Patent Grant
10145196
Field of the Invention
Embodiments of the present invention generally relate to signal operated tools for milling, drilling, and/or fishing operations.
Description of the Related Art
In wellbore construction and completion operations, a wellbore is initially formed to access hydrocarbon-bearing formations (i.e., crude oil and/or natural gas) by the use of drilling. Drilling is accomplished by utilizing a drill bit that is mounted on the end of a drill support member, commonly known as a drill string. To drill within the wellbore to a predetermined depth, the drill string is often rotated by a top drive or rotary table on a surface platform or rig, or by a downhole motor mounted towards the lower end of the drill string. After drilling to a predetermined depth, the drill string and drill bit are removed and a section of casing is lowered into the wellbore. An annulus is thus formed between the string of casing and the formation. The casing string is temporarily hung from the surface of the well. A cementing operation is then conducted in order to fill the annular area with cement. The casing string is cemented into the wellbore by circulating cement into the annulus defined between the outer wall of the casing and the borehole. The combination of cement and casing strengthens the wellbore and facilitates the isolation of certain areas of the formation behind the casing for the production of hydrocarbons.
Historically, oil field wells have been drilled as a vertical shaft to a subterranean producing zone forming a wellbore. The casing is perforated to allow production fluid to flow into the casing and up to the surface of the well. In recent years, oil field technology has increasingly used sidetracking or directional drilling to further exploit the resources of productive zones. In sidetracking, an exit, such as a slot or window, is cut in a steel cased wellbore typically using a mill, where drilling is continued through the exit at angles to the vertical wellbore. In directional drilling, a wellbore is cut in strata at an angle to the vertical shaft typically using a drill bit. The mill and the drill bit are rotary cutting tools having cutting blades or surfaces typically disposed about the tool periphery and in some models on the tool end.
Embodiments of the present invention generally relate to signal operated tools for milling, drilling, and/or fishing operations. In one embodiment, a mud motor for use in a wellbore includes: a stator; a rotor, the stator and rotor operable to rotate the rotor in response to fluid pumped between the rotor and the stator; and a lock. The lock is operable to: rotationally couple the rotor to the stator in a locked position, receive an instruction signal from the surface, release the rotor in an unlocked position, and actuate from the locked position to the unlocked position in response to receiving the instruction signal.
In another embodiment, a setting tool for setting an anchor includes a tubular housing having a port formed through a wall thereof; a piston disposed in the housing and operable to inject fluid through the port; and an actuator. The actuator is operable: to receive an instruction signal from the surface, and to drive the piston in response to receiving the instruction signal.
In another embodiment, a method of forming an opening in a wall of a wellbore includes deploying a drill string and a bottom hole assembly (BHA) into the wellbore. The BHA includes a bit, mud motor, an orientation sensor, a setting tool, a whipstock, and an anchor. The method further includes orienting the whipstock while injecting drilling fluid through the motor sufficient to operate the orientation sensor. The motor is in a locked position. The method further includes sending an instruction signal to the setting tool, thereby setting the anchor.
In another embodiment, a data sub for use in a wellbore includes a tubular housing having a bore formed therethrough; one or more sensors disposed in the housing; and a transmitter disposed in the housing and operable to transmit a measurement from the sensor to the surface.
In another embodiment, a method of transmitting data from a depth in a wellbore distal from the surface to the surface includes: measuring a parameter using a data sub interconnected in a tubular string disposed in the wellbore. The data sub is at the distal depth. The method further includes transmitting the measurement from the data sub to a repeater sub interconnected in the tubular string. The repeater sub is at a depth between the distal depth and the surface. The method further includes retransmitting the measurement from the repeater sub to the surface.
In another embodiment, a jar for use in a wellbore includes: a tubular mandrel; a tubular housing; a fluid chamber formed between the housing and the mandrel; a piston operable to increase pressure in the chamber in response to longitudinal displacement of the mandrel relative to the housing; a valve operable to open the chamber in response to a predetermined longitudinal displacement of the mandrel relative to the housing; and a lock. The lock is operable to: longitudinally couple the mandrel to the housing in a locked position, receive an instruction signal from the surface, release the mandrel in an unlocked position, and actuate from the locked position to the unlocked position in response to receiving the instruction signal.
In another embodiment, a jar for use in a wellbore includes: a tubular mandrel; a tubular housing; and a valve. The valve is: longitudinally coupled to the mandrel, operable to at least substantially restrict fluid flow through the jar in a closed position, thereby exerting tension on the mandrel, and operable to open in response to a predetermined longitudinal displacement of the mandrel relative to the housing. The jar further includes a lock operable to: longitudinally couple the mandrel to the housing in a locked position, receive an instruction signal from the surface, release the mandrel in an unlocked position, and actuate from the locked position to the unlocked position in response to receiving the instruction signal.
In another embodiment, a fishing tool for engaging a tubular stuck in a wellbore includes: a tubular housing having an inclined surface; a grapple having an inclined surface longitudinally movable along the inclined surface of the housing, thereby radially moving the grapple between a retracted position and an engaged position; and an actuator. The actuator is operable to: longitudinally restrain the grapple in the released position, receive an instruction signal from the surface, and longitudinally move the grapple from the released position to the engaged position in response to receiving the instruction signal.
In another embodiment, a method of freeing a fish stuck in a wellbore includes deploying a fishing assembly into the wellbore. The fishing assembly includes a workstring, a jar, and a fishing tool, and the jar is in a locked position. The method further includes engaging the fishing tool with the fish; sending an instruction signal from the surface to the fishing tool, thereby engaging a grapple of the fishing tool with the fish; sending a second instruction signal from the surface to the jar, thereby unlocking the jar; and firing the jar, thereby exerting an impact on the fish.
In another embodiment, a disconnect tool for use in a string of tubulars includes: a tubular mandrel; a tubular housing; a latch longitudinally coupling the housing and the mandrel; a lock operable to engage the latch in a locked position and disengage from the latch in a released position; and an actuator. The actuator is operable to: receive an instruction signal from the surface, and move the lock to the released position in response to receiving the instruction signal.
In another embodiment, a disconnect tool for use in a string of tubulars includes: a tubular mandrel; a tubular housing; a latch operable to longitudinally couple the housing and the mandrel in an engaged position. The latch is fluidly operable to a disengaged position. The disconnect further includes a valve operable to: receive an instruction signal from the surface, and open in response to receiving the instruction signal, thereby providing fluid communication between a bore of the housing and the latch.
In another embodiment, a disconnect tool for use in a string of tubulars includes: a tubular mandrel having a threaded inner surface; a tubular housing having a plurality of openings formed radially through a wall thereof; an arcuate dog disposed in each opening, each dog having an inclined inner surface and portion of a thread corresponding to the mandrel thread and radially movable between an engaged position and a disengaged position. The thread portion engages the mandrel thread in the engaged position, thereby longitudinally and rotationally coupling the housing and the mandrel. The disconnect further includes a tubular sleeve having an inclined outer surface operable to engage with the inclined inner surface of each dog.
In another embodiment, a method of drilling a wellbore includes: deploying a drilling assembly in the wellbore. The drilling assembly includes a drill string, a disconnect tool, and a drill bit. The method further includes injecting drilling fluid through the drilling assembly and rotating the bit, thereby drilling the wellbore. The method further includes sending an instruction signal from the surface, thereby operating the disconnect tool and releasing the drill bit from the drill string.
In another embodiment, a drilling assembly includes a tubular drill string; a drill bit longitudinally coupled to an end of the drill string; and a plurality of data subs interconnected with the drill string. Each data sub includes a strain gage oriented to measure torque or longitudinal load; and a transmitter.
