thereby providing both immediate and long lasting protection.
The monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies may be administered by any mode of administration suitable for administering antibodies. Typically, the subject antibodies will be administered by injection, e.g., intravenous, intramuscular, or intraperitoneal injection (as described previously), or aerosol. Aerosol administration is particularly preferred if the subjects treated comprise newborn infants.
Formulation of antibodies in pharmaceutically acceptable form may be effected by known methods, using known pharmaceutical carriers and excipients. Suitable carriers and excipients include by way of non-limiting example buffered saline, and bovine serum albumin.
Any polynucleotides or polypeptides, as described herein, can be used to produce the isolated antibodies of the invention. For example, SARS-CoV proteins S, N, M, and E, fragments, variants and derivatives thereof, are purified as described in Example 2. The purified protein then serves as an antigen for producing SARS-CoV specific monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies.
Any vertebrate can serve as a host for antibody production. Preferred hosts include, but are not limited to human, non-human primate, mouse, rabbit, horse, goat, donkey, cow, sheep, chickens, cat, dog. Alternatively, antibodies can be produced by cultivation ex vivo of lymphocytes from primed donors stimulated with CD40 resulting in expansion of human B cells Banchereau et al., Science 251:70 (1991); Zhani et al., J. Immunol. 144:2955-2960, (1990); Tohma et al., J. Immunol. 146:2544-2552 (1991). Furthermore, an extra in vitro booster step can be used to obtain a higher yield of antibodies prior to immortalization of the cells. See Chaudhuri et al., Cancer Supplement 73: 1098-1104 (1994); Steenbakkers et al. Hum. Antibod. Hybridomas 4: 166-173 (1993); Ferrarro et al., Hum. Antibod. Hybridomas 4:80-85 (1993); Kwekkeboom et al., Immunol. Methods 160:117-127 (1993), which are herein incorporated by reference.
An alternative to human primed donors, is to “recreate” or mimic splenic conditions in an immunocompromised animal host, such as the “Severe Combined Immune Deficient” (SCID) mouse. Human lymphocytes are readily adopted by the SCID mouse (hu-SCID) and produce high levels of immunoglobulins Mosier et al, Nature 335:256 (1988); McCune et al, Science 241:1632-1639 (1988). Moreover, if the donor used for reconstitution has been exposed to a particular antigen, a strong secondary response to the same antigen can be elicited in such mice. Duchosal et al. Nature 355:258-262 (1992).
The term “antibody” as used herein is intended to include fragments thereof which are also specifically reactive with SARS-CoV polypeptides. Antibodies can be fragmented using conventional techniques and the fragments screened for utility in the same manner as described above for whole antibodies. For example. F(ab′)2 fragments can be generated by treating antibody with pepsin. The resulting F(ab′)2 fragment can be treated to reduce disulfide bridges to produce Fab′ fragments. The antibody of the invention is further intended to include bispecific and chimeric molecules having an anti-SARS-CoV portion.
Both monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies (Ab) directed against SARS-CoV polypeptides or SARS-CoV polypeptide variants, and antibody fragments such as Fab′ and F(ab′) 2, can be used to block the action of SARS-CoV polypeptides and allow the study of the role of a particular SARS-CoV polypeptide of the invention in the infectious life cycle of the virus and in pathogenesis.
Moreover, the antibodies possess utility as immunoprobes for diagnosis of SARS Co-V infection. This generally comprises taking a sample, e.g., respiratory fluid, of a person suspected of having SARS-CoV infection and incubating the sample with the subject human monoclonal antibodies to detect the presence of SARS-CoV infected cells. This involves directly or indirectly labeling the subject human antibodies with a reporter molecule which provides for detection of human monoclonal antibody SARS-CoV immune complexes. Examples of known labels include by way of non-limiting example enzymes, e.g.,. β-lactamase, luciferase, and radiolabels. Methods for effecting immunodetection of antigens using monoclonal antibodies are well known in the art.
The following examples are included for purposes of illustration only and are not intended to limit the scope of the present invention, which is defined by the appended claims. All references cited in the Examples are incorporated herein by reference in their entireties.
Materials and Methods
The following materials and methods apply generally to all the examples disclosed herein. Specific materials and methods are disclosed in each example, as necessary.
The practice of the present invention will employ, unless otherwise indicated, conventional techniques of cell biology, cell culture, molecular biology (including PCR), vaccinology, microbiology, recombinant DNA, and immunology, which are within the skill of the art. Such techniques are explained fully in the literature. See, for example, Molecular Cloning A Laboratory Manual, 2nd Ed., Sambrook et al., ed., Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press: (1989); DNA Cloning, Volumes I and II (D. N. Glover ed., 1985); Oligonucleotide Synthesis (M. J. Gait ed., 1984); Mullis et al. U.S. Pat. No: 4,683,195; Nucleic Acid Hybridization (B. D. Hames & S. J. Higgins eds. 1984); Transcription And Translation (B. D. Hames & S. J. Higgins eds. 1984); Culture Of Animal Cells (R. I. Freshney, Alan R. Liss, Inc., 1987); Immobilized Cells And Enzymes (IRL Press, 1986); B. Perbal, A Practical Guide To Molecular Cloning (1984); the treatise, Methods In Enzymology (Academic Press, Inc., N.Y.); Gene Transfer Vectors For Mammalian Cells (J. H. Miller and M. P. Calos eds., 1987, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory); Methods In Enzymology, Vols. 154 and 155 (Wu et al. eds.), Immunochemical Methods In Cell And Molecular Biology (Mayer and Walker, eds., Academic Press, London, 1987); and in Ausubel et al., Current Protocols in Molecular Biology, John Wiley and Sons, Baltimore, Md. (1989).
Gene Construction
Constructs of the present invention are constructed based on the sequence information provided herein or in the art utilizing standard molecular biology techniques, including, but not limited to the following. First, a series complementary oligonucleotide pairs of 80-90 nucleotides each in length and spanning the length of the construct are synthesized by standard methods. These oligonucleotide pairs are synthesized such that upon annealing, they form double stranded fragments of 80-90 base pairs, containing cohesive ends. The single-stranded ends of each pair of oligonucleotides are designed to anneal with a single-stranded end of an adjacent oligonucleotide duplex. Several adjacent oligonucleotide pairs prepared in this manner are allowed to anneal, and approximately five to six adjacent oligonucleotide duplex fragments are then allowed to anneal together via the cohesive single stranded ends. This series of annealed oligonucleotide duplex fragments is then ligated together and cloned into a suitable plasmid, such as the TOPO® vector available from Invitrogen Corporation, Carlsbad, Calif. The construct is then sequenced by standard methods. Constructs prepared in this manner, comprising 5 to 6 adjacent 80 to 90 base pair fragments ligated together, i.e., fragments of about 500 base pairs, are prepared, such that the entire desired sequence of the construct is represented in a series of plasmid constructs. The inserts of these plasmids are then cut with appropriate restriction enzymes and ligated together to form the final construct. The final construct is then cloned into a standard bacterial cloning vector, and sequenced. The oligonucleotides and primers referred to herein can easily be designed by a person of skill in the art based on the sequence information provided herein and in the art, and such can be synthesized by any of a number of commercial nucleotide providers, for example Retrogen, San Diego, Calif.
Plasmid Vector
Constructs of the present invention can be inserted, for example, into eukaryotic expression vectors VR1012 or VR10551. These vectors are built on a modified pUC18 background (see Yanisch-Perron, C., et al. Gene 33:103-119 (1985)), and contain a kanamycin resistance gene, the human cytomegalovirus immediate early promoter/enhancer and intron A, and the bovine growth hormone transcription termination signal, and a polylinker for inserting foreign genes. See Hartikka, J., et al., Hum. Gene Ther. 7:1205-1217 (1996). However, other standard commercially available eukaryotic expression vectors may be used in the present invention, including, but not limited to: plasmids pcDNA3, pHCMV/Zeo, pCR3.1, pEF1/His, pIND/GS, pRc/HCMV2, pSV40/Zeo2, pTRACER-HCMV, pUB6/V5-His, pVAX1, and pZeoSV2 (available from Invitrogen, San Diego, Calif.), and plasmid pCI (available from Promega, Madison, Wis.).
An optimized backbone plasmid, termed VR-10551 has minor changes from the VR-1012 backbone described above. The VR-10551 vector is derived from and similar to VR-1012 in that it uses the human cytomegalovirus immediate early (hCMV-IE) gene enhancer/promoter and 5′untranslated region (UTR), including the hCMV-IE Intron A. The changes from the VR-1012 to the VR-10551 include some modifications to the multiple cloning site, and a modified rabbit ∃globin 3′untranslated region/polyadenylation signal sequence/transcriptional terminator has been substituted for the same functional domain derived from the bovine growth hormone gene.
