Patent Application
20070067147
The invention relates generally to drilling a wellbore, and more specifically to simulating the drilling performance of a drilling tool assembly drilling a wellbore. In particular, the invention relates to methods for simulating the dynamic response of a drilling tool assembly, methods for optimizing a drilling tool assembly design, and methods for optimizing the drilling performance of a drilling tool assembly.
The drill string 16 comprises several joints of drill pipe 16a connected end to end through tool joints 16b. The drill string 16 transmits drilling fluid (through its hollow core) and transmits rotational power from the drill rig 10 to the BHA 18. In some cases the drill string 16 further includes additional components such as subs, pup joints, etc.
The BHA 18 includes at least a drill bit 20. Typical BHAs may also include additional components attached between the drill string 16 and the drill bit 20. Examples of additional BHA components include drill collars, stabilizers, measurement-while-drilling (MWD) tools, logging-while-drilling (LWD) tools, and downhole motors.
In general, drilling tool assemblies 12 may include other drilling components and accessories, such as special valves, such as kelly cocks, blowout preventers, and safety valves. Additional components included in a drilling tool assembly 12 may be considered a part of the drill string 16 or a part of the BHA 18 depending on their locations in the drilling tool assembly 12.
The drill bit 20 in the BHA 18 may be any type of drill bit suitable for drilling earth formation. Two common types of earth boring bits used for drilling earth formations are fixed-cutter (or fixed-head) bits and roller cone bits.
Referring to
Referring to
For a drill bit 20 to drill through formation, sufficient rotational moment and axial force must be applied to the bit 20 to cause the cutting elements of the bit 20 to cut into and/or crush formation as the bit is rotated. The axial force applied on the bit 20 is typically referred to as the “weight on bit” (WOB). The rotational moment applied to the drilling tool assembly 12 at the drill rig 10 (usually by a rotary table) to turn the drilling tool assembly 12 is referred to as the “rotary torque”. The speed at which the rotary table rotates the drilling tool assembly 12, typically measured in revolutions per minute (RPM), is referred to as the “rotary speed”. Additionally, the portion of the weight of the drilling tool assembly supported at the rig 10 by the suspending mechanism (or hook) is typically referred to as the hook load.
During drilling, the actual WOB is not constant. Some of the fluctuation in the force applied to the bit may be the result of the bit contacting with formation having harder and softer portions that break unevenly. However, in most cases, the majority of the fluctuation in the WOB can be attributed to drilling tool assembly vibrations. Drilling tool assemblies can extend more than a mile in length while being less than a foot in diameter. As a result, these assemblies are relatively flexible along their length and may vibrate when driven rotationally by the rotary table. Several modes of vibration are possible for drilling tool assemblies. In general, drilling tool assemblies may experience torsional, axial and lateral vibrations. Although partial damping of vibration may result due to viscosity of drilling fluid, friction of the drill pipe rubbing against the wall of the wellbore, energy absorbed in drilling the formation, and drilling tool assembly impacting with wellbore wall, these sources of damping are typically not enough to suppress vibrations completely.
Up to now, vibrations of a drilling tool assembly have been difficult to predict because different forces may combine to produce the various modes of vibration, and models for simulating the response of an entire drilling tool assembly including roller cone bit interacting with formation in a drilling environment have not been available. However, drilling tool assembly vibrations are generally undesirable, not only because they are difficult to predict, but also because they can significantly affect the instantaneous force applied on the bit. This can result in the bit not operating as expected. For example, vibrations can result in off-centered drilling, slower rates of penetration, excessive wear of the cutting elements, or premature failure of the cutting elements and the bit. Lateral vibration of the drilling tool assembly may be a result of radial force imbalances, mass imbalance, and bit/formation interaction, among other things. Lateral vibration results in poor drilling tool assembly performance, overgage hole drilling, out-of-round, or “lobed” wellbores and premature failure of both the cutting elements and bit bearings.
When the bit wears out or breaks during drilling, the entire drilling tool assembly must be lifted out of the wellbore section-by-section and disassembled in an operation called a “pipe trip”. In this operation, a heavy hoist is required to pull the drilling tool assembly out of the wellbore in stages so that each stand of pipe (typically pipe sections of about 90 feet) can be unscrewed and racked for the later re-assembly. Because the length of a drilling tool assembly may extend for more than a mile, pipe trips can take several hours and can pose a significant expense to the wellbore operator and drilling budget. Therefore, the ability to design drilling tool assemblies which have increased durability and longevity, for example, by minimizing the wear on the drilling tool assembly due to vibrations, is very important and greatly desired to minimize pipe trips out of the wellbore and to more accurately predict the resulting geometry of the wellbore drilled.
Simulation methods have been previously introduced which characterize either the interaction of a bit with the bottomhole surface of a wellbore or the dynamics of a bottomhole assembly (BHA). However, no prior art simulation techniques have been developed to cover the dynamic modeling of an entire drilling tool assembly. As a result, the dynamic response of a drilling tool assembly or the effect of a change in configuration on drilling tool assembly performance can not be accurately predicted.
One simulation method for characterizing interaction between a roller cone bit and an earth formation is described in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/524,088, entitled “Method for Simulating Drilling of Roller Cone Bits and its Application to Roller Cone Bit Design and Performance”, and assigned to the assignee of the present invention. This application discusses general methods for predicting cutting element interaction with earth formations. The application also discussed types of experimental tests that can be performed to obtain cutting element/formation interaction data. Another simulation method for characterizing cutting element/formation interaction for a roller cone bit is described in Society of Petroleum Engineers (SPE) Paper No. 29922 by D. Ma et al., entitled, “The Computer Simulation of the Interaction Between Roller Bit and Rock”.
Methods for optimizing tooth orientation on a roller cone bits are disclosed in PCT International Publication No. WO00/12859 entitled, “Force-Balanced Roller-Cone Bits, Systems, Drilling Methods, and Design Methods” and PCT International Publication No. WO00/12860 entitled, “Roller-Cone Bits, Systems, Drilling Methods, and Design Methods with Optimization of Tooth Orientation.
Similarly, SPE Paper No. 15618 by T. M. Warren et. al., entitled “Drag Bit Performance Modeling” discloses a method for simulating the performance of PDC bits. Also disclosed are methods for defining the bit geometry, and methods for modeling forces on cutting elements and cutting element wear during drilling based on experimental test data. Examples of experimental tests that can be performed to obtain cutting element/earth formation interaction data are also disclosed. Experimental methods that can be performed on bits in earth formations to characterize bit/earth formation interaction are discussed in SPE Paper No. 15617 by T. M. Warren et al., entitled “Laboratory Drilling Performance of PDC Bits”.
