The present invention relates to apparatuses and methods for pneumatic shuttering of an aerosol stream. The aerosol stream can be a droplet stream, a solid particle stream, or a stream composed of droplets and solid particles.
Note that the following discussion may refer to a number of publications and references. Discussion of such publications herein is given for more complete background of the scientific principles and is not to be construed as an admission that such publications are prior art for patentability determination purposes.
Typical apparatuses for shuttering or diverting aerosol flows in aerosol jet printing use a shuttering mechanism that is downstream of the aerosol deposition nozzle, and typically require an increased working distance from the deposition orifice to the substrate to accommodate the mechanism. An increased working distance can lead to deposition at a non-optimal nozzle-to-substrate distance where the focus of the aerosol jet is degraded. External shuttering mechanisms can also interfere mechanically when printing inside of cavities or when upward protrusions exist on an otherwise substantially flat surface, such as a printed circuit board including mounted components. In contrast, internal shuttering occurs in the interior of the print head, upstream of the orifice of the deposition nozzle, and allows for a minimal nozzle-to-substrate distance, which is often needed for optimal focusing or collimation of the aerosol stream.
In aerosol jet printing, internal and external aerosol stream shuttering can be achieved using a mechanical impact shutter which places a solid blade or spoon-like shutter in the aerosol stream, so that particles maintain the original flow direction, but impact on the shutter surface. Impact shutters typically use an electromechanical configuration wherein a voltage pulse is applied to a solenoid that moves the shutter into the path of the aerosol stream. Impact based shuttering can cause defocusing of the particle stream as the shutter passes through the aerosol stream. Impact shutters can also cause extraneous material deposition or fouling of the flow system as excess material accumulates on the shutter surface and is later dislodged. Impact based shuttering schemes can have shutter on/off times as small as 2 ms or less. Aerosol stream shuttering can alternatively use a pneumatic shutter to divert the aerosol stream from the original flow direction and into a collection chamber or to an exhaust port. Pneumatic shuttering is a non-impact process, so there is no shuttering surface on which ink can accumulate. Minimizing ink accumulation during printing, diverting (shuttering), and particularly during the transitions between printing and diverting is a critical aspect of pneumatic shutter design. Non-impact shuttering schemes can have shutter on/off times below 10 ms for fast-moving aerosol streams.
A drawback to pneumatic shuttering is that the transition between on and off can take longer than that for mechanical shuttering. Existing pneumatic shuttering schemes require long switching times due to the time required for the aerosol stream to propagate downward through the lower portion of the flow cell when resuming printing after shuttering, or the time required for clean gas from the shutter to propagate down when shuttering is initiated. Furthermore, the turn-off and turn-on of the aerosol is not abrupt, but instead has a significant transition time. When gas propagates through a cylindrical channel under laminar (non-turbulent) conditions the center of the flow along the axis of the channel moves at twice the average flow speed and the flow along the walls has near zero velocity. This results in a parabolic flow distribution where full aerosol flow to the substrate, which includes aerosol near the channel wall, lags significantly behind the initial flow. Likewise, when shuttering, the final turn-off when the slow-moving mist near the wall reaches the substrate is substantially delayed from when the fast-moving aerosol from the center of the flow is replaced with clean gas. This effect increases greatly the “fully-shuttered” time compared to the initial shuttering time. Thus there is a need for an internal pneumatic aerosol flow shuttering system that minimizes switching and shuttering transition times.
An embodiment of the present invention is a method for controlling the flow of an aerosol in a print head of an aerosol deposition system, the method comprising passing an aerosol flow through the print head in an original aerosol flow direction; surrounding the aerosol flow with a sheath gas; passing the combined aerosol flow and the sheath gas through a deposition nozzle of the print head; adding a boost gas to the sheath gas to form a sheath-boost gas flow; dividing the sheath-boost gas flow into a first portion flowing in a direction opposite to the original aerosol flow direction and a second portion flowing in the original aerosol flow direction; and the first portion of the sheath-boost gas flow preventing a deflected portion of the aerosol flow from passing through the deposition nozzle. The flow rate of the sheath gas and a flow rate of the aerosol flow preferably remain approximately constant. Prior to adding the boost gas to the sheath gas the boost gas preferably flows to a vacuum pump. The method preferably further comprises extracting an exhaust flow from the print head after the increasing step, the exhaust flow comprising the deflected portion of the aerosol flow and the first portion of the sheath-boost gas flow. Extracting the exhaust flow preferably comprises suctioning the exhaust flow using the vacuum pump. The flow rate of the exhaust flow is preferably controlled by a mass flow controller. The flow rate of the sheath gas and the flow rate of the boost gas are preferably controlled by one or more flow controllers. The flow rate of the aerosol flow prior to the adding step plus the flow rate of sheath gas prior to the adding step preferably approximately equals a flow rate of the second portion of the sheath-boost gas flow plus a flow rate of the undeflected portion of the aerosol flow. The method can preferably be performed in less than approximately 10 milliseconds. The flow rate of the boost gas is optionally greater than the flow rate of the aerosol flow, and more preferably is between approximately 1.2 times the flow rate of the aerosol flow and approximately 2 times the flow rate of the aerosol flow. The deflected portion of the aerosol flow optionally comprises the entire aerosol flow so that none of the aerosol flow passes through the deposition nozzle. The flow rate of the exhaust flow is optionally set to approximately equal the flow rate of the boost gas. The method optionally further comprises diverting the boost gas to flow directly to the vacuum pump prior to all of the undeflected portion of the aerosol flow exiting the print head through the deposition nozzle. The method optionally comprises blocking a flow of the aerosol with a mechanical shutter prior to the preventing step. The flow rate of the boost gas can alternatively be less than or equal to the flow rate of the aerosol flow, in which case the flow rate of the exhaust flow is preferably set to be greater than the flow rate of the boost gas. The method preferably further comprises surrounding the aerosol with a pre-sheath gas prior to surrounding the aerosol flow with the sheath gas, preferably thereby combining the sheath gas with the pre-sheath gas. Preferably approximately half of the sheath gas is used to form the pre-sheath gas.