Plasmid DNA Purification
Plasmid DNA may be transformed into competent cells of an appropriate Escherichia coli strain (including but not limited to the DH5α strain) and highly purified covalently closed circular plasmid DNA may be isolated by a modified lysis procedure (Horn, N. A., et al., Hum. Gene Ther. 6:565-573 (1995)) followed by standard double CsCl-ethidium bromide gradient ultracentrifugation (Sambrook, J., et al., Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual, 2nd Ed., Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, Plainview, N.Y. (1989)). Alternatively, plasmid DNAs are purified using Giga columns from Qiagen (Valencia, Calif.) according to the kit instructions. All plasmid preparations are free of detectable chromosomal DNA, RNA and protein impurities based on gel analysis and the bicinchoninic protein assay (Pierce Chem. Co., Rockford Ill.). Endotoxin levels are measured using Limulus Amebocyte Lysate assay (LAL, Associates of Cape Cod, Falmouth, Mass.) in Endotoxin Units/mg of plasmid DNA. The spectrophotometric A260/A280 ratios of the DNA solutions are also determined. Plasmids are ethanol precipitated and resuspended in an appropriate solution, e.g., 150 mM sodium phosphate (for other appropriate excipients and auxiliary agents, see U.S. Patent Application Publication 20020019358, published Feb. 14, 2002). DNA is stored at −20EC until use. DNA is diluted by mixing it with 300 mM salt solutions and by adding appropriate amount of USP water to obtain 1 mg/ml plasmid DNA in the desired salt at the desired molar concentration.
Injections of Plasmid DNA
The quadriceps muscles of restrained awake mice (e.g., female 6-12 week old BALB/c mice from Harlan Sprague Dawley, Indianapolis, Ind.) are injected bilaterally with 50 μg of DNA in 50 μl solution (100 μg in 100 μl total per mouse) using a disposable plastic insulin syringe and 28G ½ needle (Becton-Dickinson, Franklin Lakes, N.J., Cat. No. 329430) fitted with a plastic collar cut from a micropipette tip, as previously described (Hartikka, J., et al., Hum. Gene Ther. 7:1205-1217 (1996).
Animal care will comply with the “Guide for the Use and Care of Laboratory Animals,” Institute of Laboratory Animal Resources, Commission on Life Sciences, National Research Council, National Academy Press, Washington, D.C., 1996 as well as with Vical's Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee.
Plasmid constructs comprising the native coding regions encoding SARS-CoV proteins, for example, SARS-CoV S, S1, S2, N, M, E, soluble S, soluble S1, soluble S2, soluble TPA-S, soluble TPA-S1, and soluble TPA-S2 proteins, fusions thereof, or fragments, variants or derivatives of such proteins either alone or as fusions with a carrier protein, e.g., HBcAg are constructed as follows. The S, S1, S2, N, M, or E genes from SARS-CoV Urbani or other strains (e.g., CUKH-Su10, TOR2 and BJ01) are isolated from viral RNA by RT PCR, or prepared by direct synthesis if the wildtype sequence is known, by standard methods and are inserted into the vector VR-10551 via standard restriction sites, by standard methods.
Plasmid constructs comprising human codon-optimized coding regions encoding SARS-CoV proteins, for example, SARS-CoV S, S1, S2, N, M, E, soluble S, soluble S1, soluble S2, soluble TPA-S, soluble TPA-S1, and soluble TPA-S2 proteins, fusions thereof, or fragments, variants or derivatives of such proteins either alone or as fusions with a carrier protein, e.g., HBcAg, are prepared as follows. The codon-optimized coding regions are generated using the full, minimal, uniform, or other codon optimization methods described herein. The coding regions or codon optimized coding regions are constructed using standard PCR methods described herein, or are ordered commercially. The coding regions or codon-optimized coding regions are inserted into the vector VR-10551 via standard restriction sites, by standard methods.
Examples of constructs to be made are listed in Table 19.
Plasmids constructed as above are propagated in Escherichia coli and purified by the alkaline lysis method (Sambrook, J., et al., Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y., ed. 2 (1989)). CsCl-banded DNA are ethanol precipitated and resuspended in 0.9% saline to a final concentration of 2 mg/ml for injection. Alternately, plasmids are purified using any of a variety of commercial kits, or by other known procedures involving differential precipitation and/or chromatographic purification.
Expression is tested by formulating each of the plasmids in DMRIE/DOPE and transfecting cell lines including, but not limited to VM92 cells, fungal cells, including yeast cells such as Saccharomyces spp. cells; insect cells such as Drosophila S2, Spodoptera Sf9 or Sf21 cells and Trichoplusa High-Five cells; other animal cells (particularly mammalian cells and human cells) such as MDCK, CV1, 3T3, CPAE, A10, Sp2/0-Ag14, PC12, CHO, COS, VERO, HeLa, Bowes melanoma cells, SW-13, NCI-H295, RT4, HT-1376, UM-UC-3, IM-9, KG-1, R54;11, A-172, U-87MG, BT-20, MCF-7, SK-BR-3, ChaGo K-1, CCD-14Br, CaSki, ME-180, FHC, HT-29, Caco-2, SW480, HuTu8O, Tera 1, NTERA-2, AN3 CA, KLE, RL95-2, Caki-1, ACHN, 769 P, CCRF-CEM, Hut 78, MOLT 4, HL-60, Hep-3B, HepG2, SK-HEP1, A-549, NCI-H146, NCI-H82, NCI-H82, SK-LU-1, WI-38, MRC-5, HLF-a, CCD-19Lu, C39, Hs294T, SK-MEL5, COLO 829, U266B1, RPMI 2650, BeWo, JEG-3, JAR, SW 1353, MeKam, and SCC-4; and higher plant cells. Appropriate culture media and conditions for the above-described host cells are known in the art.
The supernatants are collected and the protein production tested by Western blot or ELISA. The relative expression of the wild type and codon optimized constructs are compared.
In addition to plasmids encoding single SARS-CoV proteins, single plasmids which contain a portion of a SARS-CoV coding region are constructed according to standard methods. For example, portions of a SARS-CoV coding region that is too large to be contained in a single plasmid may be inserted into two or more plasmids. Also, single plasmids which contain two or more SARS-CoV coding regions are constructed according to standard methods. For example, a polycistronic construct, where two or more SARS-CoV coding regions are transcribed as a single transcript in eukaryotic cells may be constructed by separating the various coding regions with IRES sequences (Jang et al. “A segment of the 5′ nontranslated region of encephalomyocarditis virus RNA directs internal entry of ribosomes during in vitro translation.” J. Virol. 62: 2636-43 (1988); Jang et al. “Cap-independent Translation of Picornavirus RNAs: Structure and Function of the Internal Ribosomal Entry Site.” Enzyme 44:292-309(1990)).
Alternatively, two or more coding regions may be inserted into a single plasmid, each with their own promoter sequence.
Expression of SARS-CoV Nucleocapsid (N) and Spike (S) constructs were tested in vitro by transfection of a mouse melanoma cell line (VM92). The following expression constructs were transfected individually into VM92 cells and cultured for a period of time. All SARS-CoV sequences described below, were cloned into the VR1012 expression vector. The VR9208 expression plasmid contains a nucleotide sequence encoding the SARS-CoV S1 domain which was codon-optimized according to the full optimization method described herein and is disclosed in SEQ ID NO:50. The VR9204 expression plasmid contains a nucleotide sequence encoding a fragment of the SARS-CoV S1 which corresponds to amino acids 1-417 of the SARS-CoV S1 protein. The coding sequence in VR9204 was also codon optimized according to the full optimization method described herein.
Both cell extracts and cell culture medium supernatants were analyzed by Western blot. The presence of the SARS-CoV N protein and S proteins were detected using commercial rabbit polyclonal antibodies which reconginze the N protein from SARS-CoV strain Urbani (IMG-543; Imgenex, San Diego, Calif.) and the S proteins from SARS-CoV strain Urbani (IMG-557, 542 and 541; Imgenex, Diego, Calif.). Western blot results are summarized below:
In both the supemantant and cell lystates from cells transfected with the VR9219 plasmid, protein bands of a molecular weight of between 37 and 50 kDa (as estimated by a protein molecular weight standard) were detectable. The SARS-CoV N protein has an expected molecule weight of 46 kDa. This result is consistent with efficient expression of the SARS-CoV N antigen.
The supernantant and cell lysates from cells transfected with four different SARS-CoV S antigen constructs were individually analyzed for the presence of the S antigen. The results are summarized below.
A protein band of 85-110 kDa (as estimated by a protein molecular weight standard) was detected by Western blot in both the lysate and supernatant of cells transfected with the VR9204 plasmid (S1 domain—fragment).
A protein band of about 150 kDa (as estimated by a protein molecular weight standard) was detected by Western blot in both the lysate and supernatant of cells transfected with the VR9208 plasmid (S1 domain).
A protein band of approximately 111 kDa (as estimated by a protein molecular weight standard) was detected by Western blot in both the lysate and supernatant of cells transfected with the VR9209 plasmid (S2 domain).
A protein band of about 190 kDa (as estimated by a protein molecular weight standard) was detected by Western blot in both the lysate and supernatant of cells transfected with the VR9210 plasmid (secreted S).
