Patent Grant
9704211
The patent document relates generally to the field of watermarking. In particular, the disclosed technology relates to methods, apparatus, and systems for signal continuity assessment using embedded watermarks.
Digital Watermarking systems are used in a variety of applications, including copy management, broadcast verification, integrity verification, and tamper detection. In certain applications, it may be desired to determine if a multimedia host signal, comprising audio, video, still images, text or other types of information, has been received in its entirely, in a desired sequence, without additional signal insertions or deletions. In addition, it may be desired to measure the extent of such reordering, insertions, or deletions in a version of the multimedia content, and to determine whether any such modifications were results of intentional signal tempering or were due to expected signal impairments that may occur during the normal course of signal processing and distribution through various communication channels. The measure of insertions, deletions and reordering can be used to assist in discriminating plagiarism or piracy attempts from fair content use, such as content sampling or spurious capture.
The use of watermarks for tamper detection is well documented in the prior art. A typical implementation involves the insertion of ‘fragile’ watermarks into the host signal. Any subsequent alterations of the host signal would either destroy, degrade or modify the embedded watermarks in a measurable way. Thus the integrity of a received host signal may be verified by detecting the presence and/or quality of the extracted watermarks. In some prior art publications, the embedded watermarks are designed in a way to enable the recognition of the type and amount of processing, or tampering, that has taken place. These fragile watermarks, however, may not be able to withstand significant amounts of host signal alterations and are inevitably destroyed by large signal distortions. In addition, they are not capable of entirely detecting modifications of signal continuity that is one of the objectives of the present invention. For example, an audio signal, containing embedded fragile watermarks, may be cut into several segments and transmitted in an out-of-order sequence with no other modifications. If these cuts are made at proper locations (e.g., along audio signal portions not containing watermarks such as silent intervals), the re-arranged fragile watermarks could remain intact and the tempering may remain undetected.
Another approach is to search for the continuous presence of embedded watermarks within a received host signal. However, simple continuity search may not be very effective since (a) the host content may not be able to accommodate continuous embedding of watermarks (e.g., due to perceptibility considerations), and (b) simple continuity check would not distinguish legitimate versus unauthorized signal alterations that result in host signal discontinuity. In general, signal continuity alterations, such as segment reordering, segment insertions or deletions, may be the result of intentional tempering, may be due to losses incurred in the transmission or storage of the host signal, or may be the result of inadvertent, but legitimate, acts of an authorized party. While, in all three cases, the altered multimedia signal generally contains the same type of impairments, different system reactions may be desired based on the source of such alterations. For example, in a Digital Rights Management (DRM) system that uses embedded watermarks to effect copy protection, an attacker may attempt to interfere with the detection of watermarks by reordering, cutting out or adding segments in the content.
In this case, the desired system reaction may be to stop the playback, recording or transfer of the effected multimedia content in order to prevent the circumvention attempt. In another example, a copy protected movie, with a watermarked audio track, may be playing in the background of a birthday party while one of the participants makes a home video using a camcorder. The recorded home video may contain portions of the copy protected soundtrack, albeit in a fragmented format, with various deletions, additions or out-of-order sequences. In this scenario, a playback or recording device, which is equipped with a DRM compliant watermark detector, may be required not to interfere with the playback or recording of the home video. In yet another example involving a broadcast monitoring system, an embedded multimedia content may be transmitted through a noisy terrestrial broadcast channel and received at a monitoring station. In this case, some embedded watermarks may be lost due to inherent distortions of the transmission channel, resulting in a detected watermark sequence that resembles cuts, additions or out-of-order sequencing of the host content. The proper system reaction in this case may involve a best-estimate reconstruction of the detected watermark sequence in order to verify the start time, duration, and other pertinent information regarding the broadcast of a particular program. Furthermore, it may be desired to identify truncations, edits, or repeats of broadcast programming that may have taken place prior to the broadcast (but after the watermark embedding) of the host content. Therefore, it is not only necessary to detect discontinuities in a host signal but it is also important to identify candidate causes of such discontinuities in order to initiate an appropriate system response.
Differing system reactions to the detection of a discontinuous host signal could also create security loopholes since an attacker may alter the host content to mimic legitimate modifications. It is therefore important to provide the capability for identifying legitimate versus unauthorized alterations, or alternatively, to set limitations on the extent of allowable authorized modifications to a content. The methods, apparatus, and systems of the present invention provide the foregoing and other advantages.
The present invention relates to methods, apparatus, and systems for signal continuity assessment using embedded watermarks.
In an example embodiment of the present invention, a method for assessing continuity of a content using embedded watermarks is provided. The embedded watermarks are recovered from the content and one or more attributes associated with the recovered watermarks are identified. A continuity of the content can then be assessed in accordance with the one or more attributes.
The attributes may comprise at least one of a type, payload, number of occurrence, frequency of occurrence, separation, density, quality, duration, extent, scale of the recovered watermarks, or the like.
The continuity assessment may comprise determining a presence of at least one of cuts, insertions, and re-ordering of segments in the content. Alternately, the continuity assessment may comprise determining an amount of at least one of cuts, insertions and re-ordering of the content. In addition, the continuity assessment may comprise determining an amount of inserted segments with no watermarks and/or determining an amount of inserted segments that comprise embedded watermarks.
The continuity assessment may be conducted in a presence of content scaling.
The method may further comprise determining a presence of spuriously captured watermarked segments. This determining may comprise comparing an extent of recovered watermarked content to an extent of original watermarked content.
A further method for assessing continuity of a content using embedded watermarks is provided in accordance with an example embodiment of the present invention. In this embodiment, the embedded watermarks are recovered from the content and a “heartbeat” or periodicity of the recovered watermarks is determined. Continuity of the content can then be determined in accordance with the heartbeat.
The continuity assessment may comprise determining an amount of at least one of cuts and insertions in the content.
The recovered watermarks may comprise packet numbers and the assessing may be conducted in accordance with the packet numbers. For example, an amount of content re-ordering may be determined in accordance with the packet numbers. The packet numbers may be embedded as payloads of independently recoverable watermarks. Alternatively, the packet numbers may be embedded as part of a larger payload of the embedded watermarks.
The method may further comprise determining a presence of spuriously captured watermarked segments.
The present invention also includes a further example embodiment of a method for assessing continuity of a content using embedded watermarks. In this example embodiment, the embedded watermarks are recovered from the content and a density and separation of the recovered watermarks are determined. Continuity of the content may then be determined in accordance with the density and separation.
The continuity assessment may comprise determining whether the density and separation conform to one or more predefined distributions. The distributions may be defined in accordance with content usage policies.
The continuity assessment may comprise determining an amount of cuts, insertions, and re-ordering of segments in the content.
The method may further comprise determining a presence of spuriously captured watermarked segments.
An additional method for assessing continuity of a content using embedded watermarks is also provided in accordance with an example embodiment of the present invention. The embedded watermarks are recovered from the content. A stego key associated with the recovered watermarks is determined. Continuity of the content can then be assessed in accordance with the recovered stego key and an embedding stego key.
Only a portion of the embedding stego key may be used for the continuity assessment.
The continuity assessment may comprise determining an amount of at least one of cuts, insertions, and re-ordering of segments in the content.
The method may further comprise determining a presence of spuriously captured watermarked segments.
In a further example embodiment of the present invention, an additional method for assessing continuity of a content using embedded watermarks is provided. In this example embodiment, the embedded watermarks are recovered from the content and channel bits associated with the recovered watermarks are examined to extract signal continuity information. Continuity of the content can then be assessed in accordance with the signal continuity information.
The continuity information may comprise predefined error patterns in the channel bits. The error patterns may uniquely identify channel bits associated with adjacent watermark packets.
The continuity information may comprise predefined scrambling sequences used for scrambling the channel bits. The scrambling sequences may uniquely identify channel bits associated with adjacent watermark packets.
The continuity assessment may comprise determining an amount of at least one of cuts, insertions, and re-ordering of segments in the content.
The method may further comprise determining a presence of spuriously captured watermarked segments.
A method for assessing continuity of a content using sparsely embedded watermarks is also provided in accordance with an example embodiment of the present invention. The sparsely embedded watermarks are recovered from the content. A separation between the recovered watermarks is determined. Continuity of the content is determined in accordance with the separation and a predefined separation.
The sparsely embedded watermarks may be redundantly embedded in the content.
The sparsely embedded watermarks may comprise packet numbers, and the continuity assessment may be conducted in accordance with the packet numbers.
The continuity assessment may comprise determining an amount of at least one of cuts and insertions in the content.
The method may further comprise determining a presence of spuriously captured watermarked segments.
A further method for assessing continuity of a content using embedded watermarks is provided in accordance with an example embodiment of the present invention. The embedded watermarks may be from two or more independently recoverable watermark series in the content. Continuity of the content may be assessed in accordance with relative locations of the recovered watermarks.
The continuity assessment may comprise determining an amount of at least one of cuts, insertions and re-ordering of the content.
