Patent Grant
9444244
Not Applicable.
The present invention is in the field of electrical power supply. More particularly, the present invention is in the technical field of electrical safety devices and relates to activation of GFCI circuit breakers in hazard conditions associated with an audible alarm.
Wherever electrical circuits provide power to appliances, motors, and other equipment, it is desirable to electronically monitor the environment for hazardous conditions and, when detected, generate an audible alarm to warn people and protect property. For example, smoke detectors generate an audible alarm, but other detectors may warn of toxic fumes, motor overload, flammable gases, radon, carbon monoxide, fire, or other hazardous conditions. The invention will interrupt electric power to select circuits when it detects a hazardous condition alarm in order to prevent personal injuries, prevent fires, facilitate fire suppression, and protect property. The source of the alarm signal could be any audible, visible or invisible light, radio frequency, or other type signal, or combination of signals, generated by a device tuned to detect the presence of hazardous conditions. The invention may protect a power strip, wall outlet, or electrical panel circuit, or the invention may be integrated into the control circuitry of an individual appliance or machine.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,508,568 issued to Alex Mammen on Apr. 16, 1996, describes a power receptacle adaptor having an internal relay that responds to an audible smoke alarm signal by disconnecting power from any appliances plugged into the receptacle. The circuit is not configured to differentiate particular alarm signals, and thus may be set off non-specifically by a variety of environmental noises, however brief. Also the device is not compatible with ground fault circuit interrupt (GFCI) breakers and could defeat their function, resulting in an unsafe condition for fire responders.
U.S. Pat. No. 7,154,402, issued to Michael Dayoub on Dec. 26, 2006, describes a power strip with a built-in smoke only detector and auto-shutoff, with indicators and switches, all in a single unit. This arrangement requires the power strip be permanently mounted nearby and above the appliance to be monitored for smoke, and additional appliances plugged into its receptacles may not be protected. This emphasizes the need for a simple portable power strip separate from the hazard detector and able to respond to any smoke detector alarm within its range.
U.S. Pat. Publ. No. 2008/0018484, dated Jan. 24, 2008, describes an automatic power interruption system wherein a smoke detector broadcasts a radio frequency (RF) alarm to a remote RF receiver that causes a specific circuit breaker in the electrical panel box to be tripped open. The disadvantages of this arrangement include that power is interrupted to all appliances on the circuit tripped, it requires professional installation, and it is difficult to reset the circuit while monitoring for the defective appliance. This emphasizes the need for a simple portable unit where the appliances, plugs, and reset button are nearby the operator.
U.S. Pat. No. 7,522,035, issued to InnovAlarm Corp. on Apr. 21, 2009, for a sound monitoring and alarm response method, system and device that detects a variety of smoke alarm signals and generates a wake-up alarm at the consumer's bedside. The disadvantage of this bedside monitor is that it does not, and is not intended to, interrupt power to any appliance.
This emphasizes the need for a simple apparatus that may be positioned to automatically interrupt power (an ignition source) to specific appliances and circuits and will respond to a hazard condition at any time of day or night by cutting power to suspect appliances or circuits. Preferably the apparatus may be used with a variety of existing circuits having GFCI breakers, such that the appliances, plugs, and reset button are nearby the operator. A preferred apparatus will also have at least a limited capacity to demonstrate an “open circuit” (breaker tripped) condition visually. It may also offer the option of being formed into networks such that as a hazard condition increases, power to larger affected areas is increasingly cut off, relieving danger of electrocution for emergency responders.
A FIRST EMBODIMENT of the invention is a power strip casing and internal components that cut off alternating current (AC) electrical power to its receptacles when a hazard alarm is detected. During normal operation, power flows through the power strip to AC outlets and to whatever appliances are plugged in. When an alarm signal from a hazard detector is sensed, the control circuitry shuts off power to all outlet receptacles on the power strip until the user manually resets the device. The first embodiment of the invention does not require the AC receptacle into which it is plugged be protected with any type of GFCI device.
A SECOND EMBODIMENT of the invention integrates the invention into the control circuitry of an appliance, machine or other equipment. During normal operation, power flows to an appliance, machine, or other equipment and, when a hazard alarm is sensed, the invention initiates a controlled shutdown and power cut off. The second embodiment of the invention does not require the AC circuit with which it is connected be protected with any type of GFCI device.
A THIRD EMBODIMENT of the invention is a small portable device having internal circuitry, openings, and a standard three-prong electrical plug, which can be plugged into a power strip, wall outlet, or other electrical receptacle. During normal operation, power flows to whatever appliances are plugged into a power strip, wall outlet, or other receptacle, to which the portable device is electrically attached. When the invention senses a hazard alarm, an amperage variance is generated in the portable device, such that the amperage is sufficient to trip off the nearest GFCI breaker in electrical contact with the device, which cuts off AC electrical power to all appliances plugged into the corresponding power strip, wall outlet, or electrical panel downstream from the breaker. AC power is restored to the receptacles by the consumer pressing the affected GFCI's reset button if the hazard condition has been relieved. The third embodiment of the invention requires that the portable device act cooperatively with an AC circuit having a standard GFCI device.