These results are consistent with efficient expression and secretion of SARS-CoV Spike protein. Due to the presence of glycosylation sites in the S protein, the molecular weight is difficult to acurrately predict.
Recombinantly prepared SARS-CoV proteins, for example, SARS-CoV S, S1, S2, N, M, E, soluble S, soluble S1, soluble S2, soluble TPA-S, soluble TPA-S1, and soluble TPA-S2 proteins, fusions thereof, or fragments, variants or derivatives of such proteins either alone or as fusions with a carrier protein, e.g., HBcAg, for use as subunit proteins in the various combination therapies and compositions described herein, are prepared using the following procedure.
Eukaryotic cells transfected with expression plasmids such as those described in Example 1 are used to express SARS-CoV proteins, for example, SARS-CoV S, S1, S2, N, M, E, soluble S, soluble S1, soluble S2, soluble TPA-S, soluble TPA-S1, and soluble TPA-S2 proteins, fusions thereof, or fragments, variants or derivatives of such proteins either alone or as fusions with a carrier protein, e.g., HBcAg. Alternatively, a baculovirus system can be used wherein insect cells such as, but not limited to, Sf9, Sf21, or D.Mel-2 cells are infected with recombinant baculoviruses which can express SARS-CoV proteins, for example, SARS-CoV S, S1, S2, N, M, E, soluble S, soluble S1, soluble S2, soluble TPA-S, soluble TPA-S1, and soluble TPA-S2 proteins, fusions thereof, or fragments, variants or derivatives of such proteins either alone or as fusions with a carrier protein, e.g., HBcAg. Other in vitro expression systems may be used, and are well known to those of ordinary skill in the art. For baculovirus expression of non-secreted forms of these proteins, cells which are infected with recombinant baculoviruses capable of expressing SARS-CoV proteins, for example, SARS-CoV S, S1, S2, N, M, E, soluble S, soluble S1, soluble S2, soluble TPA-S, soluble TPA-S1, and soluble TPA-S2 proteins, fusions thereof, or fragments, variants or derivatives of such proteins either alone or as fusions with a carrier protein, e.g., HBcAg, are collected by knocking and scraping cells off the bottom of the flask in which they are grown. Cells infected with baculoviruses for 24 or 48 hours are less easy to detach from flask and may lyse, thus care must be taken with their removal. Eukaryotic cells which are transfected, either transiently or permanently, with expression plasmids encoding non-secreted forms of SARS-CoV proteins are gently scraped of the bottom of the flasks in which they are grown. Flasks containing the cells are then rinsed with PBS and the cells are transferred to 250 ml conical tubes. The tubes are spun at 1000 rpm in J-6 centrifuge (300×g) for about 5-10 minutes. The cell pellets are washed two times with PBS and then resuspended in about 10-20 ml of PBS in order to count. The cells are fmally resuspended at a concentration of about 2×107 cells/ml in RSB (10 mM Tris pH=7.5, 1.5 mM MgCl2, 10 mM KCl).
At this point either a total cell lysate is prepared, or cytoplasmic and nuclear fractions are separated. Approximately 106 infected cells are used per lane of a standard SDS-PAGE mini-protein gel for gel analysis purposes. When separating cytoplasmic and nuclear fractions, 10% NP40 is added to the cells for a final concentration of 0.5%. The cell-NP40 mixture is vortexed and placed on ice for 10 minutes, vortexing occasionally. After ice incubation, the cells are spun at 1500 rpm in a J-6 centrifuge (600×1) for 10 minutes. The supemantant is removed, which is the cytoplasmic fraction. The remaining pellet, containing the nuclei, is washed two times with buffer C (20 mM HEPES pH=7.9, 1.5 mM MgCl2, 0.2 mM EDTA, 0.5 mM PMSF, 0.5 mM DTT) to remove cytoplasmic proteins. The nuclei are resuspended in buffer C to 5×107 nuclei/ml. The nuclei are vortexed vigorously to break up particles and an aliquot is removed for the mini-protein gel, which is the nuclei fraction.
Whole cell lysates are prepared by simply resuspending the requisite number of cells in gel sample buffer.
For gel analysis, a small amount (about 106 nuclear equivalents) of the nuclear pellet is resuspended directly in gel sample buffer and run with equivalent amounts of whole cells, cytoplasm, and nuclei. Those fractions containing the SARS-CoV protein of interest are detected by Western blot analysis as described herein.
Following analysis as described above, larger quantities of crude subunit proteins are prepared from batch cell cultures by protein purification methods well known by those of ordinary skill in the art, e.g., the use of HPLC.
Secreted versions of SARS-CoV proteins, for example, SARS-CoV S, S1, S2, N, M, E, soluble S, soluble S1, soluble S2, soluble TPA-S, soluble TPA-S1, and soluble TPA-S2 proteins, fusions thereof, or fragments, variants or derivatives of such proteins either alone or as fusions with a carrier protein, e.g., HBcAg are isolated from cell culture supernatants using various protein purification methods well known to those of ordinary skill in the art.
Plasmid constructs comprising codon-optimized and non-codon-optimized coding regions encoding SARS-CoV proteins, for example, SARS-CoV S, S1, S2, N, M, E, soluble S, soluble S1, soluble S2, soluble TPA-S, soluble TPA-S1, and soluble TPA-S2 proteins, fusions thereof, or fragments, variants or derivatives of such proteins either alone or as fusions with a carrier protein, e.g., HBcAg, as well as various controls, e.g., empty vector, are formulated with the poloxamer CRL 1005 and BAK (Benzalkonium chloride 50% solution, available from Ruger Chemical Co. Inc.) by the following methods. Specific final concentrations of each component of the formulae are described in the following methods, but for any of these methods, the concentrations of each component may be varied by basic stoichiometric calculations known by those of ordinary skill in the art to make a final solution having the desired concentrations.
For example, the concentration of CRL 1005 is adjusted depending on, for example, transfection efficiency, expression efficiency, or imunogenicity, to achieve a final concentration of between about 1 mg/ml to about 75 mg/ml, for example, about 1 mg/ml, about 2 mg/ml, about 3 mg/ml, about 4 mg/ml, about 5 mg/ml, about 6.5 mg/ml, about 7 mg/ml, about 7.5 mg/ml, about 8 mg/ml, about 9 mg/ml, about 10 mg/ml, about 15 mg/ml, about 20 mg/ml, about 25 mg/ml, about 30 mg/ml, about 35 mg/ml, about 40 mg/ml, about 45 mg/ml, about 50 mg/ml, about 55 mg/ml, about 60 mg/ml, about 65 mg/ml, about 70 mg/ml, or about 75 mg/ml of CRL 1005.
Similarly, the concentration of DNA is adjusted depending on many factors, including the amount of a formulation to be delivered, the age and weight of the subject, the delivery method and route and the immunogenicity of the antigen being delivered. In general, formulations of the present invention are adjusted to have a final concentration from about 1 ng/ml to about 30 mg/ml of plasmid (or other polynucleotide). For example, a formulation of the present invention may have a final concentration of about 1 ng/ml, about 5 ng/ml, about 10 ng/ml, about 50 ng/ml, about 100 ng/ml, about 500 ng/ml, about 1 μg/ml, about 5 μg/ml, about 10 μg/ml, about 50 μg/ml, about 200 μg/ml, about 400 μg/ml, about 600 μg/ml, about 800 μg/ml, about 1 mg/ml, about 2 mg/ml, about 2.5, about 3 mg/ml, about 3.5, about 4 mg/ml, about 4.5, about 5 mg/ml, about 5.5 mg/ml, about 6 mg/ml, about 7 mg/ml, about 8 mg/ml, about 9 mg/ml, about 10 mg/ml, about 20 mg/ml, or about 30 mg/ml of a plasmid.
Certain formulations of the present invention include a cocktail of plasmids (see, e.g., Example 1 supra) of the present invention, e.g., comprising coding regions encoding SARS-CoV proteins, for example SARS-CoV S, S1, S2, N, M, or E and optionally, plasmids encoding immunity enhancing proteins, e.g., cytokines. Various plasmids desired in a cocktail are combined together in PBS or other diluent prior to the addition to the other ingredients. Furthermore, plasmids may be present in a cocktail at equal proportions, or the ratios may be adjusted based on, for example, relative expression levels of the antigens or the relative immunogenicity of the encoded antigens. Thus, various plasmids in the cocktail may be present in equal proportions, or up to twice or three times as much of one plasmid may be included relative to other plasmids in the cocktail.
Additionally, the concentration of BAK may be adjusted depending on, for example, a desired particle size and improved stability. Indeed, in certain embodiments, formulations of the present invention include CRL 1005 and DNA, but are free of BAK. In general BAK-containing formulations of the present invention are adjusted to have a final concentration of BAK from about 0.05 mM to about 0.5 mM. For example, a formulation of the present invention may have a final BAK concentration of about 0.05 mM, 0.1 mM, 0.2 mM, 0.3 mM, 0.4 mM, or 0.5 mM.
