1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a sheet discharging device of an image forming apparatus, which uses an electrostatic recording system and an electrophotographic recording system, and an image forming apparatus including the sheet discharging device.
2. Description of the Related Art
Recently, an image forming apparatus has reduced in size and realized high performance, and an intermediate transfer type full-color image forming apparatus having the constitution disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 6,970,665 has been developed. The invention disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 6,970,665 is described with reference to
As illustrated in
The intermediate transfer unit 30 includes a rotating endless belt-like intermediate transfer belt 31 stretched between a plurality of rollers, and the intermediate transfer belt 31 is disposed to approach the image forming portions 10. In the intermediate transfer unit 30, a primary transfer charging devices 35 are arranged at a position facing the image forming portions 10 so that the intermediate transfer unit 30 is held between the primary transfer charging devices 35 and the image forming portions 10. The primary transfer charging devices 35 primarily transfers the visible images, formed on the photosensitive drums 11 by an exposure device 6, onto the intermediate transfer-unit 30. The visible images primarily transferred from the photosensitive drums 11 are superposed on the intermediate transfer unit 30. The intermediate transfer unit 30 rotates to thereby convey the visible image to the position of the secondary transfer portion Te where the visible image is secondarily transferred onto the sheet P.
When the visible image on the intermediate transfer unit 30 arrives at the position of the secondary transfer portion Te, the visible image is secondarily transferred onto the sheet P, selected and conveyed from the manual paper feed tray 71 or a sheet cassette 21, by the secondary transfer roller 36 and is further fixed by the fixing unit 40. The sheet P fixed with the image is discharged outside the image forming apparatus 200 by the sheet discharging portion 250, whereby a full-color image can be obtained. A sheet discharge tray 60 is disposed on the downstream side in the sheet conveyance direction of the sheet discharging portion 250. The sheet discharge tray 60 can receive therein the sheet P discharged by the sheet discharging portion 250.
For the sheet discharging portion 250, as disclosed in Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 2006-117365, a plurality of rollers 502 with a width smaller than the width of a plurality of concavo-convex rollers 501 are arranged in a row in the width direction perpendicular to the discharging direction of the sheet P. The invention disclosed in Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 2006-117365 is described with reference to
As illustrated in
Meanwhile, for the sheet discharging portion 250, instead of the concavo-convex rollers 501 of Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 2006-117365 and
As illustrated in
However, when the concavo-convex rollers 501 illustrated in
The plurality of rollers 502 are aligned in the width direction, and the sheet P is stiffened by each edge portion of the rollers 502. Therefore, the traces of the rollers are left on the sheet P, softened by the heat when fixed, by the corner portions of the rollers 502.
In addition, the sheet discharging portion 350 of U.S. Pat. No. 6,970,665 and
As illustrated in
As illustrated in
In addition, the amount of heat of the sheet P1 conducted by the pair of sheet discharge roller 505 is different between the front surface and the rear surface of the sheet P1 due to the difference in material of the pair of sheet discharge roller 505, whereby shrinkage of the sheet P1 in the cooling of the sheet P1 is different between the front surface and the rear surface, and thus, the sheet may be likely to be curled.
The present invention has been made in view of the above problems, and the present invention provides a sheet discharging device, which can increase the rigidity of a sheet in a sheet discharging direction, stabilize the posture of a discharged sheet, and realize the improvement of loading performance of the discharged sheet.
The present invention provides a sheet discharging device comprising a sheet stacking portion on which sheets are staked, and a pair of sheet discharge rollers which nips and discharges a sheet, on which a toner image is fixed by heat, onto the sheet stacking portion in a convex shape in a width direction perpendicular to the discharging direction of the pair of sheet discharge rollers.
Each of the pair of sheet discharge rollers includes a rotating shaft extending in the width direction and an elastic layer is provided on the rotating shaft and continuously formed to be longer in the width direction than the width of a sheet with a passable maximum size, and at least one elastic layer of the pair of sheet discharge rollers is formed of a foamed material.