In another embodiment, a method of determining a freepoint of a drilling assembly stuck in a wellbore, the drilling assembly including a drill string and a plurality of data subs interconnected with the drill string. The method includes: exerting a torque and/or tension on the stuck drilling assembly from the surface; measuring a response of the drilling assembly to the torque and/or tension using the data subs; transmitting the measured response from the data subs to the surface; and determining a freepoint of the drilling assembly using the transmitted response.
In another embodiment, a cutter for use in a wellbore includes: a tubular housing having one or more openings formed through a wall thereof; one or more blades, each blade pivoted to the housing and rotatable relative thereto between an extended position and a retracted position. Each blade extends through the opening in the extended position. The cutter further includes a piston operable to move the blades to the extended position in response to injection of fluid therethrough; and a stop. The stop is operable: receive a position signal from the surface, and move to a set position in response to the signal.
In another embodiment, a cutter for use in a wellbore includes: a tubular housing having a one or more openings formed through a wall thereof; one or more blades, each blade pivoted to the housing and rotatable relative thereto between an extended position and a retracted position. Each blade extends through a respective opening in the extended position. The cutter further includes a mandrel operable to move the blades to the extended position; and an actuator. The actuator is operable to: receive a position signal from the surface, and move the mandrel to a set position in response to the position signal, thereby at least partially extending the blades.
In another embodiment, a method of cutting or milling a tubular cemented to the wellbore includes deploying a cutting assembly into the wellbore. The cutting assembly includes a workstring and a cutter. The method further includes sending an instruction signal to the cutter, thereby extending one or more blades of the cutter; and rotating the cutter, thereby milling or cutting the tubular.
So that the manner in which the above recited features of the present invention can be understood in detail, a more particular description of the invention, briefly summarized above, may be had by reference to embodiments, some of which are illustrated in the appended drawings. It is to be noted, however, that the appended drawings illustrate only typical embodiments of this invention and are therefore not to be considered limiting of its scope, for the invention may admit to other equally effective embodiments.
The BHA 100 may be longitudinally and rotationally coupled to the coiled tubing 15, such as with a threaded or flanged connection. Various components can be coupled to the coiled tubing 15 as described below beginning at the lower end of the arrangement. The BHA 100 may include an orienter 34, a measurement while drilling tool (MWD) 32, a mud motor 48, a stabilizer 28, a setting tool 250, a spacer mill 26, and a lead mill 22, a whipstock 20, and an anchor 38. Each of the BHA components longitudinally and rotationally coupled, such as with a threaded or flanged connection.
The anchor 38 may be a bridge plug or packer and may be selectively expanded by operation of the setting tool 250. The whipstock 20 may include an elongated tapered surface that guides the bit 22, outwardly toward casing 14. The whipstock 20 may be longitudinally and rotationally coupled to the lead mill 22 by one or more frangible members, such as shear screws 24. The spacer mill 26 may be operable to further define the hole or exit created by the lead mill. Alternatively, a hybrid mill/drill bit capable of milling an exit and continuing to drill into the formation may be used instead of the lead mill. An exemplary hybrid bit is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,887,668 and is incorporated by reference herein. The stabilizer 28 may have extensions protruding from the exterior surface to assist in concentrically retaining the BHA 100 and in the wellbore 10. The motor 48 may be operated by injection of drilling fluid, such as mud, therethrough to rotate the mills 22, 26 while the coiled tubing 15 remains relatively rotationally stationary.
As discussed below, the motor 48 may be selectively operable. The MWD 32 also be operated by the injection of drilling mud therethrough to provide feedback to equipment located at the surface 11, such as by pulsing the flow of the mud. The orienter 34 may be operable to incrementally angular rotate the whipstock 20 in a certain direction. The orienter 34 may be operated by starting injection of drilling mud therethrough and stopping mud injection after a predetermined increment of time. Each pulse of mud indexes the orienter a predetermined increment, such as 15-30 degrees. Thus, the orienter 34 can rotate the arrangement containing the whipstock to a desired orientation within the wellbore, while the position measuring member 32 provides feedback to determine the orientation. Alternatively, if drill pipe is used instead of coiled tubing, the whipstock may be oriented by rotating the drill string or using the orienter, thereby making the orienter optional.
The motor 48 allows flow without substantial rotation at a first flow rate and/or pressure to allow sufficient flow through the orienter 34 and the position measuring member 32 without actuation of the motor. The flow in the tubing member through the orienter, position measuring member and motor is then exhausted through ports in the end mill and flows outwardly and then upwardly through the wellbore 10 back to the surface 11. Flow through or around the motor 48 allows the reduction of at least one trip in setting the anchor 18 and starting to drill the exit in the wellbore 10.
The stator 60 may include a housing and an elastomeric member molded thereto. An outer surface of the rotor 62 may form a plurality of lobes extending helically along the rotor. An inner surface of the stator may form a plurality of lobes extending helically along the stator. The number of stator lobes may be one more than the number of rotor lobes. The stator may be conventional or even-walled. A conventional stator may have the lobes formed by the elastomeric member and an even-walled stator may have the lobes formed by the housing and the elastomeric member, resulting in a thinner elastomeric member than the conventional stator. Fluid flowing from the inlet through the power section may drive the rotor to rotate and precess, thereby forming a progressive cavity that progresses from the inlet to the outlet as the rotor rotates.
An annulus 70 downstream of the outlet 68 is created between the inner wall of the motor 48 and various components disposed therein, which provide a flow path for the fluid exiting the outlet 68. A transfer port 72 is fluidly coupled from the annulus 70 to a hole 74 disposed in the output shaft 54 and then to the output 56. A restrictive port 75 can be formed between the hollow cavity 64 and the annulus 70 to fluidly couple the hollow cavity 64 to the annulus 70.
Because the rotor precesses within the stator, an articulating shaft 76 may be disposed between the rotor 62 and the output shaft 54, so that the output shaft 54 can rotate circumferentially within the motor 48. The articulating shaft 76 can include one or more knuckle joints 78 that allow the rotor to precess within the stator with the necessary degrees of freedom. A bearing 80 can be disposed on an upper end of an output shaft 54 and a lower bearing assembly 82 can be disposed on a lower end of an output shaft 54. One or more seals, such as seals 84, 86, assist in sealing fluid from leaking through various joints in the downhole motor 48.
As discussed above, the motor 48 may be selectively operated. The motor 48 may further include a lock 200 disposed in a chamber formed in the top sub 52. The chamber may be sealed (not shown) from the wellbore and a bore of the top sub 52. The lock 200 may include a key 90, a shaft 91, and an actuator, such as a solenoid 92. The key 90 and shaft 91 may be rotationally coupled to the top sub 52. A stem 94 may be longitudinally and rotationally coupled to the rotor 62, such as by a threaded connection. The lock 200 may be operable between a locked position and an unlocked position. The key 90 may be received by a keyway formed through a head of the stem. Engagement of the key 90 with the keyway may rotationally couple the rotor 62 to the top sub 52, thereby preventing operation of the motor 48. A valve, such as a flapper 93, may be longitudinally coupled to the stem 94. The flapper 93 may be biased toward a closed position, such as by a torsion spring, where the flapper 93 may cover a top of the bypass 64, thereby preventing fluid flow from the top sub bore into the bypass. The flapper 93 may be held in the open position by engagement of the key 90 with an arm rotationally coupled to the flapper 93. Disengagement of the key 90 from the keyway may release the rotor 62 and the flapper 93, thereby allowing the motor 48 to operate and sealing the bypass 64.
Alternatively, the flapper and the bypass may be omitted. In this alternative, leakage through the mud motor may supply the necessary fluid flow to allow operation of the orienter 34 and the MWD tool 32.
