Patent Grant
10265355
The present application is a U.S. National Phase Application of International Application No. PCT/KR2015/014331, filed Dec. 28, 2015, which claims priority to Korean Application No. 10-2014-0192983, filed Dec. 30, 2014, each of which are hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety.
The Sequence Listing submitted Jun. 21, 2017, as a text file named “08162_0032U1_Sequence_Listing.txt,” created on May 24, 2017, and having a size of 215,533 bytes is hereby incorporated by reference pursuant to 37 C.F.R. § 1.52(e)(5).
The present invention relates to a bacteriophage isolated from the nature that infects and kills Shigatoxin-producing type F18 E. coli, and a method for preventing and treating the infections of Shigatoxin-producing type F18 E. coli using a composition comprising the bacteriophage as an active ingredient. More particularly, the present invention relates to a Myoviridae bacteriophage Esc-COP-1 that is isolated from the nature and can kill specifically Shigatoxin-producing type F18 E. coli strains, which has a genome represented by the nucleotide sequence of SEQ. ID. NO: 1 (Accession NO: KCTC 12662BP), and a method for preventing the infections of Shigatoxin-producing type F18 E. coli and thereafter treating them using the composition comprising said bacteriophage as an active ingredient.
There are two kinds of Escherichia coli (E. coli): non-pathogenic E. coli and pathogenic E. coli. The non-pathogenic E. coli is normal residential flora in bowels and beneficial to make a balance with other enterobacteria, helping digestion etc. The pathogenic E. coli attaches on intestinal wall through pili to proliferate and produces enterotoxins causing diarrhea.
The pathogenic E. coli affects various kinds of livestock regardless of ages and gives rise to diarrhea, a notable symptom, possibly leading to high mortality due to dehydration. In Korea, this diarrhea is reported to occur in almost livestock farms. Moreover, in case of mixed infections by Rotavirus, Coronavirus, protozoa Coccidium and the like, this outbreak is stimulated because of damaging enteral mucosa and symptoms is highly aggravated, compared to the case of single infections. There are several pathogenic E. coli strains causing diarrhea. Above all, Shigatoxin-producing type F18 Escherichia coli is often reported to provoke severe diarrhea and edema in pigs. The Shigatoxin-producing type F18 E. coli attaches on intestinal epithelial cells through pili (F18) so as to secrete Shigatoxin. The secreted toxin is absorbed into blood vessels to increase blood pressure and injure arterioles, thereby generating edema in each part of a body and accompanying convulsion, paralysis and the like. Considering a significant damage in livestock industry by the Shigatoxin-producing type F18 E. coli, it is urgently requested to develop a method for preventing and treating such infections effectively. A variety of antibiotics have been used to prevent or treat such infections of Shigatoxin-producing type F18 E. coli. However, according to the recent rise of antibiotic-resistant bacteria, an efficient alternative is urgently requested.
Recently, the use of bacteriophages has drawn our attention as a new way of treating bacterial infections. Particularly, the reason of our high interest in bacteriophages is because bacteriophage-based treatment is a nature-friendly method. Bacteriophages are an extremely small microorganism that infects bacteria, which are called phage in short. Once bacteriophage infects bacteria, the bacteriophage is proliferated in the inside of the bacterial cell. After full proliferation, the progenies destroy the bacterial cell wall to escape from the host, suggesting that the bacteriophage has bacteria killing ability. The bacteriophage infection is characterized by high specificity, so that a certain bacteriophage infects only a specific bacterium. That is, the bacterium that can be infected by certain bacteriophage is limited, suggesting that bacteriophage can kill only a specific bacterium and cannot harm other bacteria.
Bacteriophage was first found out by an English bacteriologist Twort in 1915 when he noticed that Micrococcus colonies melted and became transparent by something unknown. In 1917, a French bacteriologist d'Herelle found out that Shigella disentriae in the filtrate of dysentery patient feces melted by something, and further studied about this phenomenon. As a result, he identified bacteriophage independently, and named it as bacteriophage which means a bacteria killer. Since then, bacteriophages specifically acting against such pathogenic bacteria as Shigella, Salmonella Typhi, and Vibrio cholerae have been continuously identified.