Another embodiment of the present invention is an apparatus for depositing an aerosol, the apparatus comprising an aerosol supply; a sheath gas supply; a boost gas supply; a vacuum pump; a valve for connecting the boost gas supply to the sheath gas supply or the vacuum pump; and a print head, the print head comprising an aerosol inlet for receiving an aerosol from the aerosol supply; a first chamber comprising a sheath gas inlet for receiving a sheath gas from the sheath gas supply; the second chamber configured to surround the aerosol with the sheath gas; and a second chamber comprising an exhaust gas outlet connected to the vacuum pump, the second chamber disposed between the aerosol inlet and the first chamber; and a deposition nozzle; wherein the sheath gas inlet receives a combination of a boost gas from the boost gas supply and the sheath gas when the boost gas supply is connected to the sheath gas supply; and wherein the first chamber is configured to divide a portion of the combination into a first portion flowing toward the aerosol inlet and a second portion flowing toward the deposition nozzle. The apparatus preferably comprises a first mass flow controller disposed between the exhaust gas outlet and the vacuum pump and preferably comprises a filter disposed between the exhaust gas outlet and the first mass flow controller. The apparatus preferably comprises a second mass flow controller disposed between the sheath gas supply and the sheath gas inlet and a third mass flow controller disposed between the boost gas supply and the valve. The flow of gas entering the sheath gas inlet is preferably in a direction perpendicular to an aerosol flow direction in the print head. The apparatus optionally comprises a mechanical shutter. The apparatus preferably comprises a third chamber disposed between the aerosol inlet and the second chamber, the third chamber preferably comprising a pre-sheath gas inlet and preferably configured to surround the aerosol with a pre-sheath gas. A flow divider is preferably connected between the pre-sheath gas inlet and the sheath gas supply for forming the pre-sheath gas from approximately one-half of the sheath gas.
Objects, advantages and novel features, and further scope of applicability of the present invention will be set forth in part in the detailed description to follow, taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, and in part will become apparent to those skilled in the art upon examination of the following, or may be learned by practice of the invention. The objects and advantages of the invention may be realized and attained by means of the instrumentalities and combinations particularly pointed out in the appended claims.
The accompanying drawings, which are incorporated into and form a part of the specification, illustrate the practice of embodiments of the present invention and, together with the description, serve to explain the principles of the invention. The drawings are only for the purpose of illustrating certain embodiments of the invention and are not to be construed as limiting the invention. In the figures:
Embodiments of the present invention are apparatuses and methods for rapid shuttering of an aerosol stream or a sheathed aerosol stream, which can be applied to, but are not limited to, processes requiring coordinated shuttering of a fluid, such as for aerosol-based printing of discrete structures for directly written electronics, for aerosol delivery applications, or for various three-dimensional printing applications. The fluid stream may comprise solid particles in liquid suspension, liquid droplets, or a combination thereof. As used herein, the terms “droplet” or “particle”, used interchangeably, mean liquid droplets, liquids with solid particles in suspension, or mixtures thereof. The present invention provides methods and apparatuses to enable controlled full or partial on-and-off deposition of ink droplets in an aerosol stream for printing arbitrary patterns on a surface with Aerosol Jet® technology.
In one or more embodiments of the present invention, an internal shutter is incorporated into an apparatus for high-resolution, maskless deposition of liquid ink using aerodynamic focusing. This apparatus typically comprises an atomizer for generating a mist by atomizing the liquid into fine microdroplets. The atomized mist is then transported by a carrier gas flow to a deposition nozzle for directing and focusing the aerosol mist stream. The apparatus also preferably comprises a control module for automated control of process parameters and a motion control module that drives relative motions of the substrate with respect to the deposition nozzle. Aerosolization of liquid inks can be accomplished with a number of methods, including using an ultrasonic atomizer or pneumatic atomizer. The aerosol stream is focused using the Aerosol Jet® deposition nozzle with a converging channel and an annular, co-flowing sheath gas which wraps the aerosol stream to protect the channel wall from direct contact with liquid ink droplets and to focus the aerosol stream into smaller diameter when accelerated through the converging nozzle channel. The aerosol stream surrounded by the sheath gas exits the deposition nozzle and impacts the substrate. The high-speed jet flow of the collimated aerosol stream with sheath gas enables high-precision material deposition with an extended standoff distance for direct-write printing. The Aerosol Jet® deposition head is capable of focusing an aerosol stream to as small as one-tenth the size of the nozzle orifice. Ink patterning can be accomplished by attaching the substrate to a platen with computer-controlled motion while the deposition nozzle is fixed. Alternatively, the deposition head can move under computer control while the substrate position remains fixed, or both the deposition head and substrate can move relatively under computer control. The aerosolized liquid used in the Aerosol Jet process consists of any liquid ink material including, but not limited to, liquid molecular precursors for a particular material, particulate suspensions, or some combination of precursor and particulates. Fine lines of width less than 10 μm have been printed using the Aerosol Jet® system and the internal pneumatic shutter apparatus of the present invention.
A print head comprising an embodiment of the internal shuttering of the present invention is shown in
As shown in
After the residual aerosol is cleared from the nozzle tip 10, which can take approximately 5-50 milliseconds (depending on the gas flow rates), the printing shuts off, as shown in
When the print configuration is resumed, as shown in
Mist switching chamber 8 is preferably located as close to nozzle tip 10 as possible to minimize mist flow response time that correlates with the distance aerosol stream 6 has to travel from mist switching chamber 8 to deposition nozzle tip 10. Similarly, the inner diameters of middle mist tube 5, lower mist tube 7, and deposition nozzle 1 are preferably minimized to increase the velocity of the flow, thereby minimizing the mist transit time from mist switching chamber 8 to the outlet of nozzle tip 10. The flow control of the various flows in the system preferably utilizes mass flow controllers as shown to provide precise flows over the long durations of production runs. Alternatively, orifice-type or rotameter flow controls may be preferable for low-cost applications. Furthermore, to maximize the stability of the system and minimize transition times, M and S are preferably each maintained approximately constant at all times, including during both printing and diverting modes and during shuttering transitions.
To minimize shuttering transition times, it is preferable that the pressure in the print head remains constant during printing, shuttering, and transitions between the two. If the flow in nozzle channel 3 has a flow rate N, then preferably M+S+B=E+N. In print mode, B=0 and E=0, so N=M+S. In addition, the pressure inside sheath-boost chamber 9 is preferably maintained constant to minimize shuttering transition times. Because this pressure is determined by the back pressure from the total flow through nozzle tip 10, it is preferable that the net flow through nozzle tip 10 remains the same during all operational modes and transitions between them. Thus, during complete shuttering, E and S are preferably chosen so that N=M+S. During shuttering, E=M+f(B+S), where f is the fraction of the combined boost and sheath flows that is diverted upward, and N=M+S=(1−f)(B+S). If the flow in the device satisfies these conditions (i.e. the flow rate M of mist in nozzle channel 3 during printing is substantially replaced by (1−f)B−fS during diversion such that the total flow rate N of whatever is exiting the nozzle is constant), the sheath gas flow streamlines in nozzle channel 3 are preferably substantially undisturbed by directing boost flow B through the head to disable printing.