The RFID electronics package 300 may include a receiver 302, an amplifier 304, a filter and detector 306, a transceiver 308, a microprocessor 310, a pressure sensor 312, battery pack 314, a transmitter 316, an RF switch 318, a pressure switch 320, and an RF field generator 322. If the active RFID tag 350a is used, the components 316-322 may be omitted.
If a passive tag 350p is used, once the motor lock 200 is deployed to a sufficient depth in the wellbore, the pressure switch 320 may close. The pressure switch 320 may remain open at the surface to prevent the electronics package 300 from becoming an ignition source. The microprocessor may also detect deployment in the wellbore using pressure sensor 312. The microprocessor 310 may delay activation of the transmitter for a predetermined period of time to conserve the battery pack 314. The microprocessor may then begin transmitting a signal and listening for a response. Once the tag 350p is deployed into proximity of the transmitter 316, the passive tag 350p may receive the signal, convert the signal to electricity, and transmit a response signal. The electronics package 300 may receive the response signal, amplify, filter, demodulate, and analyze the signal. If the signal matches a predetermined instruction signal, then the microprocessor 310 may activate the motor lock 200.
If the active tag 350a is used, then the tag 350a may include its own battery, pressure switch, and timer so that the tag 350a may perform the function of the components 316-322.
Further, either of the tags 350a,p may include a memory unit (not shown) so that the microprocessor may send a signal to the tag and the tag may record the signal. The signal may then be read at the surface 11. The signal may be confirmation that a previous action was carried out or a measurement by a sensor, such as pressure, temperature, torque, and/or longitudinal load.
Alternatively, instead of RFID, the electronics package 300 may be configured to receive mud pulses from the surface. Alternatively, instead of RFID, the electronics package may include an electromagnetic (EM) receiver or transceiver (not shown) or an acoustic receiver or transceiver. An EM telemetry system is discussed in U.S. Pat. No. 6,736,210, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety.
Returning to
The motor lock 200 may further include a position sensor 95, such as a coil of wire wound around an inner surface of the solenoid 92. The position sensor 95 may be operable to detect a position of the shaft 91 to determine if the key has seated or unseated in to/from the keyway. The coil 95 may determine the position of the shaft 91 via electromagnetic communication with the shaft. Alternatively, a proximity switch may be used instead of the position sensor 95. The position sensor 95 may be in communication with the microprocessor 310 so that the microprocessor may monitor the position of the shaft 91, thereby knowing when to cease supplying electricity to the solenoid. The lock 200 may further include a mechanical latch (not shown) to retain the shaft and key in the unlocked position. For the limit switch alternative, the limit switch may be incorporated into the mechanical latch. When actuating the key between the positions, the microprocessor may utilize the position sensor 95 to conserve battery life by supplying electricity at a first power level to the solenoid to determine if the shaft moves. If the shaft does not move, the microprocessor may then supply electricity to the solenoid at a second increased power level and so on until the shaft moves. Further, once the instruction signal has been sent, the surface may send a second tag including a memory unit that requests a status report from the microprocessor, such as confirmation that the motor has been successfully unlocked, what power level was required to unlock the motor, an error log if the motor was not successfully unlocked, and/or a charge level of the battery. The microprocessor may encode the requested data to the tag using the transmitter 316. The tag may return to surface via an annulus formed between the drill string and the casing.
The rod 285 may be longitudinally coupled to the cylinder 275, such as by a threaded connection. The rod 285 may be longitudinally restrained by a trigger 265. The actuator 260 may include a solenoid for radially moving the trigger 265. The actuator 260 may be longitudinally coupled to the sleeve 290. In operation, when it is desired to set the anchor 38, one of the tags 350a,p may be dropped or pumped through a bore of the housing 255 and the sleeve 290. The electronics package 300 may detect an instruction signal from the tag 350a,p. The microprocessor 310 may then supply electricity to the actuator 260, thereby radially moving the trigger 265 outward and releasing the rod. The spring 280 may then push the piston 270 and the rod 285 toward the lower end of the cylinder 275, thereby driving the anchor piston via the hydraulic fluid.
Alternatively, a pump may replace the piston and cylinder. Alternatively, instead of a spring, an upper end of the piston may be exposed to wellbore pressure or a pressurized gas chamber, such as nitrogen.
Alternatively, the motor 48 may be used as a backup motor to a primary drilling motor in a drill string. The motor 48 may remain locked if and until the primary motor fails. A tag 350a,p may then be dropped unlocking the motor 48 and drilling may be continued without tripping the drill string to replace the primary motor. Alternatively, the motor 48 may be disposed in a directional drill string including a bit motor, a drill bit, and a bent sub. The bit motor may rotate the drill bit and the motor 48 may selectively rotate the bent sub, the drill bit, and the bit motor to switch between rotary and slide drilling.
Alternatively, the motor lock 200 may be used with a conventionally set anchor 38. Alternatively, the setting tool 250 may be used with a conventional mud motor and an alternative MWD tool which utilizes electromagnetic telemetry to communicate to the surface. Alternatively, the setting tool 250 may be used with a shear-pin locked motor or a motor with a choked bypass and the mud operated MWD tool 32.
Additionally, the fishing assembly may include an overpull generator (not shown). Such a generator is discussed and illustrated in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/023,864, filed Jan. 31, 2008, which is herein incorporated by reference in its entirety. The overpull generator may be operable to create a force which is used by the other components in the fishing assembly 500 to dislodge the fish 525. The energy may be generated by moving a piston rod of the overpull generator between an extended position and a retracted position. The overpull generator may include a plurality of pistons that activate due to a pressure drop caused by a flow restriction through the overpull generator.
The adapters 551,556 may each be tubular and have a threaded coupling formed at a longitudinal end thereof for connection with other components of the fishing assembly 500. The housing 553 may be disposed between the upper adapter 551 and the PT sub 554. The PT sub 554 may be longitudinally and rotationally coupled to the cover 552, such as with fasteners (not shown) and sealed, such as with one or more o-rings. The cover 552 may be longitudinally and rotationally coupled to the upper adapter 551, such as with fasteners (not shown) and sealed, such as with one or more o-rings. The torque sub 555 may be longitudinally and rotationally coupled to the PT sub 554 with a threaded connection. The lower adapter 556 may be longitudinally and rotationally coupled to the torque sub 555 with a threaded connection.
The PT sub 554 may include a temperature sensor 560t and a pressure sensor 560p. The pressure sensor 560p may be in fluid communication with a bore of the PT sub 554 via a first port and in fluid communication with the wellbore 501 via a second port. The sensors 560p,t may be in data communication with the microprocessor 310 by engagement of contacts formed at a bottom of the housing with corresponding contacts formed at a top of the PT sub 554. The sensors 560p,t may also receive electricity via the contacts.
The torque sub 555 may include one or more sensors, such as strain gages 565a,b bonded to an inner surface thereof. The strain gage 565a may be oriented to measure longitudinal strain and the strain gage 565b may be oriented to measure torsional strain. The strain gages 565a,b may be in data and electrical communication with the microprocessor via contacts (not shown) or one or more wires (not shown) extending through the PT sub 554. The torque sub 555 may further include one or more accelerometers for measuring shock and/or vibration. Alternatively (discussed below) the data sub 550 may be disposed in a drilling assembly and the data sub may include one or more gyroscopes for measuring orientation of a drill bit. Additionally, the data sub may include a camera (i.e., optical or infrared) for recording downhole video. Additionally, the data sub 550 may include a rotation sensor for measuring rotation and/or rotational velocity of the data sub. Additionally, the data sub 550 may include a circulation valve and an actuator operable by the microprocessor.
The mud pulser 557 may be disposed between PT sub 554 and the torque sub 555. The mud pulser 557 may be in electrical and data communication with the microprocessor 310 via contacts or wires (not shown) extending through the PT sub 554. The mud pulser 557 may include a valve (not shown) and an actuator for variably restricting flow through the pulser, thereby creating pressure pulses in drilling fluid pumped through the mud pulser. The mud pulses may be detected at the surface, thereby communicating data from the microprocessor to the surface. The mud pulses may be positive, negative, or sinusoidal.