According to the present invention, a pair of sheet discharge rollers has an elastic layer. The sheet is nipped and discharged by the pair of sheet discharge rollers in a convex shape (U-shaped curve) in a width direction, whereby the rigidity of the sheet in the sheet discharging direction increases, the posture of the discharged sheet is stabilized, and the loading performance of the discharged sheet is improved. The sheet and the roller surface are evenly in contact with each other by the elastic layer, at least one elastic layer is formed of a foamed material, of the pair of sheet discharge rollers, and thus, the uneven brightness can be prevented when an image is fixed onto the sheet. Further, since the corner portions of the roller are not in contact with the sheet, the traces of the rollers are prevented from being left on the sheet.
Further features of the present invention will become apparent from the following description of exemplary embodiments (with reference to the attached drawings).
As illustrated in
Each of the photosensitive drums 2a, 2b, 2c, and 2d is a negatively charged OPC photoreceptor having a photoconductive layer on a drum base body made of aluminum, and is driven and rotated by a drive (not illustrated) in the direction of the arrow (the clockwise direction) at a predetermined process speed. The chargers 3a, 3b, 3c, and 3d serving as charging portions uniformly charge the surface of the photosensitive drums 2a, 2b, 2c, and 2d to a predetermined negative electrode potential by a charging bias applied from a charging bias supply (not illustrated). The developing devices 4a, 4b, 4c, and 4d cause the toners of the respective colors to adhere to the electrostatic latent images formed on the photosensitive drums 2a, 2b, 2c, and 2d to develop (visualize) the electrostatic latent images as toner images. The developing method performed by the developing devices 4a, 4b, 4c, and 4d includes a two-component contact developing method. In this developing method, a developer containing a magnetic carrier mixed with toner particles is conveyed by a magnetic force, and image development is performed in a contact state with the photosensitive drums 2a, 2b, 2c, and 2d.
Primary transfer rollers 34a, 34b, 34c, and 34d serving as transfer portions are constituted of an elastic member and abutted against the photosensitive drums 2a, 2b, 2c, and 2d through an endless belt-like intermediate transfer belt 31 in each transfer nip portion. In this embodiment, the primary transfer rollers 34a, 34b, 34c, and 34d are used as the transfer portions; however, there may be used a transfer blade which is subjected to high pressure when transferring a toner image to a transfer material and is abutted against the intermediate transfer belt 31.
The drum cleaning devices 5a, 5b, 5c, and 5d remove and collect a transfer residual toner remaining on the respective surfaces of the photosensitive drums 2a, 2b, 2c, and 2d.
In the exposure device 6, a laser beam modulated in response to a time series electric digital pixel signal of image information is output from a laser outputting portion (not illustrated) . The exposure device 6 exposes the surfaces of the photosensitive drums 2a, 2b, 2c, and 2d through, for example, a polygon mirror (not illustrated) rotating at high speed. According to this constitution, electrostatic latent images of the respective colors corresponding to the image information are formed on the surfaces of the photosensitive drums 2a, 2b, 2c, and 2d charged by the chargers 3a, 3b, 3c, and 3d.
The sheet conveyance unit 20 includes a sheet cassette 21, a cassette conveyance roller 22, which is a conveying portion, registration rollers 23a and 23b, which are conveying portions, a manual paper feed tray conveyance roller 24, and a manual paper feed tray 71. The sheet conveyance unit 20 selects the sheet P in the sheet cassette 21 or on the manual paper feed tray 71 to convey the selected sheet P, and conveys the sheet P to the secondary transfer portion Te which is a transfer portion. The secondary transfer portion Te transfers the visible image, formed by the image forming portions 1a, 1b, 1c, and 1d, to the sheet P.
In the intermediate transfer unit 30, the intermediate transfer belt 31 is stretched between a drive roller 32 and a tension roller 33, and the intermediate transfer belt 31 is driven by the drive roller 32 to be rotated (moved) in the arrow direction (the counterclockwise direction). The intermediate transfer belt 31 is formed of a dielectric resin such as a polycarbonate, a polyethylene terephthalate resin film, or a polyvinylidene fluoride resin film. Further, an intermediate transfer belt cleaning device 80 is provided in a position facing the tension roller 33 through the intermediate transfer belt 31. The intermediate transfer belt cleaning device 80 includes a cleaning blade 81 formed of an elastic body abutted against the intermediate transfer belt 31 at a predetermined pressure and a conveying screw 82 which conveys residual toner removed from the intermediate transfer belt 31 by the cleaning blade 81. The residual toner is conveyed to a toner collection vessel (not illustrated) by the conveying screw 82.