For a completely diverted flow, solving these equations yields E=B; thus mass flow controllers 22 and 24 preferably are set such that E=B for complete flow diversion. To ensure complete internal shuttering or diversion of the aerosol flow, the rate B of boost gas flow 44 is preferably greater than flow rate M of aerosol stream 6 flow rate; preferably approximately 1.2-2 times the aerosol stream flow rate M; and more preferably B equals approximately 2M for robust, complete mist switching in most applications.
In one theoretical example, if aerosol stream 6 has a flow rate of M=50 sccm, and sheath gas flow 32 has a flow rate S of 55 sccm, during printing the flow rate in nozzle channel 3 (and thus exiting nozzle tip 10) is M+S=105 sccm. In this mode, since the boost gas flow 44 does not enter the print head, and nothing exits exhaust outlet 2, B=E=0 (even though in actuality, as described above, to maintain stability mass flow controller 44 is set to provide 100 sccm of flow that is diverted by three-way valve 20 to flow directly to mass flow controller 42, which is also set to pass 100 sccm of flow to vacuum pump 210). When complete diversion is desired, the rate B of boost gas flow 44 (and, as derived above, rate E of exhaust flow 46) is preferably selected so that B=E=2M=100 sccm for mist diverting. During diverting or shuttering of the aerosol stream, the combined sheath and boost flows having a total flow rate of S+B=155 sccm split within sheath-boost chamber 9 such that effectively N=105 sccm of the combined flow flows downwards through lower mist tube 7 and deposition nozzle 1, replacing aerosol stream 6 (and sheath flow 32) that are now being diverted in mist switching chamber 8. Because E is set to 100 sccm in mass flow controller 22, 50 sccm of the split combined flow flows upwards, flushing the residual aerosol stream 6 from the middle mist tube 5 and into the switching chamber 8 where it combines with the diverted aerosol flow. Therefore, exhaust flow 46 exiting exhaust outlet 2 will be equal to the aerosol stream flow rate M plus the upward portion of the boost gas flow rate, or E=100 sccm. The total flows into the printhead (M+B+S=205 sccm) equals the total flows out of the printhead (N+E=205 sccm). Typically, balanced flows allow for a constant pressure inside the sheath-boost chamber 9, which leads to complete turning on and off (i.e. shuttering of) the aerosol stream with minimized shuttering times.
Hybrid Shuttering
Internal pneumatic shuttering by diverting the aerosol stream to exhaust outlet 2 can occur for long periods of time without adverse effects, contrary to mechanical shuttering, where ink accumulation on a mechanical shutter inserted to block the aerosol flow can dislodge and foul the substrate or aerodynamic surfaces of the print head. The internal pneumatic shutter can be used alone or in combination with another shuttering technique, such as mechanical shuttering, to take advantage of the faster response of the mechanical shuttering while minimizing the ink accumulation on the top of the mechanical shutter arm. In this embodiment, when stopping the printing the mechanical shutter is activated to block the aerosol flow. Pneumatic shuttering as described above diverts the ink away from mechanical shutter 220 for the majority of the shuttering duration, thus reducing ink buildup on the mechanical shutter. Because the pneumatic shutter activates more slowly when compared to the faster mechanical shutter, the pneumatic shutter is preferably triggered at a time such that the faster mechanical shutter closes first, and the pneumatic shutter closes as soon as possible thereafter. To resume printing, the pneumatic shutter is preferably opened first to allow the output to stabilize, then mechanical shutter 220 is opened. Although a mechanical shutter can be located anywhere within the print head, or even external to the deposition nozzle, mechanical impact shuttering preferably occurs close to where the aerosol stream exits the deposition nozzle.
Transient Shuttering
In an alternative embodiment of the current invention, the internal shutter can be used as a transient shutter, for which diversion of the aerosol flow occurs for a short enough period that the aerosol distribution in the print head does not have time to equilibrate.
As shown in
Partial Shuttering
High aerosol flow rates M are typically used to provide a large mass output of ink and create coarse features, whereas low flow rates are typically used to create fine features. It is often desirable to print large and fine features in the same pattern, e.g. when a fine beam is used to trace the perimeter of a pattern and a coarse beam is used to fill in the perimeter, while keeping M constant. In an alternative embodiment of the present invention shown in
In one theoretical example, it is desired that half of the aerosol stream is diverted and half is printed. If aerosol stream 6 has a flow rate of M=50 sccm, and sheath gas flow 32 has a flow rate S of 55 sccm, for partial shuttering, rate B of boost gas flow 44 is selected in this example so that B=½M=25 sccm. Mass flow controller 22 is set so that E=65 sccm, so that the combined sheath and boost flows having a total flow rate of S+B=80 sccm split equally within sheath-boost chamber 9 such that 40 sccm of the combined flow flows downwards through lower mist tube 7 and deposition nozzle 1. N is thus 40 sccm+(½M)=65 sccm and the total flows into the print head (50+55+25=130 sccm) equal the total flows out of the printhead (65+65=130 sccm). Alternatively, E could be set equal to 75 sccm, in which case the combined boost and sheath flows are split so that 50 sccm flows upward (since 75−25=50) and 30 sccm flows downward. Thus N=30+25=55 sccm, and again the incoming flows (50+55+25=130 sccm) equal the outgoing flows (75+55=130 sccm). It is noted that for partial shuttering, E>B, and the system equilibrates to a pressure (130 sccm) lower than that which occurs during full shuttering (205 sccm), and higher than that which occurs during normal printing (105 sccm), as shown in the prior example.
In general, B>M is used for fully diverting or shuttering or transient shuttering of the mist, preventing printing, and B<M or B=M is used to reduce the mist output during printing and create fine features. Each B with B<M will result in a different mist flow exiting deposition nozzle 1. Thus it is possible to accomplish both reducing and fully diverting the mist flow if at least two levels of boost flow can be created, one with B>M and one with B<M. This can be accomplished, for instance, by rapidly changing the settings of boost mass flow controller 24, or alternatively employing a second boost mass flow controller. In the latter case, one boost mass flow controller (MFC) could be set at a flow of, for example, 2M to completely turn off the mist, and the other set at a flow of, for example, ½M to reduce the fraction of M flowing out nozzle 1.
