Patent Grant
8088255
The present invention relates generally to an air stabilizer device for non-contacting support of a moving flexible continuous web of material. The air stabilizer employs two codirectional nozzles that apply shear forces to the moving web. By regulating the flow of the two jets of gas that are exhausted from the nozzles, the profile of the web as it passes over the air stabilizer can be controlled.
In the manufacture of paper on continuous papermaking machines, a web of paper is formed from an aqueous suspension of fibers (stock) on a traveling mesh papermaking fabric and water drains by gravity and suction through the fabric. The web is then transferred to the pressing section where more water is removed by pressure and vacuum. The web next enters the dryer section where steam heated dryers and hot air completes the drying process. The paper machine is, in essence, a water removal system. A typical forming section of a papermaking machine includes an endless traveling papermaking fabric or wire, which travels over a series of water removal elements such as table rolls, foils, vacuum foils, and suction boxes. The stock is carried on the top surface of the papermaking fabric and is de-watered as the stock travels over the successive de-watering elements to form a sheet of paper. Finally, the wet sheet is transferred to the press section of the papermaking machine where enough water is removed to form a sheet of paper.
It is well known to continuously measure certain properties of the paper material in order to monitor the quality of the finished product. These on-line measurements often include basis weight, moisture content, and sheet caliper, i.e., thickness. The measurements can be used for controlling process variables with the goal of maintaining output quality and minimizing the quantity of product that must be rejected due to disturbances in the manufacturing process. The on-line sheet property measurements are often accomplished by scanning sensors that preiodically traverse the sheet material from edge to edge. It is conventional to measure the caliper of sheet material upon its leaving the main dryer section or at the take-up reel with scanning sensors, as described, for example, in U.S. Pat. No. 6,967,726 to King et al. and U.S. Pat. No. 4,678,915 to Dahlquist et al.
In order to precisely measure some of the paper's characteristics, it is essential that the fast moving sheet of paper be stabilized at the point of measurement to present a consistent profile since the accuracy of many measurement techniques requires that the web stay within certain limits of flatness, height variation and flutter. U.S. Pat. No. 6,743,338 to Graeffe et al. describes a web measurement device having a measurement head with a reference surface that includes a plurality of holes formed therein. The reference part is configured so that there is an open space or channel below the reference part. By generating a negative pressure in the open space, suction force is exerted on the web to causes it be supported against the reference surface substantially over the entire measuring area. With such contacting methods, debris and contaminants tend to build on the sensing elements which adversely affect the accuracy of the measuring device. Moreover, to avoid paper degradation, stabilization must be accomplished without contact to the stabilizing device. This is critical at the high speed at which web material such as paper is manufactured.
U.S. Pat. No. 6,281,679 to King et al. describes a non-contact web thickness measurement system which has dual sensor heads each located on opposite sides of a moving web. The system includes a web stabilizer that is based on a vortex of moving air and includes a clamp plate that is mounted near the web, which is to be stabilized, and a circular air channel within the clamp plate that is coincident with its upper surface. When air is introduced into the circular air channel, a field of low pressure is created over the channel and the web is pulled toward this ring of low pressure. While these vortex-type air clamps do provide adequate air bearing support they also create a “sombrero-type” profile on the web material in the center of its effective region, thus they do not generate a sufficiently flat profile for measurements. In measuring paper thickness, it has been found that this stabilizer system does not produce a sufficiently planar sheet profile.
U.S. Pat. No. 6,936,137 to Moeller et al. describes a linear air clamp or stabilizer, for supporting a moving web, which employs a single Coanda nozzle in conjunction with a “backstep” which is a depression downstream from the nozzle. As the web moves downstream over the air stabilizer, a jet of gas is discharged from the single nozzle in a downstream direction that is parallel to the movement of the web. With this stabilizer, a defined area of web material rides on an air bearing as the web passes over the air clamp surface where a thickness measurement device is positioned.
When employed in a papermaking machine, a non-contacting caliper sensor is particularly suited for measuring the thickness of the finished paper near the take-up reel. The heads of the sensor are positioned on a scanner system that generally includes a pair of horizontally extending guide tracks that span the width of the paper. The guide tracks are spaced apart vertically by a distance sufficient to allow clearance for paper to travel between the tracks. The upper head and lower head are each secured to a carriage that moves back-and-forth over paper as measurements are made. The upper head includes a device that measures the height between the upper head and the upper surface of the web and the lower head includes a device that measures the height between the lower head to the lower surface of the web.