The total volume of the formulations produced by the methods below may be scaled up or down, by choosing apparatus of proportional size. Finally, in carrying out any of the methods described below, the three components of the formulation, BAK, CRL 1005, and plasmid DNA, may be added in any order. In each of these methods described below the term “cloud point” refers to the point in a temperature shift, or other titration, at which a clear solution becomes cloudy, ie., when a component dissolved in a solution begins to precipitate out of solution.
Thermal Cycling of a Pre-Mixed Formulation
This example describes the preparation of a formulation comprising 0.3 mM BAK, 7.5 mg/ml CRL 1005, and 5 mg/ml of DNA in a total volume of 3.6 ml. The ingredients are combined together at a temperature below the cloud point and then the formulation is thermally cycled to room temperature (above the cloud point) several times, according to the protocol outlined in
A 1.28 mM solution of BAK is prepared in PBS, 846 μl of the solution is placed into a 15 ml round bottom flask fitted with a magnetic stirring bar, and the solution is stirred with moderate speed, in an ice bath on top of a stirrer/hotplate (hotplate off) for 10 minutes. CRL 1005 (27 μl) is then added using a 100 μl positive displacement pipette and the solution is stirred for a further 60 minutes on ice. Plasmids comprising coding regions or codon-optimized coding regions encoding SARS-CoV proteins, for example, S, S1, S2, N, M, or E, as described herein, and optionally, additional plasmids comprising codon-optimized or non-codon-optimized coding regions encoding, e.g., additional SARS-CoV proteins, and or other proteins, e.g., cytokines, are mixed together at desired proportions in PBS to achieve 6.4 mg/ml total DNA. This plasmid cocktail is added dropwise, slowly, to the stirring solution over 1 min using a 5 ml pipette. The solution at this point (on ice) is clear since it is below the cloud point of the poloxamer and is further stirred on ice for 15 min. The ice bath is then removed, and the solution is stirred at ambient temperature for 15 minutes to produce a cloudy solution as the poloxamer passes through the cloud point.
The flask is then placed back into the ice bath and stirred for a further 15 minutes to produce a clear solution as the mixture is cooled below the poloxamer cloud point. The ice bath is again removed and the solution stirred at ambient temperature for a further 15 minutes. Stirring for 15 minutes above and below the cloud point (total of 30 minutes), is defined as one thermal cycle. The mixture is cycled six more times. The resulting formulation may be used immediately, or may be placed in a glass vial, cooled below the cloud point, and frozen at −80° C. for use at a later time.
Thermal Cycling, Dilution and Filtration of a Pre-mixed Formulation, Using Increased Concentrations of CRL 1005
This example describes the preparation of a formulation comprising 0.3 mM BAK, 34 mg/ml or 50 mg/ml CRL 1005, and 2.5 mg/ml of DNA in a final volume of 4.0 ml. The ingredients are combined together at a temperature below the cloud point, then the formulation is thermally cycled to room temperature (above the cloud point) several times, diluted, and filtered according to the protocol outlined in
Plasmids comprising wild-type or codon-optimized coding regions encoding SARS-CoV proteins, for example, SARS-CoV S, S1, S2, N, M, E, soluble S, soluble S1, soluble S2, soluble TPA-S, soluble TPA-S1, and soluble TPA-S2 proteins, fusions thereof, or fragments, variants or derivatives of such proteins either alone or as fusions with a carrier protein, e.g., HBcAg, and or other proteins, e.g., cytokines, are mixed together at desired proportions in PBS to achieve 6.4 mg/ml total DNA. This plasmid cocktail is placed into the 15 ml round bottom flask fitted with a magnetic stirring bar, and for the formulation containing 50 mg/ml CRL 1005, 3.13 ml of a solution containing about 3.2 mg/ml of e.g., S1 encoding plasmid and about 3.2 mg/ml S2 encoding plasmid (about 6.4 mg/ml total DNA) is placed into the 15 ml round bottom flask fitted with a magnetic stirring bar, and the solutions are stirred with moderate speed, in an ice bath on top of a stirrer/hotplate (hotplate off) for 10 minutes. CRL 1005 (136 μl for 34 mg/ml final concentration, and 100 μl for 50 mg/ml final concentration) is then added using a 200 μl positive displacement pipette and the solution is stirred for a further 30 minutes on ice. Solutions of 1.6 mM and 1.8 mM BAK are prepared in PBS, and 739 μl of 1.6 mM and 675 μl of 1.8 mM are then added dropwise, slowly, to the stirring poloxamer solutions with concentrations of 34 mg/ml or 50 mg/ml mixtures, respectively, over 1 min using a 1 ml pipette. The solutions at this point are clear since they are below the cloud point of the poloxamer and are stirred on ice for 30 min. The ice baths are then removed; the solutions stirred at ambient temperature for 15 minutes to produce cloudy solutions as the poloxamer passes through the cloud point.
The flasks are then placed back into the ice baths and stirred for a further 15 minutes to produce clear solutions as the mixtures cooled below the poloxamer cloud point. The ice baths are again removed and the solutions stirred for a further 15 minutes. Stirring for 15 minutes above and below the cloud point (total of 30 minutes), is defined as one thermal cycle. The mixtures are cycled two more times.
In the meantime, two Steriflip® 50 ml disposable vacuum filtration devices, each with a 0.22 μm Millipore Express® membrane (available from Millipore, cat # SCGP00525) are placed in an ice bucket, with a vacuum line attached and left for 1 hour to allow the devices to equilibrate to the temperature of the ice. The poloxamer formulations are then diluted to 2.5 mg/ml DNA with PBS and filtered under vacuum.
The resulting formulations may be used immediately, or may be transferred to glass vials, cooled below the cloud point, and frozen at −80° C. for use at a later time.
A Simplified Method Without Thermal Cycling
This example describes a simplified preparation of a formulation comprising 0.3 mM BAK, 7.5 mg/ml CRL 1005, and 5 mg/ml of DNA in a total volume of 2.0 ml. The ingredients are combined together at a temperature below the cloud point and then the formulation is simply filtered and then used or stored, according to the protocol outlined in
A 0.77 mM solution of BAK is prepared in PBS, and 780 μl of the solution is placed into a 15 ml round bottom flask fitted with a magnetic stirring bar, and the solution is stirred with moderate speed, in an ice bath on top of a stirrer/hotplate (hotplate off) for 15 minutes. CRL 1005 (15 μl) is then added using a 100 μl positive displacement pipette and the solution is stirred for a further 60 minutes on ice. Plasmids comprising coding regions or codon-optimized coding regions encoding SARS-CoV proteins, for example, SARS-CoV S, S1, S2, N, M, E, soluble S, soluble S1, soluble S2, soluble TPA-S, soluble TPA-S1, and soluble TPA-S2 proteins, fusions thereof, or fragments, variants or derivatives of such proteins either alone or as fusions with a carrier protein, e.g., HBcAg, and or other proteins, e.g., cytokines, are mixed together at desired proportions in PBS to achieve a final concentration of about 8.3 mg/ml total DNA. This plasmid cocktail is added dropwise, slowly, to the stirring solution over 1 min using a 5 ml pipette. The solution at this point (on ice) is clear since it is below the cloud point of the poloxamer and is further stirred on ice for 15 min.
In the meantime, one Steriflip® 50 ml disposable vacuum filtration device, with a 0.22 μm Millipore Express® membrane (available from Millipore, cat # SCGP00525) is placed in an ice bucket, with a vacuum line attached and left for 1 hour to allow the device to equilibrate to the temperature of the ice. The poloxamer formulation is then filtered under vacuum, below the cloud point and then allowed to warm above the cloud point. The resulting formulations may be used immediately, or may be transferred to glass vials, cooled below the cloud point and then frozen at −80° C. for use at a later time.
The immunogenicity of the various SARS-CoV expression products encoded polynucleotides and codon-optimized polynucleotides described herein are initially evaluated based on each plasmid's ability to mount an immune response in vivo. Plasmids are tested individually and in combinations by injecting single constructs as well as multiple constructs. Immunizations are initially carried out in animals, such as mice, rabbits, goats, sheep, domestic cats, non-human primates, or other suitable animal, by intramuscular (IM) injections. Serum is collected from immunized animals, and the antigen specific antibody response is quantified by ELISA assay using purified immobilized antigen proteins in a protein—immunized subject antibody—anti-species antibody type assay, according to standard protocols. The tests of immunogenicity further include measuring antibody titer, neutralizing antibody titer, T-cell proliferation, T-cell secretion of cytokines, and cytolytic T cell responses. Correlation to protective levels of the immune responses in humans are made according to methods well known by those of ordinary skill in the art. See above.