The method may further comprise determining a presence of spuriously captured watermarked segments.
At least one series of embedded watermarks may comprise packet numbers and the continuity assessment may be carried out in accordance with the packet numbers.
The relative locations of recovered watermarks in three or more independently embedded watermark series may be used to increase a granularity of the continuity assessment.
The continuity assessment may be carried out by projecting locations of missing watermarks based on locations of one or more of the recovered watermarks.
In a further example embodiment of the present invention, a method for assessing continuity of a content using redundantly embedded watermarks in two or more staggered layers is provided. The embedded watermarks are recovered from two or more staggered layers in the Content. Packet numbers associated with the recovered watermarks are extracted. Continuity of the content may be assessed in accordance with the recovered packet numbers.
The staggering of the layers may be effected by redundantly embedding watermark packets in a first layer for a first repetition segment, and redundantly embedding watermark packets in a second layer for a second repetition segment. An extent of the first repetition segment may be twice an extent of the second repetition segment. Alternatively, the first and second repetition segments may have equal extents and the second layer may be embedded at an offset relative to the first layer.
The continuity assessment may comprise determining an amount of at least one of cuts, insertions and re-ordering of the content.
The method may further comprise determining a presence of spuriously captured watermarked segments.
In accordance with a further example embodiment of the present invention, a method for assessing continuity of a content using fingerprints and embedded watermarks is provided. A content with embedded watermarks is received and one or more watermarks are recovered from the content. A fingerprint associated with the content is calculated. A stored fingerprint is retrieved in accordance with the recovered watermarks. Continuity of the content can then be assessed in accordance with the calculated and retrieved fingerprints.
The embedded watermarks may comprise a content identification payload and the retrieving is conducted in accordance with the payload.
The method may further comprise retrieving additional stored information and assessing the continuity of the content in accordance with the additional information. The additional information may comprise at least one of content duration, title, detectability metric, watermark embedding strength, segmentation information, usage policy, date of expiration, date of authorization, or the like.
The continuity assessment may comprise determining an amount of at least one of cuts, insertions and re-ordering of the content.
The method may further comprise determining a presence of spuriously captured watermarked segments.
A method for assessing continuity of a transmitted content using embedded watermarks is also provided in accordance with a further example embodiment of the present invention. A content is received and embedded watermarks are recovered from the received content. Information stored at a database is retrieved in accordance with the recovered watermarks. Continuity of the received content may then be assessed in accordance with the recovered watermarks and the retrieved information.
The assessing may comprise aggregating the recovered watermarks to form one or more events. The aggregating may comprise detecting a presence of gaps in the received content and producing one or more events in accordance with the gaps. Separate events may be produced when one or more of the gaps exceed a predefined value. The predefined value may be calculated in accordance with a mathematical formulation.
A single event may be produced when one or more of the gaps is less than or equal to a predefined value. The predefined value may be calculated in accordance with a mathematical formulation.
A truncated event may be produced when one or more of the gaps is detected at an end of the events. An event with an offset start is produced when one or more of the gaps is detected at a beginning of the events.
The continuity assessment may comprise determining an amount of at least one of cuts, insertions and re-ordering of the content.
A method for determining an extent of watermarked segments within a content is also provided in accordance with an example embodiment of the present invention. Embedded watermarks are recovered from one or more segments of the content. Continuity of the segments is assessed. An extent of the segments may then be determined in accordance with the continuity assessment and recovered watermarks.
One or more of the watermarked segments may be uniquely identified in accordance with recovered payloads of the watermarks. An electronic citation may be produced in accordance with the identified segment.
One or more of the watermarked segments may be uniquely identified in accordance with the recovered payloads of the watermarks and additional information residing at a database. An electronic citation may be produced in accordance with the identified segments.
Watermark packet prediction may be used to identify boundaries of one or more of the watermarked segments.
The watermark segments may be overlapping in at least one of time, frequency and space.
The method may further comprise managing access to the content in accordance with the extent of the watermarked segments and/or managing access to the content in accordance with gaps between the watermarked segments.
The continuity assessment may comprise determining sequencing information associated with the watermarked segments. The method may further comprise managing access to the content in accordance with the sequencing information.
The method may further comprise managing access to the content in accordance with a recovered payload of the watermarked segments.
A method for managing an Internet content using embedded watermarks is also provided in accordance with an example embodiment of the present invention. Embedded watermarks are recovered from the Internet content. Usage policies associated with the recovered watermarks are determined. A continuity assessment is conducted to determine an extent of watermarked segments within the Internet content. Content management may then be effected in accordance with the usage policies and the continuity assessment.
The continuity assessment may be conducted in accordance with at least one of a type, payload, number of occurrence, frequency of occurrence, separation, density, quality, duration, extent, scale of the recovered watermarks, and the like.
The watermark segments may be overlapping in at least one of time, frequency and space.
The usage policies may be determined in accordance with a payload of the recovered watermarks. The usage policies may be retrieved from a source external to the watermarks. The source may comprise a remote database.
The content management may be effected if the extent of watermarked segments exceeds a pre-defined value. The content management may be effected if the extent of watermarked segments exceeds a pre-defined percentage of an original content.
The present invention also includes systems and apparatus for carrying out the foregoing methods. In addition, those skilled in the art will appreciate that various of the embodiments discussed above (or parts thereof) may be combined in a variety of ways to create further embodiments that are encompassed by the present invention.
The present invention will hereinafter be described in conjunction with the appended drawing figures, wherein like reference numerals denote like elements, and:
The following provides a detailed description of the various exemplary embodiments of the present invention. While these details provide specific examples to facilitate a thorough understanding of the present invention, it should be understood that these specific details are exemplary in nature. The present invention may be practiced, by a person skilled in the art, by omitting or modifying these details without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention as set forth by the claims.
Watermark Heartbeat Detection
One method for assessing the continuity of an embedded host content is to evaluate the periodicity of the detected watermarks, also called “heartbeat detection.” In such a scheme, a host content is continuously embedded with a string of watermarks with identical payload. The marked content may be transmitted through a noisy communication channel and received at a detector. The detection process is likely to result in the recovery of some, but not all, of the embedded watermarks. Since the original content comprised a continuous back-to-back embedding of watermarks, the separation between the detected watermarks is expected to be an integer multiple of the watermark length. This concept is illustrated in
There is one unaddressed problem with the simple diagram of
Some of these issues may be addressed by improving the resiliency of watermarks to various impairments and attacks. These methods are described in commonly owned, co-pending U.S. patent application Ser. Nos. 11/115,990, 11/116,137 and 11/410,961. One particular method may involve the insertion of several independent types of watermarks (e.g., in different frequency bands, with different embedding algorithms, with different embedding parameters, etc.) into the same host signal. This way, a given channel impairment or intentional attack may remove some, but not all, of the embedded watermarks. In addition, signal continuity assessment can be improved by utilizing multiple heartbeats (corresponding to different watermark types) rather than a single heartbeat as is shown in
Watermark heartbeat detection methods can also be further extended to include the addition of specially tailored fragile watermarks that are susceptible to only a certain type of signal processing or attack. For example, special audio watermarks may be added that are destroyed (or degraded in a special way) if the host signal is acoustically captured by a microphone. Thus the absence or degradation of this type of watermark would indicate the possibility of a camcorder capture. Similarly, the absence or degradation of a different type of watermark may, for example, indicate the presence of lossy compression. Identification of potential attacks or processing mechanisms in this way may help in the selection of the appropriate system reaction to the detection of a discontinuous watermark pattern.
In systems where normal content processing is expected to produce signal scaling issues, a solution may involve allowing a limited amount of time scaling and/or signal insertion in anticipation of such content processing alterations. Such a limit may be set by the system designer after balancing the practical limitations imposed by the signal processing equipment, the quality of the effected signal, and the security risks of the system. For example, in broadcast monitoring applications, profanity filtering (i.e., removing portions of the content that contains profanity, and time-stretching the remainder of the content to “fill the gap”) is likely to change the heartbeat by only a few percentage points (otherwise, excessive time scaling would seriously degrade the quality of the broadcast program). In such systems, setting a +/−10% tolerance would allow normal system operation for a watermark packet-to-packet spacing in the range 0.9 L to 1.1 L. Thus, any detected heartbeat that is within 90% to 110% of the “nominal” heartbeat would not raise any flags as it is considered to be within an authorized/expected range of modifications.
The following illustrates further details of how the heartbeat of the recovered watermarks may be used to signal continuity assessment in a one-dimensional signal. Assume watermarks are repeatedly embedded one after the other, with the same payload and the same duration. Then watermark duration, L, can be considered the watermark heartbeat period. Let us consider detection of two watermarks at times t1 and t2, where t2 occurs later in time than t1. The ‘heartbeat offset’, Δh, may be calculated according to the formula:
Δh=t2−t1−[L*round((t2−t1)/L)] (1);
In most practical watermarking system, heartbeat offset can be different from zero even in the absence of signal discontinuity. For example, the watermark detection process is usually prone to an inherent time measurement uncertainty, τ. The maximum value of this uncertainty is typically one-half of a bit interval but it is possible to further reduce this uncertainty by special techniques. One such method involves the evaluation of bit errors for several adjacent watermark packets that are detected with sub-bit granularity before establishing the precise location of a detected watermark packet. Further details of this technique are disclosed in the commonly-owned U.S. Pat. No. 7,046,808 and will not be discussed further.