A FOURTH EMBODIMENT of the invention integrates an apparatus of the invention into the control circuitry of an appliance, machine or other equipment. During normal operation, power flows to an appliance, machine, or other equipment and, when a hazard alarm is sensed, the invention initiates a controlled shutdown and then generates an amperage variance to trip off the nearest (i.e., most proximate “upstream” in a series circuit) GFCI. The fourth embodiment of the invention requires that the integrated apparatus act cooperatively with an AC circuit having a standard GFCI device.
In selected embodiments of the invention, the hazard alarm signal sensor typically monitors for an audible alarm, such as a smoke detector. It may detect any audible, visible or invisible light, radio frequency, or other type of signal, or combination of signals, generated by a device tuned to detect the presence of hazardous conditions. In addition, the alarm sensor may be adjustable to respond to whatever frequency or pattern of signals the hazard alarm emits.
In a preferred embodiment, the inventive device is simple; that is, it can be unplugged from one outlet and moved to another outlet, ready to respond to hazard alarm signals in the new environment. In this instance, the invention only operates on appliances the user chooses to plug into wall outlet or electrical panel that is electrically connected to the inventive device; the invention neither hides nor obstructs other unused wall outlets, thus providing the user a choice of operating an appliance with signal-activated circuit interruption protection, or without.
The inventive apparatus supports the existing features of the outlet into which it is plugged; that is, it will not interfere with the normal operations of the source outlet, such as any ground fault interrupt device, arc fault circuit breaker, surge protection, uninterruptable power supply, or power overload breakers that are part of the circuit.
The invention responds to all types of hazard alarms within its range that match its hazard alarm definitions. When the invention has interrupted power to its receptacles, the user can plainly see which appliances are plugged into the invention in order to determine which, if any, created smoke or other fumes and thus caused the pre-existing hazard detector to emit its hazard alarm.
In other embodiments, an integrated signal-activated circuit interrupt apparatus with or without GFCI will respond to all types of hazard alarms within its range that match its hazard alarm definition. The invention interrupts power to the appliance, machine or other equipment until the user is satisfied that it is not the cause of the alarm or until it is repaired and the user must manually reset the power, and the invention can be incorporated within particular models of appliances, machines, or other equipment as a built-in safety feature.
Advantageously, the apparatus and devices of the invention may be formed into networks, and achieve unexpected and synergic properties in detecting making safe responses to hazardous conditions. These and other features of the present invention will become readily apparent upon further review of the following specification and drawings.
The teachings of the present invention are more readily understood by considering the drawings, in which:
The drawing figures are not necessarily to scale. Certain features or components herein may be shown in somewhat schematic form and some details of conventional elements may not be shown in the interest of clarity, explanation, and conciseness. The drawing figures are hereby made part of the specification, written description and teachings disclosed herein.
Certain terms are used throughout the following description to refer to particular features, steps or components, and are used as terms of description and not of limitation. As one skilled in the art will appreciate, different persons may refer to the same feature, step or component by different names. Components, steps or features that differ in name but not in structure, function or action are considered equivalent and not distinguishable, and may be substituted herein without departure from the invention. Certain meanings are defined here as intended by the inventors, i.e., they are intrinsic meanings. Other words and phrases used herein take their meaning as consistent with usage as would be apparent to one skilled in the relevant arts. The following definitions supplement those set forth elsewhere in this specification. Unless otherwise defined, all technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art to which this invention belongs. In case of conflict, the present specification, including definitions, will control.
“Ground fault circuit interrupt” (GFCI) refers to a device of the prior art having a sensing transformer for detecting ground leakage and in response, throwing a breaker that cuts power to the affected downstream circuits. It is known in the art that multiple series downstream circuits or outlets may be “daisy chained” from a single GFCI device. Art related to ground fault interrupt circuits is described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,213,321, 3,376,477, 3,407,337, 3,525,018 and 3,772,569 and is incorporated in full by reference.
“Microphone” is a device for converting sound waves into an electrical signal, which may then be processed using analog or digital means. A microphone may contain a flexible diaphragm composed of film or foil that vibrates in response to a sound wave. The diaphragm movement modulates an electrical current by various methods. In a “carbon mike” (used in telephones for more than a hundred years) the diaphragm alters the pressure in carbon grains, changing its resistance. In a “condenser mike” (also called an “electrostatic mike” or “capacitor mike”) the diaphragm changes the capacitance between itself and a metal plate, both acting as electrodes. The widely used “electret mike” has a charged dielectric between the electrodes that generates voltage. In a “crystal” microphone, a piezoelectric diaphragm or pressure sensor is used to produce a modulated voltage when subjected to the sound waves.
Audio signals associated with hazard conditions may be coded. For example a Temporal T3 signal has a particular frequency and a particular pattern of three beeps or pulses followed by a pause. The frequency has been established by regulatory agencies, and is generally 3100 Hz in older units and 520 Hz in newer units. A T4 signal (which is used in carbon monoxide detectors) typically has 4 beeps or pulses followed by a pause. Natural gas alarms and other alarms may also be encoded. A Ground fault alarm may have a signature alarm signal when used as part of a protective network of signal-activated circuit interrupters of yet another embodiment of the invention.