A. DNA Formulations
Plasmid DNA is formulated with a poloxamer by any of the methods described in Example 3. Alternatively, plasmid DNA is prepared as described above and dissolved at a concentration of about 0.1 mg/ml to about 10 mg/ml, preferably about 1 mg/ml, in PBS with or without transfection-facilitating cationic lipids, e.g., DMRIE/DOPE at a 4:1 DNA:lipid mass ratio. Alternative DNA formulations include 150 mM sodium phosphate instead of PBS, adjuvants, e.g., Vaxfectin™ at a 4:1 DNA: Vaxfectin™ mass ratio, mono-phosphoryl lipid A (detoxified endotoxin) from S. minnesota (MPL) and trehalosedicorynomycolateAF (TDM), in 2% oil (squalene)-Tween 80-water (MPL+TDM, available from Sigma/Aldrich, St. Louis, Mo., (catalog # M6536)), a solubilized mono-phosphoryl lipid A formulation (AF, available from Corixa), or (±)-N-(3-Acetoxypropyl)-N,N-dimethyl-2,3-bis(octyloxy)-1-propanaminium chloride (compound # VC1240) (see Shriver, J. W. et al., Nature 415:331-335 (2002), and P.C.T. Publication No. WO 02/00844 A2, each of which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety).
B. Animal Immunizations
Plasmid constructs comprising codon-optimized or non-codon-optimized coding regions encoding SARS-CoV proteins, for example, SARS-CoV S, S1, S2, N, M, E, soluble S, soluble S1, soluble S2, soluble TPA-S, soluble TPA-S1, and soluble TPA-S2 proteins, fusions thereof, or fragments, variants or derivatives of such proteins either alone or as fusions with a carrier protein, e.g., HBcAg, as well as various controls, e.g., empty vector, are injected into BALB/c mice as single plasmids or as cocktails of two or more plasmids, as either DNA in PBS or formulated with the poloxamer-based delivery system: 2 mg/ml DNA, 3 mg/ml CRL 1005, and 0.1 mM BAK. Groups of 10 mice are immunized three times, at biweekly intervals, and serum is obtained to determine antibody titers to each of the antigens. Groups are also included in which mice are immunized with a trivalent preparation, containing each of three plasmid constructs expressing any of the SARS Co-V polypeptides, e.g., soluble, extracellular S1, M, and N polypeptides, in equal mass.
An example of an immunization schedule is as follows:
Serum antibody titers, at the various time points are determined by ELISA, using as the antigen SARS-CoV protein preparations including, but not limited to, purified recombinant proteins, transfection supernatants and lysates from mammalian or insect cells transfected with the various plasmids described herein, or live, inactivated, or lysed SARS-CoV virus.
C. Immunization of Mice with Vaccine Formulations Using a VAXFECTIN™ Adjuvant
VAXFECTIN™ (a 1:1 molar ratio of the cationic lipid VC1052 and the neutral co-lipid DPyPE) is a synthetic cationic lipid formulation which has shown promise for its ability to enhance antibody titers against an antigen when administered with DNA encoding the antigen intramuscularly to mice. See Hartikka et al. “Vaxfectin Enhances the Humoral Response to Plasmid DNA-encoded Antigens.” Vaccine 19: 1911-1923 (2001).
In mice, intramuscular injection of VAXFECTIN™ formulated with, for example, DNA encoding the IAV NP protein increased antibody titers to NP up to 20-fold to levels that could not be reached with DNA alone. In rabbits, complexing DNA with VAXFECTIN™ enhanced antibody titers up to 50-fold. Thus, VAXFECTIN™ shows promise as a delivery system and as an adjuvant in a DNA vaccine.
Vaxfectin™mixtures are prepared by mixing chloroform solutions of VC1052 cationic lipid with chloroform solutions of DpyPE neutral co-lipid. Dried films are prepared in 2 ml sterile glass vials by evaporating the chloroform under a stream of nitrogen, and placing the vials under vacuum overnight to remove solvent traces. Each vial contains 1.5 μmole each of VC1052 and DPyPE. Liposomes are prepared by adding sterile water followed by vortexing. The resulting liposome solution is mixed with DNA at a phosphate mole:cationic lipid mole ratio of 4:1.
Plasmid constructs comprising codon-optimized and non-codon-optimized coding regions encoding SARS-CoV proteins, for example, SARS-CoV S, S1, S2, N, M, E, soluble S, soluble S1, soluble S2, soluble TPA-S, soluble TPA-S1, and soluble TPA-S2 proteins, fusions thereof, or fragments, variants or derivatives of such proteins either alone or as fusions with a carrier protein, e.g., HBcAg, as well as various controls, e.g., empty vector, are mixed together at desired proportions in PBS to achieve a final concentration of at 1.0 mg/ml. The plasmid cocktail, as well as the controls, are formulated with VAXFECTIN™. Groups of 5 Balb/c female mice are injected bilaterally in the rectus femoris muscle with 50 μl of DNA solution (100 μl total/mouse), on days 1 and 21 and 49 with each formulation. Mice are bled for serum on days 0 (prebleed), 20 (bleed 1), and 41 (bleed 2), and 62 (bleed 3), and up to 40 weeks post-injection. Antibody titers to the various SARS CoV proteins encoded by the plasmid DNAs are measured by ELISA as described elsewhere herein.
Cytolytic T-cell responses are measured as described in Hartikka et al. “Vaxfectin Enhances the Humoral Response to Plasmid DNA-encoded Antigens.” Vaccine 19: 1911-1923 (2001) and is incorporated herein in its entirety by reference. Standard ELISPOT technology is used for the CD4+ and CD8+ T-cell assays as described in Example 6, part A.
D. Production of SARS-CoV Antisera in Animals
Plasmid constructs comprising codon-optimized and non-codon-optimized coding regions encoding SARS-CoV proteins, for example, SARS-CoV S, S1, S2, N, M, E, soluble S, soluble S1, soluble S2, soluble TPA-S, soluble TPA-S1, and soluble TPA-S2 proteins, fusions thereof, or fragments, variants or derivatives of such proteins either alone or as fusions with a carrier protein, e.g., HBcAg, as well as various controls, e.g., empty vector, are prepared according to the immunization scheme described above and injected into a suitable animal for generating polyclonal antibodies. Serum is collected and the antibody titered as above.
Monoclonal antibodies are also produced using hybridoma technology. Kohler, et al., Nature 256:495 (1975); Kohler, et al., Eur. J. Immunol. 6:511 (1976); Kohler, et al., Eur. J. Immunol. 6:292 (1976); Hammerling, et al., in Monoclonal Antibodies and T-Cell Hybridomas, Elsevier, N.Y., (1981), pp. 563-681, each of which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. In general, such procedures involve immunizing an animal (preferably a mouse) as described above. The splenocytes of such mice are extracted and fused with a suitable myeloma cell line. Any suitable myeloma cell line may be employed in accordance with the present invention; however, it is preferable to employ the parent myeloma cell line (Sp2/0), available from the American Type Culture Collection, Rockville, Md. After fusion, the resulting hybridoma cells are selectively maintained in HAT medium, and then cloned by limiting dilution as described by Wands et al., Gastroenterology 80:225-232 (1981), incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. The hybridoma cells obtained through such a selection are then assayed to identify clones which secrete antibodies capable of binding the various SARS-CoV proteins.
Alternatively, additional antibodies capable of binding to SARS-CoV proteins described herein may be produced in a two-step procedure through the use of anti-idiotypic antibodies. Such a method makes use of the fact that antibodies are themselves antigens, and that, therefore, it is possible to obtain an antibody which binds to a second antibody. In accordance with this method, various SARS-CoV-specific antibodies are used to immunize an animal, preferably a mouse. The splenocytes of such an animal are then used to produce hybridoma cells, and the hybridoma cells are screened to identify clones which produce an antibody whose ability to bind to the SARS-CoV protein-specific antibody can be blocked by the cognate SARS-CoV protein. Such antibodies comprise anti-idiotypic antibodies to the SARS-CoV protein-specific antibody and can be used to immunize an animal to induce formation of further SARS-CoV-specific antibodies.
It will be appreciated that Fab and F(ab′)2 and other fragments of the antibodies of the present invention may be used according to the methods disclosed herein. Such fragments are typically produced by proteolytic cleavage, using enzymes such as papain (to produce Fab fragments) or pepsin (to produce F(ab′)2 fragments). Alternatively, SARS-CoV polypeptide binding fragments can be produced through the application of recombinant DNA technology or through synthetic chemistry.
It may be preferable to use “humanized” chimeric monoclonal antibodies. Such antibodies can be produced using genetic constructs derived from hybridoma cells producing the monoclonal antibodies described above. Methods for producing chimeric antibodies are known in the art. See, for review, Morrison, Science 229:1202 (1985); Oi, et al., BioTechniques 4:214 (1986); Cabilly, et al., U.S. Pat. No. 4,816,567; Taniguchi, et al., EP 171496; Morrison, et al., EP 173494; Neuberger, et al., WO 8601533; Robinson, et al., WO 8702671; Boulianne, et al., Nature 312:643 (1984); Neuberger, et al., Nature 314:268 (1985).
