This invention relates to methods and systems for shipment of goods. More particularly, it relates to a method and system for the shipment of articles, such as currency theft protection devices, capable of releasing gas and particulate matter, such as smoke, dye, and/or tear gas, during shipment.
Transportation of explosive devices are regulated under hazardous materials safety regulations. For example, shipment of currency anti-theft devices, such as SecurityPac® Electronic Protection Systems, manufactured and distributed by 3SI Security Systems (formerly known as ICI Security Systems), exemplary devices of which are described by U.S. Pat. No. 5,059,949 to Caparoni et al., incorporated herein by reference, have historically been governed by hazardous materials regulations because of the pyrotechnic nature of the devices. Such devices, used by banks and others in the currency shipment business for thwarting attempted theft, typically include a pyrotechnic actuator that ignites a dye formulation which discharges a mixture of smoke and dye for the purpose of staining/recovering stolen bank notes. The devices are subject to these regulations even though the devices require a battery to activate the actuator and are shipped separately from the batteries.
Some devices also contain tear gas. As is commonly known in the art, the substances most often used as tear gases are not true gases under ordinary conditions, but are liquids or solids that are dispersed as airborne particles when the alarm pack is activated. Commonly known tear gas substances include but are not limited to CS (chlorobenzylidene malononitrile), CN (chloroacetophenone) (also known as “Mace”), and Pepper Spray (typically containing oleoresin capsicum (OC), which is the active ingredient in cayenne pepper).
Shipping of such anti-theft devices has traditionally been regulated under United States Department of Transportation (US DOT) hazardous materials safety regulations, specifically under hazard classification 1.4G, as set forth in 49 CFR 173.52. Other countries have similar shipping regulations.
49 CFR 173.52 describes compatability group G as a “Pyrotechnic substance or article containing a pyrotechnic substance, or article containing both an explosive substance and an illuminating, incendiary, tear-producing or smoke-producing substance (other than a water-activated article or one containing white phosphorus, phosphide or flammable liquid or gel or hypergolic liquid).”
Shipping regulated materials is typically more expensive than shipping non-regulated materials and therefore it is desirable to seek an exemption from hazardous shipping regulations.
One aspect of the invention comprises an enclosure for shipping an article capable of releasing a combination of gas and particulates, the enclosure comprising a material of construction adapted to allow escape of the gas from the enclosure while retaining the particulates within the enclosure, sized to contain the article, and having no breaches capable of allowing escape of the particulates except for an opening at the top end, the opening adapted to be sealed in a closed configuration adapted to prevent escape of the particulates. The enclosure may be defined by at least a front face and a back face, the closed configuration comprising at least one pinch line distal of the opening, each pinch line comprising a line along which at least the front face and the back face are both folded or rolled 180 degrees. As used herein, the term “distal” refers to a direction toward the bottom of the enclosure, whereas the term “proximal” refers to a direction toward the top of the enclosure.
In one embodiment, the enclosure comprises an envelope for shipping a currency anti-theft device, capable of releasing particulates such as smoke, dye, active ingredients of tear gas, or a combination thereof. The envelope may comprise spun bond polyolefin and may have a front face, a back face, a top end, a bottom end, and an opening at the top end. The front face has an outward-facing side, an inward-facing side, and a flap that extends proximally beyond the back face in the open configuration. The flap may comprise a first area of adhesive on the inward-facing side for adhering to the back face when the flap is folded over at a first pinch line to close off the opening. The front face may further comprise at least a second area of adhesive on the outward-facing side for adhering to the back face when a top portion of the closed envelope is folded over again at another pinch line.
The second area of adhesive may be located in a position such that the envelope, after folding over the flap at the first pinch line in a first direction, is adapted to be folded again in the first direction on a second pinch line, and then folded an additional time in the first direction on a third pinch line to position the second area of adhesive for adhering to the back face. The envelope may further comprise a secured bottom opening and a secured longitudinal seam, the secured bottom opening comprising a bottom pinch line that pinches closed the bottom opening and forms a bottom edge of the envelope.
Another aspect of the invention comprises a method for shipping an article capable of releasing a combination of gas and particulate. The method comprises providing an enclosure comprising a material of construction adapted to allow escape of the gas from the enclosure while retaining the particulates within the enclosure, sized to contain the article, and having no breaches capable of allowing escape of the particulates except for an opening at the top end. The article is inserted in the enclosure; and the top end is sealed in a closed configuration adapted to prevent escape of the particulates. The enclosure may be defined by at least a front face and a back face, in which case the method may comprise sealing the top end in the closed configuration by forming at least one pinch line distal of the opening, each pinch line comprising a line along which at least the front face and the back face are both folded or rolled 180 degrees. In particular, the method may be used to enable shipment of the article pursuant to an exemption from a hazardous shipping regulation.