An “amperage variance switch” is a circuit that is electrically connected or plugged into a power supply and is enabled to detect a current output from a sensing transformer and generate a signal to a circuit breaker, tripping the breaker. Typically the breaker is a conventional GFCI device but the amperage variance switch is improved by combination with component circuitry having the capacity to detect other alarm conditions and to digitally convey those to a trip subcircuit for interrupting power to any devices, circuits, appliances (and so forth), that are connected in series to the protected power supply.
A “trip subcircuit” “trip switch” or “trip gate” is a short circuit bridging a current lead and a ground lead of a grounded power supply circuit, where the switch is generally configured to convey a few milliamps from the hot to the ground, and is protected by a resistor to prevent larger current flow. The short circuit is generally “off”, and power does not flow through the switch unless actuated, generally by an actuation signal indicating a hazard condition that may be indirectly associated with the power supply circuit.
General connection terms including, but not limited to “connected,” “attached,” “conjoined,” “secured,” and “affixed” are not meant to be limiting, such that structures so “associated” may have more than one way of being associated. “Electrically connected” indicates a connection for conveying a current or a voltage therethrough; “digitally connected” indicates a connection for conveying a digital signal therethrough; “mechanically connected” indicates a connection or linkage for conveying a force therethrough, and so forth.
Relative terms should be construed as such. For example, the term “front” is meant to be relative to the term “back,” the term “upper” is meant to be relative to the term “lower,” the term “vertical” is meant to be relative to the term “horizontal,” the term “top” is meant to be relative to the term “bottom,” and the term “inside” is meant to be relative to the term “outside,” and so forth. Unless specifically stated otherwise, the terms “first,” “second,” “third,” and “fourth” are meant solely for purposes of designation and not for order or for limitation.
Reference to “one embodiment,” “an embodiment,” or an “aspect,” means that a particular feature, structure, step, combination or characteristic described in connection with the embodiment or aspect is included in at least one realization of the present invention. Thus, the appearances of the phrases “in one embodiment” or “in an embodiment” in various places throughout this specification are not necessarily all referring to the same embodiment and may apply to multiple embodiments. Furthermore, particular features, structures, or characteristics of the invention may be combined in any suitable manner in one or more embodiments. “Conventional” refers to a term or method designating that which is known and commonly understood in the technology to which this invention relates.
It should be noted that the terms “may,” “can,” and “might” are used to indicate alternatives and optional features and only should be construed as a limitation when specifically included in the claims of a patent as issued. The various components, features, steps, or embodiments thereof are all “preferred” whether or not it is specifically indicated. Claims not including a specific limitation should not be construed to include that limitation. The term “a” or “an” as used in the claims does not exclude a plurality.
Unless the context requires otherwise, throughout the specification and claims that follow, the term “comprise” and variations thereof, such as, “comprises” and “comprising” are to be construed in an open, inclusive sense—that is in the sense of “including, but not limited to.”
The appended claims are not to be interpreted as including means-plus-function limitations, unless a given claim explicitly evokes the means-plus-function clause of 35 USC §112 para (f) by using the phrase “means for” followed by a verb in gerund form.
A “method” as disclosed herein refers to one or more steps or actions for achieving the described end. Unless a specific order of steps or actions is required for proper operation of the embodiment, the order and/or use of specific steps and/or actions may be modified without departing from the scope of the present invention.
Referring now to
The preferred embodiment of the housing is a metal or plastic box with one or more AC receptacles, (such as NEMA 5-15R) for appliances to plug in and receive AC power. The housing contains a main power ON/OFF switch 25 to manually connect or disconnect power to the entire device, including to the receptacles 24 and thus to any consumer-attached appliances, not shown. Optionally, the housing may contain a main power ON/OFF indicator light emitting diode (26, LED) as a separate component or incorporated into the main power ON/OFF switch. The housing contains a manually operated reset switch 27 as is used to re-enable power to the receptacles after power has been interrupted. A hazard condition indicator LED 28 on the housing can be provided to show the AC power circuit to the receptacles 24 is in a tripped, or open, condition due to detection of a hazard alarm. A hazard alarm test button 29 to emit an audible alarm may be included.
Details of the housing, including any number or variety of brackets, hooks, slots, or mounting holes, or none at all, can be incorporated into the housing 21 and are nonessential to the invention. Similarly, the number or configuration of AC receptacles 24 may be varied according to need.
A manufacturer of the device may choose to include or not include surge protection, arc fault protection, a main power ON/OFF indicator light 26, a hazard condition indicator 28, or other feature adaptable to a power strip, without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention as claimed. Moreover, the number, type, or configuration of external indicators, buttons, and switches is nonessential to the invention, except that a power strip embodiment will have an ON/OFF switch 25, a reset switch 27, and a microphone in acoustical communication with a remote smoke alarm (or other hazard condition detector).