Owing to the unique capability of bacteriophage to kill bacteria, bacteriophages have been studied and anticipated as a better method to treat bacterial infections. However, after penicillin was found by Fleming, studies on bacteriophages had been only continued in some of Eastern European countries and the former Soviet Union because of the universalization of antibiotics. After the year of 2000, the merit of the conventional antibiotics faded because of the increase of antibiotic-resistant bacteria. So, bacteriophages are once again spotlighted as a new anti-bacterial agent that can replace the conventional antibiotics.
Furthermore, the recent regulation of using antibiotics is fortified by the government world-widely. The interest on bacteriophages is increasing more and also industrial applications are increasingly achieved.
Therefore, the present inventors tried to develop a composition applicable for the prevention or treatment of Shigatoxin-producing type F18 E. coli infections by using a bacteriophage that is isolated from the nature and can kill Shigatoxin-producing type F18 E. coli selectively, and further to establish a method for preventing or treating the infections of Shigatoxin-producing type F18 E. coli using the composition. As a result, the present inventors isolated bacteriophages suitable for this purpose and secured the nucleotide sequence of the genome that distinguishes the bacteriophage of the present invention from other bacteriophages. Then, we have developed a composition comprising the isolated bacteriophage as an active ingredient, and confirmed that this composition could be efficiently used for the prevention and treatment of Shigatoxin-producing type F18 E. coli infections, leading to the completion of the present invention.
It is an object of the present invention to provide a Myoviridae bacteriophage Esc-COP-1 that is isolated from the nature and can kill Shigatoxin-producing type F18 E. coli specifically, which has the genome represented by the nucleotide sequence of SEQ. ID. NO: 1 (Accession NO: KCTC 12662BP).
It is another object of the present invention to provide a composition applicable for the prevention of Shigatoxin-producing type F18 E. coli infections, which comprises the bacteriophage Esc-COP-1 that can infect and kill Shigatoxin-producing type F18 E. coli, as an active ingredient and a method for preventing the infections of Shigatoxin-producing type F18 E. coli using said composition.
It is another object of the present invention to provide a composition applicable for the treatment of Shigatoxin-producing type F18 E. coli infections, which comprises the bacteriophage Esc-COP-1 that can infect and kill Shigatoxin-producing type F18 E. coli, as an active ingredient and a method for treating the infections of Shigatoxin-producing type F18 E. coli using said composition.
It is another object of the present invention to provide a disinfectant for preventing and treating the infections of Shigatoxin-producing type F18 E. coli using said composition.
It is another object of the present invention to provide a drinking water additive for preventing and treating the infections of Shigatoxin-producing type F18 E. coli using said composition.
It is also an object of the present invention to provide a feed additive effective upon farming by preventing and treating the infections of Shigatoxin-producing type F18 E. coli using said composition.
To achieve the above objects, the present invention provides a Myoviridae bacteriophage ESC-COP-1 that is isolated from the nature and can kill specifically Shigatoxin-producing type F18 E. coli, which has the genome represented by the nucleotide sequence of SEQ. ID. NO: 1 (Accession NO: KCTC 12662BP), and a method for preventing and treating the infections of Shigatoxin-producing type F18 E. coli using a composition comprising the bacteriophage as an active ingredient. The bacteriophage Esc-COP-1 has been isolated by the present inventors and then deposited at Korean Collection for Type Cultures, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology in Aug. 21, 2014 (Accession NO: KCTC 12662BP). The present invention also provides a disinfectant, a drinking water additive, and a feed additive applicable for the prevention or treatment of Shigatoxin-producing type F18 E. coli infections, which comprises the bacteriophage Esc-COP-1 as an active ingredient.
Since the bacteriophage Esc-COP-1 included in the composition of the present invention kills Shigatoxin-producing type F18 E. coli efficiently, it is regarded as effective to prevent or treat E. coli diarrhea (infections) caused by Shigatoxin-producing type F18 E. coli. Therefore, the composition of the present invention can be utilized for the prevention and treatment of E. coli diarrhea caused by Shigatoxin-producing type F18 E. coli. In this specification, the E. coli diarrhea includes symptoms caused by the E. coli infections accompanying fever, diarrhea and the like.