Another source of heartbeat offset in the absence of signal discontinuities is scaling of the content signal. Such scaling may occur in two dimensional signals such as images (in which case it is sometimes referred to as stretching), or may occur in one dimensional signals, such as audio signals (in which case it is usually referred to as time scaling), or may occur as a combination of the two, such as scaling in video signals that comprise both spatial and temporal dimensions. It should be also noted that time scaling doesn't imply linear time scaling exclusively. The effect of time scaling can be achieved by one or more cuts or insertions in the signal. In particular, typical pitch-invariant time scaling algorithms involve periodic short cuts/repetitions with fade-in and fade-out transitions. Alternatively, cuts/repetitions can be made during silence intervals, where the overall quality of an audio signal is not significantly affected. Scaling of a content may occur during the normal course of signal processing operations, for example, due to clock imperfection in D/A or A/D conversions (e.g. in analog broadcasts) or variations in tape speeds in tape recordings. In most modern equipment a time scaling tolerance better ε=10−4 is achieved. After accounting for heartbeat irregularities due to watermark measurement uncertainty and scaling operations, heartbeat offset may be flagged when:
ABS(Δh)>τ+ε*(t2−t1) (2);
The signal discontinuity measure that is calculated in accordance with equations (1) and (2) is usually sufficient for typical signal integrity verification applications, with the objective of determining if a signal has exceeded a (small) limit of authorized modifications. Conversely, this method is not suitable for measurement of large discontinuities, since all discontinuities of the size n*L+Δh, n=0, ±1, ±2, ±3, . . . , will show the same heartbeat offset. This is particularly problematic if discontinuity measurement is used to flag spurious capture, or content sampling. Typically an attacker can mimic small discontinuities without too much damage to the content, while actual spurious capture and content sampling entail much larger discontinuities.
In order to illustrate some of the capabilities as well as limitations of the heartbeat offset calculations of equations (1) and (2), let's assume that a content loses its value (and thus is no longer in need of copy protection) if it has undergone more than ±10% time scaling (i.e., ε=0.1). Using equations (1) and (2), and assuming τ/L=0.01, the discontinuity flag status (i.e., whether or not equation (2) is satisfied) as a function of (t2−t1)/L is plotted in
It should be noted that it is possible to improve the detection of watermarks adjacent to the cut using ‘packet prediction’ and ‘partial packet prediction’ techniques. These methods employ more aggressive detection mechanisms once a watermark with reasonable certainty has been detected (e.g. after the detection of a strong watermark with probability of false positive less than 10−12). One such prediction method may involve using the strong watermark as a template to perform template matching with a more permissive error threshold (e.g., a threshold that produces false positives at a rate 10.sup.−6 in the absence of a known watermark template). Similarly, only a fraction of the template may be used to perform fractional template matching, thus pinpointing the exact location of the discontinuity. Also note that it is not necessary for all embedded watermarks to have identical bit patterns in order for packet prediction to be successful. In fact, as long as there is a known relationship between the pattern of embedded watermarks, a single strong watermark detection can be used to generate the correct template for other locations of the content. Other prediction methods include increasing the error and/or erasure correction capabilities of error correction decoders, increasing the soft decision thresholds, and other methods that are disclosed in commonly owned, co-pending U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/410,961.
While the above described heartbeat detection methods are applicable in resolving signal continuity issues in some applications, they cannot be universally applied to all cases. For example, packet prediction techniques do not work in the absence of strong watermark detections, and birthday party scenarios may not be distinguished from an intentional attack in all cases. In addition, the simple heartbeat measurements may not readily identify truncations, edits, repeats, and segment durations that are required in broadcast monitoring applications.
Insertion of Packet Numbers in Embedded Watermarks
The incorporation of serial numbers into embedded watermarks may be used in conjunction with or separately from the heartbeat monitoring. Once serial number- or counter-carrying watermarks are embedded into the host content in a predefined sequence, their detection from a received host signal in any order other than the embedded sequence would indicate possible alterations or tampering.
This concept may be further illustrated by considering the following example related to a one-dimensional (e.g., audio) watermarking system. Assume that 8 bits out of a 100-bit watermark payload are allocated to provide 256 sequential numbers, 1 to 256. Further assume that each embedded watermark packet spans 5 seconds of the host content. As a result, up to 22 minutes of the host content may be embedded with 256 back-to-back watermarks, each comprising a unique packet number. Additional segments of the host signal may be embedded by either restarting the packet numbering from 1, or increasing the packet number field to more than 8 bits. Upon the detection of embedded watermarks, the continuity of the received host signal may be assessed by analyzing the relative locations of the detected watermark packets.
In some applications, the granularity of continuity detection is seldom required to be as short as a single watermark packet duration. Thus, instead of inserting a different packet number into each watermark packet, several contiguous watermarks may carry the same packet number. For example, if each watermark packet spans 5 seconds of the host signal, packet numbers may be updated every 20 packets (or 100 seconds). This way, over 7 hours of content may be embedded using an 8-bit packet number field. The span of each group with the same packet number is a system design decision that depends on the number of available watermark payload bits, the extent of the host signal that needs to be embedded, and the security policy that governs the reaction to the detection of embedded watermarks.
The following illustrates further details of how the insertion of packet numbers and/or counters into watermark payloads may be used to assess continuity of a one-dimensional signal in cases where simple heartbeat detection fails. Particularly, this technique may be applied in the presence of spurious acoustic captures of a watermarked content (e.g., the birthday party scenario), where the typical discontinuity is expected to be much larger than the watermark duration. Further, this technique can be applied to assist discrimination between plagiarism and piracy attempts from content sampling for fair use of the content such as critique, parody, documentary etc.
Let's consider the case where N watermark payload bits are used to implement a packet counter and m=2N watermarks are thus repeatedly embedded throughout a content. The goal is to assess the extent and nature of signal continuity if and when the embedded signal undergoes various cuts, insertions, segment re-ordering, or inadvertent captures by a camcorder. Let's assume two watermark packets are detected with payload counter values j and k (j, k=0, 1, 2, . . . , m−1), and time stamps t1 and t2, respectively. Let us also denote watermark duration as L, quantized time separation as Δt=(t2−t1)/L, and payload separation as Δm=k−j. Then a discontinuity should be flagged whenever the following inequality is satisfied:
ABS(Δt−m*round(Δt/m)−Δm)>τ/L+ε*Δt (3);
In equation (3), the parameters τ and ε represent time measurement uncertainty and time scaling tolerance, respectively. Using formula (3), the discontinuity flag status may be calculated for different parameter values. Let's assume that for large discontinuities any value of Δm (between −m−1) and m−1) is equally probable. Then for τ/L=0.1 and ε=0.1, the probability of a discontinuity being flagged as a function of Δt for N=1, 2, 3, 4 can be represented according to
The following provides an example of how to determine the minimum counter size in an audio watermarking system. Consider a copy protection system that embeds watermarks into the audio portion of feature movies and assume that based on experimental testing done by capturing the movie using a camcorder, the maximum spacing between watermarks that surround a discontinuity is about 3 minutes (this, for example, may represent a scenario in which the movie is being camcordered at movie theatre). In the presence of maximum acceptable time scaling of 10%, the variation of watermark separation is up to 0.1*180 s=18 seconds. On top of this, an attacker may be able to squeeze in individual cuts of up to 12 seconds, for total uncertainty of watermark separation of up to 30 s. Thus, any attack that generates discontinuities (cuts or inserts) that are larger than 30 s over a 3-minute interval may be considered too damaging and may be ignored.
Now let us consider a large discontinuity created by camcordering a birthday party during which a watermarked movie is being played in the background. The discontinuity of captured watermarks will be uniformly distributed over the range [−m*L/2, m*L/2], and the chances that such cut/insert fits [−30 s, 30 s] interval (and thus escape detection) can be calculated as 2*30 s/(m*L). In order to keep the chances of mistaking a large discontinuity for a small discontinuity under 10%, the following inequality must be satisfied:
m*L>600 s (4);
For audio watermarks with duration L=3 seconds, m should be larger than 200, and an 8-bit counter would meet this requirement.