The device of
As disclosed here, hazard conditions other than ground leak may be used to cut power to a load. Hazard detectors may be operated remotely, and a hazard condition may be communicated by an audio alarm and received by a microphone forming a part of an audio alarm detection subcircuit 36 as a component of a signal-activated circuit interrupter of the invention. The audio alarm detector subcircuit functions as to trip the GFCI breaker 32 by imbalancing current through the sensing transformer. Surprisingly, the ground leakage detector can be “tricked” to detect other hazard conditions. The audio alarm detector subcircuit includes a short-circuit path between the HOT and the GROUND power lines under control of a microphone that detects an audio alarm condition from a remote alarm (such as a smoke alarm). A “trip gate” component of the audio alarm detector is used to controlledly route an effective amount of current through the short circuit path. A triode may be used for this purpose, for example, generally in series with a resistor or snubber to limit the current. Generally a current of about 5 mAmps (or more) for perhaps 6 msec is sufficient to trip a GFCI circuit breaker. Other breakers may have different requirements. The precise current requirement may also be different according to jurisdictions and applications, and may generally be determined by trial and error so as to be reliable and effective. Thus a more accurate description is “an amount of a current effective for tripping a circuit breaker”.
The microphone output generally includes a filter for selectively responding to a particular audio frequency and a watchdog subcircuit for authenticating the signal as a valid alarm condition (such as having a sustained duration or a pattern of pulses characteristic of a valid alarm) before tripping the circuit breaker.
Loads 31 that are likely to be associated with fires include those associated with cooking, such as toasters, microwaves, stoves, ovens, and also other ignition sources, such as irons, hair dryers, portable heaters and the like.
In a typical circuit interrupter, input AC IN power is routed through a main power ON/OFF switch and then through a ground fault circuit breaker with sensing transformer, amperage variance switch. A typical off-the-shelf ground fault circuit breaker 32 is suitable if compatible with an audio alarm detector 34 as shown. The sensing transformer output is routed to an amperage variance switch that trips a relay if there is a current imbalance in the hot and neutral current flow, as known in the art. The hazard condition detector acts by diverting current from HOT to GROUND through a short-circuit (in the absence of an external ground fault), thereby causing the amperage variance switch to trip the circuit breaker and cut current to the load. Optionally the load may be connected to the circuit breaker by an AC outlet 37 or other series connection.
An LED 38 warning light to indicate that the circuit has been tripped and/or to provide emergency lighting may also be included if desired. Because the breaker is upstream from the downstream lighting components, these components are powered from reserves in the unit, either a rechargeable battery that is held in a normally fully charged condition, or a capacitor or supercapacitor. The manufacturer may specify a duration of active use following loss of AC power and size the charge reserve components accordingly.
Audio alarm detector 40 is represented as having a sealed housing 42 in
Shown here is a power cord with male plug 23 in a top receptacle 44b of wall outlet 43 and an open bottom receptacle 44a. Dashed lines indicate a plugging action to indicate plugging the male prongs (41a, 41b, 41c) of the device into the female receptacle 44a. The power cord is shown to be connected to a load (in this instance a figurative representation of a toaster, 45). The significance of smoke 46 from the toaster will be described below.
By way of example, electrical power supplied to toaster 45 results in smoke. The smoke may presage a cinder that may land on a roll of paper towels near the toaster and hence represents a hazard condition. When the smoke also reaches a kitchen smoke alarm 46, the smoke alarm emits at continuous stream of pulses, three at a time, followed by an interval, as is characteristic of a T3 standard smoke alarm. The signal-activated interrupter circuit inside housing 42 is configured to detect this signal. Audio sound waves from the alarm are picked up by a microphone via listening port 47 in the device housing. LED 48 indicates that the device is powered up and functioning normally. LED 49 indicates that the device has detected a hazard condition and has disabled wall outlet 43.
Thus a “FEEDBACK LOOP” is formed to cut off power to the toaster before a fire is started. The exemplary device includes a trip gate switch circuit and a short circuit path between the HOT and GROUND prongs of the male plug that is detected as a current imbalance by a sensing transformer. The alarm signal from the smoke alarm speaker is detected by a microphone inside housing 42 and actuates the trip gate so that about 5 mAmps is leaked across the short-circuit path. This current imbalance triggers a signal to the GFCI breaker of wall outlet 43 and the circuit breaker is tripped, cutting off power to receptacles (44a, 44b) and to any load 45 on power cord 23. The “X” indicates that power to load 45 has been cut off. A GFCI breaker in the wall outlet was tripped by a current short circuit of about 5 mAmps from the HOT line to the GROUND, the 5 mAmps bypassing the sensing transformer. Essentially, the current pulse is delivered from prong 41a to prong 41c (for example, when in electrical contact with the mating contacts of receptacle 44a), and the short is then picked up by sensing transformer as previously described. This is an advance in the art, permitting a plug in adaptor to control the operation of a GFCI breaker so as to disable power to downstream appliances when a hazard condition develops. Advantageously, the plug-in device 42 does not cover the GFCI reset or test button (11, 12). By plugging the device 42 into a power strip, where the power strip is plugged into a GFCI outlet, or a power strip which contains a GFCI breaker internally, the same effect can be achieved. A pulse of current shorted across the HOT to GROUND is sensed by the sensing transformer 33 and a signal from an amperage variance switch results in an immediate power cutoff at the GFCI circuit breaker 32.