Using partial diversion to vary the mass output and line width is preferable to varying the incoming aerosol flow 6 rate M, because the exhaust and boost gas flows can stabilize in less than approximately one second, whereas the output of an atomizer can take longer than 10 seconds to stabilize when M is changed. Alternately, a second flow stream or orifices to split an existing flow and control valve could be used to create varying mist outputs with rapid response times.
Pre-Sheath Gas
Under the laminar flow conditions normally employed in aerosol jet printing preferably performed in the present invention, the gas in cylindrical tubes forms a parabolic velocity profile with twice the average velocity in the center of the tube and near zero velocity near the walls of the tube.
Because of this advantage, a “pre-sheath” surrounding the mist stream may be added before the mist enters mist switching chamber 8 and/or middle mist tube 5 to eliminate the slow-moving mist near the wall of middle mist tube 5.
Note that in the specification and claims, “about” or “approximately” means within twenty percent (20%) of the numerical amount cited. As used herein, the singular forms “a,” “an,” and “the” include plural referents unless the context clearly dictates otherwise. Thus, for example, reference to “a functional group” refers to one or more functional groups, and reference to “the method” includes reference to equivalent steps and methods that would be understood and appreciated by those skilled in the art, and so forth.
Although the invention has been described in detail with particular reference to the disclosed embodiments, other embodiments can achieve the same results. Variations and modifications of the present invention will be obvious to those skilled in the art and it is intended to cover all such modifications and equivalents. The entire disclosures of all patents and publications cited above are hereby incorporated by reference.
This application is a divisional application of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 16/190,007, entitled “Shuttering of Aerosol Streams”, filed on Nov. 13, 2018, which application claims priority to and the benefit of the filing of U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 62/585,449, entitled “Internal Shuttering”, filed on Nov. 13, 2017. The specification and claims thereof are incorporated herein by reference.
Number | Name | Date | Kind |
---|---|---|---|
3474971 | Goodrich | Oct 1969 | A |
3590477 | Cheroff et al. | Jul 1971 | A |
3642202 | Angelo | Feb 1972 | A |
3715785 | Brown et al. | Feb 1973 | A |
3777983 | Hibbins | Dec 1973 | A |
3808550 | Ashkin | Mar 1974 | A |
3808432 | Ashkin | Apr 1974 | A |
3816025 | O'Neill | Jun 1974 | A |
3846661 | Brown et al. | Nov 1974 | A |
3854321 | Dahneke | Dec 1974 | A |
3901798 | Peterson | Aug 1975 | A |
3959798 | Hochberg et al. | May 1976 | A |
3974769 | Hochberg et al. | Aug 1976 | A |
3982251 | Hochberg | Sep 1976 | A |
4004733 | Law | Jan 1977 | A |
4016417 | Benton | Apr 1977 | A |
4019188 | Hochberg et al. | Apr 1977 | A |
4034025 | Martner | Jul 1977 | A |
4036434 | Anderson et al. | Jul 1977 | A |
4046073 | Mitchell et al. | Sep 1977 | A |
4046074 | Hochberg et al. | Sep 1977 | A |
4073436 | Behr | Feb 1978 | A |
4092535 | Ashkin et al. | May 1978 | A |
4112437 | Mir et al. | Sep 1978 | A |
4132894 | Yule | Jan 1979 | A |
4171096 | Welsh et al. | Oct 1979 | A |
4200669 | Schaefer et al. | Apr 1980 | A |
4228440 | Horike et al. | Oct 1980 | A |
4235563 | Hine et al. | Nov 1980 | A |
4269868 | Livsey | May 1981 | A |
4323756 | Brown et al. | Apr 1982 | A |
4400408 | Asano et al. | Aug 1983 | A |
4453803 | Hidaka et al. | Jun 1984 | A |
4485387 | Drumheller | Nov 1984 | A |
4497692 | Gelchinski et al. | Feb 1985 | A |
4601921 | Lee | Jul 1986 | A |
4605574 | Yonehara et al. | Aug 1986 | A |
4670135 | Marple et al. | Jun 1987 | A |
4685563 | Cohen et al. | Aug 1987 | A |
4689052 | Ogren et al. | Aug 1987 | A |
4694136 | Kasner et al. | Sep 1987 | A |
4724299 | Hammeke | Feb 1988 | A |
4733018 | Prabhu et al. | Mar 1988 | A |
4823009 | Biemann et al. | Apr 1989 | A |
4825299 | Okada et al. | Apr 1989 | A |
4826583 | Biernaux et al. | May 1989 | A |
4893886 | Ashkin et al. | Jan 1990 | A |
4904621 | Loewenstein et al. | Feb 1990 | A |
4911365 | Thiel et al. | Mar 1990 | A |
4917830 | Ortiz et al. | Apr 1990 | A |
4920254 | Decamp et al. | Apr 1990 | A |
4927992 | Whitlow et al. | May 1990 | A |
4947463 | Matsuda et al. | Aug 1990 | A |
4971251 | Dobrick et al. | Nov 1990 | A |
4978067 | Berger et al. | Dec 1990 | A |
4997809 | Gupta | Mar 1991 | A |
5032850 | Andeen et al. | Jul 1991 | A |
5038014 | Pratt et al. | Aug 1991 | A |
5043548 | Whitney et al. | Aug 1991 | A |
5064685 | Kestenbaum et al. | Nov 1991 | A |