Independent Embedding of Serial Numbers
The above described numbering scheme has been presented as having a serial number and/or a counter field within the payload of an existing watermark packet structure. However, the serial number and/or counter can be implemented as a separate watermark that can be independently embedded and subsequently detected from a host signal. Independent embedding of the serial number may be necessary if there are no reserved bits within an existing watermark packet structure. The use of an independent layer/packet may however reduce the transparency of the embedded watermarks and/or may result in increased computational complexity of watermark detections. The amount of any such increase in watermark perceptibility or computational complexity may be traded off against the robustness (i.e., reliability) of watermark detections. For example, in order to maintain the same level of transparency, the two independent layers may be embedded at a reduced gain level at the expense of some reductions in detection robustness (e.g., fewer watermarks will be detected in the presence of noise in the communication channel). Alternatively, the new watermark packets may be embedded at the normal embedding gain levels but in a time and/or frequency interleaved fashion with the existing watermark packets. It should be noted that some of the lost robustness may be recovered by using more sophisticated detection techniques (e.g., soft-decision decoding, time diversity techniques, etc.) at the expense of increased computational complexity of the detection process. The proper tradeoff between the transparency of watermarks, payload capacity, detection robustness and computational complexity of the embedding and detecting processes is a system design decision that must be made by evaluating factors such as customer needs, available computational resources, desired system security, and the like.
Density and Spacing of Detections:
The density and spacing of watermark detections may also be used to assess continuity of a detected signal and to differentiate an authorized (or tolerable) signal discontinuity from an unauthorized one. This technique may be used independently from, or in conjunction with, the packet numbering and heartbeat detection schemes described earlier. Some of the underlying concepts have been described in the context of copy control watermarks in the commonly owned, co-pending U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/410,961. Specifically, a media player/recorder that is equipped with a watermark detector may be designed to initiate a restrictive enforcement condition (e.g., stop playback/recording of the media, display a warning signal, etc.) only when the density and/or spacing of detected watermarks surpasses a minimum threshold. For example, an enforcement condition may require the detection of at least 10 watermarks in each of 3 consecutive 7-minute segments of the content. This condition provides a grace period (i.e. minimum time interval with no enforcements) of over 14 minutes. In addition, the particular enforcement action and duration may be selected in accordance with the detected watermark states, the density and distribution of such detections, the type of detection device, and the value of the content that is being protected. There are two reasons why having a grace period may be beneficial. First, the reliability of detected watermarks improve as more content is analyzed, and second, a harsh enforcement policy is avoided.
The above described methods of examining the density and spacing of detected watermarks in multiple detection periods can also be used to prevent an enforcement action in a Birthday Party scenario, where only sparse watermarks are present due to inadvertent capture of a background watermarked content. Another approach is to include the ‘quality’ of detected watermarks as a factor in establishing whether further assessment of watermarks and/or a grace period is necessary. In other words, since acoustic/video capture of the content will inevitably degrade the embedded watermarks, the presence of high quality detections (e.g., watermarks that are detected with few erroneous symbols or missing components) is likely to preclude the possibility of such acoustic/video capture. It is further possible to design the watermarking system in such a way to identify the extent and type of signal modifications by examining a ‘fragility profile’ of the extracted watermarks. For example, the embedded watermarks may contain certain components that are destroyed completely, or degraded gracefully, as a result of acoustic/video capture. These and other techniques for evaluating and identifying possible signal modifications are described in the commonly owned U.S. Pat. No. 7,046,808.
Continuity Detection Using Sub-Code Signaling
An alternate approach to allocating part of the watermark payload to a serial/packet number is to provide continuity information in a sub-channel or sub-code of the watermarking system without affecting the main payload of existing watermarks in any substantial way. Some specific methods are disclosed herein.
Watermark Stego Key Recognition
As disclosed in the commonly owned co-pending U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/115,990, watermark stego keys may be utilized for forensic identification of a host content. This may be accomplished by assigning a unique set of embedding stego keys to each embedding device. The stego keys essentially identify the embedding opportunities that are reserved for use by each embedding device. Upon recovery of a content and extraction of the embedded watermarks, the pattern of embedding opportunities can identify the culprit device. In other words, each set of embedding stego keys may serve as a latent serial number for one embedding device. A similar method involves utilization of masking parameters as serial numbers, where each embedder and/or multimedia content undergoing watermark embedding may be assigned a set of unique masking parameters as disclosed in commonly owned U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/115,990 and commonly owned U.S. Pat. No. 6,145,081. Upon recovery of any such content, the masking parameters may be recovered and traced back to a particular instance of embedding. These techniques may also be used to facilitate host signal continuity assessment since cutting, splicing, inserting or re-ordering segments of an embedded host content will inevitably disrupt the stego key and masking parameters of the recovered watermarks. Once this pattern of disruption is identified, the nature and extent of such signal distortions may be readily determined.
This concept may be further illustrated by the use of Table 1 below that provides an example listing of the stego key used for embedding the first six opportunities in a movie soundtrack. If this soundtrack is transmitted and received with no signal manipulations, successful detection of the embedded watermarks is likely to occur in accordance with the same parameters (and in the same order) that are listed in Table 1. In the presence of cuts, insertions or re-ordering of the host signal, however, the detections are likely to occur in a different order (or may be missing altogether). For example, if the host signal corresponding to the second and sixth embedding opportunities were interchanged, watermarks would be recovered according to the sequence (1,6,3,4,5,2) instead of the usual (1,2,3,4,5,6). Using the same convention, a cut in the host signal may be identified by a missing number in the sequence of detected watermarks, e.g., (1,3,4,5,6); and a signal insertion may be identified by a gap in detected watermarks, e.g., (1,B,2,3,4,5,6), where ‘B’ represents a blank segment (i.e., a segment with no detections).
The above example is only a simple illustration of how the watermark stego key may be used for signal continuity detection in accordance with an example embodiment of the present invention. Potentially, this technique allows signal continuity detection to within a single watermark packet granularity. To reach this potential, all identified embedding opportunities must be successfully embedded and subsequently detected. In most practical situations, however, neither the embedding nor the detection of all watermarks is likely to occur (e.g., embedding at certain locations may be prohibited in order to meet perceptibility standards, and detection may not occur due to contaminations by a noisy transmission channel). Thus, several watermarks may be missing from even a continuous host signal. This situation may be remedied by additionally considering the heartbeat of the watermarks. While a ‘naturally’ missing watermark would not modify the heartbeat of the remaining watermarks, an intentional signal modification is very likely to do so. Thus in the above example, a correctly-spaced detected pattern of (1,B,3,4,5,6) may correspond to a continuous host signal, where the absence of the second watermark can be attributed to less than perfect embedding/detection conditions. It should be noted that in order to increase the reliability of such assessment, the received host signal may be examined for the presence of both strong and weak watermarks. Weak watermarks, as described in commonly owned co-pending patent application Ser. No. 11/410,961, represent detected watermarks that do not meet the reliability standards of strong watermark detections. While weak watermarks alone may not be used for establishing the value of a detected payload, they can be used in conjunction with one or more strong detections to assess the continuity of the host signal.
It is also worth noting that although some applications may require the detection of host signal discontinuity to within a single watermark packet, most applications have a less stringent requirement. In such cases, statistical analysis of the detected watermark stego key may be sufficient to estimate signal continuity to within a broader range of tolerances. The precise statistical measure, and threshold of acceptability (once that measure is calculated) is a system design parameter that can be modified based on customer needs, value of the host signal, and other factors. By the way of example, and not by limitation, one statistical measure may be the proportion of correctly recovered watermarks (e.g., with correct value, in the correct sequence, and with the correct spacing) in conformance with the embedding stego key. This measure may be calculated as the correlation coefficient between the detected and embedded stego keys for a certain duration of the host signal; a ‘success’ may be declared (i.e., no discontinuity, acceptable discontinuity, etc.), if this correlation coefficient exceeds a specified threshold.
To illustrate this further, assume that a content owner insists that, when viewing his/her content, a user should only be allowed to skip up to 30% of the content. This criterion requires the user to view at least 70% of the content, which, in the absence of ‘naturally’ missing watermarks, would correspond to a correlation coefficient of exactly 0.7. To account for the naturally missing watermarks and other system limitations, this threshold may be set to a lower value 0.7k, where k is an adjustment factor (e.g. between 0.5 and 1). Note that, in certain system architectures, it may be possible to unequivocally determine the location and/or fraction of the naturally missing watermarks that are due to the embedding process by performing watermark detection immediately after embedding, and recording the location/fraction of missing watermarks. This information, if communicated to the detectors, can help resolve part of the uncertainty in determining the root cause of missing watermarks. By way of example and not limitation, this information may be a detailed map of missing or embedded watermarks, the embedding strength of individual watermarks, the average embedding strength of watermarks over a predefined duration, the overall fraction of missing/embedded watermarks, or one or more parameters that describe missing/embedded watermarks through a mathematical function. The communication of such auxiliary information may be carried out using the content itself (e.g., as part of a file header, or embedded as additional watermark packets, and the like), or through a separate communication channel (e.g., residing at a database that is accessed by the detector). The correlation coefficient calculations in the above example must also be adjusted to account for, and correct, small signal insertions/deletions that may ‘de-synchronize’ the detected and embedded stego key patterns. The duration of the host signal for calculating the correlation coefficient is another important consideration. One approach would be to carry out the calculation based on the entire length of the content, another may be to calculate the correlation coefficient for short segments and then average them together; yet another approach may be to calculate the coefficient for 10 short segments and ensure that no more than 3 segments fail the continuity test (i.e., fail to reach the threshold), and so on. The point of this example is not to enumerate all possible statistical measures or methods for their calculation, rather it is to illustrate how the system designer may utilize system requirements to design such statistical parameters in accordance to the general methods of the present invention. Furthermore, while the above example has been described as calculating a correlation coefficient between the entire embedding and detection stego keys, it is understood that similar calculations may be carried using only a portion of the stego keys. For example, it may suffice to confine the analysis to the detected spread spectrum watermarks in one frequency band. In its simplest form, such analysis may comprise counting only the number of detections (regardless of the embedding algorithm, frequency band or other stego key specifics) within a specified content duration.