The fixing unit 40 is provided on the downstream side of the secondary transfer portion Te. The fixing unit 40 is a fixing portion having a fixing roller 42 including a heat source and a pressure roller 41. The fixing unit 40 fixes the visible image on the sheet P by heat, transferred at the secondary transfer portion Te, to the sheet P. Further, a sheet discharging unit 50 which is a sheet discharging device is provided on the downstream side in the conveyance direction of the sheet P. The sheet discharge tray 60 is disposed on the further downstream side in the sheet passing direction of the sheet discharging unit 50 and above the intermediate transfer unit 30. The sheet P discharged by the sheet discharging unit 50 is stacked on the sheet discharge tray 60 serving as a sheet stacking portion.
Next, an image forming operation performed by the image forming apparatus 100 is described. When an image formation starting signal is given, the photosensitive drums 2a, 2b, 2c, and 2d of the image forming portions 1a, 1b, 1c, and 1d, which are driven and rotated at a predetermined process speed, are uniformly negatively charged by the chargers 3a, 3b, 3c, and 3d. Then, the exposure device 6 converts an image signal of an output image into an optical signal by means of a laser outputting portion (not illustrated), and the laser beam which is the optical signal obtained by conversion scans and exposes each surface of the charged photosensitive drums 2a, 2b, 2c, and 2d to form the electrostatic latent image.
Subsequently, the electrostatic latent image formed on the photosensitive drum 2a is first adhered with yellow toner by the developing device 4a to which a developing bias having the same polarity as the charged polarity (negative electrode polarity) of the photosensitive drum 2a is applied, and the electrostatic latent image is developed as the toner image. Then, the yellow toner image is transferred onto the intermediate transfer belt 31 at a primary transfer portion Ta by the primary transfer roller 34a to which a transfer bias (opposite-polarity (straight polarity) against the toner) is applied.
The intermediate transfer belt 31 transferred with the yellow toner image is moved to the image forming portion 1b by the drive roller 32. Likewise, a magenta toner image, formed on the photosensitive drum 2b by the above same method, is superposed on the yellow toner image on the sheet P, and then transferred at a primary transfer portion Tb constituted of the image forming portion 1b and the primary transfer roller 34b. Hereinafter, likewise, a cyan toner image and a black toner image, respectively formed on the photosensitive drums 2c and 2d of the image forming portions 1c and 1d, are sequentially superposed on the yellow and magenta toner images superposed and transferred onto the intermediate transfer belt 31, at primary transfer portions Tc and Td. According to this constitution, a full color toner image is formed on the intermediate transfer belt 31.
The sheet P conveyed from the sheet cassette 21 or the manual paper feed tray 71 is conveyed to the secondary transfer portion Te by the registration rollers 23a and 23b according to the timing when the lead end of the toner image on the intermediate transfer belt 31 is moved to the secondary transfer portion Te. The full color toner image is then transferred onto the sheet p, conveyed to the secondary transfer portion Te, by the secondary transfer roller 36 to which the transfer bias (opposite-polarity (straight polarity) against the toner) is applied.
The sheet P formed with the full color toner image is conveyed to the fixing unit 40 serving as a fixing portion which is an image heat fixing device. After the full color toner image is heated and pressurized by a fixing nip between the fixing roller 42 and the pressure roller 41 to be thermally fixed onto the surface of the sheet P, the sheet P is discharged into the sheet discharge tray 60, provided outside the apparatus, by the sheet discharging unit 50, whereby a series of the image forming operation is terminated.
The sheet discharge drive roller 51 includes a metal shaft 51b, which is a rotating shaft, and an elastic layer 51a is provided on the metal shaft 51b. The elastic layer 51a is formed of a resin material such as a foamed rubber material or a foamed elastomer, which is a foamed material, and, for example, urethane, NBR, and EPDM are used therein. In this case, in order to reliably grip and convey the sheet, the hardness of the rubber material is preferably 20 to 60 (when the hardness is measured by Asker C hardness meter). The sheet discharge drive roller 51 is connected to a drive source (not illustrated), and is rotatably constituted as a drive roller. The elastic layer 51a is continuously formed in the direction along the metal shaft 51b.