Referring to
The advantages of the portable GFCI embodiment of the invention include, without limitation, it is simple to install and operate, it is portable, it only operates on the appliances the user chooses to plug into its receptacles, it does not hide or obstruct wall outlets, it does not interfere with existing features of the AC power source outlet, it responds to all audible hazard alarm signals that match its definitions, and the user can plainly see and test all of the appliances plugged into the device. In the event of smoke or fire, the unit acts as part of a feedback loop, disabling power to any devices in series with the GFCI outlet or power strip, essentially as shown in
Briefly, the hazard alarm detector components draw AC power from the primary circuit. DC voltage is supplied to DC components of the circuit. Hazard alarm detector 50 components include a microphone and printed circuit board with functional components for digitally recognizing and responding to a validated alarm condition detected by the microphone. In the case of a smoke alarm, the components are configured to detect a “Temporal 3” (also known as “T3”) audio smoke alarm signal (a distinct pulsatile signal pattern described in ANSI standard 53.42 1990) at 3100 Hz and/or 520 Hz. Any microphonic signal that passes through initial filtering is evaluated for its pulsatility and duration and if authenticated, a trip signal or “trigger” is output to a “trip subcircuit” that controlledly releases short-circuit current in an amount sufficient to trip a GFCI breaker device (connected to outlet 69) in electrical contact with and in proximity to circuit 50.
Where a sensor transformer is contained in a wall outlet into which the device is plugged, or is contained in the immediate device itself, the sensor transformer output results in tripping of an associated GFCI circuit breaker. Once power to the wall outlet or device is terminated, the hazard alarm detector loses main power and the primary circuitry is restored to operation only when the GFCI circuit is reset.
In more detail, the components of an exemplary circuit board 50 of the invention include a microphone 51, also termed an audio transducer, for generating an analog signal indicative of a hazard alarm condition. The components and functionality of the circuit may then be described as follows:
Values of resistors, capacitors, battery capacity, and specifications of other components of the circuit are not given because individual values and specifications are decided by the characteristics of the hazard condition to be detected and the response. For example the RC filters for processing an analog signal in the audio transducer subcircuit are dependent on the frequency of the sound wave (as its analog signal) to be admitted. Similarly, while specifics of a circuit are shown, one skilled in the art will recognize that equivalent circuits may be constructed using different components and templates, so that the details of the drawings and the attached description are not limiting, and the invention is defined by a set of claims, not by the particulars of any illustrative embodiments shown in the drawings. Other equivalent circuits will be recognized by those skilled in the art.
For example, in alternate but equivalent embodiments, a custom fully integrated circuit “chip” or “chips” may be used. In a mass produced item, a single chip amplifies the current from the microphone (61, 91, 125a, 171, 181) and executes a program, for example from an EEPROM component having programmable instructions in memory, to determine whether to output the alarm condition as a digital alarm hazard signal. Clocks and timers are also used, as are registers and databus components as needed to realize an operative circuit. Other IC components include gate logic for validating the alarm characteristics as a valid hazard condition and for outputting an authenticated alarm signal to the trip subcircuit, or another circuit interrupter switch. Field programmable gate arrays may also be used where cost is not prohibitive. While a TRIAC is shown for achieving a simulated ground leakage condition of about 5 mAmps, any AC power MOSFET switches such as described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,134,321, SCRs, and thyristors may also be used in combination with suitable capacitors, resistors and bias voltage wiring. More broadly, any electronic gate and pathway for controlledly leaking a current around a sensing transformer may be used provided the current leakage path is configured to generate an imbalance in the current detected by the sensing transformer. Thus the electronic gate and pathway may direct current from the HOT to the HOT or from the NEUTRAL to the NEUTRAL so as to bypass the sensing transformer. Similarly, a secondary pathway may be used that directs current from the HOT to the NEUTRAL (or vice versa) so as to create a controlled current imbalance. The detection of very small currents in this way overcomes any unlikely objections to directing a small and very safe amount of current to GROUND for a few milliseconds.
Devices may be programmable and may include a graphical user interface for selecting user alarm preferences or an EEPROM with program instructions defining alarm types, such as by heuristic signal recognition. Units may be programmed for example by pressing a test button on a smoke alarm so that the signal-activated circuit interrupter (SACI) can “learn” the signal that will activate it. Any suitable memory for storing and executing programmable instructions under control of a processor is acceptable for the practice of the invention. Thus the invention may be realized by circuits employing a combination of hardware and software. Fully analog circuits may also be devised for some applications.
Thus, in yet another portable embodiment of the invention, GFCI components may be housed on-board in an integrated device 100 that is sold as a unit and may be plugged into non-GFCI outlets (or power strips). This is illustrated with block diagram in
Shown in frontal view is the device 100 with three AC receptacles, a light panel 104, a GFCI reset button 105, a GFCI test button 106, a power status LED 107, a hazard condition LED 108, and a photodiode 109 for controlling the light panel.