In this description, the term “treatment” or “treat” indicates (i) to suppress the diarrhea caused by Shigatoxin-producing type F18 E. coli; and (ii) to relieve the diarrhea caused by Shigatoxin-producing type F18 E. coli.
In this description, the term “isolation” or “isolated” indicates all the actions to separate the bacteriophage by using diverse experimental techniques and to secure the characteristics that can distinguish this bacteriophage from others, and further includes the action of proliferating the bacteriophage via bioengineering techniques so as to make it useful.
The pharmaceutically acceptable carrier included in the composition of the present invention is the one that is generally used for the preparation of a pharmaceutical formulation, which is exemplified by lactose, dextrose, sucrose, sorbitol, mannitol, starch, acacia rubber, calcium phosphate, alginate, gelatin, calcium silcate, microcrystalline cellulose, polyvinyl pyrrolidone, cellulose, water, syrup, methylcellulose, methylhydroxybenzoate, propylhydroxybenzoate, talc, magnesium stearate, and mineral oil, but not always limited thereto. The composition of the present invention can additionally include lubricants, wetting agents, sweeteners, flavors, emulsifiers, suspending agents, and preservatives, in addition to the above ingredients.
In the composition of the present invention, the bacteriophage Esc-COP-1 is included as an active ingredient. At this time, the bacteriophage Esc-COP-1 is included at the concentration of 1×101 pfu/ml˜1×1030 pfu/ml or 1×101 pfu/g˜1×1030 pfu/g, and preferably at the concentration of 1×104 pfu/ml˜1×1015 pfu/ml or 1×104 pfu/g˜1×1015 pfu/g.
The composition of the present invention can be formulated by the method that can be performed by those in the art by using a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier and/or excipient in the form of unit dose or in a multi-dose container. The formulation can be in the form of solution, suspension or emulsion in oil or water-soluble medium, extract, powder, granule, tablet or capsule. At this time, a dispersing agent or a stabilizer can be additionally included.
The composition of the present invention can be prepared as a disinfectant, a drinking water additive, or a feed additive according to the purpose of use, but not always limited thereto.
The method for preventing and treating the infections of Shigatoxin-producing type F18 E. coli using this composition comprising the bacteriophage Esc-COP-1 as an active ingredient, have the advantage of high specificity to Shigatoxin-producing type F18 E. coli, compared with the conventional methods based on the chemical materials including the conventional antibiotics. That means, the composition of the present invention can be used for preventing or treating the infections of Shigatoxin-producing type F18 E. coli specifically without affecting other useful residential bacteria, and accordingly has fewer side effects. In general, when chemical materials such as antibiotics are used, the general residential bacteria are also damaged to weaken immunity in animals with carrying various side effects. In the meantime, the composition of the present invention uses the bacteriophage isolated from the nature as an active ingredient, so that it is very nature-friendly.
The application of the preferred embodiments of the present invention is best understood with reference to the accompanying drawings, wherein:
Practical and presently preferred embodiments of the present invention are illustrative as shown in the following Examples.
However, it will be appreciated that those skilled in the art, on consideration of this disclosure, may make modifications and improvements within the spirit and scope of the present invention.
Samples were collected from the nature to screen the bacteriophage capable of killing Shigatoxin-producing type F18 E. coli. The Shigatoxin-producing type F18 E. coli used for the bacteriophage isolation herein were the one that had been isolated by the present inventors and identified as Shigatoxin-producing type F18 E. coli previously.
The isolation procedure of the bacteriophage is described in detail hereinafter. The collected sample was added to the TSB (Tryptic Soy Broth) medium (pancreatic digest of casein, 17 g/L; papaic digest of soybean, 3 g/L; dextrose, 2.5 g/L; sodium chloride, 5 g/L; dipotassium phosphate, 2.5 g/L) inoculated with Shigatoxin-producing type F18 E. coli at the ratio of 1/1000, followed by shaking culture at 37° C. for 3˜4 hours. Upon completion of the culture, centrifugation was performed at 8,000 rpm for 20 minutes and supernatant was recovered. The recovered supernatant was inoculated with Shigatoxin-producing type F18 E. coli at the ratio of 1/1000, followed by shaking culture at 37° C. for 3˜4 hours. When the sample contained the bacteriophage, the above procedure was repeated total 5 times in order to increase the titer of the bacteriophage. After repeating the procedure 5 times, the culture solution proceeded to centrifugation at 8,000 rpm for 20 minutes and the resulting supernatant was recovered. The recovered supernatant was filtrated by using a 0.45 μm filter. The obtained filtrate was used in spot assay for examining whether or not the bacteriophage capable of killing Shigatoxin-producing type F18 E. coli was included therein.