Alternatively, an electromagnetic (EM) gap sub may be used instead of the mud pulser, thereby allowing data to be transmitted to the surface using EM waves. Alternatively, an RFID tag launcher may be used instead of the mud pulser. The tag launcher may include one or more RFID tags. The microprocessor 310 may then encode the tags with data and the launcher may release the tags to the surface. Alternatively, an acoustic transmitter may be used instead of the mud pulser. Alternatively, and as discussed above, instead of the mud pulser RFID tags may be periodically pumped through the data sub and the microprocessor may send the data to the tag. The tag may then return to the surface via an annulus formed between the workstring and the wellbore. The data from the tag may then be retrieved at the surface. Alternatively, and as discussed above, instruction signals may be sent to the electronics package using mud pulses, EM waves, or acoustic signals instead of RFID tags. Alternatively, the fishing assembly may be wired so that communication from the surface to the data sub and vice versa may use the wire. Additionally, the data sub may be used with any of the tools disclosed herein.
In operation, when it is desired to activate the data sub 550, an RFID tag 350a,p may be pumped/dropped through the workstring 505 to the antenna 302, thereby conveying an instruction signal from the surface. The tag 350a,p may also be used to operate the jar 600 and/or overshot 800 (discussed below). The microprocessor 310 may then begin recording data from the PT sub 554 and the torque sub 555 and transmitting the data to the surface using the mud pulser 557. The surface operator may then receive real-time data during the fishing operation. Alternatively, the electronics package 300 may include a memory unit (not shown) and the microprocessor 310 may record data before the instruction signal is sent and begin transmitting data after the instruction is sent. Alternatively, the microprocessor 310 may filter the data and transmit only certain measurements, i.e., maximums, to conserve bandwidth.
Instead of or in addition to receiving an instruction signal from the surface, the microprocessor 310 may be programmed to wait for and detect a trigger event before transmitting data. For example, the trigger event may be a tensile load that surpasses a predetermined value. Another example of a trigger event is an increase in pressure, or several increases in pressure that prescribe to a specified pattern. This pattern may be interpolated by the microprocessor to process a different set of data, start or stop recording/transmitting, or perform a specified action.
For deeper wells, the fishing assembly 500 may further include a signal repeater (not shown) to prevent attenuation of the transmitted mud pulse. The repeater may detect the mud pulse transmitted from the mud pulser 557 and include its own mud pulser for repeating the signal. As many repeaters may be disposed along the workstring as necessary to transmit the data to the surface, i.e., one repeater every five thousand feet. These repeaters may be adapted to perform dual functions and in one embodiment may be stabilizers on the workstring (see
Alternatively, multiple subs may be deployed in a workstring or drill string. An RFID tag including a memory unit may be dropped/pumped through the data subs and record the data from the data subs until the tag reaches a bottom of the data subs. The tag may then transmit the data from the upper subs to the bottom sub and then the bottom sub may transmit all of the data to the surface.
The mandrel 605 and the housing 610 may each be tubular and each have a threaded coupling formed at a longitudinal end thereof for connection with other components of the fishing assembly 500. To facilitate manufacture and assembly, each of the mandrel 605 and housing 610 may include a plurality of longitudinal sections, each section longitudinally and rotationally coupled, such as by threaded connections, and sealed, such as by O-rings. The mandrel 605 and the housing 610 may be rotationally coupled by engagement of longitudinal splines 605s, 610s formed along an outer surface of the mandrel and an inner surface of the housing. The housing 610 and the mandrel 605 may be longitudinally coupled in a locked position by closure of a valve in the piston 650 (discussed below). In an unlocked position, the housing 610 and the mandrel 605 may be longitudinally movable relative to each other until upwardly stopped by engagement of the hammer 607 and an anvil 610a formed by a bottom of one of the housing sections and downwardly stopped by engagement of the hammer with a shoulder 610b formed in an inner surface of the housing. A seal assembly 617a may be disposed between the housing 610 and the mandrel 605 to isolate a reservoir chamber radially formed between the housing 610 and the mandrel 605 and between the sleeves 620a,b and the mandrel and longitudinally formed between the seal assembly 617a and the balance piston 635.
The hammer 607 may be longitudinally coupled to the mandrel by a threaded connection and one or more fasteners, such as set screws. The mandrel 605 may be received by a bore formed through the housing 610. The sleeves 620a,b may be disposed between the housing 610 and the mandrel 605. A seal assembly 617b may be disposed between the upper sleeve 620a and the housing 610 to isolate a compression chamber formed radially between the upper sleeve and the housing and longitudinally between the seal assembly 617b and the piston 650. The compression and reservoir chambers may be filled with a hydraulic fluid, such as oil. A top of the upper sleeve 620a may abut one or more protrusions 605a (not cut in this cross section) formed on an outer surface of the mandrel 605, thereby stopping upward longitudinal movement of the upper sleeve 620a relative to the mandrel.
A shoulder may be formed in a lower portion of the upper sleeve 620a. The shoulder may have a tapered surface for engaging a corresponding tapered surface formed in an inner surface of the traveling valve 625, thereby forming a metal-to-metal seal 621. The seal 621 may radially isolate the compression chamber from the reservoir chamber. The lower sleeve 620b may longitudinally float between an upper stop formed by abutment of a top of the lower sleeve and a bottom of the upper sleeve 620a and a lower stop formed by abutment of a bottom of the lower sleeve and a top of one of the mandrel sections. An inner surface of the lower sleeve 620b may form a shoulder 622.
The piston 650 may include a body 651, one or more chokes 652, one or more actuators 653, and the electronics package 300. The body 651 may be annular and include one or more flow ports 655 formed longitudinally therethrough. A choke 652 and an actuator 653 may be disposed in each flow port 655. The body 651 may further house one or more batteries 314 and the components 304-312 may be molded in a recess formed in an outer surface of the body 651. The antenna 302 may be molded into an inner surface of the body 651. Seals, such as o-rings, may be disposed between the piston 650 and the housing and between the piston 650 and the lower sleeve. The piston 650 may rest against a shoulder 610d formed by a top of one of the housing segments. The spring 630 may be longitudinally disposed between the piston 650 and the traveling valve 625, thereby biasing the piston and the traveling valve longitudinally away from each other. A filter 645 may be disposed between the piston 650 and the spring 630 to keep particulates out of the ports 655. The actuator 653 may be a solenoid operated valve, such as a check valve, operable between a closed position where the valve functions as a check valve oriented to prevent flow from the compression chamber to the reservoir chamber (downward flow) and allow reverse flow therethrough, thereby fluidly locking the jar 600 and an open position where the valve allows flow through the respective port 655 (in either direction). Alternatively, a solenoid operate shutoff valve may be used instead of the check valve.
In operation, the jar 600 may be run-in as part of the fishing assembly 500 in a locked position so as to prevent unintentional operation or firing of the jar until the jar is ready to be operated (i.e., after the overshot has engaged the fish). An RFID tag 350a,p may be pumped/dropped through the workstring 505 to deliver an instruction signal to the microprocessor 310. The microprocessor 310 may then supply electricity to the actuator 653, thereby opening the check valve and unlocking the jar 600. Tension may be exerted from the surface on the mandrel 605 via the workstring, thereby moving the mandrel 605 longitudinally upward relative to the housing 610. The mandrel 605 may carry lower sleeve 620a upward causing the lower sleeve shoulder 622 to engage a bottom of the piston 650 and carrying the piston upward. The traveling valve 625 may also be carried upward by the spring 630. A top of the lower sleeve 620b also engages a top of the upper sleeve 620a, thereby carrying the upper sleeve upward.