It is also easy to see how the above example may be ‘inverted’ to describe the birthday party scenario. In that case, the content owner may not want to allow more than 30 percent of his/her content to be recorded by a camcorder (it may be more meaningful to illustrate this example in terms of a desired duration rather than a desired percentage, e.g., a content owner would like to limit unauthorized viewing/recording of his content to less than 30 minutes). Similar to the previous example, once the content owners and/or system designers have decided on the appropriate distribution and spacing of the allowed 30-minute usage, the above stego key pattern recognition techniques may be appropriately adjusted to deliver the solution. For example, such a decision may dictate that no more than three consecutive 10-minute segments of the content may be present in a camcorder recording. Alternatively, the decision may bar the presence of any three 10-minute segments (whether or not contiguous) in the camcorder recording, and so on. The stego key recognition methods, as described above, may be readily utilized to make any and all of the above measurements possible.
The simple example illustrated using Table 1 also implies that the extractor has an exact knowledge of the embedding stego key, and is thus capable of recognizing discontinuities of the host signal by recognizing the discontinuities in the detection stego key. This assumption is contrary to the security enhancement protocols, disclosed earlier in commonly owned, U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/115,990, that advises against such knowledge. This apparent contradiction can be remedied if only a small portion of the embedding stego key is used for continuity detection. For example, only one frequency band may be utilized for continuity determinations. Using this approach, the watermark embedding opportunities in this ‘reserved’ frequency band may always be embedded (and detected) with the same set of parameters that are known to both the embedder and the detector. This ‘reserved’ portion of the stego key may be as narrow or as broad as the system security, robustness or transparency requirements allow. For example, in applications where transparency of watermarks is not critical, the number of embedding opportunities may be increased to accommodate the ‘reserved’ stego key portion.
Watermark Channel Code Modifications
In accordance with another example embodiment of the present invention, signal continuity information may be carried as part of the watermark ‘channel’ code without reducing the existing watermark payload capacity. Watermark payload bits typically undergo several levels of transformation to generate a string of bits that is suitable for embedding into the host signal. These techniques are well-known in the art of signal processing and digital communications. Such transformations typically comprise encryption, scrambling, error coding (e.g., CRC generation, Reed-Solomon encoding), interleaving, bit modulation coding (e.g., run-length-limited coding), and other possible transformations to generate the so-called channel bits. Channel bits often comprise synchronization headers, as well, that mark channel packet boundaries; synchronization headers facilitate the recognition and recovery of channel packets in presence of noise, jitter and other distortions. The following provides two specific techniques on how to incorporate additional continuity information into channel bits of an existing watermarking system.
A) Channel Bit Modification
The simplest form of packet recovery for copy control watermarks, as disclosed in commonly owned U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/115,990, is to compare the detected pattern of channel packet bits to one or more known patterns that are potentially embedded in the host content. The known pattern that produces the least number of errors (i.e., least number of mismatches with the detected packet bits), given that the number of errors does not exceed an error threshold, is usually chosen as the most likely pattern to have been embedded. In most applications, identical watermark packets, with identical channel bit patterns, are embedded redundantly in the host content in order to improve the reliability of watermark recovery. One method for providing host signal continuity information is to insert an intentional pattern of bit errors into identically embedded channel packets as a means for uniquely identifying each channel packet. This concept may be further illustrated by referring to
While the example embodiment of the present invention as shown in
B) Packet Bit Scrambling
Packet scrambling in digital watermarking systems is sometimes implemented to randomly distribute the ‘1’ and ‘0’ bits within a watermark packet. Scrambling is typically implemented by generating a scrambling sequence that “whitens” the ECC-encoded packets (e.g., by XORing bits of the whitening sequence with the corresponding bits of the ECC packet). One method of incorporating continuity information in the embedded watermark packets is to change the scrambling sequence from one segment of the host content to the next segment of the content in a predefined manner (each segment, as described earlier, may comprise one or more watermark packets). Note that this technique may be applied to watermark packet bits regardless of whether or not ECC encoding is part of channel packet formation.
On the detection side, the extractor must know the value and the order of different scrambling sequences that are used to effect embedding of the watermark packets (e.g., via a stored look up table or local capability to regenerate the de-scrambling sequences on the fly). In the detection process, the recovered channel packet bits must first be de-scrambled and then ECC decoded (if ECC is implemented) in order to recover the payload bits. In one preferred embodiment of the present invention, the extractor may first try all de-scrambling sequences until the first packet is properly ECC decoded. In the absence of signal modifications, the remaining packets should be recoverable by applying the descrambling sequences in the correct order. A watermark packet that is recovered by an out-of-order scrambling sequence (e.g., a missing scrambling sequence, a duplicate scrambling sequence, or other similar anomalies described in connection with “stego-key recognition” techniques) may be used to estimate the amount of cuts, insertions or segment reordering that has been applied to the host signal. Generation of scrambling sequences is well-known in the art, with most methods utilizing linear feedback shift registers.
Watermark Position Modulation
Additional information may also be incorporated into an existing watermark packet structure using watermark position modulation. This technique uses the relative gaps between the embedded watermarks to incorporate additional auxiliary information into the host signal. This capability to carry additional payload can also be used to incorporate continuity information such as serial numbers into the host signal. Further details of watermark position modulation are disclosed in the commonly owned U.S. Pat. No. 7,024,018.
Sparse Watermarks
Another way of incorporating continuity information in a multimedia content is to embed measuring marks with large, predefined gaps between them. These gaps may used for embedding a different set of independent watermarks (i.e., to carry unrelated payloads such as content identification information), or may be left unmarked to minimize the impact of embedding on content perceptual quality. The separation of these measuring marks should be large in comparison with the maximum discontinuity in an attack scenario (e.g., for a typical feature movie, gaps of duration one to ten minutes are sufficient). Once a suspect content is received, it is examined for the presence of measuring marks. The deviation between the separation of the recovered marks and the predefined embedding separation (within a certain tolerance) can be used to assess the extent of signal discontinuity.
The biggest issue with this approach is the reliability of individual watermark detections. Since the measuring marks are only embedded sparsely throughout the content, a missing mark can significantly increase the uncertainty of discontinuity measurement. Several techniques may be used to improve the reliability of detections. For example, more powerful error correction codes may be used for embedding and recovery of individual watermarks in a higher bit error rate environment. Error Correction Coding (ECC), and the associated detection and recovery techniques, are well known in the art and will not be discussed further. Also note that any improvement in error resiliency of watermark packets should also include improving the error performance of synchronization headers (if present). For example, the header pattern may be increased in length, duplicated, ECC encoded, and the like. Another technique for improving the reliability of detections is to embed a group of watermarks at each sparse location. This may comprise embedding back-to-back watermarks, embedding in multiple frequency bands, using multiple embedding algorithms, or other methods that increase the density of embedded watermarks at a given measuring mark location. For example, in an audio watermarking system with watermark duration of 3 seconds and measuring mark separation of 10 minutes, a group of 10 watermarks may be embedded for 30 seconds, with 9.5-minute gaps between each group of embedded watermarks. Detection of at least one watermark per group is sufficient to enable discontinuity measurement. Clearly, the probability of detecting at least one watermark among ten is much higher than probability of detecting a single watermark. In addition, further improvements may be possible by combining information from multiple watermarks using soft decision decoding, time diversity, weight accumulation algorithm, or other techniques that are described in the co-pending, commonly owned U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/410,961.
Another consideration associated with embedding a group of watermarks is the identification of group boundaries in a received content. As described earlier in the context of watermark heartbeat detection and packet numbering, packet prediction techniques can improve the detection of precise group boundaries. However, if the detected cluster length is still shorter than expected, this shortcoming may be accounted for by adjusting the time tolerance parameter .tau. in equations (2) and (3). For example, if M watermarks are embedded but K are detected, where K<M, then parameter τ may be increased by (M−K)*L to reflect this limitation in the detection process. Such an adjustment must be done on both sides of a discontinuity measurement.