The lower head includes an air stabilizer to support the moving paper. Ideally, the interrogations spots of each laser triangulation device are directly above each other. The lower head and upper head are interchangeable depending on the application. Accurate and precise measurements are attained when the two heads are in alignment but scanner heads will deviate from perfect alignment over time. A caliper sensor with misaligned sensor heads will not accurately measure a sheet that is not flat and current air stabilizers do not adequately support the moving sheet to present a sufficiently flat profile for measurement.
The present invention is based in part on the development of an air stabilization system that subjects a moving flexible web, which is traveling in the machine direction, to shear forces sufficient to stabilize the web. This is achieved by employing two preferably parallel, codirectional, elongated Coanda nozzles below the moving web with each nozzle exhausting gas in the same downstream machine direction as the moving web. Each nozzle includes an elongated slot that is preferably perpendicular to the path of the moving web. The locations of the two Coanda nozzles serve as separate positions on the machine direction for controlling the height of the moving web. By regulating the flow rates and/or other parameters of the jets exiting the nozzles, the contour of the web can be manipulated to exhibit a planar contour between two the Coanda nozzles to enable accurate thickness and other measurements. The air stabilization system's clamping capacity can be enhanced by increasing the flow rates of the two exhausting gases.
In one aspect, the invention is directed to an air stabilization system for non-contact support of a flexible continuous web that is moving in a downstream machine direction (MD) that includes:
(a) a body having an operative surface facing the web wherein the operative surface has a web entry end and a web exit end that is downstream from the web entry end;
(b) a first nozzle, positioned at the web entry end, that defines a first slot that extends across the surface of the operative surface along a first direction that is substantially transverse to the MD and wherein a first elongated jet of pressurized gas is exhausted through the first slot and moves toward a downstream MD to impart a first controlled force on the web; and
(c) a second nozzle, positioned at the web exit end, that defines a second slot that extends across the surface of the operative surface along a second direction that is substantially transverse to the MD, wherein a second elongated jet of pressurized gas is simultaneously exhausted through the second slot and moves toward a downstream MD to impart a second controlled force on the web and whereby the first force and the second force maintain at least a portion of the moving web, that is located between the web entry end and the web exit end, at a substantially fixed distance to the operative surface.
In another aspect, the invention is directed to a method of non-contact support of a flexible continuous web that is moving in a downstream machine direction (MD) along a path that comprises the steps of:
(a) positioning an air stabilizer below the continuous web along the path wherein the stabilizer includes:
(b) directing a first jet of gas from the first slot toward a downstream MD to impart a first force on the continuous web; and
(c) simultaneously directing a second jet of gas from the second slot toward a downstream MD to impart a second force on the continuous web, whereby the first force and the second force maintain at least a portion of the moving web, that is located between the web entry end and the web exit end, at a substantially fixed distance to the operative surface.
In a further aspect, the invention is directed to a system for monitoring a continuous web that is moving in a downstream machine direction (MD) that includes:
(a) an air stabilization system for non-contact support of the flexible continuous web, which has a first surface and a second surface, that includes:
The body further includes a lower middle portion 6 which supports central region 12 and 16 and a lower lateral portion 38 which supports lateral portion 14. Aperture 48 permits access to sensor device 20. The air stabilization system 10 is positioned underneath a web of material 22 which is moving from left to right relative to the system; this direction being referred to as the downstream machine direction (MD) and the opposite direction being the upstream machine direction. The cross direction (CD) is transverse to the MD.
As further described herein, the contour of web 22 as it travels over operative surface 32 can be controlled with the air stabilization system. In a preferred application of the air stabilization system, the profile of web 22 is substantially planar. Furthermore, the vertical height between web 22 and operative surface 32 can be regulated by preferably controlling the flow of the gases exhausting through Coanda nozzles 8A and 8B. The higher the speed of the gases, the greater the suction force generated by the nozzles that is applied to the web 22. The Coanda nozzles function as air clamps for web 22.
The body of air stabilization system 10 further defines a chamber 18A that serves as an opening for Coanda nozzle 8A and a chamber 18B that serves as an opening for Coanda nozzle 8B. Chamber 18A is connected to plenum chamber 40A which in turn is connected to a source of gas 24A via conduit 30A. The gas flow rate into plenum 40A can be regulated by conventional means including pressure controller 28A and flow regulator valve 26A. The length of chamber 40A, as measured along the cross direction, preferably matches that of Coanda nozzle 8A. Plenum 40A essentially serves as a reservoir in which high pressure gas equilibrates before being evenly distributed along the length of Coanda nozzle 8A via chamber 18A. Conduit 30A can include a single channel which connects the source of gas 24A to plenum 40A; alternatively a plurality of holes drilled into the lower surface of the body can be employed. The plurality of holes should be spaced apart along the cross direction of the body in order to distribute gas evenly into plenum 40A.