Meanwhile, the sheet discharge driven roller 52 includes a metal shaft 52b, which is a rotating shaft, and an elastic layer 52a is provided on the metal shaft 52b. Like the sheet discharge drive roller 51, the elastic layer 52a of the sheet discharge driven roller 52 is formed of a resin material such as a foamed rubber material or a foamed elastomer, which is a foamed material, and, for example, urethane, NBR, and EPDM are used therein. At least one elastic layer of the sheet discharge drive roller 51 and the sheet discharge driven roller 52 maybe formed of a foamed material, the total amount of heat conducted from the sheet P is reduced and the sheet P is stacked on the sheet discharge tray 60 with flexibility, whereby curling of the discharged sheet P is reduced. Further, it is preferable that the sheet discharge driven roller 52 is formed of the same material as in the sheet discharge drive roller 51 or a material having the same heat conductivity as that of the sheet discharge drive roller 51 to reduce curling of the discharged sheet P. Furthermore, as in the sheet discharge drive roller 51, in order to reliably grip and convey the sheet, the hardness of the rubber material of the sheet discharge driven roller 52 is preferably 20 to 60 (when the hardness is measured by Asker C hardness meter). The elastic layer 52a is continuously formed in the direction along the metal shaft 52b. The sheet discharge driven roller 52 includes pressure springs 54 disposed at the both ends of the metal shaft 52b through a bearing 53, and the pressure springs 54 apply a predetermined pressure to the sheet discharge drive roller 51. The pressure of the pressure spring 54 applied to the sheet discharge drive roller 51 is preferably set to about 0.1 to 1 kg so that the conveying performance for the sheet P can be ensured.
The elastic layer 51a of the sheet discharge drive roller 51 has a substantially symmetrical shape with respect to a center line a of the center in the width direction of the sheet P. The elastic layer 51a is constituted of a straight portion 61, which is a cylindrical portion without a change of the outer diameter, and taper portion 62 having a tapered shape with a taper amount d1 from the both end portions of the straight portion 61b to the both end portions of the elastic layer 51a. A region of the center line a is at least referred to as a central portion of the sheet discharge drive roller 51. A region of the straight portion 61 also corresponds to the central portion of the sheet discharge drive roller 51. In the elastic layer 52a of the sheet discharge drive roller 51, the outer diameter D1 of the central portion is set to be larger than the outer diameter D2 of the both end portions 62a which are the both end portions in the width direction.
When the length L in the axial direction of the straight portion 61 is too long, the effect of the difference between the outer diameter D1 of the straight portion 61 of the elastic layer 51a and the outer diameters D2 of the both end portions 62a: D1-D2 may be reduced. On the other hand, if the length L is too short, a balance of holding the sheet P is likely to be disrupted in the axial direction, thereby leading to skew feeding of the sheet P, or normal discharging may not be able to be performed. Thus, the length L in the axial direction of the straight portion 61 is preferably larger than 0 but equal to or less than ⅓ with respect to the length L1 (see,
According to the sheet discharging unit 50 of the present embodiment, the sheet discharge drive roller 51 has the difference between the outer diameter D1 of the straight portion 61 and the outer diameters D2 of the both end portions 62a: D1-D2. Therefore, the circumferential speed of the sheet discharge drive roller 51 is different between the straight portion 61 and the both end portions 62a. While the circumferential speed of the straight portion 61 is high, each circumferential speed of the both end portions 62a is lower than that of the straight portion 61. Thus, the sheet discharge speed of the discharged sheet P is different between the central portion Pb and the both end portions Pc. As illustrated by the arrow C in
As described above, according to the image forming apparatus 100 of the first embodiment, the outer diameters of the elastic layer 51a of the sheet discharge drive roller 51 are formed to be substantially symmetrical to each other with the central portion in the width direction of the sheet P as the center, and the outer diameter D1 of the straight portion 61 is set to be larger than the outer diameters D2 of the both end portions 62a. The elastic layer 51a has the smooth taper shapes from the straight portion 61 to the both end portions 62a. Thus, the discharge speed of the sheet P is set to be high in the straight portion 61, but the discharge speeds in the both end portions 62a are set to be lower than the discharge speed in the straight portion 61. Therefore, the sheet P is nipped and discharged by the pair of sheet discharge rollers in a convex shape (U-shaped curve) that the central portion Pb is downward, and the both end portions Pc of the lead end portion of the sheet P are slightly lifted upward in the width direction perpendicular to the discharging direction of the pair of sheet discharge rollers. According to this constitution, the rigidity of the sheet in the sheet discharging direction can be increased, and the contact area between the lead end of the discharged sheet P1 and the already discharged sheet P0 can be reduced in size as much as possible. Consequently, it is possible to prevent such a trouble that the discharged sheet P1 is caught by the already discharged sheet P0 to push out the sheet P0. Further, the sheet jamming is prevented. Furthermore, the dischargeability and the loading performance of the discharged sheet P can be enhanced. In addition, it is possible to prevent, as much as possible, such a phenomenon that the lead end portion of the discharged sheet P is caught to be curled due to the surface property of the sheet P, which has been already discharged on the sheet discharge tray 60, or a minimal burr, which is generated at the end of the sheet P when the sheet P is cut. The sheet P may be nipped and discharged by the pair of sheet discharge rollers in a reverse convex shape (inverted U-shaped curve) to increase the rigidity of the sheet in the sheet discharging direction.