Sparse embedding may also be combined with the watermark counters described earlier. This combination allows the embedding of sparse watermarks with long periodicity using a counter size smaller than what would have been required for continuous embedding. Note that the detection of small payloads, such as watermark counters, is simpler and more reliable than extraction of larger payloads, such as an embedded movie title. For example, watermark counters may be found by simple matching of an extracted pattern to a predefined template. On the other hand, extraction of an embedded movie title may require error correction algorithms such as BCH or turbo codes. This difference in detection complexity may, however, be exploited to improve the overall system performance. For example, in the presence of both types of watermarks, the detector may initially search for counter watermarks only, and once it detects them, it may then attempt extracting the more complex payloads. This way, the counter-carrying watermarks may be used as synchronization headers for the more complex payloads, thus improving the detection reliability and reducing false positive rates.
Relative Embedding Locations
In order to improve the reliability and robustness of a watermarking system, it is often the case that watermark packets are redundantly embedded throughout a content. Such redundancy is usually effected by embedding in multiple frequency bands, in multiple temporal or spatial locations of the content and/or employing multiple embedding technologies (e.g., spread spectrum, autocorrelation modulation, etc.). The following description illustrates how relative locations of such redundantly embedded watermarks can be used to assess the continuity of a received signal. In order to facilitate the understanding of the foregoing description, a one-dimensional embedding example is used to develop the basic concepts, as shown in
It is also easy to see that at any instant in time the relative locations of any two watermark packets can be predicted and characterized. This is illustrated by defining a ‘relative phase’ between the two sets of watermark packets as follows:
Θ=Ω/T2 (5);
Where Ω, as shown in
One limitation associated with the above signal continuity assessment method is that cuts or insertions that are greater than the period of relative phase cannot be uniquely identified. For example, examination of
As previously described in connection with watermark heartbeats, the watermark detection process is also inherently prone to certain time measurement uncertainty; in addition, the detection system may have to tolerate certain levels of additional time-scaling in the host signal in order to accommodate possible legitimate signal processing operations. These factors may also place limitations on the accuracy of relative phase determination and the predicted time alignment of watermark packets. Fortunately, any time-scaling operation is very likely to affect contemporaneous watermark packets in a similar fashion, and thus it may be systematically taken into account when relative phase calculations are conducted. For example,
As illustrated in
The above two-step watermark projection method illustrates one example of how multiple continuity detection techniques can be combined to improve the overall continuity assessment. Another improvement involves combining the relative location calculations with the insertion of packet serial numbers (or counters) into the watermark payload. This combination overcomes the limitation of not being able to uniquely identify host signal cuts or insertions due to periodicity of relative phase calculations. At the same time, it requires only a small counter size, which results in payload capacity savings. For example, let's assume that a 4-bit counter is used as part of the payload of watermarks with relative phase behavior of
Note that in accordance with the above method, the discontinuity can be generally identified by using counter values from one or more watermark series. Examination of Table 2, for example, reveals that ‘series 2’ counter values alone were sufficient to uniquely identify the discontinuity. Similarly, counter values from more than two watermark series can be examined to improve the reliability of identification.
While the use of relative embedding locations has thus far been described using a one-dimensional example, these techniques can be readily adapted by a person skilled in the art to accommodate multi-dimensional watermarks. For example, in a 2-dimensional image watermarking system, time domain in the preceding analysis may be replaced by a two-dimensional spatial domain. In addition, the phase relationship formulation, such as the one represented by equation (5), may be expanded to govern the relationship among three or more series of watermarks.
Staggered Embedding Schemes
The use of staggered serial numbers (or counters) in different watermark series was briefly introduced above as a tool for improving the determination of relative phase values. This technique may also be used in other ways to improve discontinuity measurements in practical watermarking systems. In applications where the embedded host signal is prone to noise contamination, it is often required to redundantly and contiguously embed identical watermark packets to improve the reliability of their detection. On the other hand, when serial numbers (or counters) are incorporated into the payload of watermarks, adjacent packets will no longer have identical bit patterns. A compromise approach may involve embedding a series of identical watermarks (i.e., with the same packet number) for a certain duration or spatial extent (i.e., the ‘repetition segment’) before embedding the next series of watermark packets with a different packet number, and so on. With this approach, the improvement in detection reliability comes at the expense of loss of granularity of discontinuity measurement. This loss, however, may be partially mitigated by using staggered packet numbers in systems that implement multiple watermark series (or layers). In such a system, it is often the case that watermark packets belonging to different layers are embedded using different algorithms with different watermark durations or spatial extents, and in different frequency bands. As a result, watermarks that correspond to different layers may require different repetition segments (both in terms of the number watermark packets, and the host signal real estate) in order to produce the same level of detection reliability.
Broadcast Monitoring Applications
Signal continuity detection in a broadcast monitoring application can also benefit from the presence of packet numbers. In such systems, the detected watermarks are analyzed to assess the start time, duration and broadcast frequency (i.e., repetition) of the particular programming segment, and these measurements are compared to the expected timing and frequency that has been stipulated in a programming schedule or contract. The ConfirMedia Broadcast Monitoring System (BMS) is one such system. Detailed description of the ConfirMedia BMS and related on-line derivatives may be found in commonly owned, co-pending U.S. patent application Ser. Nos. 10/681,953 and 11/501,668. In brief, the Confirmedia BMS uses Event Airplay Receivers (EARs) at different geographical locations within the United States to monitor several thousand radio and television station programs. Some or all of the broadcast programs that are received by the monitored stations have been previously embedded with watermarks. During the embedding process, metadata files are usually generated and stored at a ConfirMedia database that contains certain attributes of the particular embeddings. For example, these metadata files (or embedder logs) may contain the embedder ID, serial number, time of embedding, duration of embedding, title of the segment, and other relevant information. The embedder logs may be used to establish a connection between the detected watermarks and a particular program segment and its attributes. The EARs forward airplay detections to a Media Description and Airplay Transaction (MDAT) subsystem for further data reduction. The airplay detections are known as “arrivals” and an Arrival-to-Event Converter (AEC) runs periodically to convert these arrivals into Aggregated Content Records (ACR), which contain a more meaningful representation of the aired program. The aggregation is done by combining content descriptive metadata collected from the embedder logs with attributes of the detection, applying business logic, and creating events that can be reported to customers.
The ensuing description provides a detailed example of how the various information fields recovered from the embedded watermarks, the associated information residing at a database or other accessible storage media, and the spatial/temporal relationships between the recovered watermarks are combined in accordance with the appropriate business logic to track and report broadcast times and durations of various programs in the presence of channel noise or intentional manipulations which may result in insertions, deletions and re-ordering of the broadcast program.
In monitoring broadcast programs, with typical durations of a few minutes to a few hours, it may be necessary to report whether a program segment has been truncated, or if portions of the program have been interrupted, or played out of order. This functionality may be implemented by tailoring the watermark packets to contain a serial number. For example, a 20-bit field may be allocated for embedding a serial number that increments every 5 minutes throughout the duration of the program. These individual auto-incrementing payloads may then be detected by the EARs, converted into events, and reported as discrete regular events within MDAT. Each individual 5-minute segment may be described by its own Embedded Content Records (ECRs) that contain metadata that supports business logic and enables the creation of meaningful reports for the ConfirMedia customers.
A segment is the unit of media tracked by the customer. It is the unit of media embedded in a single input file to the embedder, which may be described by more than one ECR when the segment duration exceeds the ECR duration (e.g., 5 minutes). An exemplary segment and the associated Aggregated Content Record (ACR) is shown in section (C) of
A “program” from the viewpoint of a ConfirMedia consumer (e.g., a broadcaster, syndicator, or media outlet) may in fact be comprised of several distinct segments. In some cases, the consumer may be interested in tracking individual segments separately. For example, a syndicator may provide breaks between segments of a program for local commercials or station identification, and may be interested in tracking such segments separately. On the other hand, if a ConfirMedia consumer does not wish to track different subsections of the program separately, then the program in its entirety may be embedded as a single segment and tracked. So in some applications, content tracking and identification is performed at the level of the program as a whole, and in others it is performed at the segment level. This creates a two-level hierarchy of records, namely the Segment ACRs and a Program ACR that describes the list of Segment ACRs in the overall program.
Regular Events:
The raw detections produced by the EARs must be processed prior to their availability for customer reporting. The major processes involved in creation of reporting events comprise association of detections with ECRs, station ID assignment, aggregation of small detected fragments into records that more accurately represent the media spot, aggregation of detections that come from stations monitored by more than one channel or monitoring device, processing detections when the same spot is played back to back, and the like. The AEC is responsible for event creation, and is scheduled to run at regular intervals. The process of regular event creation includes two choices of aggregation: gap or offset (or both). Gap aggregation refers to the process of examining the incoming detections (i.e., arrivals), identifying the gaps (i.e., segments of the received content with no detected watermarks, but located between two segments with detected watermarks), and deciding whether or not to classify the gaps as part of the originally broadcast content. Offset aggregation differs from gap aggregation in that the arrivals may indicate a longer than expected event duration, in which case, the decision has to be made as to whether the detected offset is within the allowed tolerances of the detection system or it represents a back-to-back broadcast of the same segment. In case of the latter, a reverse aggregation procedure must be employed in order to split the arrivals into separate events.