5126102 | Takahashi et al. | Jun 1992 | A |
5164535 | Leasure | Nov 1992 | A |
5170890 | Wilson et al. | Dec 1992 | A |
5173220 | Reiff et al. | Dec 1992 | A |
5176328 | Alexander | Jan 1993 | A |
5176744 | Muller | Jan 1993 | A |
5182430 | Lagain | Jan 1993 | A |
5194297 | Scheer et al. | Mar 1993 | A |
5208431 | Uchiyama et al. | May 1993 | A |
5245404 | Jannson et al. | Sep 1993 | A |
5250383 | Naruse | Oct 1993 | A |
5254832 | Gartner et al. | Oct 1993 | A |
5270542 | McMurry et al. | Dec 1993 | A |
5292418 | Morita et al. | Mar 1994 | A |
5294459 | Hogan et al. | Mar 1994 | A |
5306447 | Harris et al. | Apr 1994 | A |
5322221 | Anderson | Jun 1994 | A |
5335000 | Stevens | Aug 1994 | A |
5343434 | Noguchi | Aug 1994 | A |
5344676 | Kim et al. | Sep 1994 | A |
5359172 | Kozak et al. | Oct 1994 | A |
5366559 | Periasamy | Nov 1994 | A |
5378505 | Kubota et al. | Jan 1995 | A |
5378508 | Castro et al. | Jan 1995 | A |
5393613 | MacKay | Feb 1995 | A |
5398193 | Deangelis | Mar 1995 | A |
5403617 | Haaland | Apr 1995 | A |
5405660 | Psiuk et al. | Apr 1995 | A |
5418350 | Freneaux et al. | May 1995 | A |
5449536 | Funkhouser | Sep 1995 | A |
5477026 | Buongiorno | Dec 1995 | A |
5486676 | Aleshin | Jan 1996 | A |
5491317 | Pirl | Feb 1996 | A |
5495105 | Nishimura et al. | Feb 1996 | A |
5512745 | Finer et al. | Apr 1996 | A |
5518680 | Cima et al. | May 1996 | A |
5524828 | Raterman et al. | Jun 1996 | A |
5529634 | Miyata et al. | Jun 1996 | A |
5547094 | Bartels et al. | Aug 1996 | A |
5578227 | Rabinovich | Nov 1996 | A |
5607730 | Ranalli | Mar 1997 | A |
5609921 | Gitzhofer et al. | Mar 1997 | A |
5612099 | Thaler | Mar 1997 | A |
5614252 | McMillan et al. | Mar 1997 | A |
5634093 | Ashida et al. | May 1997 | A |
5648127 | Turchan et al. | Jul 1997 | A |
5653925 | Batchelder | Aug 1997 | A |
5676719 | Stavropoulos et al. | Oct 1997 | A |
5697046 | Conley | Dec 1997 | A |
5705117 | O'Connor et al. | Jan 1998 | A |
5707715 | Derochemont et al. | Jan 1998 | A |
5732885 | Huffman | Mar 1998 | A |
5733609 | Wang | Mar 1998 | A |
5736195 | Haaland | Apr 1998 | A |
5742050 | Amirav et al. | Apr 1998 | A |
5775402 | Sachs et al. | Apr 1998 | A |
5746844 | Sterett et al. | May 1998 | A |
5770272 | Biemann et al. | Jun 1998 | A |
5772106 | Ayers et al. | Jun 1998 | A |
5772963 | Prevost et al. | Jun 1998 | A |
5772964 | Prevost et al. | Jun 1998 | A |
5779833 | Cawley et al. | Jul 1998 | A |
5795388 | Oudard | Aug 1998 | A |
5814152 | Thaler | Sep 1998 | A |
5837960 | Lewis et al. | Nov 1998 | A |
5844192 | Wright et al. | Dec 1998 | A |
5847357 | Woodmansee et al. | Dec 1998 | A |
5849238 | Schmidt et al. | Dec 1998 | A |
5854311 | Richart | Dec 1998 | A |
5861136 | Glicksman et al. | Jan 1999 | A |
5882722 | Kydd | Mar 1999 | A |
5894403 | Shah et al. | Apr 1999 | A |
5940099 | Karlinski | Aug 1999 | A |
5958268 | Engelsberg et al. | Sep 1999 | A |
5965212 | Dobson et al. | Oct 1999 | A |
5980998 | Sharma et al. | Nov 1999 | A |
5993549 | Kindler et al. | Nov 1999 | A |
5993554 | Keicher et al. | Nov 1999 | A |
5997956 | Hunt et al. | Dec 1999 | A |
6007631 | Prentice et al. | Dec 1999 | A |
6015083 | Hayes et al. | Jan 2000 | A |
6021776 | Allred et al. | Feb 2000 | A |
6025037 | Wadman et al. | Feb 2000 | A |
6036889 | Kydd | Mar 2000 | A |
6040016 | Mitani et al. | Mar 2000 | A |
6046426 | Jeantette et al. | Apr 2000 | A |
6056994 | Paz De Araujo et al. | May 2000 | A |
6110144 | Choh et al. | Aug 2000 | A |
6116718 | Peeters et al. | Sep 2000 | A |
6136442 | Wong | Oct 2000 | A |
6143116 | Hayashi et al. | Nov 2000 | A |
6144008 | Rabinovich | Nov 2000 | A |
6149076 | Riney | Nov 2000 | A |
6151435 | Pilloff | Nov 2000 | A |
6159749 | Liu | Dec 2000 | A |
6169605 | Penn et al. | Jan 2001 | B1 |
6176647 | Itoh | Jan 2001 | B1 |
6182688 | Fabre | Feb 2001 | B1 |
6183690 | Yoo et al. | Feb 2001 | B1 |
6197366 | Takamatsu | Mar 2001 | B1 |
6251488 | Miller et al. | Jun 2001 | B1 |
6258733 | Solayappan et al. | Jul 2001 | B1 |
6265050 | Wong et al. | Jul 2001 | B1 |
6267301 | Haruch | Jul 2001 | B1 |
6268584 | Keicher et al. | Jul 2001 | B1 |
6290342 | Vo et al. | Sep 2001 | B1 |
6291088 | Wong | Sep 2001 | B1 |
6293659 | Floyd et al. | Sep 2001 | B1 |
6318642 | Goenka et al. | Nov 2001 | B1 |
6328026 | Wang et al. | Dec 2001 | B1 |
6340216 | Peeters et al. | Jan 2002 | B1 |
6348687 | Brockmann et al. | Feb 2002 | B1 |
6349668 | Sun et al. | Feb 2002 | B1 |
6355533 | Lee | Mar 2002 | B2 |
6379745 | Kydd et al. | Apr 2002 | B1 |
6384365 | Seth et al. | May 2002 | B1 |
6390115 | Rohwer et al. | May 2002 | B1 |
6391251 | Keicher et al. | May 2002 | B1 |
6391494 | Reitz et al. | May 2002 | B2 |
6405095 | Jang et al. | Jun 2002 | B1 |
6406137 | Okazaki et al. | Jun 2002 | B1 |
6410105 | Mazumder et al. | Jun 2002 | B1 |