In one embodiment of the method, the enclosure comprises an envelope having an open configuration, a closed configuration, a front face, a back face, a top end, a bottom end and an opening at the top end, the front face having an outward-facing side and an inward-facing side, and the envelope comprises a flap that extends proximally beyond the back face in the open configuration. The article is inserted in the envelope, and the flap is folded over in a first direction at a first pinch line to close off the opening, the first pinch line positioned distally of the opening so that both the front face and the back face are folded when the flap is folded over. The flap is fastened to the back face. Then, a top portion of the closed envelope may be folded over one or more additional times in the first direction and the folded top portion fastened to the back face.
Another aspect of the invention comprises a method for shipping a currency anti-theft device having a pyrotechnic actuator and capable of suddenly releasing a combination of gas and particulates, the particulates comprising smoke, dye, active ingredients of tear gas, or a combination thereof. The method comprises the steps of providing an envelope comprising spun bond polyolefin, capable of enclosing the article, and having a front face, a back face, a top end, a sealed bottom end, and an opening at the top end, and having an open configuration and a closed configuration, the front face having an outward-facing side, an inward-facing side, and a flap that extends proximally beyond the back face in the open configuration. The flap comprises a first area of adhesive protected by a first removable covering on the inward-facing side of the flap. The article is inserted in the envelope. The flap is folded over in a first direction at a first pinch line to close off the opening, the first pinch line positioned distal of the opening so that both the front face and the back face are folded when the flap is folded over. The first removable covering is removed from the first area of adhesive, and the flap is fastened to the back face. A top portion of the closed envelope is folded over on a second pinch line that causes a crease in the front face, the back face, and a portion of the flap; and then the top portion is folded over an additional time in the first direction on a third pinch line. A second removable covering is removed from a second area of adhesive on the front face, and the folded top portion is fastened to the back face.
Yet another aspect of the invention comprises an enclosure having an open configuration and a closed configuration, the enclosure adapted, in the closed configuration, to allow gas to escape the enclosure while retaining essentially all liquid or solid particulate within the enclosure, the enclosure comprising spun bonded polyolefin and having a front face, a back face, a bottom opening secured in a pinched closed configuration, and a top opening, the enclosure comprising means for securing the top opening in a pinched closed configuration comprising at least one pinch line distal of the top opening along which at least the front face and the back face are both folded or rolled.
Referring now to the figures, it has been found, surprisingly, that shipping currency anti-theft devices comprising dye packs in spun bond polyolefin packaging can completely contain the solid or liquid smoke, dye, and/or tear gas particles generated by activation of the devices, while at the same time permitting any gas produced during activation to escape the packaging. Because of the highly effective manner in which spun bond polyolefin packaging filters the associated mixture of smoke, dye, and tear gas particles, such a containment system virtually eliminates the hazard risk from an air contaminant perspective. Therefore, use of this highly effective packaging system has allowed exemption from U.S. hazardous materials shipping regulations for the assignee's currency theft protection devices.
Although spun bond polyolefin material, such as TYVEK® spun bond polyolefin, manufactured by the DuPont company of Wilmington, Del., is a preferred material, any equivalent type of material that effectively provides filtration of the smoke and dye mixture may be used.
A preferred containment system comprises a bag or envelope that enables rolling or folding of the top to create an effective seal and that also has an effectively sealed bottom flap to prevent leakage. An exemplary such envelope 10 is shown in
The envelope may be constructed from a single sheet of spun bond polyolefin that has been cut and folded to create the shape shown in
For shipment of a device in the envelope, the device is inserted into the envelope, strip 32 over adhesive 22 is removed, and flap 20 is then folded distally (toward the bottom end) along pinch line B until adhesive 22 contacts back face 12 the envelope, creating a seal. It should be noted that pinch line B is located distal the topmost edge 12a of back face 12, such that both back face 12 and front face 11 are folded when the flap is folded along pinch line B. This is important, because folding over both back face 12 and front face 11 pinches off opening 18. Folding at or proximal (toward the top end) topmost edge 12a does not pinch off opening 18 and does not create as effective a seal. The folded envelope is shown in
Although a single pinch line may be adequate to prevent escape of particulates, to maximize the effectiveness of the seal, additional folds are desirable. Next, top portion 36 of envelope 10 is folded again distally along pinch line C. It should be noted that pinch line C as shown in
Although shown in a preferred embodiment, additional folds and additional adhesive strips may also be provided, as desired. It should also be noted that although referred to as an “envelope” in an exemplary embodiment, the enclosure may be in the form of a bag or any other structure conducive to being folded or rolled to create pinch lines. Also, while shown with discrete folds being used to seal the top of the envelope, the top of the envelope may be rolled instead, in which case a pinch line is defined by a roll of 180 degrees. Additionally, although an acrylic adhesive with removable coverings is shown in the figures, such that removal of the strips activates the adhesive (makes it available to stick to another surface) other types of adhesive may also be used, such as adhesives that requires activation by application of another component, such as water or some other liquid.