These antibodies are used, for example, in diagnostic assays, as a research reagent, or to further immunize animals to generate SARS-CoV-specific anti-idiotypic antibodies. Non-limiting examples of uses for anti-SARS-CoV antibodies include use in Western blots, ELISA (competitive, sandwich, and direct), immunofluorescence, immunoelectron microscopy, radioimmunoassay, immunoprecipitation, agglutination assays, immunodiffision, immunoelectrophoresis, and epitope mapping. Weir, D. Ed. Handbook of Experimental Immunology, 4th ed. Vols. I and II, Blackwell Scientific Publications (1986).
Balb/c mice were injected intramuscularly bilaterally with 100 μg of SARS-CoV antigen expressing plasmid. VR9204, VR9208, VR9209, VR9210, VR9219 plasmids were formulated in PBS and DMRIE:DOPE at a 4:1 DNA:lipid mass ratio.
New Zealand white rabbits were injected intramuscularly bilaterally with 1 mg of SARS-CoV antigen expressing plasmid (VR9219 (N antigen) or VR9204 (S1 fragment antigen), formulated with DMRIE:DOPE, on days 1, 28 and 56. Rabbit sera anti-antigen titers were determined by ELISA assay. The ELISA assay was performed according to standard protocols. ELISA plates used in the assay were coated with cell culture supernatants, from cells transfected with the a SARS-CoV antigen plasmid. Sera from rabbits which had been injected with the corresponding plasmid was then applied to the plates. Bound rabbit antibodies were detected using an alkaline phosphatase-modified donkey anti-rabbit IgG monoclonal antibody (Jackson Immuno Research; Cat No. 711-055-152). Bound antibodies were detected by standard colorimetric method after 2.5 hours of incubation with chromogenic substrates. Optical Density was determined at a wavelength of 405 nm. The results of the ELISA assay are summarized below.
Data shown in Table 20 demonstrate the presence of anti-nucleocapsid antibodies at day 21 in rabbits injected with plasmid VR9219 expressing full-length SARS-CoV nucleocapsid antigen. The antibody titers reach a plateau at day 42 (1:400 dilution).
In another experiment, rabbits were injected with plasmid VR9204, which expresses a fragment of the SARS-CoV Spike S1 domain. ELISA plates were coated with in vitro-produced full length-secreted Spike protein from cells transfected with plasmid VR9210. Antibodies IMG-542 and IMG-557, which recognize amino acids 288-303 and 1124-1140 of the SARS-CoV spike protein respectively (available from lmgenex, San Diego, Calif.), were used as positive controls in the ELISA assay. An ELISA plate coated with supernatant from VR1012-transfected VM92 cells was used as a negative control in the ELISA assay. The data shown in Table 20 demonstrate the presence of anti-Spike antibodies at days 42 and 50 after injection.
A. Mucosal DNA Vaccination
Plasmid constructs comprising codon-optimized and non-codon-optimized coding regions encoding SARS-CoV proteins, for example, SARS-CoV S, S1, S2, N, M, E, soluble S, soluble S1, soluble S2, soluble TPA-S, soluble TPA-S1, and soluble TPA-S2 proteins, fusions thereof, or fragments, variants or derivatives of such proteins either alone or as fusions with a carrier protein, e.g., HBcAg, as well as various controls, e.g., empty vector, (100 μg/50 μl total DNA) are delivered to BALB/c mice at 0, 2 and 4 weeks via i.m., intranasal (i.n.), intravenous (i.v.), intravaginal (i.vag.), intrarectal (i.r.) or oral routes. The DNA is delivered unformulated, formulated with the cationic lipids DMRIE/DOPE (DD) or GAP-DLRIE/DOPE (GD), or formulatated with a poloxamer as described in Example 3. As endpoints, serum IgG titers against the various SARS-CoV antigens are measured by ELISA and splenic T-cell responses are measured by antigen-specific production of IFN-gamma and IL-4 in ELISPOT assays. Standard chromium release assays are used to measure specific cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) activity against the various SARS-CoV antigens. In addition, IgG and IgA responses against the various SARS-CoV antigens are analyzed by ELISA of vaginal washes.
B. Electrically-Assisted Plasmid Delivery
In vivo gene delivery may be enhanced through the application of brief electrical pulses to injected tissues, a procedure referred to herein as electrically-assisted plasmid delivery. See, e.g., Aihara, H. & Miyazaki, J. Nat. Biotechnol. 16:867-70 (1998); Mir, L. M. et al., Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 96:4262-67 (1999); Hartikka, J. et al., Mol. Ther. 4:407-15 (2001); and Mir, L. M. et al.; Rizzuto, G. et al., Hum Gene Ther 11:1891-900 (2000); Widera, G. et al, J. of Immuno. 164: 4635-4640 (2000). The use of electrical pulses for cell electropermeabilization has been used to introduce foreign DNA into prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells in vitro. Cell permeabilization can also be achieved locally, in vivo, using electrodes and optimal electrical parameters that are compatible with cell survival.
The electroporation procedure can be performed with various electroporation devices. These devices include external plate type electrodes or invasive needle/rod electrodes and can possess two electrodes or multiple electrodes placed in an array. Distances between the plate or needle electrodes can vary depending upon the number of electrodes, size of target area and treatment subject.
The TriGrid needle array, used in examples described herein, is a three electrode array comprising three elongate electrodes in the approximate shape of a geometric triangle. Needle arrays may include single, double, three, four, five, six or more needles arranged in various array formations. The electrodes are connected through conductive cables to a high voltage switching device that is connected to a power supply.
The electrode array is placed into the muscle tissue, around the site of nucleic acid injection, to a depth of approximately 3 mm to 3 cm. The depth of insertion varies depending upon the target tissue and the size of the patient receiving electroporation. After injection of foreign nucleic acid, such as plasmid DNA, and a period of time sufficient for distribution of the nucleic acid, square wave electrical pulses are applied to the tissue. The amplitude of each pulse ranges from about 100 volts to about 1500 volts, e.g., about 100 volts, about 200 volts, about 300 volts, about 400 volts, about 500 volts, about 600 volts, about 700 volts, about 800 volts, about 900 volts, about 1000 volts, about 1100 volts, about 1200 volts, about 1300 volts, about 1400 volts, or about 1500 volts or about 1-1.5 kV/cm, based on the spacing between electrodes. Each pulse has a duration of about 1 μs to about 1000 μs, e.g., about 1 μs, about 10 μs, about 50 μs, about 100 μs, about 200 μs, about 300 μs, about 400 μs, about 500 μs, about 600 μs, about 700 μs, about 800 μs, about 900 μs, or about 1000 μs, and a pulse frequency on the order of about 1-10 Hz. The polarity of the pulses may be reversed during the electroporation procedure by switching the connectors to the pulse generator. Pulses are repeated multiple times. The electroporation parameters (e.g., voltage amplitude, duration of pulse, number of pulses, depth of electrode insertion and frequency) will vary based on target tissue type, number of electrodes used and distance of electrode spacing, as would be understood by one of ordinary skill in the art.
Immediately after completion of the pulse regimen, subjects receiving electroporation can be optionally treated with membrane stabilizing agents to prolong cell membrane permeability as a result of the electroporation.
Examples of membrane stabilizing agents include, but are not limited to, steroids (e.g., dexamethasone, methylprednisone and progesterone), angiotensin II and vitamin E. A single dose of dexamethasone, approximately 0.1 mg per kilogram of body weight, should be sufficient to achieve a beneficial affect.
EAPD techniques such as electroporation can also be used for plasmids contained in liposome formulations. The liposome—plasmid suspension is administered to the animal or patient and the site of injection is treated with a safe but effective electrical field generated, for example, by a TriGrid needle array. The electroporation may aid in plasmid delivery to the cell by destabilizing the liposome bilayer so that membrane fusion between the liposome and the target cellular structure occurs. Electroporation may also aid in plasmid delivery to the cell by triggering the release of the plasmid, in high concentrations, from the liposome at the surface of the target cell so that the plasmid is driven across the cell membrane by a concentration gradient via the pores created in the cell membrane as a result of the electroporation.
Female BALB/c mice aged 8-10 weeks are anesthetized with inhalant isoflurane and maintained under anesthesia for the duration of the electroporation procedure. The legs are shaved prior to treatment. Plasmid constructs comprising codon-optimized and non-codon-optimized coding regions encoding SARS-CoV proteins, for example, SARS-CoV S, S1, S2, N, M, E, soluble S, soluble S1, soluble S2, soluble TPA-S, soluble TPA-S1, and soluble TPA-S2 proteins, fusions thereof, or fragments, variants or derivatives of such proteins either alone or as fusions with a carrier protein, e.g., HBcAg, as well as various controls, e.g., empty vector, are administered to BALB/c mice (n=10) via unilateral injection in the quadriceps with 25 μg total of a plasmid DNA per mouse using an 0.3 cc insulin syringe and a 26 gauge, ½ length needle fitted with a plastic collar to regulate injection depth. Approximately one minute after injection, electrodes are applied. Modified caliper electrodes are used to apply the electrical pulse. See Hartikka J. et al. Mol Ther 188:407-415 (2001). The caliper electrode plates are coated with conductivity gel and applied to the sides of the injected muscle before closing to a gap of 3 mm for administration of pulses. EAPD is applied using a square pulse type at 1-10 Hz with a field strength of 100-500 V/cm, 1-10 pulses, of 10-100 ms each.