6416156 | Noolandi et al. | Jul 2002 | B1 |
6416157 | Peeters et al. | Jul 2002 | B1 |
6416158 | Floyd et al. | Jul 2002 | B1 |
6416159 | Floyd et al. | Jul 2002 | B1 |
6416389 | Perry et al. | Jul 2002 | B1 |
6454384 | Peeters et al. | Sep 2002 | B1 |
6467862 | Peeters et al. | Oct 2002 | B1 |
6471327 | Jagannathan et al. | Oct 2002 | B2 |
6481074 | Karlinski | Nov 2002 | B1 |
6486432 | Colby et al. | Nov 2002 | B1 |
6503831 | Speakman | Jan 2003 | B2 |
6513736 | Skeath et al. | Feb 2003 | B1 |
6520996 | Manasas et al. | Feb 2003 | B1 |
6521297 | McDougall et al. | Feb 2003 | B2 |
6537501 | Holl et al. | Mar 2003 | B1 |
6544599 | Brown et al. | Apr 2003 | B1 |
6548122 | Sharma et al. | Apr 2003 | B1 |
6564038 | Bethea et al. | May 2003 | B1 |
6572033 | Pullagura et al. | Jun 2003 | B1 |
6573491 | Marchitto et al. | Jun 2003 | B1 |
6607597 | James et al. | Aug 2003 | B2 |
6608281 | Ishide et al. | Aug 2003 | B2 |
6636676 | Renn | Oct 2003 | B1 |
6646253 | Rohwer et al. | Nov 2003 | B1 |
6656409 | Keicher et al. | Dec 2003 | B1 |
6697694 | Mogensen | Feb 2004 | B2 |
6772649 | Zimmermann et al. | Aug 2004 | B2 |
6774338 | Baker et al. | Aug 2004 | B2 |
6780377 | Hall et al. | Aug 2004 | B2 |
6811744 | Keicher et al. | Nov 2004 | B2 |
6811805 | Gilliard et al. | Nov 2004 | B2 |
6823124 | Renn et al. | Nov 2004 | B1 |
6855631 | Kirby | Feb 2005 | B2 |
6890624 | Kambe et al. | May 2005 | B1 |
6921626 | Ray et al. | Jul 2005 | B2 |
6998345 | Kirby | Feb 2006 | B2 |
6998785 | Silfvast et al. | Feb 2006 | B1 |
7009137 | Guo et al. | Mar 2006 | B2 |
7045015 | Renn et al. | May 2006 | B2 |
7108894 | Renn | Sep 2006 | B2 |
7164818 | Bryan et al. | Jan 2007 | B2 |
7171093 | Kringlebotn et al. | Jan 2007 | B2 |
7178380 | Shekarriz et al. | Feb 2007 | B2 |
7270844 | Renn | Sep 2007 | B2 |
7294366 | Renn et al. | Nov 2007 | B2 |
7402897 | Leedy | Jul 2008 | B2 |
7469558 | Demaray et al. | Dec 2008 | B2 |
7485345 | Renn et al. | Feb 2009 | B2 |
7658163 | Renn et al. | Feb 2010 | B2 |
7674671 | Renn et al. | Mar 2010 | B2 |
7836922 | Poole et al. | Nov 2010 | B2 |
7938079 | King et al. | May 2011 | B2 |
7987813 | Renn et al. | Aug 2011 | B2 |
8012235 | Takashima et al. | Sep 2011 | B2 |
8383014 | Vandeusden et al. | Feb 2013 | B2 |
8796146 | Renn et al. | Aug 2014 | B2 |
8887658 | Essien | Nov 2014 | B2 |
8916084 | Chretien et al. | Dec 2014 | B2 |
8919899 | Essien | Dec 2014 | B2 |
9694389 | Fan et al. | Jul 2017 | B2 |
10058881 | Keicher | Aug 2018 | B1 |
20010027011 | Hanaoka et al. | Oct 2001 | A1 |
20010046551 | Falck et al. | Nov 2001 | A1 |
20020012743 | Sampath et al. | Jan 2002 | A1 |
20020012752 | McDougall et al. | Jan 2002 | A1 |
20020063117 | Church et al. | May 2002 | A1 |
20020071934 | Marutsuka | Jun 2002 | A1 |
20020082741 | Mazumder et al. | Jun 2002 | A1 |
20020096647 | Moors et al. | Jul 2002 | A1 |
20020100416 | Sun | Aug 2002 | A1 |
20020107140 | Hampden-Smith et al. | Aug 2002 | A1 |
20020128714 | Manasas et al. | Sep 2002 | A1 |
20020132051 | Choy | Sep 2002 | A1 |
20020145213 | Liu et al. | Oct 2002 | A1 |
20020162974 | Orsini et al. | Nov 2002 | A1 |
20030003241 | Suzuki et al. | Jan 2003 | A1 |
20030020768 | Renn | Jan 2003 | A1 |
20030032214 | Huang | Feb 2003 | A1 |
20030048314 | Renn | Mar 2003 | A1 |
20030108511 | Sawhney | Jun 2003 | A1 |
20030108664 | Kodas et al. | Jun 2003 | A1 |
20030117691 | Bi et al. | Jun 2003 | A1 |
20030138967 | Hall et al. | Jul 2003 | A1 |
20030149505 | Mogensen | Aug 2003 | A1 |
20030175411 | Kodas et al. | Sep 2003 | A1 |
20030180451 | Kodas et al. | Sep 2003 | A1 |
20030202043 | Moffat et al. | Oct 2003 | A1 |
20030219923 | Nathan et al. | Nov 2003 | A1 |
20030228124 | Renn et al. | Dec 2003 | A1 |
20040004209 | Matsuba et al. | Jan 2004 | A1 |
20040029706 | Barrera et al. | Feb 2004 | A1 |
20040038808 | Hampden-Smith et al. | Feb 2004 | A1 |
20040080917 | Steddom et al. | Apr 2004 | A1 |
20040151978 | Huang | Aug 2004 | A1 |
20040179808 | Renn | Sep 2004 | A1 |
20040185388 | Hirai | Sep 2004 | A1 |
20040191695 | Ray et al. | Sep 2004 | A1 |
20040197493 | Renn et al. | Oct 2004 | A1 |
20040227227 | Imanaka et al. | Nov 2004 | A1 |
20040247782 | Hampden-Smith et al. | Dec 2004 | A1 |
20050002818 | Ichikawa | Jan 2005 | A1 |
20050003658 | Kirby | Jan 2005 | A1 |
20050046664 | Renn | Mar 2005 | A1 |
20050097987 | Kodas et al. | May 2005 | A1 |
20050101129 | Lirby | May 2005 | A1 |
20050110064 | Duan et al. | May 2005 | A1 |
20050129383 | Renn et al. | Jun 2005 | A1 |
20050133527 | Dullea et al. | Jun 2005 | A1 |
20050145968 | Goela et al. | Jul 2005 | A1 |
20050147749 | Liu et al. | Jul 2005 | A1 |
20050156991 | Renn | Jul 2005 | A1 |
20050163917 | Renn | Jul 2005 | A1 |
20050171237 | Patel et al. | Aug 2005 | A1 |
20050184328 | Uchiyama et al. | Aug 2005 | A1 |
20050205415 | Belousov et al. | Sep 2005 | A1 |