The light panel 104 may serve as a nightlight or emergency light, such as under binary OR control of a photocell 109 or a hazard condition flag generated by the audio alarm detector circuitry contained in the device. The light may strobe in an emergency, and may provide a steady glow when used as a nightlight according to simple and/or logic or flip-flops provided in the circuit and under control of the reset button 105 and the photodiode 109 when plugged in to a live receptacle 113. As before, the device circuitry also includes a microphone for detecting an audio hazard alarm condition, in this case from smoke alarm 110. In this instance, the housing opening for the light panel is sufficiently pervious to sound waves so that an audio alarm receiving port is not needed.
Referring now to
The unit thus serves as a key component of a “FEEDBACK LOOP”, where smoke 115 emitted by the toaster 116 is detected by the smoke alarm 110, and the alarm broadcast by the smoke alarm trips the GFCI breaker in the plug-in unit 100, shutting off the “toaster” 116 and preventing any further possibility of igniting a fire. The “X” indicates that power to the toaster has been cut off by the portable “plug-in” device. Those skilled in the art will readily understand that a plug and cord is not drawn to the toaster simply to accommodate the dimensions of the page. Thus if the occupant inadvertently leaves the house before turning off the toaster, possible risk of fire is averted. The device is a simple adaptor that can be used with the existing wiring, and ties the smoke alarm to a useful function, an unexpected advance in the art, because the upgrade can be installed without the need for an electrician to mount a new outlet or circuit junction box. Previously unrealized safety performance is achieved synergically using the 5 mAmp sensitivity of a GFCI breaker, well within physiologically safe current levels.
As before, the device operates by generating a current imbalance between the HOT and NEUTRAL that is sensed by a sensing transformer inside the device. However, the internal circuitry of this device may be modified by placing the lighting and indicator array functions in parallel with the GFCI circuit breaker, sensing transformer and receptacles 101, 102, and 103, rather than in series as is conventionally the rule. By this modification, selected device functions remain enabled even after the GFCI breaker has tripped. This is advantageous for example if emergency lighting is needed, a feature not commonly available in residential structures. Power packs or rechargeable batteries may also be supplied as part of the device if the manufacturer's intent is to supply a lighting device that functions during power failures. But by using a LED for lighting that has full AC power, the lighting fixture can be configured to emit a series of pulses or to strobe brightly so that the occupant can better understand the nature of the emergency. Experience has shown that some individuals are dazed by the sound of a fire alarm or even fail to hear the alarm in their sleep, so the use of a visual display adds value to the protection provided by the device. An LED for display of instructions may also be provided when powered by a parallel connection to a live circuit that is wired independently from the circuit breaker or relay.
In this embodiment, the internal GFCI breaker is configured to trip only the outlets 101, 102 and 103 and not the light panel or LED status indicators. As will be described further below, in a surprising development, an on-board accessory speaker and alarm-generating subcircuit may also remain functional and may be used to disseminate a second audio alarm tone in the internal breaker is tripped, a feature that allows the devices of the invention to function in networks so as to better protect occupants against one or more hazards.
Device 120 includes for example a MOSFET AC power transistor 121, a sensing transformer 122, a switching circuit 123 controlling the gate (G) of the power transistor and (i) a first IC (124) for sensing ground leakage and (ii) a second IC (125) for sensing an audio hazard alarm condition as described previously. The second IC includes an on-board microphone 125a. It can be seen that the components for a combined apparatus are capable of acting as a feedback loop for detecting and responding multiple types of hazards. Filter configuration for type of hazard alarm to be detected may be selected with a dip switch for example, or may be controlled by software.
Device 139 includes an outlet, switch, circuit breaker and cover plate. This frontal view shows an illuminated rocker switch 131 for controlling external room lighting, an emergency light, nightlight, or hazard light bar 132, a hazard or power indicator LED 133, an audio alarm receiving port 134 for porting sound into a microphone within the housing, an AC outlet or “receptacle” 135, a standard GFCI reset button 136, and a standard GFCI test button 137. By incorporating a audio alarm detection circuit of the invention (as for example the circuit shown in
Another GFCI device 155 is associated with a water heater 156. The master fuse box 157 is also equipped with a audio alarm hazard detection circuit and GFCI 158 that may be tripped if hazard conditions within the house escalate. Tripping the MAINS is of importance for example when fire crews must enter a house while protected by spray from hoses, but is a calibrated emergency response controlled by alarm logic circuitry associated with device 158. It should be apparent that the devices function with a network hierarchy in this example. The network controller of device 158 may also be programmed to unlock doors (159, 160) so as to admit emergency personnel by responding to the unique sirens of emergency response vehicles (when alarm authentication logic detects a combination of an internal alarm tone or condition and a proximate external siren) and to help occupants escape or be rescued.