While prior art simulation methods, such as those described above cover either the interaction of the bit with the formation or the BHA dynamics, no prior art simulation technique has been developed to cover the dynamic modeling of the entire drilling tool assembly. As a result, accurately predicting the response of a drilling tool assembly has been virtually impossible. Additionally, the change in the dynamic response of a drilling tool assembly when a component of the drilling tool assembly is changed is not well understood.
In view of the above it is clear that a method for simulating the dynamic response of an entire drilling tool assembly, which takes into account bit interaction with the bottom surface of the wellbore, drilling tool assembly interaction with the wall of the wellbore and damping effects of the drilling fluid on the drill pipe, is both needed and desired. Additionally, a model for predicting changes in drilling tool assembly performance due to changes in drilling tool assembly configuration, and for determining optimal drilling tool assembly designs and/or optimal drilling operating parameters (WOB, RPM, etc.) for a particular depth, formation, and/or drilling tool assembly is desired.
The invention provides methods for simulating the dynamic response of a drilling tool assembly drilling an earth formation. The drilling tool assembly comprises at least a drill pipe and a drill bit. Methods for simulating the dynamic response of drilling tool assemblies may be used to generate a visual representation of drilling, to design drilling tool assemblies, and to optimize the drilling performance of a drilling tool assembly.
One method for generating a visual representation of a drilling tool assembly which comprising at least a drill pipe and a drill bit comprises solving for a dynamic response of the drilling tool assembly to an incremental rotation, determining, based on the dynamic response, parameters of craters removed from a bottomhole surface of the formation due to contact of the bit with the bottomhole surface during the incremental rotation, and calculating a bottomhole geometry, wherein the craters are removed from the bottomhole surface. The method further comprises repeating the solving, determining, and calculating for a select number of successive incremental rotations, and converting the dynamic responses and the bottomhole geometry parameters into a visual representation.
One method for optimizing a drilling tool assembly design comprises simulating a dynamic response of the drilling tool assembly, adjusting a value of at least one drilling tool assembly design parameter, and repeating the simulating. The method further comprises repeating the adjusting and the simulating until at least one drilling performance parameter is determined to be at an optimum value.
One method for determining at least one optimal drilling operating parameter for a drilling tool assembly comprises simulating a dynamic response of the drilling tool assembly, adjusting the value of at least one drilling operating parameter, and repeating the simulating. The method further includes repeating the adjusting and the simulating until at least one drilling performance parameter is determined to be at an optimal value.
One method for designing a drilling tool assembly comprises defining initial drilling tool assembly design parameters, simulating the dynamic response of the drilling tool assembly, adjusting a value of at least one of the drilling tool assembly design parameters, and repeating the simulating and the adjusting a select number of times. The method further comprises evaluating the dynamic responses, and selecting, based on the evaluating, desired drilling tool assembly design parameters.
Other aspects and advantages of the invention will be apparent from the following description and the appended claims.
FIGS. 7A-D shows a more detailed flow chart of a method for incrementally solving for the dynamic response of a drilling tool assembly in which constraint loads are updated to account for interaction between the drilling tool assembly and the drilling environment during the incremental rotation.
The invention provides methods for simulating the dynamic response of a drilling tool assembly drilling an earth formation, methods for optimizing a drilling tool assembly design, and methods for optimizing drilling tool assembly performance.
In accordance with the invention, a drilling tool assembly comprises at least one segment (or joint) of drill pipe and a drill bit. The components of a drilling tool assembly may be more generally referred to as a drill string and a bottomhole assembly (BHA). The drill string comprises one or more joints of drill pipe. The BHA comprises at least a drill bit.
In a typical drilling tool assembly, the drill string comprises several joints of drill pipe connected end to end, and the bottomhole assembly comprises one or more drill collars and a drill bit attached to an end of the BHA. The drill string may further include additional components, such as a kelly, kelly cocks, blowout preventers, safety valves, etc. The BHA may further include additional components, such as stabilizers, a downhole motor, MWD tools, and LWD tools, for example. Therefore, in accordance with the invention, a drilling tool assembly may be as simple as a single segment of drill pipe attached to a drill bit, or as complex as a multi-component drill string which includes a kelly, a lower kelly cock, a kelly saver sub, several joints of drill pipe with tool joints, etc., and a multi-component BHA which includes drill collars, stabilizers, and additional specialty items (e.g., subs, pup joints, reamers, valves, MWD tools, LWD tools, and a drill bit).
While in practice, a BHA comprises at least a drill bit, in embodiments of the invention discussed below, the parameters of the drill bit, required for modeling interaction between the drill bit and the bottomhole surface, are generally considered separately from the BHA parameters. This separate consideration of the bit allows for interchangeable use of any drill bit model as determined by the system designer.
One example of a drilling tool assembly 50 is shown in
To simulate the dynamic response of a drilling tool assembly, such as the one shown in
The geometry and material properties of the drill bit also need to be defined as required for the method selected for simulating drill bit interaction with the earth formation at the bottom surface of the wellbore. One example of a method for simulating a roller cone drill bit drilling an earth formation can be found in the previously mentioned U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/524,088, assigned to the assignee of the present invention and now incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.
To simulate the dynamic response of a drilling tool assembly drilling earth formation, the wellbore trajectory, in which the drilling tool assembly is to be confined also needs to be defined along with an initial wellbore bottom surface geometry. Because the wellbore trajectory may be straight, curved, or a combination of straight and curved sections, wellbore trajectories, in general, may be defined by defining parameters for each segment of the trajectory. For example, a wellbore comprising N segments may be defined by the length, diameter, inclination angle, and azimuth direction of each segment and an indication of the order of the segments (i.e., first, second, etc.). Wellbore parameters defined in this manner can then be used to mathematically produce a model of the entire wellbore trajectory. Formation material properties along the wellbore may also be defined and used. Additionally, drilling operating parameters, such as the speed at which the drilling tool assembly is rotated and the hook load (weight of the drilling tool assembly suspended at the hook 62), also need to be defined.