20050205696 | Saito et al. | Sep 2005 | A1 |
20050214480 | Garbar et al. | Sep 2005 | A1 |
20050215689 | Garbar et al. | Sep 2005 | A1 |
20050238804 | Garbar et al. | Oct 2005 | A1 |
20050247681 | Boillot et al. | Nov 2005 | A1 |
20050275143 | Toth | Dec 2005 | A1 |
20060003095 | Bullen et al. | Jan 2006 | A1 |
20060008590 | King et al. | Jan 2006 | A1 |
20060035033 | Tanahashi | Feb 2006 | A1 |
20060043598 | Kirby et al. | Mar 2006 | A1 |
20060046347 | Wood et al. | Mar 2006 | A1 |
20060046461 | Benson et al. | Mar 2006 | A1 |
20060057014 | Oda et al. | Mar 2006 | A1 |
20060116000 | Yamamoto | Jun 2006 | A1 |
20060159899 | Edwards et al. | Jul 2006 | A1 |
20060162424 | Shekarriz et al. | Jul 2006 | A1 |
20060163570 | Renn et al. | Jul 2006 | A1 |
20060163744 | Vanheusden et al. | Jul 2006 | A1 |
20060172073 | Groza et al. | Aug 2006 | A1 |
20060175431 | Renn et al. | Aug 2006 | A1 |
20060189113 | Vanheusden et al. | Aug 2006 | A1 |
20060233953 | Renn et al. | Oct 2006 | A1 |
20060280866 | Marquez et al. | Dec 2006 | A1 |
20070019028 | Renn et al. | Jan 2007 | A1 |
20070128905 | Speakman | Jun 2007 | A1 |
20070154634 | Renn | Jul 2007 | A1 |
20070181060 | Renn et al. | Aug 2007 | A1 |
20070227536 | Rivera | Oct 2007 | A1 |
20070240454 | Brown | Oct 2007 | A1 |
20080013299 | Renn | Jan 2008 | A1 |
20080099456 | Schwenke et al. | May 2008 | A1 |
20090039249 | Wang et al. | Feb 2009 | A1 |
20090061077 | King et al. | Mar 2009 | A1 |
20090061089 | King et al. | Mar 2009 | A1 |
20090090298 | King et al. | Apr 2009 | A1 |
20090114151 | Renn et al. | May 2009 | A1 |
20090229412 | Takashima et al. | Sep 2009 | A1 |
20090252874 | Essien | Oct 2009 | A1 |
20100112234 | Spatz et al. | Jun 2010 | A1 |
20100140811 | Leal et al. | Jun 2010 | A1 |
20100173088 | King | Jul 2010 | A1 |
20100192847 | Renn et al. | Aug 2010 | A1 |
20100255209 | Renn et al. | Oct 2010 | A1 |
20110129615 | Renn et al. | Jun 2011 | A1 |
20120038716 | Hoerteis et al. | Feb 2012 | A1 |
20120177319 | Alemohammad et al. | Jul 2012 | A1 |
20130029032 | King et al. | Jan 2013 | A1 |
20130260056 | Renn et al. | Oct 2013 | A1 |
20130283700 | Bajaj et al. | Oct 2013 | A1 |
20140035975 | Essien et al. | Feb 2014 | A1 |
20140342082 | Renn | Nov 2014 | A1 |
20150217517 | Karpas | Aug 2015 | A1 |
20160172741 | Panat et al. | Jun 2016 | A1 |
20160193627 | Essien | Jul 2016 | A1 |
20160229119 | Renn | Aug 2016 | A1 |
20160242296 | Deangelis | Aug 2016 | A1 |
20170348903 | Renn et al. | Dec 2017 | A1 |
20180015730 | Essien et al. | Jan 2018 | A1 |
Number | Date | Country |
---|---|---|
2078199 | Jun 1991 | CN |
1452554 | Oct 2003 | CN |
101111129 | Jan 2008 | CN |
1984101 | Apr 2000 | DE |
0331022 | Sep 1989 | EP |
0444550 | Sep 1991 | EP |
0470911 | Jul 1994 | EP |
1258293 | Nov 2002 | EP |
1452326 | Sep 2004 | EP |
1670610 | Jun 2006 | EP |
2322735 | Sep 1998 | GB |
05318748 | Dec 1993 | JP |
8156106 | Jun 1996 | JP |
2001507449 | Jun 2001 | JP |
2002539924 | Nov 2002 | JP |
3425522 | Jul 2003 | JP |
2004122341 | Apr 2004 | JP |
2006051413 | Feb 2006 | JP |
2007507114 | Mar 2007 | JP |
20000013770 | Mar 2000 | KR |
1002846070000 | Aug 2001 | KR |
1020070008614 | Jan 2007 | KR |
1020070008621 | Jan 2007 | KR |
1020070019651 | Feb 2007 | KR |
200636091 | Oct 2006 | TW |
9218323 | Oct 1992 | WO |
9633797 | Oct 1996 | WO |
9738810 | Oct 1997 | WO |
0023825 | Apr 2000 | WO |
0069235 | Nov 2000 | WO |
0183101 | Nov 2001 | WO |
2005075132 | Aug 2005 | WO |
2006041657 | Apr 2006 | WO |
2006065978 | Jun 2006 | WO |
WO-2006065978 | Jun 2006 | WO |
2006076603 | Jul 2006 | WO |
2013010108 | Jan 2013 | WO |
2013162856 | Oct 2013 | WO |
Entry |
---|
Webster's Ninth New Collegiate Dictionary, 1990, 744. |
Ashkin, A , “Acceleration and Trapping of Particles by Radiation Pressure”, Physical Review Letters, Jan. 26, 1970, 156-159. |
Ashkin, A. , “Optical trapping and manipulation of single cells using infrared laser beams”, Nature, Dec. 1987, 769-771. |
Dykhuizen, R. C., “Impact of High Velocity Cold Spray Particles”, May 13, 2000, 1-18. |
Fernandez De La Mora, J. , et al., “Aerodynamic focusing of particles in a carrier gas”, J. Fluid Mech., 1988, 1-21. |
Gladman, A. Sydney, et al., “Biomimetic 4D printing”, Nature Materials, vol. 15, Macmillan Publishers Limited, Jan. 25, 2016, 413-418. |
Harris, Daniel J., et al., “Marangoni Effects on Evaporative Lithographic Patterning of Colloidal Films”, Langmuir, Vo. 24, No. 8, American Chemical Society, Mar. 4, 2008, 3681-3685. |
King, Bruce , et al., “M3D TM Technology: Maskless Mesoscale TM Materials Deposition”, Optomec pamphlet, 2001. |
Krassenstein, Brian , “Carbon3D Unveils Breakthrough CLIP 3D Printing Technology, 25-100X Faster”, http://3dprint.com/51566/carbon3d-clip-3d-printing, Mar. 16, 2015. |
