Patent Application
20150292172
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1. Field of the Invention
The invention relates generally to devices and methods used in the stabilization of shorelines and levees, and more particularly to those devices and methods which promote plant growth and establish a riparian edge for aquatic and wildlife habitat.
2. Description of Related Art
Erosion of coastal areas and shorelines due to erosion, either through natural effects or caused by human activities, is a serious problem for many areas around the world. Many attempts have been made over the years to prevent or control such erosion, resulting in the development of various devices and methods which attentuate wave action and reinforce the shoreline using bulkheads, concrete structures, mats, and similar means.
Natural occurrences such as waves, hurricanes, and floods may destroy ecosystems, as well as wave action attributable to boat traffic and other vehicles. Over time, those ecosystems often recover and mature into diverse healthy environments. Without outside interference, the processes of recovery are normal and inevitable. They include microbial colonization followed by the invasion of plant species and eventually aquatic and wildlife species. In many areas, time is usually the only requirement for such recovery. However, the conditions, both naturally occurring and man-made, that are impacting the Louisiana coastline and similar regions do not allow for this spontaneous recovery. To meet the challenges posed by the constant high-energy environment and human impact, intentional effort must be directed toward environmental restoration.
While such efforts have been successful to some degree, a primary goal in many areas is reformation and restoration of the shoreline to include native vegetation. In those instances, the objective is to reinforce the areas subject to erosion with plants which are typically native to the region. Consequently, an organic ecosystem can eventually be established that is resistant to erosive forces, but using means which do not detract from the natural beauty of the shoreline. These methods are sometimes referred to as “living shorelines”, and they provide additional ecological habitat for aqueous as well as terrestrial biology. Living shorelines refers to management practices that use strategic placement of plants, stone, sand fill and other structural organic materials, such as oyster reefs, to provide shoreline stabilization and protection of marsh vegetation and habitat viability. Living shorelines may be used in appropriate areas as alternatives to bulkheads, rip-rap and other hard structures.
Because shoreline topography and conditions are so diverse, living shorelines must often be custom-designed for each location to be successful. According to most researchers, site-specific living shorelines must employ principles from each of the fields of ecology, geology, oceanography and engineering to develop effective projects.
To meet these needs, the present invention provides the one of the most environmentally efficient and systematic efforts to harness the natural processes of the South Louisiana coastal ecosystem. The invention, in its preferred and alternative embodiments, protects the existing shoreline, while promoting plant growth and establishing a riparian edge for aquatic and wildlife habitat.
A shoreline stabilization system and method are provided, comprising one or more base layers of a non-woven plastic matrix positioned on a shoreline, wherein the base layer is at least partially submerged in the water; a second layer of non-woven plastic matrix positioned on top of the base layer, wherein the second layer is at least partially submerged in the water, wherein the second layer is pre-planted with one or more selected plants, and wherein the selected plants in the second layer have rooting and propagation characteristics sufficient to establish growth of the selected plants into the base layer and toward the water.
The base layer includes selected plants inserted through holes formed into the base layer, wherein the selected plants in the base layer have rooting and propagation characteristics sufficient to establish a natural anchor for the base layer into the shoreline; and wherein the base layer and the second layer are anchored to the shoreline by a plurality of anchors sufficient to cause the base layer to conform to the shoreline.
Preferably, the non-woven plastic matrix is a recycled polyethylene terephthalate (PET) plastic containing no phenol-formaldehyde resins.
In a preferred embodiment, the selected plants in the second layer are selected from the group consisting of smooth cord grass (Spartina alterniflora), seashore paspalum (Paspalum vaginatum), torpedo grass (Panicum repens), bull rush (genus Scirpus), and their variants having equivalent rooting characteristics.
More preferably, the seashore paspalum or torpedo grass are positioned on the second layer above a mean tide level, while the smooth cord grass or bull rush are positioned on the second layer below a mean tide level.
In a preferred embodiment, the selected plants inserted into the base layer are selected from the group consisting of bunchgrass, tussock, sunshine vetivergrass (Chrysopgon zizanioides), and their variants having equivalent rooting and propagation characteristics.
In an alternate embodiment, the base layer includes two layers of the plastic matrix, wherein the layers are positioned in at least a partially overlapping position.
In a further alternate embodiment, the base layer includes three layers of the plastic matrix, wherein the layers are positioned in at least a partially overlapping position.
In a more preferred embodiment, the layers are positioned progressively toward the water such that a portion of each of the layers is in contact with and caused to conform to the shoreline, and the selected plants in the base layer are inserted only on the layer farthest from the waterline.
In most embodiments, the shoreline is shaped and graded to a predetermined condition prior to installation of the base layer.
In a more preferred embodiment, the base layer is about 8-12 feet wide in a direction substantially perpendicular to the shoreline, and is positioned on the shoreline in strips 30-100 feet long in a direction substantially parallel to the shoreline. Also, the second layer is about 24-36 inches wide in a direction substantially perpendicular to the shoreline, and is positioned on the base layer in strips 10-20 feet long in a direction substantially parallel to the shoreline.