Similarly, chamber 18B is in gaseous communication with plenum chamber 40B which is connected to a source of gas 24B via conduit 30B. Gas flowing into plenum 40B is regulated by pressure controller 28B and flow regulator valve 26B. The configurations of chamber 40B and conduit 30B are preferably the same as those of chamber 40A and conduit 30A, respectively.
Any suitable gas can be employed in gas sources 24A and 24B including for example, air, helium, argon, carbon dioxide. For most applications, the amount of gas employed is that which is sufficient maintain of gas flow rate through plenums 40A and 40B at about 2.5 to 7.0 cubic meters per hour (100 to 250 standard cubic feet per hour (SCFH)) and preferably at about 3.6 to 4.2 cubic meters per hour (130 to 150 SCFH). The gas discharges through the Coanda nozzles at a velocity of about 20 m/s to about 400 m/s, or higher. By regulating the velocities of the gaseous jets exiting Coanda nozzles 8A, 8B, the distance that moving web 22 is maintained above operative surface 32 can be adjusted. The air stabilization system can be employed to support a variety of flexible web products including paper, plastic, and the like. For paper that is continuously manufactured in large scale commercial papermaking machines, the web can travels at speeds of 200 m/min to 1800 m/min or higher. In operation, the air stabilization system preferably maintains the paper web 22 at a distance ranging from about 100 μm to about 500 μm above operative surface 32.
As illustrated in
Specifically, backstep 66A allows a Coanda jet to expand and create an additional suction force. It should be noted that jet expansion is necessary to create the suction force but vortex formation is not a prerequisite. Indeed, vortex formation does not always occur downstream from the backstep and is not necessary for operation of the air clamp stabilizer. The stabilizer's suction force initially draws the web closer to the stabilizer as the web approaches the stabilizer. Subsequently, the air bearing supports and reshapes the web so that the web exhibits a relatively flat profile as it passes over the backstep. While backstep 66A is most preferably configured as a 90 degrees vertical wall, the backstep can exhibit a more gradual contour so that the upper and lower surfaces can be joined by a smooth, concavely curved surface. Preferably, slot 56A has a width (b) of about 3 mils (76 μm) to 4 about mils (102 μm). The distance (d) from the upper to lower surfaces is preferably between about 100 to 1000 μm. Preferably the backstep location (L) is about 1 mm to about 6 mm and preferably about 2 mm to 3 from Coanda slot 56A.
Similarly, as shown in
A flat paper profile in the machine direction of the stabilizer can be established with the dual air clamps operating in tandem. With the dual air clamp stabilizers, the paper profile flatness is also maintained in the cross flow direction since the configuration of the surface of the stabilizer is symmetric in this dimension. One advantage is that the paper profile flatness can be scaled arbitrarily in the cross flow direction. Indeed, the dimensions of the air clamp stabilizer can be readily scaled to accommodate the size, weight, speed, and other variable associated with the moving web. Specifically, in particularly for each Coanda nozzle, its (i) slot width (b) (ii) curvature radius (R), (iii) depth of backstep (d), and (iv) distance of the backstep from slot (L), can be optimized systematically for a particular application and can be adapted depending on the properties, e.g., speed and weight, of the web material.
As shown in
The higher the air velocities from the dual nozzles, the greater the clamping forces generated. With the air stabilization system, by increasing or decreasing the clamping force from the dual nozzles, the distance between moving web 22 and operative surface 32 can be correspondingly decreased or increased.
As shown in
The air stabilization system can be incorporated into in-line dual head scanning sensor systems for papermaking machines which are disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,879,471 to Dahlquist, U.S. Pat. No. 5,094,535 to Dahlquist et al., and U.S. Pat. No. 5,166,748 to Dahlquist, all of which are incorporated herein by reference. The width of the paper in the papermaking machines generally ranges from 5 to 12 meters and typically is about 9 meters. The dual heads, which are designed for synchronized movement, consist of an upper head positioned above the sheet and a lower head positioned below the sheet of paper. The air stabilization system, which is preferably mounted on the lower head, clamps the moving paper to cause it to exhibit an essentially flat sheet profile for measurement as the upper and lower heads travel back and forth in the cross direction over the width of the paper.
Non-contacting caliper sensors such as those disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 6,281,679 to King et al., which is incorporated herein by reference, include upper and lower heads equipped with laser triangulation devices. The caliper of a moving sheet that travels between the two heads is determined by identifying the positions of the upper and lower surfaces of the sheet with the laser triangulation devices and subtracting the results from a measure of the separation between the upper and lower heads.