Synthetic Events:
Synthetic events are event records that are created by applying business logic to one or more regular events. For regular program events, the AEC performs gap aggregation (i.e., aggregating back-to-back events with gaps of up to a particular duration). It also performs redundant station aggregation (i.e., combining detections of the same broadcast program that are obtained from more than one monitoring unit) and reverse aggregation (i.e., breaking up longer than expected broadcast events that are the result of back-to-back airing of the same commercial/program). Synthetic event creation is conducted after the creation of regular events and may be accomplished by collecting sets of regular events, calculating relative start time offset and truncated end time (if any), and calculating the event density. The density measure calculated for each synthetic event represents the proportion of gap-less regular events within each synthetic event.
Synthetic Program Event Aggregation:
Aggregation may be accomplished by spanning the gaps within or between sequential regular events in order to generate synthetic events. The synthetic event gap parameter may be configurable per media type, and may, for example, be passed to the AEC by a configuration file. An example embodiment of the present invention involving Synthetic Event Aggregation of simple gaps is illustrated in
An example embodiment of the present invention involving Synthetic Event Aggregation of simple gaps is illustrated in
To further illustrate the details of synthetic program aggregation, the aggregation process may be started by collecting all regular events that occur on the same station and share the same ACR. This process includes adding regular events to the synthetic event as long as the order of events and any existing gaps “make sense”. The precise definition of what makes sense may be determined based on customer requirements, the inherent capabilities of the watermarking and broadcast monitoring systems, the cost associated with such determination, and other factors. In general, the aggregation of regular events makes sense when they are not too far off from their expected positions in time. The following step by step procedure represents an example method for determining what “makes sense:”
Synthetic Program Event Truncation:
A truncated synthetic event is one that has a shorter duration than its corresponding segment ACR. In the normal course of synthetic event generation, the AEC computes the duration and the start time offset of the program segment synthetic event, where the duration is reported as the sum of the durations of constituent ECRs. However, when the duration of regular events are shorter than the ECR length by at least the time accuracy tolerance for programs (e.g. 30 seconds), the synthetic event is reported with a truncated duration.
The type of truncation illustrated by sections (C) and (D) is referred to a “simple truncation.” In most truncations, as the one shown in section (D), the start time offset is typically reported as 0. One exception occurs when the first regular event is shorter than the corresponding ECR duration by at least the time accuracy tolerance for programs (e.g., 30 seconds). In such cases, the start time offset is increased to reflect the difference between the duration of the regular event and the corresponding ECR duration. This is illustrated by sections (E) and (F), where the first regular event of section (E) is not only shorter than its corresponding ECR duration by 50 seconds, but it also reported as having a start time of 50 seconds. In this case, the synthetic event of section (F) is reported with a truncated duration of 17:55, and an offset starting point of 50 seconds.
Synthetic Program Event Completion:
Late arrivals are those detections that arrive at the AEC after a pertinent event has already been created. The AEC is designed to handle these arrivals in a fashion that prevents the reporting of duplicate events to customers. Late arrivals can occur due to outages on links from EARs or for arrivals that span an AEC execution run. The AEC reprocesses events that may be affected by late arrivals. As part of this reprocessing step, it may also determine that it needs to report new events, or discard the arrivals. In the same way that the AEC may reconsider all events that may have relevant arrivals in its input transaction pool, it must reconsider synthetic events when new regular events are created. This is illustrated in
Hybrid Watermarking and Fingerprinting
Fingerprinting refers to the extraction of certain host signal characteristics that can be subsequently used to uniquely identify that signal. Generation of fingerprints often involves breaking the content into smaller segments and generating a unique fingerprint for each segment. This way a series of fingerprints may be used to identify successive segments of a content. As opposed to watermarking that requires the insertion of a foreign signal into the host content, fingerprinting provides a non-interfering identification scheme that may be preferred for two reasons. First, it eliminates any possibility of content degradation due to the insertion of an additional signal, and second, it can identify ‘legacy’ content that has been already distributed without watermarks. On the other hand, fingerprinting techniques are often plagued by having a larger false positive rate, and requiring sophisticated and computationally expensive searching and sorting capabilities. In addition, fingerprints are not capable of carrying a payload, which limits their usefulness in certain applications.
Some of the above limitations may be overcome by combining fingerprinting and watermarking techniques for identification of a host content. One such technique is disclosed in the commonly owned, co-pending U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/600,081. A hybrid watermarking-fingerprinting approach may also facilitate continuity assessment of a host signal that contains embedded watermarks. An example procedure is illustrated in the flowchart of
One of the advantages of the above hybrid approach is that it eliminates the need for a sophisticated and expensive fingerprint database search algorithm while maintaining low false positive rates associated with the embedded watermarks.
Internet Monitoring and Filtering
As the Internet is fast becoming one of the more dominant channels for transmission and dissemination of multimedia content, it is becoming increasingly important to provide tools for identifying, monitoring, and managing Internet Content (the term “Internet Content” refers to any signal that is capable of being transmitted and received over the Internet, and, for example, it may comprise audio, video, still images, text, or other forms of signals). To this end, broadcast monitoring techniques may be adapted to provide such services for Internet content. A detailed description of such techniques may be found in commonly owned co-pending U.S. patent application Ser. Nos. 10/681,953 and 11/501,668. Such techniques may incorporate continuity assessment methods of the preceding section to identify and characterize the gaps, insertions or segment re-orderings that may exist in an Internet content. In addition to monitoring applications, content management systems may also trigger certain reactions upon the recovery of embedded watermarks. Some of these reactions, as disclosed in the commonly owned, co-pending U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/410,961, comprise blocking the playback/recording of the content, displaying a warning notice, muting or blanking of the content, and the like (for the purposes of this section, these reactions will be collectively referred to as ‘Internet Filtering’).
In order to provide effective and flexible methods for effecting Internet Filtering, the content management system must be able to recognize and react to the presence and type of embedded watermarks. These reactions may differ depending on the extent, type, quality, density, separation, expiration date, and other attributes and characteristics associated with the embedded watermarks. For example, there may be a zero-tolerance policy regarding Internet dissemination of a theatrical movie that is captured by a camcorder. In this case, the detection of a single watermark with a Theatrical-type payload may result in complete stoppage of playback or recording. On the other hand, there may be legitimate fair use cases of a copyrighted content that should result in no Internet Filtering. For example, a content owner may have expressly permitted free use of his content as long as the usage does not exceed a certain length, or only if it occurs after a certain date, etc. In other cases, it may make sense to allow a grace period for free usage of content, evaluated based on density, separation or the order of detected watermarks (e.g., in birthday party scenarios). In yet, another example, an attacker may have intentionally tried to manipulate the content, by cutting, inserting and re-ordering various segments in order to circumvent any restrictive reactions. In all such cases, the disclosed continuity assessment techniques may be employed for implementing a ‘smart’ Internet filter that operates in accordance with the detected watermarks, the associated metrics (such as quality, extent, density, separation, etc.), and the proper enforcement policy as set forth by the content owner, by the rule of law, or by common sense.