It should also be understood that the dimensions of the containment system, the location of the pinch lines, and the number of folds are not critical, so long as multiple pinch lines and sufficient adhesive area(s) is/are provided to create a leakproof seal. In preferred embodiments, however, the location of the pinch line B is distal of the topmost edge 12a and the location of pinch line A is proximal (prior to folding over) of bottommost edge 12b of the back face as shown in
Thus, in the exemplary embodiment, the adhesive is provided in a first location, such as the flap, which provides a first seal when the flap is folded over at a pinch line, and in a second location that provides a second seal after rolling or folding the top of the bag at least one more time. Preferably at least two additional pinch lines formed by folding in the same direction as the first fold are made before adhesive 24 seals the top portion 36 of the envelope. Designs adapted to provide more than or less than two additional pinch lines may also be provided.
Testing of the exemplary embodiment have confirmed that this packaging method allows gases released during activation to escape, while at the same time completely containing the smoke, dye, and tear gas particles within the envelope. In tests in which 12 dye packs were separately packaged in individual envelopes of the present invention as described herein and the individual envelopes boxed together, activation of all 12 dye packs in the closed box left no visible effects exterior to the box, and left the interior of the box free and clear of any visible evidence of dispersed dye. Comprehensive air sampling demonstrated ambient air quality levels to be well below acceptable air quality limits set by the U.S. Occupational Health and Safety Administration (OSHA) for respirable particulate, total particulate, and CS tear gas. The effectiveness of the system and method of the exemplary embodiment disclosed herein has thus been analytically proven and is fully recognized by the appropriate regulatory agencies, resulting in an exemption from hazardous shipping regulations by the U.S. DOT through issuance of an appropriate Ex-Number that prescribes use of the exemplary spun bond polyolefin packaging system disclosed herein.
Thus, this invention covers a shipping container for articles, such as currency dye packs, that contain pyrotechnic substances in conjunction with particulate-producing substances. The shipping container preferably comprises a bag or envelope made of a material, such as spunbond polyolefin, capable of filtering out the particulate-producing substance from any gas released during activation of the article. The envelope as received ready for use preferably comprises a bottom flap 29 and a longitudinal seam 26 that are pre-sealed, and a top flap 20 comprising a first adhesive strip 22 covered with a first removable covering 32. A second adhesive strip 24 covered with a second removable covering 34 is also provided to fasten a folded portion of the envelope after being folded over a total of, preferably, at least three times, including the fold in which the first adhesive strip 22 makes contact with the envelope after removal of the covering 32.
Although described in connection with an envelope for shipping currency theft prevention devices, the invention may take the form any enclosure 10 comprising spun bonded polyolefin or other material with filtration capabilities adapted to be manipulated into a closed configuration that allows gas to escape the enclosure while retaining liquid or solid particulates within the enclosure. The enclosure can generally be described as having a front face 11, a back face 12, a bottom opening secured in a pinched closed configuration (“pinched closed” meaning that both the front face and back face are folded, such as along pinch line A), and a top opening 18. Enclosure 10 comprises structure for securing the top opening in a pinched closed configuration comprising at least two pinch lines (pinch lines B, C, and D, each of which is essentially a 180 degree turn of both the front face 11 and back face 12) distal of the top opening 18 in which at least the front face 11 and the back face 12 are both folded or rolled.
As shown in
Although various embodiments of the invention have been described, it will be understood that the invention is not limited to these embodiments, but is capable of numerous modifications of parts, elements and materials without departing from the invention. What is essential is that the enclosure comprise a material of construction adapted to allow escape of the gas from the enclosure while retaining the particulates within the enclosure, and that when fully sealed with the article inside, there are no breaches in the enclosure capable of allowing escape of the particulate. Although exemplary embodiments have been shown, numerous other embodiments can be provided having these same essential characteristics.
This application claims priority from U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/409,674, filed Sep. 10, 2002, and from U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/410,985, filed Sep. 16, 2002, both of which are incorporated herein by reference.
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