Spot assay was performed as follows; TSB medium was inoculated with Shigatoxin-producing type F18 E. coli at the ratio of 1/1000, followed by shaking culture at 37° C. for overnight. 3 ml (1.5 of OD600) of the culture broth of Shigatoxin-producing type F18 E. coli prepared above was spread on the TSA (Tryptic Soy Agar; pancreatic digest of casein, 17 g/L; papaic digest of soybean, 3 g/L; sodium chloride, 5 g/L; agar, 15 g/L) plate. The plate stood in a chamber for about 30 minutes to dry. After drying, 10 μl of the resulting filtrate was spotted directly onto the surface of the Shigatoxin-producing type F18 E. coli lawns and dried for about 30 minutes. Following drying, the plate was incubated at 37° C. for a day and then, examined for the formation of clear zones on the surface of the bacterial lawns. If a clear zone was generated where the filtrate was dropped, it could be judged that the bacteriophage capable of killing Shigatoxin-producing type F18 E. coli was included in the filtrate. Through the above procedure, the filtrate containing the bacteriophage having the killing ability of Shigatoxin-producing type F18 E. coli could be obtained.
After that, the bacteriophage was isolated from the filtrate confirmed above to have the bacteriophage capable of killing Shigatoxin-producing type F18 E. coli. The conventional plaque assay was used for the isolation of pure bacteriophages. In detail, a plaque formed in the course of the plaque assay was picked up by using a sterilized tip, which was then added to the culture solution of Shigatoxin-producing type F18 E. coli, followed by culturing for 4˜5 hours. Upon completion of the culture, centrifugation was performed at 8,000 rpm for 20 minutes to obtain supernatant. The recovered supernatant was inoculated with Shigatoxin-producing type F18 E. coli culture at the ratio of 1/50, followed by culturing again for 4˜5 hours. To increase the titer of the bacteriophage, the above procedure was repeated at least 5 times. Then, centrifugation was performed at 8,000 rpm for 20 minutes to obtain supernatant. Plaque assay was performed with the obtained supernatant. In general, the pure bacteriophage isolation is not completed by one-time procedure, so the above procedure was repeated by using the plague formed above. After at least 5 times of repeated procedure, the solution containing the pure bacteriophage was obtained. The procedure for the isolation of the pure bacteriophage was generally repeated until the generated plaques became similar in sizes and morphologies. And the final pure bacteriophage isolation was confirmed by the observation under electron microscope. Until the pure bacteriophage isolation was confirmed under electron microscope, the above procedure was repeated. The observation under electron microscope was performed by the conventional method. Briefly, the solution containing the pure bacteriophage was loaded on copper grid, followed by negative staining with 2% uranyl acetate. After drying thereof, the morphology was observed under transmission electron microscope. The electron micrograph of the bacteriophage isolated in the present invention is presented in
The solution containing the pure bacteriophage confirmed above proceeded to purification. The culture broth of Shigatoxin-producing type F18 E. coli was added to the solution containing the pure bacteriophage at the volume of 1/50 of the total volume of the bacteriophage solution, followed by culturing again for 4˜5 hours. Upon completion of the culture, centrifugation was performed at 8,000 rpm for 20 minutes to obtain supernatant. This procedure was repeated 5 times to obtain a solution containing enough numbers of the bacteriophage. The supernatant obtained from the final centrifugation was filtered by a 0.45 μm filter, followed by the conventional polyethylene glycol (PEG) precipitation. Particularly, PEG and NaCl were added to 100 ml of the filtrate until reaching 10% PEG 8000/0.5 M NaCl, which stood at 4° C. for 2˜3 hours. Then, centrifugation was performed at 8,000 rpm for 30 minutes to obtain the bacteriophage precipitate. The resulting bacteriophage precipitate was resuspended in 5 ml of buffer (10 mM Tris-HCl, 10 mM MgSO4, 0.1% Gelatin, pH 8.0). This solution was called as the bacteriophage suspension or bacteriophage solution.