Once the parameters of the system (drilling tool assembly under drilling conditions) are defined, they can be used along with various interaction models to simulate the dynamic response of the drilling tool assembly drilling earth formation as described below.
In one aspect, the invention provides a method for simulating the dynamic response of a drilling tool assembly drilling earth formation. Advantageously, this method takes into account interaction between the entire drilling tool assembly and the drilling environment. Interaction between the drilling tool assembly and the drilling environment may include interaction between the drill bit at the end of the drilling tool assembly and the formation at the bottom of the wellbore. Interaction between the drilling tool assembly and the drilling environment also may include interaction between the drilling tool assembly and the side (or wall) of the wellbore. Further, interaction between the drilling tool assembly and drilling environment may include viscous damping effects of the drilling fluid on the dynamic response of the drilling tool assembly.
A flow chart for one embodiment of the invention is illustrated in
In one example, illustrated in
During the simulation, the constraint forces initially used for each new incremental calculation step may be the constraint forces determined during the last incremental rotation. In the simulation, incremental rotation calculations are repeated for a select number of successive incremental rotations until an end condition for simulation is reached. A more detailed example of an embodiment of the invention is shown in
For the example shown in
Drilling tool assembly design parameters 202 may include drill string design parameters, BHA design parameters, and drill bit design parameters. In the example shown, the drill string comprises a plurality of joints of drill pipe, and the BHA comprises drill collars, stabilizers, bent housings, and other downhole tools (e.g., MWD tools, LWD tools, downhole motor, etc.), and a drill bit. As noted above, while the drill bit, generally, is considered a part of the BHA, in this example the design parameters of the drill bit are shown separately to illustrate that any type of drill bit may be defined and modeled using any drill bit analysis model.
Drill string design parameters include, for example, the length, inside diameter (ID), outside diameter (OD), weight (or density), and other material properties of the drill string in the aggregate. Alternatively, drill string design parameters may include the properties of each component of the drill string and the number of components and location of each component of the drill string. For example, the length, ID, OD, weight, and material properties of one joint of drill pipe may be provided along with the number of joints of drill pipe which make up the drill string. Material properties used may include the type of material and/or the strength, elasticity, and density of the material. The weight of the drill string, or individual components of the drill string may be provided as “weight in drilling fluids” (the weight of the component when submerged in the selected drilling fluid).
BHA design parameters include, for example, the bent angle and orientation of the motor, the length, equivalent inside diameter (ID), outside diameter (OD), weight (or density), and other material properties of each of the various components of the BHA. In this example, the drill collars, stabilizers, and other downhole tools are defined by their lengths, equivalent IDs, ODs, material properties, weight in drilling fluids, and position in the drilling tool assembly.
The drill bit design parameters include, for example, the bit type (roller cone, fixed-cutter, etc.) and geometric parameters of the bit. Geometric parameters of the bit may include the bit size (e.g., diameter), number of cutting elements, and the location, shape, size, and orientation of the cutting elements. In the case of a roller cone bit, drill bit design parameters may further include cone profiles, cone axis offset (offset from perpendicular with the bit axis of rotation), the number of cutting elements on each cone, the location, size, shape, orientation, etc. of each cutting element on each cone, and any other bit geometric parameters (e.g., journal angles, element spacings, etc.) to completely define the bit geometry. In general, bit, cutting element, and cone geometry may be converted to coordinates and provided as input. One preferred method for obtaining bit design parameters is the use of 3-dimensional CAD solid or surface models to facilitate geometric input. Drill bit design parameters may further include material properties, such as strength, hardness, etc. of components of the bit.
Initial drilling environment parameters 204 include, for example, wellbore parameters. Wellbore parameters may include wellbore trajectory (or geometric) parameters and wellbore formation parameters. Wellbore trajectory parameters may include an initial wellbore measured depth (or length), wellbore diameter, inclination angle, and azimuth direction of the wellbore trajectory. In the typical case of a wellbore comprising segments having different diameters or differing in direction, the wellbore trajectory information may include depths, diameters, inclination angles, and azimuth directions for each of the various segments. Wellbore trajectory information may further include an indication of the curvature of the segments (which may be used to determine the order of mathematical equations used to represent each segment). Wellbore formation parameters may include the type of formation being drilled and/or material properties of the formation such as the formation strength, hardness, plasticity, and elastic modulus.
Drilling operating parameters 206, in this embodiment, include the rotary table speed at which the drilling tool assembly is rotated (RPM), the downhole motor speed if a downhole motor is included, and the hook load. Drilling operating parameters 206 may further include drilling fluid parameters, such as the viscosity and density of the drilling fluid, for example. It should be understood that drilling operating parameters 206 are not limited to these variables. In other embodiments, drilling operating parameters 206 may include other variables, such as, for example, rotary torque and drilling fluid flow rate. Additionally, drilling operating parameters 206 for the purpose of simulation may further include the total number of bit revolutions to be simulated or the total drilling time desired for simulation. However, it should be understood that total revolutions and total drilling time are simply end conditions that can be provided as input to control the stopping point of simulation, and are not necessary for the calculation required for simulation. Additionally, in other embodiments, other end conditions may be provided, such as total drilling depth to be simulated, or by operator command, for example.
Drilling tool assembly/drilling environment interaction information 208 includes, for example, cutting element/earth formation interaction models (or parameters) and drilling tool assembly/formation impact, friction, and damping models and/or parameters. Cutting element/earth formation interaction models may include vertical force-penetration relations and/or parameters which characterize the relationship between the axial force of a selected cutting element on a selected formation and the corresponding penetration of the cutting element into the formation. Cutting element/earth formation interaction models may also include lateral force-scraping relations and/or parameters which characterize the relationship between the lateral force of a selected cutting element on a selected formation and the corresponding scraping of the formation by the cutting element. Cutting element/formation interaction models may also include brittle fracture crater models and/or parameters for predicting formation craters which will likely result in brittle fracture, wear models and/or parameters for predicting cutting element wear resulting from contact with the formation, and cone shell/formation or bit body/formation interaction models and/or parameters for determining forces on the bit resulting from cone shell/formation or bit body/formation interaction. One example of methods for obtaining or determining drilling tool assembly/formation interaction models or parameters can be found in previously noted U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/524,088, assigned to the assignee of the present invention and incorporated herein by reference. Other methods for modeling drill bit interaction with a formation can be found in the previously noted SPE Papers No. 29922, No. 15617, and No. 15618, and PCT International Publication Nos. WO 00/12859 and WO 00/12860.