Additional plug in GFCI composite hazard detection units (161, 162, 164) are positioned in the bathroom, in association with a gas wall heater 163 in the bedroom, and in the living room. All units function cooperatively with one or more of the smoke alarms (165, 166) and optionally with a natural gas leak detector 167, for example. Smoke alarm 165 is shown in an active configuration (as represented by sound waves emanating on either side), and is expected to trip breakers 152, 153, and 151, the breakers most likely associated with a kitchen fire. Other configurations will be readily apparent and the wiring diagram and position of signal-activated circuit interrupters may be varied according to needs.
By varying the alarm logic, networks of breakers and sirens may be established, optionally also having strobing lights and indicators that can assist an occupant in identifying the nature of any hazard condition. Loads that are likely to be associated with fires include those associated with cooking, such as toasters, microwaves, stoves, ovens, and also other ignition sources, such as irons, hair dryers, portable heaters and the like. Loads that are associated with spark ignition and are hazardous when exposed to flammable vapors include gas stoves, gas water heaters, and gas wall heaters. Loads that may be associated with carbon monoxide build-up include thermostats operating gas furnaces and the like. A variety of hazards may result in an audible alarm that may be used to trigger power down of a device associated causally and preventatively with the hazard.
Not all alarms detectable by the circuits of the invention are smoke alarms. It will be obvious to those skilled in the art that the hazardous alarm signal detection technology selected is immaterial to the patent. In its preferred third embodiment as described above, the method is detection of audible frequencies with a microphone or audio transducer and amplification and analysis by a circuit such as shown in
While the GFCI breaker combination of the above figures affords an obvious synergy and is readily compatible with existing circuit elements, one skilled in the art will recognize that the authenticated alarm signal may be output to other circuit interrupt components and not limited to GFCI circuit breaking technology. Thus components 186 may be substituted by other circuit breaking elements known in the art as are found to be advantageous, such as for applications in which the alarm detection circuitry is mounted within an appliance by a manufacturer having direct access to the internal power supply and any relays or fuses therein.
In broad embodiment, the present invention is a signal-activated circuit interrupter that allows AC power to flow to one or more outlet receptacles during normal operation, but interrupts the power when an audible or other hazard alarm signal is emitted by a variety of hazardous condition detectors, for example, a smoke detector. The invention can be incorporated into a power strip, a portable casing, or integrated into an appliance's control circuitry.
Alarm conditions that may be associated with audible alarms include a) a smoke alarm; b) a natural gas alarm; c) a carbon monoxide alarm; d) a flammable gas alarm; e) a toxic fumes alarm; f) a motor overload-associated chemical emission (i.e., an odor); g) a ground fault leak alarm; or h) a radon alarm, while not limited thereto. Chemical sensors known for detecting odors are known in the art.
However, GFCI technology presents a surprising and previously unappreciated advantage. While standard breakers are designed to trip at 15 Amps, 20 Amps (or higher), the GFCI sensor transformer is sensitive enough to initiate a trip at only about 5 mAmps. Thus, surprisingly, a digital device that mimics the GFCI trip switch mechanism but couples the trigger to other alarm conditions is an advance in the art and has surprising advantages in cutting power to affected appliances and in reducing potential hazards.
The hazardous alarm signal detection technology selected is only one factor to be considered in designing feedback loops and alarm networks. In the embodiments as described above, the method of detection generally employs frequencies received from an alarm sentinel by a microphone in a signal-activated circuit interruption device, which includes subcircuits for amplification and analysis of the initial signal before responding.
There are synergies in using audible alarms. Building occupants need to know of the hazardous condition. Also, because the audio transducers of the circuit (which are used in circuit testing) may also be used to propagate an initial alarm signal, the devices are advantageously assembled into ad hoc hazard protection networks, such that an alarm in the kitchen may be propagated to an alarm in the bedroom if the hazard level increases, and ultimately can be picked up by a master device in the fuse box, which may perform pre-programmed actions needed to optimize an emergency response such as shutting off ignition sources, unlocking doors or windows of escape routes (when a combination of coded internal alarms are activated), and even using a combination with motion sensors to ensure that the building is vacated, optionally with a capacity to make an emergency call to officials showing the building address, classifying the nature of the hazard condition, and estimating the number of occupants by heat or motion signatures.