Upward movement of the piston 650 forces oil in the compression chamber through the chokes 652 in the ports 655, thereby damping movement of the piston, increasing pressure in the compression chamber, and storing energy in the drill collars 515 in the form of elastic elongation or stretch. Increased pressure in the compression chamber may act on the upper sleeve shoulder, thereby causing the upper sleeve shoulder to act as a piston pushing the upper sleeve downward into tight engagement with the traveling valve 625. The energy storage continues until a top of the traveling valve 625 engages a shoulder 610c formed in an inner surface of the housing 610, thereby stopping upward movement of the traveling valve 625. Upward movement of the mandrel and sleeves may continue, thereby unseating the upper sleeve from the traveling valve and opening the metal to metal seal 621.
Opening of the seal 621 allows fluid flow from the compression chamber to the reservoir chamber, thereby releasing fluid pressure from the compression chamber and bypassing the choked ports 655. The free flow of fluid also releases the elastic energy built up in the drill collars 515, thereby causing the hammer 607 to rapidly accelerate toward and strike the anvil 610a and deliver a violent impact or jar to the fish 525. Operation of the jar 600 may be repeated until the fish is freed. Once the fish is freed, a second RFID tag may be dropped/pumped to the piston 650 instructing the piston to re-lock the jar 600 so that the fishing assembly 500 and fish 525 may be retrieved to the surface.
Alternatively, the jar may be disposed in the workstring upside down to deliver a downward blow. Additionally, a second jar may be disposed in the workstring upside down. Alternatively, the jar may be operable to fire in a downward direction in addition to the upward direction. Alternatively, the jar may be disposed in a drill string for freeing the drill string should the drill string become stuck during drilling.
The mandrel 705 and the housing 710 may each be tubular and each have a threaded coupling formed at a longitudinal end thereof for connection with other components of the fishing assembly 500. To facilitate manufacture and assembly, the housing 710 may include a plurality of longitudinal sections, each section longitudinally and rotationally coupled, such as by threaded connections, and sealed, such as by O-rings. The mandrel 705 and the housing 710 may be rotationally coupled by engagement of longitudinal splines 705s, 710s formed along an outer surface of the mandrel and an inner surface of the housing. The housing 710 and the mandrel 705 may be longitudinally coupled in a locked position by the latch 750 (discussed below). In an unlocked position, the housing 710 and the mandrel 705 may be longitudinally movable relative to each other until upwardly stopped by engagement with the hammer 707 and an anvil 710a formed by a bottom of one of the housing sections. A seal assembly 717 may be disposed between the housing and the mandrel to isolate a pressure chamber formed by the mandrel bore and the traveling valve 725.
The traveling valve 725 may include a body 726, a ball 727, a stem 728, a collar 729, a slider 730, a sleeve 731, a seat 732, a cage 733, a cover 734, a slider spring 735, a collar spring 736, and a stem spring 737. In operation, when the jar 700 is unlocked (discussed below), the mandrel 705 may be moved longitudinally upward relative to the housing 710 until the hammer 707 is proximate to the anvil 710a. The slider 730 may be moved from a shoulder 710b formed by a top of one of the housing sections. Drilling fluid, such as mud, may be pumped through the mandrel bore and into the traveling valve 725. Fluid pressure then pushes the ball 727 against the seat 732, thereby forming a piston. The fluid pressure then increases, thereby elastically elongating the mandrel 705 and the drill collars 515 and moving the slider 730 toward the shoulder 710b. When the slider 730 contacts the shoulder, continued movement pushes the stem 728 against the ball 727 until the force is sufficient to overcome the fluid force pushing the ball against the seat 732. Unseating of the ball 727 releases the fluid pressure in the pressure chamber through a port (not shown) formed in the seat and the elastic energy stored in the drill collars 515, thereby causing the hammer 707 to strike the anvil 710a and resetting the jar 700. Actuation of the jar 700 may then cyclically repeat as long as injection of the drilling fluid is maintained.
To move the lock to the unlocked position, thereby freeing the jar 700 for operation, a tag 350a,p may be pumped/dropped through the workstring 505 to the antenna 302, thereby conveying an instruction signal from the surface. The microprocessor 310 may then supply electricity from the battery 314 to the motor 752. The motor 752 may then rotate a nut (not shown) engaged with the threaded piston 757, thereby longitudinally moving the threaded piston in the cylinder 759 and forcing hydraulic fluid through the ports and to the actuating piston 754. The fluid may push an inclined surface of the actuating piston 754 into engagement with a corresponding inclined surface of the lock 755, thereby radially pushing the lock into the groove against the spring 753 and disengaging the lock lip from the housing lip. Disengagement of the lock 755 from the housing 710 frees the jar for operation. Once the fish 525 is freed, an additional tag 350a,p may be pumped/dropped to the antenna 302 and the process reversed.
As discussed above with reference to the motor lock 200, the latch 750 may further include a position sensor 760 disposed along an inner surface of the mandrel 705 and in electromagnetic communication with the threaded piston 757. Additionally or alternatively, a position sensor may be in electromagnetic communication with the actuating piston 754 and/or the lock 755. Additionally, any of the actuators 660, 670 may include a position sensor (not shown). Alternatively, the microprocessor for any of the jars discussed above may encode a status report to an RFID tag including a memory unit which may then communicate the status report to the data sub to transmit the report to the surface.
The housing 805 may be tubular and have a threaded coupling formed at a longitudinal end thereof for connection with other components of the fishing assembly 500. To facilitate manufacture and assembly, the housing 805 may include a plurality of longitudinal sections, each section longitudinally and rotationally coupled, such as by threaded connections. An inner surface of the housing 805 may taper and form a shoulder 805s. A lower portion of the housing 805 below the shoulder may receive an upper portion of the fish 825 so that a top of the fish 825 engages the shoulder 805s. An inner surface of the body may form a profile 805p. The profile 805p may include a series of ramps. The ramps may engage with a profiled 810p outer surface of the grapple 810 so that the grapple is longitudinally movable relative to the housing 805 between a radially set position and a released position. To allow radial movement, the grapple 810 may be slotted. An inner surface of the grapple 810 may form wickers or teeth 810w for engaging an outer surface of the fish 525, thereby longitudinally coupling the fish 525 to the housing 805. Once the wickers 810w engage the outer surface of the fish 525, the workstring 505 may be pulled from the surface, thereby causing the grapple ramps 810p to further move longitudinally downward relative to the housing ramps 805p and radially pushing the wickers 810w further into engagement with an outer surface of the fish 525.
The actuator 825 may move the grapple between the set position and released position. The actuator 825 may include the electronics package 300, one or more electric motors 830, and one or more rods 835. The rods 835 may each be longitudinally coupled to the grapple 810, such as by a threaded connection. The rods 835 may each include a threaded end received by a respective motor 830. Each motor 830 may include a nut (not shown) receiving the rods and a lock (not shown) to prevent movement of the rods when the motor is not operating. Rotation of the nut by each motor 830 moves the rods 835 longitudinally, thereby moving the grapple 810 longitudinally. Alternatively, the actuator 825 may be used in a spear.
As discussed above in relation to the motor lock 200, the actuator 825 may further include a position sensor 832. The position sensor 832 may be disposed along an inner surface of the housing 805 and in electromagnetic communication with each of the rods 835. The position sensor 832 may be in communication with the microprocessor.