Drilling tool assembly/formation impact, friction, and damping models and/or parameters characterize impact and friction on the drilling tool assembly due to contact with the wall of the wellbore and the viscous damping effects of the drilling fluid. These models/parameters include, for example, drill string-BHA/formation impact models and/or parameters, bit body/formation impact models and/or parameters, drill string-BHA/formation friction models and/or parameters, and drilling fluid viscous damping models and/or parameters. One skilled in the art will appreciate that impact, friction and damping models/parameters may be obtained through laboratory experimentation, in a method similar to that disclosed in the prior art for drill bits interaction models/parameters. Alternatively, these models may also be derived based on mechanical properties of the formation and the drilling tool assembly, or may be obtained from literature. Prior art methods for determining impact and friction models are shown, for example, in papers such as the one by Yu Wang and Matthew Mason, entitled “Two-Dimensional Rigid-Body Collisions with Friction”, Journal of Applied Mechanics, September. 1992, Vol. 59, pp. 635-642.
As shown in
The second part 210b of the mechanics analysis model 210 of the drilling tool assembly is a mechanics analysis model of the drill bit 210b which takes into account details of selected drill bit design. The drill bit mechanics analysis model 210b is constructed by creating a mesh of the cutting elements and cones (for a roller cone bit) of the bit, and establishing a coordinate relationship (coordinate system transformation) between the cutting elements and the cones, between the cones and the bit, and between the bit and the tip of the BHA. As previously noted, examples of methods for constructing mechanics analysis models for roller cone drill bits can be found in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/524,088, as well as SPE Paper No. 29922, and PCT International Publication Nos. WO 00/12859 and WO 00/12860, noted above.
Because the response of the drilling tool assembly is subject to the constraint within the wellbore, wellbore constraints for the drilling tool assembly are determined, at 222, 224. First, the trajectory of the wall of the wellbore, which constrains the drilling tool assembly and forces it to conform to the wellbore path, is constructed at 220 using wellbore trajectory parameters provided as input at 204. For example, a cubic B-spline method or other interpolation method can be used to approximate wellbore wall coordinates at depths between the depths provided as input data. The wall coordinates are then discretized (or meshed), at 224 and stored. Similarly, an initial wellbore bottom surface geometry, which is either selected or determined, is also be discretized, at 222, and stored. The initial bottom surface of the wellbore may be selected as flat or as any other contour, which can be provided as wellbore input at 204 or 222. Alternatively, the initial bottom surface geometry may be generated or approximated based on the selected bit geometry. For example, the initial bottomhole geometry may be selected from a “library” (i.e., database) containing stored bottomhole geometries resulting from the use of various bits.
In this embodiment, a coordinate mesh size of 1 millimeter is selected for the wellbore surfaces (wall and bottomhole); however, the coordinate mesh size is not intended to be a limitation on the invention. Once meshed and stored, the wellbore wall and bottomhole geometry, together, comprise the initial wellbore constraints within which the drilling tool assembly must operate, thus, within which the drilling tool assembly response must be constrained.
As shown in
As previously noted, the hook load is the load measured at the hook from which the drilling tool assembly is suspended. Because the weight of the drilling tool assembly is known, the bottomhole constraint force (i.e., WOB) can be determined as the weight of the drilling tool assembly minus the hook load and the frictional forces and reaction forces of the hole wall on the drilling tool assembly.
Once the initial loading conditions are introduced, the “centerline” constraint forces on all of the nodes are removed, a gravitational force vector is applied, and the static equilibrium position of the assembly within the wellbore is determined by iteratively calculating the static state of the drilling tool assembly 232. Iterations are necessary since the contact points for each iteration may be different. The convergent static equilibrium state is reached and the iteration process ends when the contact points and, hence, contact forces are substantially the same for two successive iterations. Along with the static equilibrium position, the contact points, contact forces, friction forces, and static WOB on the drilling tool assembly are determined. Once the static state of the system is obtained (at 232) it can be used as the staring point (initial condition) 234 for simulation of the dynamic response of the drilling tool assembly drilling earth formation.
As shown in
Prior to the start of the simulation loop 240, drilling operating parameters 206 are specified. As previously noted, the drilling operating parameters 206 include the rotary table speed, downhole motor speed (if included in the BHA), and the hook load. In this example, the end condition for simulation is also provided at 204, as either the total number of revolutions to be simulated or the total time for the simulation. Additionally, the incremental step desired for calculations should be defined, selected, or otherwise provided. In the embodiment shown, an incremental time step of Δt=10−3 seconds is selected. However, it should be understood that the incremental time step is not intended to be a limitation on the invention.
Once the static state of the system is known (from 232) and the operational parameters are provided, the dynamic response simulation loop 240 can begin. In the first step of the simulation loop 240, the current time increment is calculated at 241, wherein ti+1=ti+Δt. Then, the incremental rotation which occurs during that time increment is calculated, at 242. In this embodiment, the formula used to calculate an incremental rotation angle at time ti+1 is θi+1=θi+RPM *Δt *60, wherein RPM is the rotational speed (in RPM) of the rotary table provided as input data (at 204). The calculated incremental rotation angle is applied proximal to the top of the drilling tool assembly (at the node(s) corresponding to the position of the rotary table). If a downhole motor is included in the BHA, the downhole motor incremental rotation is also calculated and applied to the corresponding nodes.