Coordinated actions to ensure the safety of emergency responders can also be taken. Thus the invention has unexpected properties when used in networks, and the initial realization of its utility may be increased exponentially as multiple such devices are installed and interact. In this view the alarm state propagates through the network by stages (201, 202, 203, 204) as the hazard escalates. A family of specific alarm signatures are known for different types of alarm generation units such as T3 and T4, but advantageously, selected embodiments of the signal-actuated circuit interrupters may also include a speaker having one or more distinct acoustic tones, pulse patterns, or a combination of tones and pulses (S1, S2, S3 . . . Sn), that are activated to propagate an alarm condition through a network. By limiting the range or directionality of an audible signal, alarm conditions can be staged or targeted so that the source of the alarm may be quickly located by following the signals, or alarms may be escalated as the alarm condition expands or reaches a pre-set duration without an intervention. In this way, neighbors may be alerted, for example, that a fire is going out of control and the alarm may even be propagated to a neighboring building to alert residents there if there is no intervention at the initial alarm site. The alarm authentication logic thus is programmed or designed to ensure that false alarms are not propagated and that the alarm condition is reset (inactivated) when an effective intervention is detected. Alarm networks may include programmable logic or simple mechanical devices such as dipswitches so that intelligent networks are created by selecting alarm codes that work in a coordinated way to propagate an alarm. In some instances it may be desirable that a kitchen alarm be quickly propagated to a circuit breaker, but if the alarm condition persists, also sent to alarms throughout a building and to remote sites. In some instances, signal-actuated circuit interrupters will include GFCI as a hazard condition, and may propagate a ground fault hazard condition to other units. The source of the alarm may rapidly strobe a hazard-detected LED, whereas other units may have only a slow blink to indicate that the hazard condition is localized in another part of the network. Depending on the time of day, emergency lights may flash or remain on in ways that lead the occupant to the source of the alarm condition.
Signal-activated circuit interrupters may be classified according to whether the device is repositionable from one load to another load (i.e., is not built in to an appliance) and according to whether device itself includes a GFCI circuit breaker or the GFCI circuit breaker is external to the device. Thus the basic invention may be manifested in a plurality of distinct embodiments. In a first embodiment, the invention is integrated into a power strip and uses its built-in switch to interrupt power to all appliances plugged into its receptacles. In a second embodiment, the invention is integrated into an individual appliance's control circuitry and uses its built-in switch to interrupt power to that one appliance. In a third embodiment, the invention is in a portable casing that can be plugged into a typical GFCI receptacle and interrupts power by tripping off the GFCI. In a fourth embodiment, the invention is integrated into an individual appliance's control circuitry and interrupts power by tripping off the nearest GFCI. The various embodiments may also be incorporated into networks having new and useful properties.
Not all circuit breakers are GFCI circuit breakers. In yet another embodiment, the circuit breaker 194 (
Elements of conventional arts are incorporated by reference. The Shock Buster GFCI device also has relevant features (U.S. Pat. No. 5,757,598) and is incorporated for all it teaches by reference.
All of the U.S. Patents, U.S. Patent application publications, U.S. Patent applications, foreign patents, foreign patent applications and non-patent publications referred to in this specification and related filings are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety for all purposes.
The disclosure set forth herein of certain exemplary embodiments, including all text, drawings, annotations, and graphs, is sufficient to enable one of ordinary skill in the art to practice the invention. Various alternatives, modifications and equivalents are possible, as will readily occur to those skilled in the art in practice of the invention. The inventions, examples, and embodiments described herein are not limited to particularly exemplified materials, methods, and/or structures and various changes may be made in the size, shape, type, number and arrangement of parts described herein. All embodiments, alternatives, modifications and equivalents may be combined to provide further embodiments of the present invention without departing from the true spirit and scope of the invention.
In general, in the following claims, the terms used in the written description should not be construed to limit the claims to specific embodiments described herein for illustration, but should be construed to include all possible embodiments, both specific and generic, along with the full scope of equivalents to which such claims are entitled. Accordingly, the claims are not limited in haec verba by the disclosure.
This application is a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/588,657, filed 17 Aug. 2012, which claims the benefit of priority under 35 U.S.C. §119(e) from U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 61/575,177, filed 17 Aug. 2011, said patent documents being incorporated herein in entirety for all purposes by reference.
| Number | Name | Date | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| 3213321 | Dalziel | Oct 1965 | A |
| 3376477 | Weinger | Apr 1968 | A |
| 3525018 | Murphy | Aug 1970 | A |
| 3611038 | Benham | Oct 1971 | A |
| 3772569 | Wible | Nov 1973 | A |
| 4171944 | Hirschmann | Oct 1979 | A |
| 4586031 | Grinneiser | Apr 1986 | A |
| 4991145 | Goldstein | Feb 1991 | A |
| 5162777 | Kolbatz | Nov 1992 | A |
| 5508568 | Mammen | Apr 1996 | A |
| 5945924 | Marman | Aug 1999 | A |
| 5999384 | Chen | Dec 1999 | A |
| 6553100 | Chen | Apr 2003 | B1 |
| 7477144 | Albert | Jan 2009 | B2 |
| 7522035 | Albert | Apr 2009 | B2 |
| 8203308 | Guo | Jun 2012 | B1 |
| 20040145467 | Roby | Jul 2004 | A1 |
| 20050280961 | Campolo | Dec 2005 | A1 |
| 20050286184 | Campolo | Dec 2005 | A1 |
| 20080018484 | Sager | Jan 2008 | A1 |
| 20090222142 | Kao | Sep 2009 | A1 |
| 20090326855 | Bartonek | Dec 2009 | A1 |
| Number | Date | Country |
|---|---|---|
| WO 2014037935 | Mar 2014 | WO |
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 20150077243 A1 | Mar 2015 | US |
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 61575177 | Aug 2011 | US |
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Parent | 13588657 | Aug 2012 | US |
| Child | 14552929 | US |