In operation, the overshot is run-in in the released position until a top of the fish 525 engages the shoulder 805s. A tag 350a,p may be pumped/dropped through the workstring 505 to the antenna 302, thereby conveying an instruction signal from the surface. The microprocessor 310 may then supply electricity from the battery 314 to the motors 830. Supplying electricity to the motors may unlock the motors (i.e., a solenoid lock). The motors 830 may then rotate respective nuts engaged with the rods 835, thereby longitudinally moving the grapple 810 downward relative to the housing 805 until the wickers 810w engage an outer surface of the fish 525. The motors 830 may then be deactivated, thereby reengaging the locks. The workstring 505 may then be pulled upward further engaging the wickers 810w and the fish 525. The jar 600 may then be operated to free the fish 525. If the fish 525 is freed, the fish 525 may then be retrieved from the wellbore 501 to the surface. The drill string may then be redeployed and drilling may then continue. If the fish 525 cannot be freed, the workstring 505 may be lowered to relieve tension between the overshot 800 and the fish 525. A second RFID tag 350a,p may be pumped/dropped through the workstring 505, thereby conveying an instruction signal to release the fish 525. The actuation may then be reversed, thereby disengaging the grapple 810 from the fish 525.
The latch may be a collet 1015 or dogs (not shown). The collet 1015 may be longitudinally coupled to the housing 1005, such as by a threaded connection. The collet 1015 may include a plurality of slotted fingers 1015f, each finger including a profile for engaging a corresponding profile 1010p formed in an outer surface of the mandrel. The fingers 1015f may move radially to engage or disengage the profile 1010p. In the locked position, the fingers 1015f may be prevented from moving radially by engagement with a piston 1030, thereby longitudinally coupling the housing 1005 and the mandrel 1010. The seal assembly 1020 may be longitudinally coupled to the mandrel 1010. In the locked position, the seal assembly 1020 may engage an inner surface of the housing, thereby isolating a bore of the disconnect from the wellbore 901.
The actuator 1025 may include the electronics package 300, an electric pump 1026, flow passages 1027, a spring 1028, the cover 1029, the piston 1030, and the body 1031. The electronics package 300 may be housed by the body 1031. The spring 1028 may be disposed in a first chamber between a top of the piston 1030 and the housing 1005, thereby longitudinally biasing the piston 1030 toward the locked position. The first chamber may be in fluid communication with the wellbore 901 via one or more ports 1005p formed through the housing 1005. A second chamber may be formed between a shoulder of the piston 1030 and the housing 1005. The second chamber may be in fluid communication with the pump 1026 via a first of the passages 1027 and the pump may be in fluid communication with the first chamber via a second of the passages.
In operation, when it desired to release the mandrel 1010 and the rest of the BHA 920 from the housing 1005 and the drill string 940, the bit 930 may be set on the bottom of the wellbore 901. A tag 350a,p may be pumped/dropped through the drill string 940 to the antenna 302, thereby conveying an instruction signal from the surface. The microprocessor 310 may then supply electricity from the battery 314 to the pump 1026. The pump 1026 may intake drilling fluid 970 from the wellbore 901 from the first chamber and supply pressurized fluid to the second chamber, thereby forcing the piston 1030 against the spring 1028 and disengaging a lower end of the piston from the collet fingers 1015f. The drill string 940 may then be raised from the surface, thereby pulling the housing 1005 from the mandrel 1010 and forcing the collet fingers 1015f to disengage from the mandrel profile 1010p. To re-connect the housing 1005 and the mandrel 1010, the housing 1005 may be lowered until the fingers re-engage the profile. A second RFID tag 350a,p may be pumped/dropped through the drill string, thereby conveying an instruction signal to re-engage the piston and the collet. The pump may be reversed, thereby pumping fluid from the second chamber to the first chamber and allowing the spring to return the piston to the locked position.
The disconnect 1000 may be operated in the event that the BHA 920 becomes stuck in the wellbore 901, thereby becoming the fish 525. The disconnect 1000 may then be operated to release the BHA/fish and the drill string 940 removed from the wellbore so that the fishing assembly 500 may be deployed. Alternatively, multiple disconnects may be disposed along the drill string. Should the drilling assembly become stuck, the freepoint may be estimated or measured and the disconnect closest to (above) the freepoint may be selectively operated by an RFID tag (uniquely coded for the particular disconnect) and the free portion of the drill string may then be removed.
As discussed above with reference to the motor lock 200, the actuator 1025 may further include a position sensor (not shown) disposed along an inner surface of the housing 1005 and in electromagnetic communication with the piston 1030.
In another embodiment, the disconnect 1000 may be used for a logging operation (not shown, see FIG. 7 of U.S. Pat. App. Pub. No. 2008/0041587, which is herein incorporated by reference in its entirety). Once the BHA has drilled through a formation of interest, the disconnect 1000 may be operated to release the BHA. The drill string may be raised, thereby creating a gap in the drill string corresponding to the zone of interest. A logging tool may then be deployed (i.e. lowered and/or pumped) through the drill string via a workstring, such as wireline or slickline. The logging tool may include a nuclear sensor, a resistivity sensor, a sonic/ultrasonic sensor, and/or a gamma ray sensor. The logging tool may reach the gap and be activated to log the formation of interest. Power and data may be transmitted via the wireline. Alternatively, if slickline is used, the logging tool may include a battery and a memory unit. Once the zone of interest is logged, the logging tool may be raised to the surface and the BHA reconnected to the drill string. Alternatively, instead of or in addition to, the logging tool, a perforation gun may be run-in through the disconnected drill string to the gap and the formation of interest may be perforated. Alternatively, instead of the logging tool, a formation tester may be run-in through the disconnected drill string to the gap and the formation of interest may be tested. The formation tester may include a packer, a pump for inflating the packer, and a flow meter. Such a formation tester is discussed and illustrated in U.S. Pat. App. Pub. No. 2008/0190605, which is herein incorporated by reference in its entirety. Alternatively, the formation of interest may be treated by running a packer in on coiled tubing, setting the packer to isolate the formation, and injecting treatment fluid through the coiled tubing string.
As discussed above with reference to the motor lock 200, the actuator 1025a may further include a position sensor 1045 in electromagnetic communication with the piston 1042.
In the locked position, the dogs 1065 may be disposed through respective openings 1055o formed through the housing 1055 and an outer surface of each dog may form a portion of a thread 1065t corresponding to a threaded inner surface 1060t of the mandrel 1060. Abutment each dog 1065 against the housing wall surrounding the opening 1055o and engagement of the dog thread portion 1065t with the mandrel thread 1060t may longitudinally and rotationally couple the housing 1055 and the mandrel 1060, thereby performing both functions of the splined connection 1005s, 1010s and the latch 1015. Each of the dogs 1065 may be an arcuate segment, may include a lip 1065a formed at each longitudinal end thereof and extending from the inner surface thereof, and have an inclined inner surface. A spring 1067 may disposed between each lip 1065a of each dog 1065 and the housing 1055, thereby radially biasing the dog 1065 inward away from the mandrel 1060.
The actuator 1075 may include the electronics package 300, a solenoid valve 1076, flow passages 1077, a spring 1078, a piston 1080, a balance piston 1081, and a balance spring 1082. In a locked position, an inclined outer surface 1080i of the piston 1080 may abut the inclined inner surface 1065i of each dog 1065, thereby locking the dogs 1065 into engagement with the mandrel 1060 against the dog springs 1067. The electronics package 300 may be housed by one of the housing sections. The actuator spring 1078 may be disposed in a first chamber formed between a shoulder 1080s of the piston 1080 and the housing 1055, thereby longitudinally biasing the piston toward the locked position. The first chamber may be in fluid communication with the solenoid valve 1076 via the flow passage 1077. A relief chamber may be formed between the solenoid valve 1076 and the balance piston 1081. The first chamber and the relief chamber may be filled with a hydraulic fluid, such as oil. The solenoid operated valve 1076 may be a check valve operable between a closed position where the valve functions as a check valve oriented to prevent flow from a relief chamber formed between a bottom of the balance piston and the check valve to the first chamber (downward flow) and allow reverse flow therethrough, thereby fluidly locking the disconnect and an open position where the valve allows flow between the chambers in either direction. Alternatively, a solenoid operate shutoff valve may be used instead of the check valve. A top of the balance piston 1081 may be in fluid communication with the wellbore via port 1055p formed through an outer wall of the housing 1055.