Once the incremental rotation angle and current time are determined, the system's new configuration (nodal positions) under the extant loads and the incremental rotation is calculated (at 244) using mechanics analysis model modified to include the rotational input as an excitation. For example, a direct integration scheme can be used to solve the resulting dynamic equilibrium equations (modified mechanics analysis model) for the drilling tool assembly. The dynamic equilibrium equation (like the mechanics analysis equation) can be derived using Newton's second law of motion, wherein the constructed drilling tool assembly mass, stiffness, and damping matrices along with the calculated static equilibrium load vector can be used to determine the response to the incremental rotation. For the example shown in
As the drilling tool assembly is incrementally “rotated”, constraint loads acting on the bit may change. For example, points of the drilling tool assembly in contact with the borehole surface prior to rotation may be moved along the surface of the wellbore resulting in friction forces at those points. Similarly, some points of the drilling tool assembly, which were nearly in contact with the borehole surface prior to the incremental rotation, may be brought into contact with the formation as a result of the incremental rotation, resulting in impact forces on the drilling tool assembly at those locations. As shown in
In this example, once the system's response (i.e., new configuration) under the current loading conditions is obtained, the positions of the nodes in the new configuration are checked (at 244) in the wall constraint loop 245 to determine whether any nodal displacements fall outside of the bounds (i.e., violate constraint conditions) defined by the wellbore wall. If nodes are found to have moved outside of the wellbore wall, the impact and/or friction forces which would have occurred due to contact with the wellbore wall are approximated for those nodes (at 248) using the impact and/or friction models or parameters provided as input at 208. Then the global load vector for the drilling tool assembly is updated (also shown at 208) to reflect the newly determined constraint loads. Constraint loads to be calculated may be determined to result from impact if, prior to the incremental rotation, the node was not in contact with the wellbore wall. Similarly, the constraint load can be determined to result from frictional drag if the node now in contact with the wellbore wall was also in contact with the wall prior to the incremental rotation. Once the new constraint loads are determined and the global load vector is updated, at 248, the drilling tool assembly response is recalculated (at 244) for the same incremental rotation under the newly updated load vector (as indicated by loop 245). The nodal displacements are then rechecked (at 246) and the wall interaction update loop 245 is repeated until a dynamic response within the wellbore constraints is obtained.
Once a dynamic response conforming to the borehole wall constraints is determined for the incremental rotation, the constraint loads on the drilling tool assembly due to interaction with the bottomhole during the incremental rotation are determined in the bit interaction loop 250. Those skilled in the art will appreciate that any method for modeling drill bit/earth formation interaction during drilling may be used to determine the forces acting on the drill bit during the incremental rotation of the drilling tool assembly. An example of one method is illustrated in the bit interaction loop 250 in
In the bit interaction loop 250, the mechanics analysis model of the drill bit is subjected to the incremental rotation angle calculated for the lowest node of the drilling tool assembly, and is then moved laterally and vertically to the new position obtained from the same calculation, as shown at 249. As previously noted, the drill bit in this example is a roller cone drill bit. Thus, in this example, once the bit rotation and new bit position are determined, interaction between each cone and the formation is determined. For a first cone, an incremental cone rotation angle is calculated at 252 based on a calculated incremental cone rotation speed and used to determine the movement of the cone during the incremental rotation. It should be understood that the incremental cone rotation speed can be determined from all the forces acting on the cutting elements of the cone and Newton's second law of motion. Alternatively, it may be approximated from the rotation speed of the bit and the effective radius of the “drive row” of the cone. The effective radius is generally related to the lateral extent of the cutting elements that extend the farthest from the axis of rotation of the cone. Thus, the rotation speed of the cone can be defined or calculated based on the calculated bit rotational speed and the defined geometry of the cone provided as input (e.g., the cone diameter profile, cone axial offset, etc.)
Then, for the first cone, interaction between each cutting element and the earth formation is determined in the cutting element/formation interaction loop 256. In this interaction loop 256, the new position of a cutting element, for example, cutting element j on row k, is calculated 258 based on the incremental cone rotation and bit rotation and translation. Then, the location of cutting element j,k relative to the bottomhole and wall of the wellbore is evaluated, at 259, to determine whether cutting element interference (or contact) with the formation occurred during the incremental rotation of the bit. If it is determined that contact did not occur, then the next cutting element is analyzed and the interaction evaluation is repeated for the next cutting element. If contact is determined to have occurred, then a depth of penetration, interference projection area, and scraping distance of the cutting element in the formation are determined, at 262, based on the next movement of the cutting element during the incremental rotation. The depth of penetration is the distance from the earth formation surface a cutting element penetrates into the earth formation. Depth of penetration can range from zero (no penetration) to the full height of the cutting element (fill penetration). Interference projection area is the fractional amount of the cutting element surface area, corresponding to the depth of penetration, which actually contacts the earth formation. A fractional amount of contact usually occurs due to craters in the formation formed from previous contact with cutting elements. Scraping distance takes into account the movement of the cutting element in the formation during the incremental rotation. Once the depth of penetration, interference projection area, and scraping distance are determined for cutting element j,k these parameters are used in conjunction with the cutting element/formation interaction data to determine the resulting forces (constraint forces) exerted on the cutting element by the earth formation (also indicated at 262). For example, force may be determined using the relationship disclosed in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/524,088, noted above and incorporated herein by reference.
Once the cutting element/formation interaction variables (area, depth, force, etc.) are determined for cutting element j,k, the geometry of the bottom surface of the wellbore can be temporarily updated, at 264, to reflect the removal of formation by cutting element j,k during the incremental rotation of the drill bit. The actual size of the crater resulting from cutting element contact with the formation can be determined from the cutting element/earth formation interaction data based on the bottomhole surface geometry, and the forces exerted by the cutting element. One such procedure is described in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/524,088, noted above.
After the bottomhole geometry is temporarily updated, insert wear and strength can also be analyzed, as shown at 270, based on wear models and calculated loads on the cutting elements to determine wear on the cutting elements resulting from contact with the formation and the resulting reduction in cutting element strength. Then, the cutting element/formation interaction loop 260 calculations are repeated for the next cutting element (j=j+1) of row k until cutting element/formation interaction for each cutting element of the row is determined.
Once the forces on each cutting element of a row are determined, the total forces on that row are calculated (at 268) as a sum of all the forces on the cutting elements of that row. Then, the cutting element/earth formation interaction calculations are repeated for the next row on the cone (k=k+1) (in the row interaction loop 269) until the forces on each of the cutting elements on each of the rows on that cone are obtained. Once interaction of all of the cutting elements on a cone is determined, cone shell interaction with the formation is determined by checking node displacements at the cone surface, at 270, to determine if any of the nodes are out of bounds with respect to (or make contact with) the wellbore wall or bottomhole surface. If cone shell contact is determined to have occurred for the cone during the incremental rotation, the contact area and depth of penetration of the cone shell are determined (at 272) and used to determine interaction forces on the cone shell resulting from the contact.
Once forces resulting from cone shell contact with the formation during the incremental rotation are determined, or it is determined that no shell contact has occurred, the total interaction forces on the cone during the incremental rotation can be calculated by summing all of the row forces and any cone shell forces on the cone, at 274. The total forces acting on the cone during the incremental rotation may then be used to calculate the incremental cone rotation speed θi, at 276. Cone interaction calculations are then repeated for each cone (l=l+1) until the forces, rotation speed, etc. on each of the cones of the bit due to interaction with the formation are determined.