The sheet discharge drive roller 51 and the sheet discharge driven roller 52 respectively have the elastic layers on the outer circumferential sides, whereby when the sheet P is passed between the sheet discharge drive roller 51 and the sheet discharge driven roller 52 while being pressed therebetween, the straight portion 61 of the sheet discharge drive roller 51 can be elastically depressed according to the thickness of the sheet P. The elastic layer 51a can be evenly in contact with the sheet P. According to this constitution, there is no difference in the amount of heat of the toner image on the sheet P conducted by the surfaces of the sheet discharge drive roller 51 and the sheet discharge driven roller 52, and thus, the occurrence of the uneven brightness of an image can be prevented.
The elastic layer 51a is continued in the direction along the metal shaft 51b. The edge portion of the elastic layer 51a is not pressed against a softened sheet, and thus, the traces of the rollers are not left on the sheet, whereby the image with fine printing image quality is output.
The sheet discharge drive roller 51 and the sheet discharge driven roller 52 respectively have the foam elastic layers 51a and 52a, whereby each heat capacity of the sheet discharge drive roller 51 and the sheet discharge driven roller 52 is set to be reduced, and, thus, the total amount of heat conducted from the sheet P is reduced. The discharged sheet P is not cooled more than necessary, so the discharged sheet P does not become hard. After the sheet P is stacked on the sheet discharge tray 60 with flexibility, the sheet P is stacked on a flat stacking surface of the sheet discharge tray 60 and is cooled, whereby curling of the discharged sheet P is reduced. Furthermore, the amount of heat conducted from the sheet P is uniformed on the front and rear sides of the sheet P, whereby corrugation or curling of the discharged sheet P is reduced.
The sheet discharge drive roller 51 in which the outer diameter of the straight portion 61 is larger than the outer diameters of the both end portions 62a is disposed above the sheet discharge driven roller 52. Thus, the sheet P is discharged by being pressed from the central position in the width direction of the upper surface of the sheet P. Consequently, when the sheet P passes between the sheet discharge drive roller 51 and the sheet discharge driven roller 52, the sheet P is likely to be discharged while being curled into a reversed U shape. The central position in the width direction of the discharged sheet P1 is hardly caught by the already discharged sheet P0. On the other hand, if the straight portion 61 and the taper portions 62 are formed in the sheet discharge driven roller 52, the sheet P may be inconveniently discharged while being curled into a U shape.
Since the length of the straight portion 61 is equal to or less than ⅓ of the length L1 in the width direction of the sheet P with a passable maximum size, the gripping force for the sheet P of the sheet discharge drive roller 51 and the sheet discharge driven roller 52 is suitably maintained. When the sheet P with high stiffness, like a heavy paper, is used, the entire region in the width direction of the sheet P can be reliably nipped. Therefore, the uneven brightness can be prevented. If the length of the straight portion 61 is more than ⅓ of the maximum width of the passable sheet P, there hardly occurs a difference in the discharge speed between the straight portion 61 in the width direction of the sheet P and the both end portions 62a. When the straight portion 61 is not provided, a balance of holding the sheet P is likely to be disrupted in the axial direction, thereby leading to skew feeding of the sheet P, or normal discharging may not be able to be performed.