In operation, when it desired to release the mandrel 1060 and the rest of the BHA 920 from the housing 1055 and the drill string 940, the bit 930 may be set on the bottom of the wellbore 901. A tag 350a,p may be pumped/dropped through the drill string 940 to the antenna 302, thereby conveying an instruction signal from the surface. The microprocessor 310 may then supply electricity from the battery 314 to the solenoid valve 1076, thereby opening the solenoid valve. Drilling fluid 970 may then be circulated through the drill string 940 from the surface. Pressure exerted on the piston 1080 may move the piston longitudinally against the spring 1078, thereby disengaging the inclined piston surface 1080i from the dogs 1065 and allowing the dog springs 1067 to push the dogs 1065 radially inward away from the mandrel 1060. The drill string 940 may then be raised from the surface, thereby pulling the housing 1055 from the mandrel 1060. To re-connect the housing and the mandrel, the housing may be lowered until the dogs are longitudinally aligned with the threaded portion of the mandrel. Circulation through the drill string may be halted, thereby allowing the spring to push the piston inclined surface toward the dogs, thereby moving the dogs radially outward into re-engagement with the mandrel threaded portion.
The drill string 940 and housing 1055 may then be rotated (i.e., less than sixty degrees) to ensure that the dog threads 1065t properly engage the mandrel threads 1060t. A second RFID tag 350a,p may be pumped/dropped through the drill string 940, thereby conveying an instruction signal to re-lock the piston 1080. The microprocessor 310 may then cease supplying electricity to the solenoid valve 1076, thereby closing the valve. Alternatively, as discussed above with reference to the motor lock 200, the actuator 1075 may include a limit switch 1083 and the microprocessor may close the valve when a top of the piston 1080 engages the limit switch. When circulation is halted, the check valve 1076 will allow the piston to return and engage the dogs. The housing may then be lowered until a bottom of the dog threads 1065t engage a top of the mandrel thread 1060t and the housing 1055 may be rotated relative to the mandrel 1060 until the dog threads are made up with the mandrel thread.
In operation, when it desired to release the mandrel 1060 and the rest of the BHA from the housing 1055a and the drill string, the bit may be set on the bottom of the wellbore. A tag may be pumped/dropped through the drill string to the antenna 302, thereby conveying an instruction signal from the surface. The microprocessor may then supply electricity from the battery to the pump, thereby injecting hydraulic fluid from the relief chamber to the third chamber and forcing the piston to move longitudinally away from the dogs. The piston may move longitudinally against the spring 1078, thereby disengaging the inclined piston surface from the dogs and allowing the dog springs to push the dogs radially inward away from the mandrel. As discussed above, the microprocessor may shut off the pump when the top of the piston engages the limit switch 1083. The drill string may then be raised from the surface, thereby pulling the housing from the mandrel. To re-connect the housing and the mandrel, the housing may be lowered until the dogs are longitudinally aligned with the threaded portion of the mandrel. A second RFID tag may be pumped/dropped through the drill string, thereby conveying an instruction signal to re-engage the dogs. The microprocessor may then reverse electricity to the pump, thereby reversing the process.
In another alternative embodiment (
A string shot may then be deployed to the threaded connection just above the freepoint 1125 to retrieve the free portion of the drill string and then the fishing assembly 500 may be deployed to retrieve the stuck portion of the drill string. Alternatively, the drilling assembly may further include a plurality of disconnects 1105, 1115 and a third tag may be pumped through the drill string to operate the release sub 1115 closest to (and above) the freepoint 1125 and the free portion of the drill string may then be removed. Alternatively, the bottom sub may transmit the data to the second tag and then the second tag may flow to the surface with all of the data.
Each blade 1215 may include an arm 1216 pivoted 1218 to the housing for rotation relative to the housing between a retracted position and an extended position. A coating 1217 of hard material, such as tungsten carbide, may be bonded to an outer surface and a bottom of each arm 1216. The hard material may be coated as grit. A top surface of each arm may form a cam 1219a and an inner surface of each arm may form a taper 1219b. The housing 1205 may have an opening 1205o formed therethrough for each blade. Each blade 1215 may extend through a respective opening 1205o in the extended position.
The piston 1210 may be tubular, disposed in a bore of the housing, and include a main shoulder 1210a. The piston spring 1220 may be disposed between the main shoulder 1210a and a shoulder formed in an inner surface of the housing, thereby longitudinally biasing the piston 1210 away from the blades 1215. A nozzle 1211 may be longitudinally coupled to the piston 1210, such as by a threaded connection, and made from a erosion resistant material, such as tungsten carbide. To extend the blades 1215, drilling fluid may be pumped through the workstring to the housing bore. The drilling fluid may then continue through the nozzle 1211. Flow restriction through the nozzle 1211 causes pressure loss so that a greater pressure is exerted on a top of the piston 1210 than on the main shoulder 1210a, thereby longitudinally moving the piston downward toward the blades and against the piston spring 1220. As the piston 1210 moves downward, a bottom of the piston 1210 engages the cam surface 1219a of each arm 1216, thereby rotating the blades 1215 about the pivot 1218 to the extended position.
The housing 1205 may have a stem 1205s extending between the blades 1215. The follower 1225 may extend into a bore of the stem 1205s. The follower spring 1227 may be disposed between a bottom of the follower and a shoulder of the stem 1205s. The follower 1225 may include a profiled top mating with each arm taper 1219b so that longitudinal movement of the follower toward the blades 1215 radially moves the blades toward the retracted position and vice versa. The follower spring 1227 may longitudinally bias the follower 1225 toward the blades 1215, thereby also biasing the blades toward the retracted position. When flow through the housing 1205 is halted, the piston spring 1220 may move the piston 1210 upward away from the blades 1215 and the follower spring 1227 may push the follower 1225 along the taper 1219b, thereby retracting the blades.
The blade stop 1230 may include the electronics package 300, a solenoid valve 1231, a stop spring 1232, a flow passage 1233, a position sensor 1234, chambers 1235a,b, and a sleeve 1236. The chambers 1235a,b may be filled with a hydraulic fluid, such as oil. The first chamber 1235a may be formed radially between an inner surface of the housing 1205 and an outer surface of the sleeve 1236 and longitudinally between a bottom of a first shoulder 1236a of the sleeve and a top of one of the housing sections. The second chamber 1235b may be formed radially between an inner surface of the housing 1205 and an outer surface of the sleeve 1236 and longitudinally between a top of the first shoulder 1236a and a shoulder of the housing. As discussed above, the position sensor 1234 may measure a position of the first shoulder 1236a and communicate the position to the microprocessor 310. The solenoid operated valve 1231 may be a check valve operable between a closed position where the valve functions as a check valve oriented to prevent flow from the first chamber to the second chamber (downward flow) and allow reverse flow therethrough, thereby fluidly stopping downward movement of the sleeve 1236. The sleeve 1236 may further include a second shoulder 1236b and the piston may include a stop shoulder 1210b. Engagement of the stop shoulder 1210b with the second shoulder 1236b also stops downward movement of the piston, thereby limiting extension of the blades 1215.