Once the interaction forces on each cone are determined, the total axial force on the bit (dynamic WOB) during the incremental rotation of the drilling tool assembly is calculated 278, from the cone forces. The newly calculated bit interaction forces are then used to update the global load vector (at 279), and the response of the drilling tool assembly is recalculated (at 280) under the updated loading condition. The newly calculated response is then compared to the previous response (at 282) to determine if the responses are substantially similar. If the responses are determined to be substantially similar, then the newly calculated response is considered to have converged to a correct solution. However, if the responses are not determined to be substantially similar, then the bit interaction forces are recalculated based on the latest response at 284 and the global load vector is again updated (as indicated at 284). Then, a new response is calculated by repeating the entire response calculation (including the wellbore wall constraint update and drill bit interaction force update) until consecutive responses are obtained which are determined to be substantially similar (indicated by loop 285), thereby indicating convergence to the solution for dynamic response to the incremental rotation.
Once the dynamic response of the drilling tool assembly to an incremental rotation is obtained from the response force update loop 285, the bottomhole surface geometry is then permanently updated (at 286) to reflect the removal of formation corresponding to the solution. At this point, output information desired from the incremental simulation step can be provided as output or stored. For example, the new position of the drilling tool assembly, the dynamic WOB, cone forces, cutting element forces, impact forces, friction forces, may be provided as output information or stored.
This dynamic response simulation loop 240 as described above is then repeated for successive incremental rotations of the bit until an end condition of the simulation (checked at 290) is satisfied. For example, using the total number of bit revolutions to be simulated as the termination command, the incremental rotation of the drilling tool assembly and subsequent iterative calculations of the dynamic response simulation loop 240 will be repeated until the selected total number of revolutions to be simulated is reached. Repeating the dynamic response simulation loop 240 as described above will result in simulating the performance of an entire drilling tool assembly drilling earth formations with continuous updates of the bottomhole pattern as drilled, thereby simulating the drilling of the drilling tool assembly in the selected earth formation. Upon completion of a selected number of operations of the dynamic response simulation loop, results of the simulation may be used to generate output information at 294 characterizing the performance of the drilling tool assembly drilling the selected earth formation under the selected drilling conditions, as shown in
As noted above, output information from a dynamic simulation of a drilling tool assembly drilling an earth formation may include, for example, the drilling tool assembly configuration (or response) obtained for each time increment, and corresponding bit forces, cone forces, cutting element forces, impact forces, friction forces, dynamic WOB, resulting bottomhole geometry, etc. This output information may be presented in the form of a visual representation (indicated at 294), such as a visual representation of the borehole being drilled through the earth formation with continuous updated bottomhole geometries and the dynamic response of the drilling tool assembly to drilling presented on a computer screen. Alternatively, the visual representation may include graphs of parameters provided as input and/or calculated during the simulation. For example, a time history of the dynamic WOB or the wear of cutting elements during drilling may be presented as a graphic display on a computer screen. It should be understood that the invention is not limited to any particular type of display. Further, the means used for visually displaying aspects of simulated drilling is a matter of convenience for the system designer, and is not intended to limit the invention. One example of output data converted to a visual representation is illustrated in
The example described above represents only one embodiment of the invention. Those skilled in the art will appreciate that other embodiments can be devised which do not depart from the scope of the invention as disclosed herein. For example, an alternative method can be used to account for changes in constraint forces during incremental rotation. For example, instead of using a finite element method, a finite difference method or a weighted residual method can be used to model the drilling tool assembly. Similarly, other methods may be used to predict the forces exerted on the bit as a result of bit/cutting element interaction with the bottomhole surface. For example, in one case, a method for interpolating between calculated values of constraint forces may be used to predict the constraint forces on the drilling tool assembly or a different method of predicting the value of the constraint forces resulting from impact or frictional contact may be used. Further, a modified version of the method described above for predicting forces resulting from cutting element interaction with the bottomhole surface may be used. These methods can be analytical, numerical (such as finite element method), or experimental. Alternatively, methods such as disclosed in SPE Paper No. 29922 noted above or PCT Patent Application Nos. WO 00/12859 and WO 00/12860 may be used to model roller cone drill bit interaction with the bottomhole surface, or methods such as disclosed in SPE papers no. 15617 and no. 15618 noted above may be used to model fixed-cutter bit interaction with the bottomhole surface if a fixed-cutter bit is used.
In another aspect, the invention provides a method for designing a drilling tool assembly for drilling earth formations. For example, the method may include simulating a dynamic response of a drilling tool assembly, adjusting the value of at least one drilling tool assembly design parameter, repeating the simulating, and repeating the adjusting and the simulating until a value of at least one drilling performance parameter is determined to be an optimal value.
Methods in accordance with this aspect of the invention may be used to analyze relationships between drilling tool assembly design parameters and drilling performance of a drilling tool assembly. This method also may be used to design a drilling tool assembly having enhanced drilling characteristics. Further, the method may be used to analyze the effect of changes in a drilling tool configuration on drilling performance. Additionally, the method may enable a drilling tool assembly designer or operator to determine an optimal value of a drilling tool assembly design parameter for drilling at a particular depth or in a particular formation.
Examples of drilling tool assembly design parameters include the type and number of components included in the drilling tool assembly; the length, ID, OD, weight, and material properties of each component; and the type, size, weight, configuration, and material properties of the drill bit; and the type, size, number, location, orientation, and material properties of the cutting elements on the bit. Material properties in designing a drilling tool assembly may include, for example, the strength, elasticity, and density of the material. It should be understood that drilling tool assembly design parameters may include any other configuration or material parameter of the drilling tool assembly without departing from the spirit of the invention.
Examples of drilling performance parameters include rate of penetration (ROP), rotary torque required to turn the drilling tool assembly, rotary speed at which the drilling tool assembly is turned, drilling tool assembly vibrations induced during drilling (e.g., lateral and axial vibrations), weight on bit (WOB), and forces acting on the bit, cones, and cutting elements. Drilling performance parameters may also include the inclination angle and azimuth direction of the borehole being drilled. One skilled in the art will appreciate that other drilling performance parameters exist and may be considered as determined by the drilling tool assembly designer without departing from the spirit of the invention.