To further illustrate this concept, assume, for example, that per a content owner's usage terms, license-free usage of his content is allowed for segments not exceeding 2% of the total content. In order to enable this type of content assessment capability, the content may be embedded with watermarks that carry, as their payload, a unique content identifier (CID), a counter of appropriate size, and the duration of the total content (e.g., 24 minutes). A smart filter that is configured to evaluate an incoming multimedia content for the above license-free usage terms may use the example procedure shown in the flowchart of
Other Applications
The preceding signal continuity assessment techniques may be applied to a great variety of applications. Some of these applications have been described in various levels of details throughout the present application, and others will be apparent to those skilled in the art in view of the present application. In general, signal continuity assessment can be used to detect the presence of signal modifications, as well as detecting the presence and extent of watermarked (and perhaps copy-righted) segments within a broader content. These segments may comprise separate portions of the content, or may occur as fully or partially overlapping segments. For example, such overlapping segments may be produced when the originally embedded signal components are later combined to produce a new content signal (this process is sometimes referred to as producing a ‘mash-up’). Since the robust watermarks of the present invention, as disclosed in the commonly owned co-pending U.S. patent application Ser. Nos. 11/116,137, 11/410,961, and 11/115,990, can still be uniquely identified after such signal combinations (i.e., they are robust to over-writing attacks), the constituent watermarked segments, which may overlap in time, frequency, space or other domains, can be uniquely identified and analyzed in accordance with any one of the preceding signal continuity assessment techniques. The following example list provides a non-exhaustive list of applications in which signal continuity assessment techniques may be applied: Integrity verification: A content comprising audio, video, image, text or other information (or any combination thereof) is examined to determine if it has undergone any modifications. A typical usage scenario involves authentication of documents presented at a court of law. Objective is to identify the presence of such an attack or prove the content integrity, e.g. the absence of any discontinuity. Proof of performance in broadcast content: Advertisers pay for their commercials to be broadcast in entirety. Any omission, cut or other damage of the commercials can be a basis to require a refund or a rebroadcast. Royalty tracking for production music: Production music is incorporated in newly created audio or audiovisual content in a complex process that involves a substantial tailoring of the original sound track. Royalty payment depends on how much of original music actually is used in the new content. By extension, the same tracking concept applies to other multi-media formats such as video scenes, animation libraries, and the like. Spurious capture: This application has been described throughout the specification as the ‘Birthday Party’ scenario. In the process of making a home video and/or audio recording, documentary program, live broadcast, and the like, portions of a copyrighted content is intermittently captured by the recording device. The objective is to discriminate such intermittently captured content from an intentional piracy attempt. Since a pirated content is likely to comprise long durations of uninterrupted copyrighted content, it can be characterized as having relatively few discontinuities with short durations while an intermittent capture scenario is likely to involve more frequent and longer interruptions. One factor in making such determination may be the aggregate extent of detected watermarked content in comparison to the extent of original watermarked content (e.g., the duration of original programming may be carried as part of watermark payload). Fair use classification: Some copyrighted content may be copied and used for the purpose of critique, parody, creation of a substantially new work, etc., without an author's permission. The distinction between fair use and plagiarism (or piracy) is complex and nuanced, and may not be resolved without subjective evaluation. But by applying the preceding signal continuity techniques it may be possible to provide one or more metrics to characterize the ‘continuity’ status of copyrighted segments. These can be subsequently used to classify the content into different categories such as clear cases of fair use, unauthorized use, and the in-between cases that require further subjective evaluation. This application is particularly pertinent to Internet services, where prompt filtering of clear piracy attempts may be desirable. Factors in effecting such classifications may include the length and density of discontinuities, and the proportion of original copyrighted content that is present in the content under investigation. Electronic citation: In this application, the detection of watermarked segments may automatically invoke a citation response, which, for example, reports information such as identity, extent, continuity status, and copyright status of the watermarked segments. This is analogous to citing references at the end of a book chapter or magazine article. The citation capability may be implemented with or without connectivity to an external source of additional information. For example, the watermark payload may simply carry a ‘copyright’ flag, which may be used in conjunction with signal continuity techniques to provide precise locations of copyrighted material within a broader content. Additionally, or alternatively, the watermark may carry the content title, a unique content identifier, or as much information that can be practically carried in the payload, to provide a more detailed citation. If outside connectivity is available, additional databases of information can be consulted to provide even more features, such as owner's contact information, licensing authorizations, other works of the content owner, citations to similar content, and the like. By using the automatic citation capability, original owners may be identified and acknowledged (which may or may not result in financial benefits to the owner). This capability is expected to be useful in ‘content sampling’ and ‘mash-up’ applications where a multiplicity of different music or video segments are combined to form a new content. Audience measurement: Audience measurement devices that are equipped with continuity detection apparatus may determine whether or not the consumer has viewed the entire advertisement or program. The extent of continuous viewing may be used to provide better metrics for television or radio ratings. In addition, in audience interactive applications, the content owner may provide incentives, such as electronic coupons, in accordance with the extent of continuous viewing of the broadcast programs.
Note that while the various embodiments of the present invention have been described under different headings, the categorization of topics is merely done to facilitate the presentation of the present invention. Therefore, it is entirely possible for a disclosed technique to be categorized under two or more headings. For example, while the watermark packet bit scrambling has been presented as a type of Watermark channel code modification, it would also qualify as a type of “stego-key recognition” since the scrambling sequences are part of the embedding and/or extraction stego keys.
It should now be appreciated that the present invention provides advantageous methods, apparatus, and systems for signal continuity assessment using embedded watermarks.
Although the invention has been described in connection with various illustrated embodiments, numerous modifications and adaptations may be made thereto without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention as set forth in the claims.
An optional Embedding Technology Storage Device 2140 may be provided in order to store available embedding technologies. The Storage Device 2140 may be regularly upgraded to contain up-to-date versions of the embedding technology parameters, algorithms or settings. It should be understood that the presence of a separate storage device may not be necessary, as other components of the embedding apparatus such as the Selection Device 2140 or the Watermark Embedding Device 2150 may contain the appropriate information related to the available embedding technologies and/or contain upgradeable memory modules that can be utilized for this purpose. The Selection Device 2140 may also select one or more watermark embedding technologies from the Storage Device 2130 (or other storage location). Once the appropriate embedding opportunities and the one or more watermark embedding technologies have been selected, the Watermark Embedding Device 2150 embeds the watermarks in accordance with the selected watermark embedding technologies at the locations corresponding to the selected subset of embedding opportunities in the host content to produce an embedded host signal 2160. The embedded host signal 2160 may then be further processed, stored or transmitted.
It should be understood that the Embedding Apparatus 2100, as shown in
One important factor in designing a watermarking system is the computational complexity of watermark extractors. This requirement can be stated as maximum Millions of Instructions Per Second (MIPS) value, maximum gate count, maximum ROM and RAM size, etc. In principle, the watermark extractor cost should be a small fraction of the cost of the device, or its processing load should amount to a small fraction of the processing load of the host software module.
The Stego Key Selection Device 2220 may select the at least one stego key to produce at least one of optimum robustness, security, and computational efficiency for the extraction of watermarks embedded in the host content. Further, the Stego Key Selection Device 2220 may select the at least one stego key to produce a desired tradeoff between levels of robustness, security, and computational efficiency for the extraction of watermarks embedded in the host content.
The selecting of the one or more stego keys by the Selection Device 2220 may be adapted in accordance with a desired false positive detection rate. The selecting of the one or more stego keys may be adapted to produce a desired probability of successful extractions. Further, the selecting of the one or more stego keys may be adapted to produce a desired computational complexity for the extraction of the watermarks. Additionally, the selecting of the one or more stego keys may be adapted to anticipate transformations of the host content. Such transformations of the host content may modify watermark characteristics of the embedded watermarks. For example, the transformations may alter the appearance of at least one watermark that is embedded with a first embedding stego key such that the at least one embedded watermark appears to have been embedded with a second embedding stego key.
These keys can be assigned at random to the corresponding extraction devices, but also can be assigned in view of extraction device properties. For example, if the extractor resides in a camcorder that may be used for theater piracy, the extractor key set doesn't need to include transform keys obtained through speed up or slow down of the content. Similarly, if the extractor resides in a software module that has an expiration date, upon which new software must be downloaded, then it would be advantageous to make phased distribution of extractor keys similar to that proposed for embedders.
It should also be appreciated that the Embedding Apparatus 2100 described in connection with
In one embodiment, the Watermark Extraction Device 2210 (or a separate processor associated therewith (not shown)) may assess the validity of the extracted watermarks by multiplying each discrete symbol value by the likelihood measure corresponding to the symbol value to produce weighted watermark symbols. The weighted watermark symbols may be arranged in a pre-defined order to form a weighted watermark packet. The number of errors in the weighted watermark packet may be compared to a pre-determined reference value in order to assess the validity of the watermark.
Although the invention has been described in the context of various preferred embodiments, it should be appreciated that many different adaptations of the present invention may be made without departing from the scope of the invention. For example, the techniques describes in the present invention may be readily adapted to analog, digital, optical or acoustical domains. This includes, but not limited to, the utilization of optical and acoustical techniques for manipulating the signals of present invention. Additionally, the “signals” described in the context of present invention refer to any entity that can be manipulated to effect the various embodiments of the present invention, ranging from electrical, electromagnetic or acoustic signals to the signals produced by mechanical shaping of a surface. Furthermore, the signals of the present invention may be transmitted, displayed or broadcast or may be stored on a storage medium, such as an optical or magnetic disk, an electronic medium, a magnetic tape, an optical tape or a film.
This application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 15/012,675, filed on Feb. 1, 2016 which is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/733,716, filed on Jun. 8, 2015, now U.S. Pat. No. 9,251,322, which is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/880,139, filed on Jul. 19, 2007, now U.S. Pat. No. 9,055,239, which is a continuation-in-part of the following commonly-owned U.S. Patent Applications: application Ser. No. 11/501,668, filed on Aug. 8, 2006, now abandoned; application Ser. No. 11/410,961, filed on Apr. 24, 2006, now U.S. Pat. No. 7,369,677; application Ser. No. 11/115,990, filed on Apr. 26, 2005, now abandoned; application Ser. No. 11/116,137, filed on Apr. 26, 2005, now U.S. Pat. No. 7,616,776; application Ser. No. 10/681,953, filed on Oct. 8, 2003, now U.S. Pat. No. 7,788,684; and claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 60/833,911 filed on Jul. 28, 2006, the entireties of all of which are herein incorporated by reference.
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