In operation, when it is desired to activate the cutter 1200, a tag 350a,p may be pumped/dropped through the workstring to the antenna 302, thereby conveying an blade setting instruction signal. Drilling fluid may then be circulated through the workstring from the surface to extend the blades 1215. The microprocessor 310 may monitor the position of the sleeve 1236 until the sleeve reaches a position corresponding to the set position of the blades 1215. The microprocessor 310 may then supply electricity from the battery 314 to the solenoid valve 1231, thereby closing the solenoid valve and halting downward movement of the sleeve 1236 and extension of the blades 1215. The workstring may then be rotated, cutting through a wall of a casing string to be removed from the wellbore. Once the casing string has been cut, the casing cutter 1200 may be redeployed in the same trip to cut a second casing string having a different diameter by dropping a second tag having a second blade setting instruction.
Additionally, the blade stop may serve as a lock to prevent premature actuation of the blades. Alternatively, the first blade setting may be preprogrammed at the surface.
During normal operation in the extended position, the body nose may be maintained against the nozzle 1211. Drilling fluid may be pumped through both nozzles 1242,1211, thereby extending the blades. As the piston 1210 moves downward toward the blades 1215, fluid pressure exerted on the body 1241 by restriction through the nozzle 1242 may push the body 1241 longitudinally toward the piston 1210, thereby maintaining engagement of the body nose and the nozzle 1211. If the blades 1215 extend past a desired cutting diameter, the nuts 1247 abut the stop 1249, thereby preventing the body nose from following the nozzle 1211. Separation of the blade nose from the nozzle 1211 allows fluid flow to bypass the nozzle 1242 via the flange ports, thereby creating a pressure differential detectable at the surface. To initialize or change the setting of the sleeve 1246, a tag may be pumped to the antenna 302, thereby conveying the setting to the microprocessor 310. The microprocessor 310 may move the sleeve 1246 to the setting using the pump 1231a, thereby also moving the body 1241.
The actuator may include the electronics package 300, a cam 1260, a shaft 1265, an electric motor 1270, and a position sensor 1272. The shaft 1265 may be longitudinally and rotationally coupled to the motor 1270. The shaft 1265 may include a threaded outer surface. The cam 1260 may be disposed along the shaft 1265 and include a threaded inner surface (not shown). The cam 1260 may be moved longitudinally along the shaft by rotation of the shaft 1265 by the motor 1270. As discussed above, the microprocessor may measure the longitudinal position of the cam 1265 and the position of the blades 1270 using the position sensor 1272. The motor 1270 may further include a lock to hold the blades in the set position. Although shown schematically, as the cam 1260 moves downward, a bottom of the cam engages a cam surface of each blade 1275, thereby rotating the blades about the pivot to the extended position. The actuator may further include a load cell (not shown) operable to measure a cutting force exerted on the blades 1275 and the microprocessor 310 may be programmed to control the blade position to maintain a constant predetermined cutting force. The actuator may further include a mud pulser to send a signal to the surface when the cut is finished or if the cutting forces exceed a predetermined maximum.
In operation, when it is desired to activate the cutter 1200c, a tag 350a,p may be pumped/dropped through the workstring to the antenna 302, thereby conveying an blade setting instruction signal. The microprocessor 310 may supply electricity to the motor 1270 and monitor the position of the blades 1275 until the set position is reached. The microprocessor 310 may shut off the motor (which may also set the lock). Drilling fluid may then be circulated through the workstring from the surface and the workstring may then be rotated, thereby cutting through a wall of a casing string to be removed from the wellbore. Once the casing string has been cut, a second tag may be pumped/dropped to the antenna, thereby conveying an instruction signal to retract the blades. Alternatively, the blades may automatically retract when the cut is finished. The microprocessor 310 may supply reversed polarity electricity to the motor 1270, thereby unsetting the lock and moving the cam away from the blades so that the follower 1225 may retract the blades. The casing cutter 1200c may be redeployed in the same trip to cut a second casing string having a different diameter by dropping a third tag having a second blade setting instruction.
Each blade 1315 may be pivoted 1315p to the housing 1305 for rotation relative to the housing between a retracted position and an extended position. Each blade 1315 may include a coating (not shown) of hard material, such as tungsten carbide, bonded to an outer surface and a bottom thereof. The hard material may be coated as grit. An inner surface of each blade may be cammed 1315c. The housing may have an opening 1305o formed therethrough for each blade 1315. Each blade 1315 may extend through a respective opening 1305o in the extended position.
The piston 1310 may be tubular, disposed in a bore of the housing 1305, and include one or more shoulders 1310a,b. The piston spring 1320 may be disposed between the first shoulder 1310a and a shoulder formed by a top of one of the housing sections, thereby longitudinally biasing the piston 1310 away from the blades 1315. The piston 1310 may have a nozzle 1310n. As a backup to the actuator 1330, to extend the blades, drilling fluid may be pumped through the workstring to the housing bore. The drilling fluid may then continue through the nozzle 1310n. Flow restriction through the nozzle may cause pressure loss so that a greater pressure is exerted on the nozzle 1310n than on a cammed surface 1310c of the piston 1310c, thereby longitudinally moving the piston downward toward the blades and against the piston spring. As the piston 1310 moves downward, the cammed surface 1310c engages the cam surface 1315c of each blade 1315, thereby rotating the blades about the pivot 1315p to the extended position.
The blade actuator 1330 may include the electronics package 300, an electric pump 1331, flow passages 1333a, b, chambers 1335a, b, the second piston shoulder 1310b, and a position sensor 1334. The chambers 1335a, b may be filled with a hydraulic fluid, such as oil. The first chamber 1335a may be formed radially between an inner surface of the housing 1305 and an outer surface of the piston 1310 and longitudinally between a bottom of the shoulder 1310b and a top of one of the housing sections. The second chamber 1335b may be formed radially between an inner surface of the housing 1305 and an outer surface of the sleeve and longitudinally between a top of the shoulder 1310b and a shoulder of the housing. The pump 1331 may be in fluid communication with each of the chambers 1335a, b via a respective passage 1333a, b.
In operation, when it is desired to activate the mill 1300, an RFID tag 350a,p may be pumped/dropped through the workstring to the antenna 302, thereby conveying an instruction signal to extend the blades 1315. The microprocessor 310 may supply electricity to the pump 1331, thereby pumping fluid from the chamber 1335b to the chamber 1335a and forcing the piston 1310 to move longitudinally downward and extending the blades 1315. As with the casing cutter, the tag may include a position setting instruction so that the microprocessor may actuate the piston to the instructed set position which may be fully extended, partially extended, or substantially extended depending on the diameter of the casing/liner section to be milled. As discussed above, the microprocessor may monitor the position of the 1310 and the blades using the position sensor 1334. Drilling fluid may then be circulated and the workstring may then be rotated and raised/lowered until a desired section of casing or liner has been removed. Once the casing/liner has been milled, the mill may be retracted by pumping/dropping a second tag, thereby conveying an instruction signal to retract the blades. The microprocessor may then reverse operation of the pump. Alternatively, the actuator may include a motor instead of a pump in which case the piston may be a mandrel.
Alternatively, the blade actuator 1330 may be used with the casing cutter 1200 and either of the blade stops 1230 may be used with the section mill 1300.
Alternatively, any of the actuators discussed herein may be used with any of the tools discussed herein.
While the foregoing is directed to embodiments of the present invention, other and further embodiments of the invention may be devised without departing from the basic scope thereof, and the scope thereof is determined by the claims that follow.
| Number | Name | Date | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| 3222089 | Otteman | Dec 1965 | A |
| 3223164 | Otteman | Dec 1965 | A |
| 3321217 | Ahlstone | May 1967 | A |
| 3344861 | Claycomb | Oct 1967 | A |
| 3357489 | Brown | Dec 1967 | A |
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| Number | Date | Country | |
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| 20150211318 A1 | Jul 2015 | US |
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| Parent | 12436077 | May 2009 | US |
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| Number | Date | Country | |
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| Parent | 11842837 | Aug 2007 | US |
| Child | 12436077 | US |