In one application of this aspect of the invention, illustrated in
As shown in the more detailed example of
In this example, simulating 411 comprises constructing a mechanics analysis model of the drilling tool assembly (at 412) based on the drilling tool assembly parameters 402, determining system constraints at 414 using the drilling environment parameters 404, and then using the mechanics analysis model along with the system constraints to solve for the initial static state of the drilling tool assembly in the drilling environment (at 416). Simulating 411 further comprises using the mechanics analysis model along with the constraints and drilling operation parameters 406 to incrementally solve for the response of the drilling tool assembly to rotational input from a rotary table (at 418) and/or downhole motor, if used. In solving for the dynamic response, the response is obtained for successive incremental rotations until an end condition signaling the end of the simulation is detected.
Incrementally solving for the response may also include determining, from drilling tool assembly/environment interaction information, loads on the drilling tool assembly during the incremental rotation resulting from changes in interaction between the drilling tool assembly and the drilling environment during the incremental rotation, and then recalculating the response of the drilling tool assembly under the new constraint loads. Incrementally solving may further include repeating, if necessary, the determining loads and the recalculating of the response until a solution convergence criterion is satisfied.
Examples for constructing a mechanics analysis model, determining initial system constraints, determining the initial static state, and incrementally solving for the dynamic response of the drilling tool assembly are described in detail for the previous aspect of the invention.
In the present example shown in
Drilling tool assembly design parameters may include any of the drilling tool assembly parameters noted above. Thus in one example, a design parameter, such as the length of a drill collar, can be repeatedly adjusted and simulated to determine the effects of BHA weight and length on a drilling performance parameter (e.g., ROP). Similarly, the inner diameter or outer diameter of a drilling collar may be repeatedly adjusted and a corresponding change response obtained. Similarly, a stabilizer or other component can be added to the BHA or deleted from the BHA and a corresponding change in response obtained. Further, a bit design parameter may be repeatedly adjusted and corresponding dynamic responses obtained to determine the effect of changing one or more drill bit design parameters, such as cone profile, insert shape and size, number of rows offsets (for roller cone bits) on the drilling performance of the drilling tool assembly.
In the example of
Once the response of the previous assembly design and the response of the current assembly design are obtained, the effect of the change in value of at least one design parameter on at least one drilling performance parameter can be evaluated (at 422). For example, during each simulation, values of desired drilling performance parameters (WOB, ROP, impact loads, etc) can be calculated and stored. Then, these values or other factors related to the drilling response (such as vibration factors), can be analyzed to determine the effect of adjusting the drilling tool assembly design parameter on the value of the at least one drilling performance parameter.
Once an evaluation of at least one drilling parameter is made, based on that evaluation the adjusting and the simulating may be repeated until it is determined that the at least one drilling performance parameter is optimized or an end condition for optimization has been reached (at 424). A drilling performance parameter may be determined to be at an optimal value when a maximum rate of penetration, a minimum rotary torque for a given rotation speed, and/or most even weight on bit is determine for a set of adjustment variables. Other drilling performance parameters, such as minimized lateral impact force or optimized/balanced forces on different cones for roller cone bit applications can also be used. A simplified example of repeating the adjusting and the simulating based on evaluation of consecutive responses is as follows.
Assume that the BHA weight is the drilling tool assembly design parameter to be adjusted (for example, by changing the length, equivalent ID, OD, adding or deleting components), and ROP is the drilling performance parameter to be optimized. Therefore, after obtaining a first response for a given drilling tool assembly configuration, the weight of the BHA can be increased and a second response can be obtained for the adjusted drilling tool assembly. The weight of the BHA can be increased, for example, by changing the ID for a given OD of a collar in the BHA (will ultimately affect the system mass matrix). Alternatively, the weight of the BHA can be increased by increasing the length, OD, or by adding a new collar to the BHA (will ultimately affect the system stiffness matrix). In either case, changes to the drilling tool assembly will effect the mechanics analysis model for the system and the resulting initial conditions. Therefore, the mechanics analysis model and initial conditions will have to be redetermined for the new configuration before a solution for the second response can be obtained. Once the second response is obtained, the two responses (one for the old configuration, one for the new configuration) can be compared to determine which configuration (BHA weight) resulted in the most favorable (or greater) ROP. If the second configuration is found to result in a greater ROP, then the weight of the BHA may be further increased, and a (third) response for the newer configuration) may be obtained and compared to the second. Alternatively, if the increase in the weight of the BHA is found to result in a decrease in the ROP, then the drilling tool assembly design may be readjusted to decrease the BHA weight to a value lower than that set for the first drilling tool assembly configuration and a (third) response may be obtained and compared to the first. This adjustment, recalculation, evaluation may be repeated until it is determined that an optimal or desired value of at least one drilling performance parameter, such as ROP in this case, is obtained.
Advantageously, embodiments of the invention may be used to analyze the relationship between drilling tool assembly design parameters and drilling performance in a selected drilling environment. Additionally, embodiments of the invention may be used to design a drilling tool assembly having optimal drilling performance for a given set of drilling conditions. Those skilled in the art will appreciate that other embodiments of the invention exist which do not depart from the spirit of this aspect of the invention.
Method for Optimizing Drilling Operating Parameters for a Selected or Particular Drilling Tool Assembly
In another aspect, the invention provides a method for determining optimal drilling operating parameters for a selected drilling tool assembly. In one embodiment, this method includes simulating a dynamic response of a drilling tool assembly, adjusting the value of at least one drilling operating parameters, repeating the simulating, and repeating the adjusting and the simulating until a value of at least one drilling performance parameter is determined to be an optimal value.
The method in accordance with this aspect of the invention may be used to analyze relationships between drilling operating parameters and the drilling performance of a selected drilling tool assembly. The method also may be used to improve the drilling performance of a selected drilling tool assembly. Further, the method may be used to analyze the effect of changes in drilling operating parameters on the drilling performance of the selected drilling tool assembly. Additionally, the method in accordance with this aspect of the invention may enable the drilling tool assembly designer or operator to determine optimal drilling operating parameters for a selected drilling tool assembly drilling a particular depth or in a particular formation.
As previously explained, drilling operating parameters include, for example, rotational speed at which the drilling tool assembly is turned, or rotary torque applied to turn the drilling tool assembly, hook load (which is one of the major factors to influence WOB), drilling fluid flow rate, and material properties of the drilling fluid (e.g., viscosity, density, etc.). It should be understood that drilling parameters may include any drilling environment or drilling operating parameters which may affect the drilling performance of a drilling tool assembly without departing from the spirit of the invention.