As a result, the pure bacteriophage purified above was collected, which was named as the bacteriophage Esc-COP-1 and then deposited at Korean Collection for Type Cultures, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology in Aug. 21, 2014 (Accession NO: KCTC 12662BP).
The genome of the bacteriophage Esc-COP-1 was separated as follows. The genome was separated from the bacteriophage suspension obtained in Example 1. First, in order to eliminate DNA and RNA of Shigatoxin-producing type F18 E. coli included in the suspension, DNase I and RNase A were added 200 U each to 10 ml of the bacteriophage suspension, which was incubated at 37° C. for 30 minutes. 30 minutes later, to remove the DNase I and RNase A activity, 500 μl of 0.5 M ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) was added thereto, which was incubated for 10 minutes. The suspension was further incubated at 65° C. for 10 minutes and then added with 100 μl of proteinase K (20 mg/ml) to break the outer wall of the bacteriophage, followed by incubation at 37° C. for 20 minutes. After that, 500 μl of 10% sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) solution was added thereto, followed by incubation at 65° C. for 1 hour. 10 ml of the mixture of phenol:chloroform:isoamylalcohol in a ratio of 25:24:1 was added thereto, followed by mixing well. The mixture was centrifuged at 13,000 rpm for 15 minutes to separate each layer. The upper layer was obtained, to which isopropyl alcohol was added at the volume of 1.5 times the volume of the upper layer, followed by centrifugation at 13,000 rpm for 10 minutes to precipitate the genome of the bacteriophage. After collecting the precipitate, 70% ethanol was added to the precipitate, followed by centrifugation at 13,000 rpm for 10 minutes to wash the precipitate. The washed precipitate was recovered, vacuum-dried and then dissolved in 100 μl of water. This procedure was repeated to obtain a sufficient amount of the bacteriophage Esc-COP-1 genome.
The nucleotide sequence of the genome of the bacteriophage Esc-COP-1 obtained above was analyzed by Next Generation Sequencing (NGS) using illumina Mi-Seq device at National Instrumentation Center for Environmental Management, Seoul National University. As a result, it is suggested that the final genome of bacteriophage Esc-COP-1 has 169,727 bp of size and the nucleotide sequence of the whole genome has SEQ. ID. NO: 1.
Similarity of the genomic sequence of the bacteriophage Esc-COP-1 obtained above with the previously reported bacteriophage genome sequences was investigated by using BLAST. From the BLAST result, it is confirmed that the genomic sequence of the bacteriophage Esc-COP-1 has high-sequence homologies with the sequences of E. coli bacteriophage vB_EcoM_ACG-C40 (Genbank Accession NO: JN986846.1), E. coli bacteriophage RB14 (Genbank Accession-NO: FH839692.1), E. coli bacteriophage HY01 (Genbank Accession NO: KF925357.1), E. coli bacteriophage RB51 (Genbank Accession NO: FJ839693.1) and E. coli bacteriophage RB68 (Genbank Accession NO: KM607004. 1) (96%, 96%, 97%, 95% and 95%). However, their genome sizes were discriminated one another. Precisely, the whole genome of bacteriophage Esc-COP-1 was determined to have 169,727 bp of size, while whole genome of E. coli bacteriophage vB_EcoM_ACG-C40 had 167,396 bp of size, that of E. coli bacteriophage RB14 had 165,429 bp of size, that of E. coli bacteriophage HY01 had 166,977 bp of size, that of E. coli bacteriophage RB51 had 168,394 bp of size and that of E. coli bacteriophage RB68 had 168,401 bp of size distinctly. Furthermore, the number of ORFs (Open Reading Frame) within the genome of bacteriophage Esc-COP-1 was determined to 275 ORFs, while the number of ORFs within E. coli bacteriophage vB_EcoM_ACG-C40 was 273 ORFs, that of E. coli bacteriophage RB14 was 274ORFs, that of E. coli bacteriophage HY01 was 257 ORFs, and that of E. coli bacteriophage RB68 was 276 ORFs distinctly. But the number of ORFs within the genome of E. coli bacteriophage RB51 was 275 ORFs, which was same with that of bacteriophage Esc-COP-1. Nevertheless, the ORFs arrangement within the genome of E. coli bacteriophage RB51 was very different from that of bacteriophage Esc-COP-1.