Mice are vaccinated±EAPD at 0, 2 and 4 weeks. As endpoints, serum IgG titers against the various SARS-CoV antigens are measured by ELISA and splenic T-cell responses are measured by antigen-specific production of IFN-gamma and IL-4 in ELISPOT assays. Standard chromium release assays are used to measure specific cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) activity against the various SARS-CoV antigens.
Rabbits (n=3) are given bilateral injections in the quadriceps muscle with plasmid constructs comprising codon-optimized and non-codon-optimized coding regions encoding SARS-CoV proteins, for example, SARS-CoV S, S1, S2, N, M, E, soluble S, soluble S1, soluble S2, soluble TPA-S, soluble TPA-S1, and soluble TPA-S2 proteins, fusions thereof, or fragments, variants or derivatives of such proteins either alone or as fusions with a carrier protein, e.g., HBcAg, as well as various controls, e.g., empty vector. The implantation area is shaved and the TriGrid electrode array is implanted into the target region of the muscle. 3.0 mg of plasmid DNA is administered per dose through the injection port of the electrode array. An injection collar is used to control the depth of injection. Electroporation begins approximately one minute after injection of the plasmid DNA is complete. Electroporation is administered with a TriGrid needle array, with eletrodes evenly spaced 7 mm apart, using an Ichor TGP-2 pulse generator. The array is inserted into the target muscle to a depth of about 1 to 2 cm. 4-8 pulses are administered. Each pulse has a duration of about 50-100 μs, an amplitude of about 1-1.2 kV/cm and a pulse frequency of 1 Hz. The injection and electroporation may be repeated.
Sera are collected from vaccinated rabbits at various time points. As endpoints, serum IgG titers against the various SARS-CoV antigens are measured by ELISA and PBMC T-cell proliferative responses are measured by antigen-specific production of IFN-gamma and IL-4 in ELISPOT assays or by quantification of intracellular cytokine staining. Standard chromium release assays are used to measure specific cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) activity against the various SARS-CoV antigens.
To test the effect of electroporation on therapeutic protein expression in non-human primates, male or female rhesus monkeys are given either 2 or 6 EAPD-assisted i.m. injections of plasmid constructs comprising codon-optimized and/or non-codon-optimized coding regions encoding SARS-CoV proteins, for example, SARS-CoV S, S1, S2, N, M, E, soluble S, soluble S1, soluble S2, soluble TPA-S, soluble TPA-S1, and soluble TPA-S2 proteins, fusions thereof, or fragments, variants or derivatives of such proteins either alone or as fusions with a carrier protein, e.g., HBcAg, as well as various controls, e.g., empty vector, (0.1 to 10 mg DNA total per animal). Target muscle groups include, but are not limited to, bilateral rectus fermoris, cranial tibialis, biceps, gastrocenemius or deltoid muscles. The target area is shaved and a needle array, comprising between 4 and 10 electrodes, spaced between 0.5-1.5 cm apart, is implanted into the target muscle. Once injections are complete, a sequence of brief electrical pulses is applied to the electrodes implanted in the target muscle using an Ichor TGP-2 pulse generator. The pulses have an amplitude of approximately 120-200V. The pulse sequence is completed within one second. During this time, the target muscle may make brief contractions or twitches. The injection and electroporation may be repeated.
Sera are collected from vaccinated monkeys at various time points. As endpoints, serum IgG titers against the various SARS-CoV antigens are measured by ELISA and PBMC T-cell proliferative responses are measured by antigen-specific production of IFN-gamma and IL-4 in ELISPOT assays or by quantification of intracellular cytokine staining Standard chromium release assays are used to measure specific cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) activity against the various SARS-CoV antigens.
This Example describes vaccination with a combinatorial formulation including one or more polynucleotides comprising at least one codon-optimized or non-codon optimized coding regions encoding a SARS-CoV protein or fragment, variant, or derivative thereof prepared with an adjuvant and/or transfection facilitating agent; and also an isolated SARS-CoV protein or fragment, variant, or derivative thereof. Thus, antigen is provided in two forms. The exogenous isolated protein stimulates antigen specific antibody and CD4+ T-cell responses, while the polynucleotide-encoded protein, produced as a result of cellular uptake and expression of the coding region, stimulates a CD8+ T-cell response. Unlike conventional “prime-boost” vaccination strategies, this approach provides different forms of antigen in the same formulation. Because antigen expression from the DNA vaccine doesn't peak until 7-10 days after injection, the DNA vaccine provides a boost for the protein component. Furthermore, the formulation takes advantage of the immunostimulatory properties of the bacterial plasmid DNA.
A. Formulation Determinations for SARS-CoV proteins
This example mainly describes this procedure using an S2 subunit protein; however, the methods described herein are applicable to any SARS-CoV subunit protein combined with any polynucleotide vaccine formulation. For example any polynucleotide comprising a codon-optimized or non-codon-optimized coding region encoding any SARS-CoV proteins, for example, SARS-CoV S, S1, S2, N, M, E, soluble S, soluble S1, soluble S2, soluble TPA-S, soluble TPA-S1, and soluble TPA-S2 proteins, fusions thereof, or fragments, variants or derivatives of such proteins either alone or as fusions with a carrier protein, e.g., HBcAg may be combined with any subunit SARS-CoV proteins, for example, SARS-CoV S, S1, S2, N, M, E, soluble S, soluble S1, soluble S2, soluble TPA-S, soluble TPA-S1, and soluble TPA-S2 proteins, fusions thereof, or fragments, variants or derivatives of such proteins either alone or as fusions with a carrier protein, e.g., HBcAg. Because only a small amount of protein is needed in this method, it is conceivable that the approach could be used to reduce the dose of other types of protein or antibody based vaccines, not described herein, when administered in combination with the polynucleotides and polypeptides of the present invention. The decreased dosing of other vaccines would allow for the increased availability of scarce or expensive vaccines. This feature would be particularly important for vaccines against pandemic SARS or biological warfare agents.
In this example, an injection dose of 10 μg SARS-CoV S protein, subunit 2 (S2) DNA per mouse, prepared essentially as described in Example 2 and in Ulmer, J. B., et al., Science 259:1745-49 (1993) and Ulmer, J. B. et al., J Virol. 72:5648-53 (1998) is pre-determined in dose response studies to induce T cell and antibody responses in the linear range of the dose response and results in a response rate of greater than 95% of mice injected. Each formulation, either a plasmid comprising a codon-optimized or non-codon-optimized coding region encoding S2 alone (“S2 DNA”), or S2 DNA+/−S2 protein formulated with Ribi I or the cationic lipids, DMRIE:DOPE or Vaxfectin ™is prepared in the recommended buffer for that vaccine modality. For injections with S2 DNA formulated with cationic lipid, the DNA is diluted in 2×PBS to 0.2 mg/ml+/−purified recombinant S2 protein (produced in baculovirus as described in Example 2) at 0.08 mg/ml. Each cationic lipid is reconstituted from a dried film by adding 1 ml of sterile water for injection (SWFI) to each vial and vortexing continuously for 2 min., then diluted with SWFI to a final concentration of 0.15 mM. Equal volumes of S2 DNA (+/−S2 protein) and cationic lipid are mixed to obtain a DNA to cationic lipid molar ratio of 4:1. For injections with DNA containing Ribi I adjuvant (Sigma), Ribi I is reconstituted with saline to twice the final concentration. Ribi I (2×) is mixed with an equal volume of S2 DNA at 0.2 mg/ml in saline+/−S2 protein at 0.08 mg/ml. For immunizations without cationic lipid or Ribi, S2 DNA is prepared in 150 mM sodium phosphate buffer, pH 7.2. For each experiment, groups of 9 BALB/c female mice at 7-9 weeks of age are injected with 50 μl of S2 DNA+/−S2 protein, cationic lipid or Ribi I. Injections are given bilaterally in each rectus femoris at day 0 and day 21. The mice are bled by OSP on day 20 and day 33 and serum titers of individual mice are measured.
S2 specific serum antibody titers are determined by indirect binding ELISA using 96 well ELISA plates coated overnight at 4° C. with purified recombinant S2 protein at 0.5 μg per well in BBS buffer pH 8.3. S2-coated wells are blocked with 1% bovine serum albumin in BBS for 1 h at room temperature. Two-fold serial dilutions of sera in blocking buffer are incubated for 2 h at room temperature and detected by incubating with alkaline phosphatase conjugated (AP) goat anti-mouse IgG-Fc (Jackson Immunoresearch, West Grove, Pa.) at 1:5000 for 2 h at room temperature. Color is developed with 1 mg/ml para-nitrophenyl phosphate (Calbiochem, La Jolla, Calif.) in 50 mM sodium bicarbonate buffer, pH 9.8 and 1 MM MgCl2 and the absorbance read at 405 nm. The titer is the reciprocal of the last dilution exhibiting an absorbance value 2 times that of pre-bleed samples.