Drilling performance parameters that may be considered in optimizing the design of a drilling tool assembly may include, for example, the ROP, rotary torque required to turn the drilling tool assembly, rotary speed at which the drilling tool assembly is turned, drilling tool assembly vibrations (in terms of velocities, accelerations, etc.), WOB, lateral force, moments, etc. on the bit, lateral and axial forces, moments, etc. on the cones, and lateral and axial forces on the cutting elements. It should be understood that during simulation velocity and displacement are calculated for each node point and can be used to calculate force/acceleration as an indicator of drilling tool assembly vibrations. One skilled in the art will appreciate that other parameters which can be used to evaluate drilling performance exist and may be used as determined by the drilling tool assembly designer without departing from the spirit of the invention.
Another example of such a method is shown in
In this example, once the input parameters 600 are provided, the input parameters 600 are used to construct a mechanics analysis model (at 612) of the drilling tool assembly and used to determine system constraints (at 614) (wellbore wall and bottom surface constraints). Then, the mechanics analysis model and system constraints are used to determine the initial conditions (at 616) on the drilling tool assembly inserted in the wellbore. Examples for constructing a mechanics analysis model of a drilling tool assembly and determining initial constraints and initial conditions are described in detail above for the first aspect of the invention.
In the example shown in
Incrementally solving for the response may include iteratively determining, from drilling tool assembly/environment interaction data or models, new drilling environment interaction forces on the drilling tool assembly resulting from changes in interaction between the drilling tool assembly and the drilling environment during the incremental rotation, and then recalculating the response of the drilling tool assembly to the incremental rotation under the newly calculated constraint loads. Incrementally solving may further include repeating, if necessary, the determining and the recalculating until a constraint load convergence criterion is satisfied. An example of incrementally solving for the response as described here is presented in detail for the first aspect of the invention.
At least one drilling operating parameter may be adjusted (at 620) as discussed above for the previous aspect of the invention, such as by reading in a new value from a data file, data input from an operator, or calculating adjustment values based on evaluation of responses corresponding to previous values, for example. Similarly, drilling performance parameter(s) adjusted may be any parameter effecting the operation of drilling without departing from the spirit of the invention. In some cases, adjusted drilling parameters may be limited to only particular parameters. For example, the drilling tool assembly designer/operator may concentrate only on the effect of the rotary speed and hook load (or WOB) on drilling performance, in which case only parameters effecting the rotary speed or hook load (or WOB) may be adjustable.
In the example shown in
Similar to the previous aspect, once a response for the previous adjusted operating parameters and a response for the current adjusted operating parameters are obtained, the effect the change in value of the drilling operating parameter on drilling performance can be evaluated (at 622). For example, during each simulation values of desired drilling performance parameters (WOB, ROP, impact loads, optimized force distribution on cutting elements, optimized/balanced for distribution on cones for roller cone bits, optimized force distribution on lades for PDC bits, etc.) can be calculated. Then, these values or other factors related to the response (such as vibration parameters) can be analyzed to determine the effect of adjusting the drilling operating parameter on the value of at least one drilling performance parameter.
Optimization criteria may include optimizing the force distribution on cutting elements, maximizing the rate of penetration (ROP), minimizing the WOB required to obtain a given ROP, minimizing lateral impact force, etc. In addition, for roller cone drill bits, optimization criteria may also include optimizing or balancing force distribution on cones. For fixed-cutter bits, such as PDC bits, optimization criteria may also include optimizing force distribution on the blades or among the blades.
Once an evaluation of the least one drilling operating parameter is made, based on that evaluation the adjusting and the simulating may be repeated until it is determined that at least one drilling performance parameter is optimized, or until an end condition for optimization is reached. As noted for the previous aspect, a drilling performance parameter may be determined to be at an optimal value when, for example, a maximum rate of penetration, a minimum rotary torque for a given rotation speed, and/or most even weight on bit is determine for a set of adjustment variables. Additionally, an end condition for optimization may include determining when a change in the operation value no long results in an improvement in the drilling performance of the drilling tool assembly. A simplified example of repeating the adjusting, the simulating, and the evaluating until a drilling performance parameter is optimized is as follows.
For example, if after obtaining a first response, the hook load is decreased (which ultimately increases the WOB), and then a second response is obtained for the decreased hook load, the ROP of the two responses can be compared. If the second response is found to have a greater ROP than the first (i.e. decreased hook load is shown to increase ROP), the hook load may be further decrease and a third response may be obtained and compared to the second. This adjustment, resimulation, evaluation may be repeated until the point at which decrease in hook load provides maximum ROP is obtained. Alternatively, if the decrease in hook load is found to result in an decrease in the ROP, then the hook load may be increased to value higher than the value of the hook load for the first simulation, and a third response may be obtained and compared with the first (having the more favorable ROP). This adjustment, resimulation, evaluation may be repeated until it is determined that further increase in hook load provides no further benefit in the ROP.
Advantageously, embodiments of the invention may be used to analyze the relationship between drilling parameters and drilling performance for a select drilling tool assembly drilling a particular earth formation. Additionally, embodiments of the invention may be used to optimize the drilling performance of a given drilling tool assembly. Those skilled in the art will appreciate that other embodiments of the invention exist which do not depart from the spirit of this aspect of the invention.
Further, it should be understood that regardless of the complexity of a drilling tool assembly or the trajectory of the wellbore in which it is to be constrained, the invention provides reliable methods that can be used for predicting the dynamic response of the drilling tool assembly drilling an earth formation. The invention also facilitates designing a drilling tool assembly having enhanced drilling performance, and helps determine optimal drilling operating parameters for improving the drilling performance of a selected drilling tool assembly.
While the invention has been described with respect to a limited number of embodiments and examples, those skilled in the art will appreciate that other embodiments can be devised which do not depart from the scope of the invention as disclosed herein. Accordingly, the scope of the invention should be limited only by the attached claims.
This application claims priority from U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/852,574 filed on May 24, 2004.
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Parent | 10852574 | May 2004 | US |
| Child | 11557296 | Nov 2006 | US |
| Parent | 09689299 | Oct 2000 | US |
| Child | 10852574 | May 2004 | US |