Lewandowski, H. J., et al., “Laser Guiding of Microscopic Particles in Hollow Optical Fibers”, Announcer 27, Summer Meeting—Invited and Contributed Abstracts, Jul. 1997, 89. |
Lewis, Jennifer A., “Novel Inks for Direct-Write Assembly of 3-D Periodic Structures”, Material Matters, vol. 3, No. 1, Aldrich Chemistry Company, 2008, 4-9. |
Marple, V. A., et al., “Inertial, Gravitational, Centrifugal, and Thermal Collection Techniques”, Aerosol Measurement: Principles, Techniques and Applications, 2001, 229-260. |
Miller, Doyle , et al., “Maskless Mesoscale Materials Deposition”, HDI, Sep. 2001, 1-3. |
Nanodimension , “The DragonFly 2020 3D Printer”, http://www.nano-di.com/3d-printer, 2015. |
Nordson , “Fluid Dispensing Systems and Equipment”, http://www.nordson.com/en/divisions/asymtek/products/fluid-dispensing-systems?nor_division_facet_b=f65ab511444f4ce087bae3fb19491a82, 2015. |
Nscrypt , “3D Printing”, http://nscrypt.com/3d-printing, 2015. |
Nscrypt , “3DN HP Series”, http://www.nscrypt.com/3d-printing, 2015. |
Nscrypt , “3DN Series”, http://www.nscrypt.com/3d-printing, 2015. |
Nscrypt , “nFD Specification Sheet”, http://www.nscrypt.com/3d-printing, 2015. |
Nscrypt , “SmartPump 100 Specification Sheet”, http://www.nscrypt.com/3d-printing, 2015. |
Odde, D. J., et al., “Laser-Based Guidance of Cells Through Hollow Optical Fibers”, The American Society for Cell Biology Thirty-Seventh Annual Meeting, Dec. 17, 1997. |
Odde, D. J., et al., “Laser-guided direct writing for applications in biotechnology”, Trends in Biotechnology, Oct. 1999, 385-389. |
O'Reilly, Mike , et al., “Jetting Your Way to Fine-pitch 3D Interconnects”, Chip Scale Review, Sep./Oct. 2010, 18-21. |
Rao, N. P., et al., “Aerodynamic Focusing of Particles in Viscous Jets”, J. Aerosol Sci., 1993, 879-892. |
Renn, M. J., et al., “Evanescent-wave guiding of atoms in hollow optical fibers”, Physical Review A, Feb. 1996, R648-R651. |
Renn, Michael J., et al., “Flow- and Laser-Guided Direct Write of Electronic and Biological Components”, Direct-Write Technologies for Rapid Prototyping Applications, 2002, 475-492. |
Renn, M. J., et al., “Laser-Guidance and Trapping of Mesoscale Particles in Hollow-Core Optical Fibers”, Physical Review Letters, Feb. 15, 1999, 1574-1577. |
Renn, M. J., et al., “Laser-Guided Atoms in Hollow-Core Optical Fibers”, Physical Review Letters, Oct. 30, 1995, 3253-3256. |
Renn, M. J., et al., “Optical-dipole-force fiber guiding and heating of atoms”, Physical Review A, May 1997, 3684-3696. |
Renn, M. J., et al., “Particle Manipulation and Surface Patterning by Laser Guidance”, Submitted to EIPBN '98, Session AM4, 1998. |
Renn, M. J., et al., “Particle manipulation and surface patterning by laser guidance”, Journal of Vacuum Science & Technology B, Nov./Dec. 1998, 3859-3863. |
Sammarco, Carmine , et al., “Metals Having Improved Microstructure and Method of Making”, U.S. Provisional Patent Application filed in U.S. Patent Office, May 15, 2001. |
Smugeresky, J. E., et al., “Laser Engineered Net Shaping (LENS TM) Process: Optimization of Surface Finish and Microstructural Properties”, Jun. 30, 1997, 1-11. |
Smugeresky, J. E., et al., “Using the Laser Engineered Net Shaping (LENS TM) Process to Produce Complex Components from a CAD Solid Model”, Proceedings of the SPIE—The International Society for Optical Engineering, Lasers as Tools for Manufacturing, II, Feb. 12-17, 1997, 3-9. |
Sobeck , et al., “Technical Digest: 1994 Solid-State Sensor and Actuator Workshop”, 1994, 647. |
Stratasys , “FDM Technology”, http://www.stratasys.com/3d-printers/technologies/fdm-technology, 2015. |
Stratasys , “PolyJet Technology”, http://www.stratasys.com/3d-printers/technologies/polyjet-technology, 2015. |
TSI Incorporated , “How a Virtual Impactor Works”, www.tsi.com, Sep. 21, 2001. |
Vanheusden, Karel , et al., “Direct Printing of Interconnect Materials for Organic Electronics”, IMAPS ATW Printing for an Intelligent Future, Mar. 8-10, 2002, 1-5. |
Wikipedia , “Continuous Liquid Interface Production”, https://www.en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continuous_Liquid_Interface_Production, Sep. 29, 2015. |
Wikipedia , “Selective laser sintering”, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selective_laser_sintering, Nov. 23, 2015. |
Wikipedia , “Stereolithography”, https://en/wikipedia/org/wiki/Stereolithography, Feb. 4, 2016. |
Zhang, Xuefeng , et al., “A Numerical Characterization of Particle Beam Collimation by an Aerodynamic Lens-Nozzle System: Part I. An Individual Lens or Nozzle”, Aerosol Science and Technology, 2002, 617-631. |
Number | Date | Country | |
---|---|---|---|
20200122461 A1 | Apr 2020 | US |
Number | Date | Country | |
---|---|---|---|
62585449 | Nov 2017 | US |
Number | Date | Country | |
---|---|---|---|
Parent | 16190007 | Nov 2018 | US |
Child | 16719459 | US |