The source and detector preferably comprise a laser triangulation source and detector, collectively being referred to as an interrogation laser. The source/detector arrangement is referred to generally as a distance determining means. From the measured path length from the source to the detector, values for the distance between each distance determining means and a measurement or interrogation spot on one of the web surfaces may be determined. The heads 13 and 15 are typically fixed in the position so that the interrogations spots do not move in the machine direction even as the heads are scanned in the cross direction.
For first distance determining means 11, the detected distance value between the distance determining means and a first measurement spot on the web surface (referred to as l1) and for second distance determining means 5, the detected distance value between the distance determining means and a second measurement spot on the opposite web surface (referred to as l2). For accurate thickness determinations, the first and second measurement spots (or interrogation spots) are preferably at the same point in the x-y plane, but on opposite sides of the web, i.e. the measurement spots will be separated by the web thickness. In an ideal static situation, the separation, s, between first and second distance determining means 11 and 5 would be fixed, resulting in a calculated value for web thickness, t, of: t=s−(l1+l2). In practice, separation s can vary. To correct for this inconstancy in the separation s, a dynamic measurement of the spacing between the scanning heads is provided by a z-sensor means, which measures a distance z, between a z-sensor source/detector 9, located in the first head 13, and a z-sensor reference 7, located in the second head 15.
Because the scanner heads do not retain perfect mutual alignment as a sheet scans between them, the air stabilization system of the present invention is employed to keep the sheet flat so that small head misalignments do not translate into erroneous caliper readings, i.e., caliper error due to head misalignment and sheet angle.
The foregoing has described the principles, preferred embodiments and modes of operation of the present invention. However, the invention should not be construed as being limited to the particular embodiments discussed. Thus, the above-described embodiments should be regarded as illustrative rather than restrictive, and it should be appreciated that variations may be made in those embodiments by workers skilled in the art without departing from the scope of the present invention as defined by the following claims.
| Number | Name | Date | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| 3385490 | Malmgren et al. | May 1968 | A |
| 3549070 | Downham et al. | Dec 1970 | A |
| 3587177 | Overty | Jun 1971 | A |
| 3763571 | Vits | Oct 1973 | A |
| 4074841 | Kramer et al. | Feb 1978 | A |
| 4137644 | Karlsson | Feb 1979 | A |
| 4252512 | Kornylal | Feb 1981 | A |
| 4271601 | Koponen et al. | Jun 1981 | A |
| 4336017 | Desty | Jun 1982 | A |
| 4601116 | Krimsky | Jul 1986 | A |
| 4678915 | Dahlquist | Jul 1987 | A |
| 4879471 | Dahlquist | Nov 1989 | A |
| 4932140 | Lepisto | Jun 1990 | A |
| 5067509 | Hunter | Nov 1991 | A |
| 5094535 | Dahlquist | Mar 1992 | A |
| 5156312 | Kurie | Oct 1992 | A |
| 5166748 | Dahlquist | Nov 1992 | A |
| 5299364 | Heikkila et al. | Apr 1994 | A |
| 5355083 | George | Oct 1994 | A |
| 5829166 | Klas | Nov 1998 | A |
| 6003750 | Hermsen | Dec 1999 | A |
| 6193810 | Baum | Feb 2001 | B1 |
| 6281679 | King | Aug 2001 | B1 |
| 6743338 | Graeffe | Jun 2004 | B2 |
| 6936137 | Moeller | Aug 2005 | B2 |
| 6967726 | King | Nov 2005 | B2 |
| RE39601 | Svanqvist | May 2007 | E |
| 7530179 | Rocheleau | May 2009 | B2 |
| 7892399 | Graham et al. | Feb 2011 | B2 |
| 20060032598 | Milosavljevic | Feb 2006 | A1 |
| 20090260771 | Alev et al. | Oct 2009 | A1 |
| 20090260772 | Alev et al. | Oct 2009 | A1 |
| 20090294084 | Duck et al. | Dec 2009 | A1 |
| 20100078140 | Hughes | Apr 2010 | A1 |
| Number | Date | Country |
|---|---|---|
| 0415460 | Mar 1991 | EP |
| 0561256 | Sep 1993 | EP |
| 0566552 | Oct 1993 | EP |
| WO 9902773 | Jan 1999 | WO |
| WO 2009127054 | Oct 2009 | WO |
| WO 2009129056 | Oct 2009 | WO |
| WO 2009148852 | Dec 2009 | WO |
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 20090260771 A1 | Oct 2009 | US |