The anchors comprise an anchor plate having a plurality of holes formed therein, and an elongated reinforcement bar staple inserted through the anchor plate and driven into the shoreline.
The above and other objects and features of the present invention will become apparent from the drawings, the description given herein, and the appended claims.
For a further understanding of the nature, objects, and advantages of the present invention, reference should be had to the following detailed description, read in conjunction with the following drawings, wherein like reference numerals denote like elements.
Before the subject invention is further described, it is to be understood that the invention is not limited to the particular embodiments of the invention described below, as variations of the particular embodiments may be made and still fall within the scope of the appended claims. It is also to be understood that the terminology employed is for the purpose of describing particular embodiments, and is not intended to be limiting. Instead, the scope of the present invention will be established by the appended claims.
In this specification and the appended claims, the singular forms “a,” “an,” and “the” include plural reference unless the context clearly dictates otherwise. Unless defined otherwise, all technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood to one of ordinary skill in the art to which this invention belongs.
Referring now to
One example of a non-woven plastic matrix used in the present invention is the JCII Island Brown product manufactured by Americo Manufacturing Company, Inc., which employs only water-based latex resins and is constructed entirely from post-consumer products such as recycled water and soda bottles. The material is non-toxic to fish and other aquaculture, and it can easily be applied from rolls onto the shoreline.
In a preferred embodiment, the second layer is pre-planted with one or more selected plants 7, such as smooth cord grass (Spartina alterniflora), seashore paspalum (Paspalum vaginatum), torpedo grass (Panicum repens), and bull rush (genus Scirpus). The pre-grown vegetation 7 requires approximately 45 days to become established and ready for installation. It will be appreciated that a variety of other plants may also be suitable, including vegetation having equivalent rooting and propagation characteristics. Importantly, the second layer 4 and its pre-planted grasses 7 are positioned roughly at the mean tide level 3, such that the high and low tide range reaches the front and rear of the pre-planted grasses of the second layer. It is also important that the selected plants 7 in the second layer 4 have rooting and propagation characteristics sufficient to establish growth of the selected plants 7 into the base layer 2 and toward the water 3. When such growth occurs, the expansion of the plants 7 toward the water 3 has a number of beneficial effects. First, as the base layer 2 and second layer 4 become covered with plants, the plants serve to protect the underlying matrix from ultraviolet (UV) radiation and consequent degradation, prolonging the structural integrity of the matrix. Furthermore, plant growth into the water greatly enhances wave attenuation and reduces the surrounding erosion of the shoreline 5.
Another embodiment is shown in
Similar to
For shoreline areas which are subject to more high energy wave action,
In
For such high energy areas and the embodiments shown in
In a more preferred arrangement, the seashore paspalum or torpedo grass of the selected plants 7 are positioned on the second layer 4 above a mean tide level 3, while the smooth cord grass or bull rush of the selected plants 7 are positioned on the second layer 4 below a mean tide level 3. Such arrangement is intended to keep the various vegetation within conditions most suitable for rooting and growth. In all of the embodiments described herein, it is preferable that the shoreline 5 be shaped and graded to a predetermined condition prior to installation of the base layers 2.
The present invention, also referred to as a “vegetated ecomatrix”, is cost-effective when compared to traditional forms of shoreline protection and levee stabilization. For years, levees and terraces have relied on seeding or manual re-vegetation to provide protection from erosive waves. Traditional methods of seeding and planting could take as much as two years to properly root in and protect the base. During that time, daily waves continue to erode the newly constructed levee or terrace, thus never allowing for the vegetation to establish, root in, and grow.
The vegetated ecomatrix of the present invention provides immediate protection, because the plants are pre-grown with a minimum of 45 days of growth, providing an instant barrier to erosive waves. The material provides erosion protection while also creating vegetative edge for wave dampening.
The present invention is porous and lightweight allowing for ease of timely installation. Heavy equipment is rarely required which also minimizes the installation footprint on existing critical areas. Very little maintenance is required as the self-propagating nature results in new seedlings being dispersed. As vegetation grows, spreads, and multiplies, the surface area of the vegetated ecomatrix increases, providing increased wave and wind shearing capabilities. This improves the outcomes of vegetation and vegetation plantings, as well as saves time by not having to replant again.
All references cited in this specification are herein incorporated by reference as though each reference was specifically and individually indicated to be incorporated by reference. The citation of any reference is for its disclosure prior to the filing date and should not be construed as an admission that the present invention is not entitled to antedate such reference by virtue of prior invention.
It will be understood that each of the elements described above, or two or more together may also find a useful application in other types of methods differing from the type described above. Without further analysis, the foregoing will so fully reveal the gist of the present invention that others can, by applying current knowledge, readily adapt it for various applications without omitting features that, from the standpoint of prior art, fairly constitute essential characteristics of the generic or specific aspects of this invention set forth in the appended claims. The foregoing embodiments are presented by way of example only; the scope of the present invention is to be limited only by the following claims.