Standard ELISPOT technology, used to identify the number of interferon gamma (IFN-γ) secreting cells after stimulation with specific antigen (spot forming cells per million splenocytes, expressed as SFU/million), is used for the CD4+ and CD8+ T-cell assays. For the screening assays, 3 mice from each group are sacrificed on day 34, 35, and 36. At the time of collection, spleens from each group are pooled, and single cell suspensions made in cell culture media using a dounce homogenizer. Red blood cells are lysed, and cells washed and counted. For the CD4+ and CD8+ assays, cells are serially diluted 3-fold, starting at 106 cells per well and transferred to 96 well ELISPOT plates pre-coated with anti-murine IFN-γ monoclonal antibody. Spleen cells are stimulated with the H-2Kd binding peptide, TYQRTRALV (SEQ ID NO: 55) at 1 μg/ml and recombinant murine IL-2 at 1 U/ml for the CD8+ assay and with purified recombinant S2 protein at 20 μg/ml for the CD4+ assay. Cells are stimulated for 20-24 hours at 37° C. in 5% CO2, then the cells are washed out and biotin labeled anti-IFN-γ monoclonal antibody added for a 2 hour incubation at room temperature. Plates are washed and horseradish peroxidase-labeled avidin is added. After a 1-hour incubation at room temperature, AEC substrate is added and “spots” developed for 15 min. Spots are counted using the Immunospot automated spot counter (C.T.L. Inc., Cleveland Ohio.). Thus, CD4+ and CD8+ responses are measured in three separate assays, using spleens collected on each of three consecutive days.
B. Determining Combinatorial Formulations with SARS-CoV Polynucleotide Constructs
Plasmid constructs comprising codon-optimized or non-codon-optimized coding regions encoding SARS-CoV proteins, for example, SARS-CoV S, S1, S2, N, M, E, soluble S, soluble S1, soluble S2, soluble TPA-S, soluble TPA-S1, and soluble TPA-S2 proteins, fusions thereof, or fragments, variants or derivatives of such proteins either alone or as fusions with a carrier protein, e.g., HBcAg, as well as various controls, e.g., empty vector, are used in the prime-boost compositions described herein. For the prime-boost modalities, the same protein may be used for the boost, e.g., DNA encoding S2 with S2 protein, or a heterologous boost may be used, e.g., DNA encoding S2 with an M protein boost. Each formulation, the plasmid comprising a coding region for the SARS-CoV protein alone, or the plasmid comprising a coding region for the SARS-CoV protein plus the isolated protein, is formulated with Ribi I or the cationic lipids, DMRIE:DOPE or Vaxfectin™. The formulations are prepared in the recommended buffer for that vaccine modality. Exemplary formulations, using S2 as an example, are described herein. Other plasmid/protein formulations, including multivalent formulations, can be easily prepared by one of ordinary skill in the art by following this example. For injections with DNA formulated with cationic lipid, the DNA is diluted in 2×PBS to 0.2 mg/ml+/−purified recombinant SARS-CoV protein at 0.08 mg/ml. Each cationic lipid is reconstituted from a dried film by adding 1 ml of sterile water for injection (SWFI) to each vial and vortexing continuously for 2 min., then diluted with SWFI to a final concentration of 0.15 mM. Equal volumes of S2 DNA (+/−S2 protein) and cationic lipid are mixed to obtain a DNA to cationic lipid molar ratio of 4:1. For injections with DNA containing Ribi I adjuvant (Sigma), Ribi I is reconstituted with saline to twice the final concentration. Ribi I (2×) is mixed with an equal volume of S2 DNA at 0.2 mg/ml in saline+/−S2 protein at 0.08 mg/ml. For immunizations without cationic lipid or Ribi, S2 DNA is prepared in 150 mM sodium phosphate buffer, pH 7.2. For each experiment, groups of 9 BALB/c female mice at 7-9 weeks of age are injected with 50 .mu.l of S2 DNA+/−S2 protein, cationic lipid or Ribi I. The formulations are administered to BALB/c mice (n=10) via bilateral injection in each rectus femoris at day 0 and day 21.
The mice are bled on day 20 and day 33, and serum titers of individual mice to the various SARS-CoV antigens are measured. Serum antibody titers specific for the various SARS-CoV antigens are determined by ELISA. Standard ELISPOT technology, used to identify the number of interferon gamma (IFN-γ) secreting cells after stimulation with specific antigen (spot forming cells per million splenocytes, expressed as SFU/million), is used for the CD4+ and CD8+ T-cell assays using 3 mice from each group vaccinated as above, sacrificed on day 34, 35, and 36, post vaccination.
The purpose of these studies is to evaluate three or more of the optimal plasmid DNA vaccine formulations for immunogenicity in non-human primates. Prelmimary challenge experiments may be carried out in toher suitable animal modes, for example birds as described below, or in domestic cats. Rhesus or cynomologus monkeys (6/group) are vaccinated with plasmid constructs comprising codon-optimized and non-codon-optimized coding regions encoding SARS-CoV proteins, for example, SARS-CoV S, S1, S2, N, M, E, soluble S, soluble S1, soluble S2, soluble TPA-S, soluble TPA-S1, and soluble TPA-S2 proteins, fusions thereof, or fragments, variants or derivatives of such proteins either alone or as fusions with a carrier protein, e.g., HBcAg, as well as various controls, e.g., empty vector, intramuscularly 0.1 to 2 mg DNA combined with cationic lipid, and/or poloxamer and/or aluminum phosphate based or other adjuvants at 0, 1 and 4 months.
Blood is drawn twice at baseline and then again at the time of and two weeks following each vaccination, and then again 4 months following the last vaccination. At 2 weeks post-vaccination, plasma is analyzed for humoral response and PBMCs are monitored for cellular responses, by standard methods described herein. Animals are monitored for 4 months following the final vaccination to determine the durability of the immune response.
Animals are challenged within 2-4 weeks following the final vaccination. Animals are challenged intratracheally with the suitable dose of virus based on preliminary challege studies. Nasal swabs, pharyngeal swabs and lung lavages are collected at days 0, 2, 4, 6, 8 and 11 post-challenge and will be assayed for cell-free virus titers on monkey kidney cells. After challenge, animals are monitored for clinical symptoms, e.g., rectal temperature, body weight, leukocyte counts, and in addition, hematocrit and respiratory rate. Oropharyngeal swab samples are taken to allow determination of the length of viral shedding. Illness is scored using a variety of conventional illness scoring methods such as the system developed by Berendt & Hall (Infect Immun 16:476-479 (1977)), and will be analyzed by analysis of variance and the method of least significant difference.
In this example, various vaccine formulations of the present invention are tested in a chicken SARS-CoV model. For these studies a SARS-CoV is used for the challenge. Plasmid constructs comprising codon-optimized and non-codon-optimized coding regions encoding S, S1, S2, N, M, E, soluble S, soluble S1, soluble S2, soluble TPA-S, soluble TPA-S1, and soluble TPA-S2, as described herein, fusions; or alternatively, coding regions (either codon-optimized or non-codon optimized) encoding various SARS-CoV proteins or fragments, variants or derivatives, either alone or as fusions with a carrier protein, e.g., HBcAg, as well as various controls, e.g., empty vector, are formulated with cationic lipid, and/or poloxamer and/or aluminum phosphate based or other adjuvants. The vaccine formulations are delivered at a dose of about 1-10 μg, delivered IM into the defeathered breast area, at 0 and 1 month. The animals are bled for antibody results 3 weeks following the second vaccine. Antibody titers against the various SARS-CoV antigens are determined using techniques described in the literature. See, e.g., Kodihalli S. et al., Vaccine 18:2592-9 (2000). The birds are challenged intranasally with 0.1 mL containing 100 LD50 3 weeks post second vaccination. The birds are monitored daily for 10 days for disease symptoms, which include gasping, coughing and nasal discharge, wet eyes and swollen sinuses, reduced food consumption and weight loss. Tracheal and cloacal swabs are taken 4 days following challenge for virus titration.
The present invention is not to be limited in scope by the specific embodiments described which are intended as single illustrations of individual aspects of the invention, and any compositions or methods which are functionally equivalent are within the scope of this invention. Indeed, various modifications of the invention in addition to those shown and described herein will become apparent to those skilled in the art from the foregoing description and accompanying drawings. Such modifications are intended to fall within the scope of the appended claims.
All publications and patent applications mentioned in this specification are herein incorporated by reference to the same extent as if each individual publication or patent application was specifically and individually indicated to be incorporated by reference.
The present application claims the benefit of the filing date of U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 60/470,820, filed May 16, 2003, and U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 60/482,505, filed Jun. 26, 2003, which are both incorporated herein by reference in their entirety.
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