Based upon this result, it is concluded that the bacteriophage Esc-COP-1 should be a novel bacteriophage never reported previously.
The killing ability of the isolated bacteriophage Esc-COP-1 against Shigatoxin-producing type F18 E. coli was investigated. To do so, the formation of clear zone was observed by the spot assay by the same manner as described in Example 1. The Shigatoxin-producing type F18 E. coli used for this investigation were total 10 strains which had been isolated and identified as Shigatoxin-producing type F18 E. coli previously by the present inventors. The bacteriophage Esc-COP-1 demonstrated the killing ability against 9 strains of the Shigatoxin-producing type F18 E. coli used in this experiment. The representative result of the killing ability test is shown in
Therefore, it was confirmed that the bacteriophage Esc-COP-1 has the specific ability to kill Shigatoxin-producing type F18 E. coli and a broad antibacterial spectrum against Shigatoxin-producing type F18 E. coli, suggesting that the bacteriophage Esc-COP-1 of the present invention could be used as an active ingredient of the composition for preventing and treating the infections of Shigatoxin-producing type F18 E. coli.
100 μl of the bacteriophage Esc-COP-1 solution at 1×108 pfu/ml was added to a tube containing 9 ml of TSB. To another tube containing 9 ml of TSB, only the same volume of TSB was added. Then, the Shigatoxin-producing type F18 E. coli culture was added to each tube to prepare bacterial suspension in 0.5 of OD600. After that, the tubes were transferred to an incubator at 37° C., followed by shaking culture, during which the growth of Shigatoxin-producing type F18 E. coli was observed. As presented in Table 1, the growth of Shigatoxin-producing type F18 E. coli was inhibited in the tube added with the bacteriophage Esc-COP-1 solution, while the growth of Shigatoxin-producing type F18 E. coli was not inhibited in the tube without the bacteriophage Esc-COP-1 solution.
E. coli
The above results indicate that the bacteriophage Esc-COP-1 not only inhibited the growth of Shigatoxin-producing type F18 E. coli but also could kill them. Therefore, the bacteriophage Esc-COP-1 can be used as an active ingredient of the composition for preventing the infections of Shigatoxin-producing type F18 E. coli.
Therapeutic effect of the bacteriophage Esc-COP-1 on animals affected by Shigatoxin-producing type F18 E. coli was investigated. 4 weaning pigs at 25 days of age were grouped together; total 2 groups of pigs were raised in a pig pen (1.1 m×1.0 m) for 14 days. Heating system was furnished and the surrounding environment was controlled. The temperature and the humidity of the pig pen were controlled and the floor was cleaned every day. On the 7th day of the experiment, all the animals were orally administered with 1 mL of Shigatoxin-producing type F18 E. coli suspension using an oral injection tube. The Shigatoxin-producing type F18 E. coli suspension administered above was prepared as follows: Shigatoxin-producing type F18 E. coli was cultured in TSB medium at 37° C. for 18 hours and the bacterial cells were collected by centrifugation. Saline (pH 7.2) was added to the bacterial cell pellet to make cell suspension at a concentration of 109 CFU/ml. From the next day of the Shigatoxin-producing type F18 E. coli challenge, the experimental group (bacteriophage solution treated pigs) were orally administered with the bacteriophage Esc-COP-1 (109 PFU/head) via the same way as used for the above administration twice a day. The control group (bacteriophage solution non-treated pigs) was treated with nothing. Feeds and drinking water were equally provided to both groups. After the challenge of Shigatoxin-producing type F18 E. coli, all the animals were observed every day whether or not they experienced diarrhea. The observation was performed by measuring the diarrhea index. The diarrhea index was set as follows according to Fecal Consistency (FC) score (normal: 0, loose stool: 1, moderate diarrhea: 2, and severe diarrhea: 3). The results are shown in Table 2.
From the above results, it is confirmed that the bacteriophage Esc-COP-1 of the present invention could be very effective to treat the infections of Shigatoxin-producing type F18 E. coli.