As described above, according to the first embodiment of the present invention, based on a simple constitution, the image forming apparatus 100 can be reduced in size and cost while maintaining high quality printed image and enhancing the dischargeability of the sheet P.
It goes without saying that this embodiment is not limited to a developing system and a transferring system used in the image forming apparatus described in this embodiment, but widely effective in a discharge portion of an image forming apparatus.
As illustrated in
Meanwhile, the sheet discharge driven roller 52 is constituted of a metal shaft 52b and an elastic layer 52a wound around the metal shaft 52b. As in the sheet discharge drive roller 151, the elastic layer 52a of the sheet discharge driven roller 52 is formed of a foam rubber material, and, for example, urethane, NBR, and EPDM are used therein. Further, it is preferable that the sheet discharge driven roller 52 is formed of the same material as in the sheet discharge drive roller 151 or a material having the same heat conductivity as that of the sheet discharge drive roller 151. Further, as in the sheet discharge drive roller 151, the hardness of the rubber material of the sheet discharge driven roller 52 is preferably 20 to 60 (when the hardness is measured by Asker C hardness meter). The sheet discharge driven roller 52 includes pressure springs 54 disposed at the both ends of the metal shaft 52b through a bearing 53, and the pressure springs 54 apply a predetermined pressure to the sheet discharge drive roller 151. The pressure of the pressure spring 54 applied to the sheet discharge drive roller 151 is preferably set to about 0.1 to 1 kg so that the conveying performance for the sheet P can be ensured.
The elastic layer 151a of the sheet discharge drive roller 151 has a substantially symmetrical shape with respect to the center line a of the center in the width direction of the sheet P, and the outer shape is a smooth crown shape with a crown amount d2.
The image forming apparatus of the second embodiment can obtain an effect similar to the case of the first embodiment. The elastic layer 151a of the sheet discharge drive roller 151 has a crown shape with the maximum outer diameter D1 in the central portion in the width direction of the sheet P. Therefore, as an additional effect, the elastic layer 151a of the sheet discharge drive roller 151 can be smoothly deformed in accordance with the shape of the sheet P in the width direction of the sheet P.
Note that the above constitution can be changed as follows. Among the elastic layers 51a, 151a, and 52a of the sheet discharge drive rollers 51 and 151 and the sheet discharge driven roller 52 of the first and second embodiments, a tube-like resin film may be wound around the outer circumference of at least one of the elastic layers 51a, 151a, and 52a disposed on the printed surface side of the sheet. According to this constitution, even if the toner is not completely fusion bonded to the sheet P in the fixing unit 40, the toner is prevented from being removed by the elastic layers 51a, 151a, and 52a.
The elastic layers 51a and 151a of the sheet discharge drive rollers 51 and 151 of the first and second embodiments may be set to have a hardness higher than that of the elastic layer 52a of the sheet discharge driven roller 52. According to this constitution, each hardness of the elastic layers 51a and 151a of the sheet discharge drive rollers 51 and 151 is higher than the hardness of the elastic layer 52a of the sheet discharge driven roller 52. Thus, it is possible to prevent such a phenomenon that the elastic layers 51a and 151a of the sheet discharge drive rollers 51 and 151 are gridded by the sheet discharge driven roller 52. Consequently, the difference between the outer diameter D1 of the straight portion 61 and the outer diameters D2 of the both end portions 62a: D1-D2, in the sheet discharge drive rollers 51 and 151 is maintained for a long period of time.
Further, in the first and second embodiments, the sheet discharging device according to the present invention is incorporated in the image forming apparatus; however, the sheet discharging device maybe a finisher which can be connected from the outside of the image forming apparatus.
While the present invention has been described with reference to exemplary embodiments, it is to be understood that the invention is not limited to the disclosed exemplary embodiments. The scope of the following claims is to be accorded the broadest interpretation so as to encompass all such modifications and equivalent structures and functions.
This application claims the benefit of Japanese Patent Application No. 2008-201811, filed Aug. 5, 2008, No. 2009-162516, filed Jul. 9, 2009 which are hereby incorporated by reference herein in their entirety.
Number | Date | Country | Kind |
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2008-201811 | Aug 2008 | JP | national |
2009-162516 | Jul 2009 | JP | national |