Feed additive containing bacteriophage Esc-COP-1 at a concentration of 1×108 pfu/g was prepared using the bacteriophage Esc-COP-1 solution. The preparation method thereof was as follows: Maltodextrin (40%, w/v) was added to the bacteriophage solution and then, trehalose was added to reach 10% of final concentration. After mixing well, the mixture was freeze-dried. Lastly, the dried mixture was grinded into fine powders. The drying process above can be replaced with vacuum-drying, drying at warm temperature, or drying at room temperature. To prepare the control feed additive for comparison, feed additive that did not contain the bacteriophage but contained buffer (10 mM Tris-HCl, 10 mM MgSO4, 0.1% Gelatin, pH 8.0) only was prepared.
The above two kinds of feed additives were mixed with the 1,000 times volume of feed for pig farming respectively, resulting in two kinds of final feeds.
Drinking water additive and disinfectant are different in intended use but same in the composition, so they have been prepared by the same manner. Drinking water additive (or disinfectant) containing bacteriophage Esc-COP-1 at a concentration of 1×108 pfu/ml was prepared using the bacteriophage Esc-COP-1 solution. Particularly, to prepare drinking water additive (or disinfectant), the bacteriophage ESC-COP-1 solution was added to buffer solution to reach 1×108 pfu/ml, which was mixed well. For the comparison, the above buffer solution itself was used as the drinking water additive (or disinfectant) that did not contain the bacteriophage.
The prepared two kinds of drinking water additives (or disinfectants) were diluted in water at the ratio of 1:1000, and then used as drinking water or disinfectant.
The effect of the feeds, drinking water, and disinfectant prepared in Example 6 and Example 7 on pig farming was investigated. Particularly, the investigation was focused on diarrhea conditions by fecal consistency score used in Example 5. Total 30 piglets were grouped into three groups, and each group was composed of 10 piglets (group A: feed test group, group B: drinking water test group; and group C: disinfectant test group). The experiment was continued for 2 weeks. Each group was divided by two sub-groups comprising 5 piglets each. The sub-groups were divided according to the treatment of the bacteriophage Esc-COP-1 or not (sub-group-{circle around (1)}: treated with the bacteriophage Esc-COP-1; and sub-group-{circle around (2)}: not-treated with the bacteriophage). The piglets used in this experiment were weaning pigs at 20 days of age and raised in a separated room placed at a sufficient distance from each other. Each sub-group was divided and named as shown in Table 3.
Feeds were provided according to the conventional feed supply method as presented in Table 3 with the feeds prepared in Example 6. Drinking water was provided according to the conventional water supply method as presented in Table 3 with the drinking water prepared in Example 7. Disinfectant was treated three times a week with taking turns with the conventional disinfectant. That is, on the day when the disinfectant of the present invention was sprayed, the conventional disinfectant was not treated. The results are shown in Table 4.
From the above results, it is confirmed that the feeds, drinking water, and the disinfectant prepared according to the present invention were effective in reducing the animal diarrhea. Therefore, it is concluded that the composition of the present invention could be efficiently applied for the improvement of productivity of animal farming.
Those skilled in the art will appreciate that the conceptions and specific embodiments disclosed in the foregoing description may be readily utilized as a basis for modifying or designing other embodiments for carrying out the same purposes of the present invention. Those skilled in the art will also appreciate that such equivalent embodiments do not depart from the spirit and scope of the invention as set forth in the appended Claims.
| Number | Date | Country | Kind |
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| WO2016/108541 | 7/7/2016 | WO | A |
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| Number | Date | Country |
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| 201580071157 | Dec 2015 | CN |
| 201580071183 | Dec 2015 | CN |
| 10-2011-0041670 | Apr 2011 | KR |
| 10-2012-0111535 | Oct 2012 | KR |
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| 20140140698 | Dec 2014 | KR |
| WO 2013073843 | May 2013 | WO |
| PCTKR2015014331 | Dec 2015 | WO |
| PCTKR2015014332 | Dec 2015 | WO |
| WO-2016108538 | Jul 2016 | WO |
| WO-2016108541 | Jul 2016 | WO |
| WO-2016108542 | Jul 2016 | WO |
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| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 20170340686 A1 | Nov 2017 | US |
