The present invention relates to antenna systems, and more particularly to a single-aperture antenna for producing multiple closely spaced or overlapping beams.
In antenna systems, such as satellite antenna systems used, for example, in a global positioning system (GPS) or in a communications system, multiple closely spaced or overlapping pencil beams are produced to cover a particular country or a geographic area. For design purposes, the covered area may be defined as a polygon with edges corresponding to a geographical or political boundary. The coverage polygon should be fitted with a regular pattern of circular or slightly elliptical beams using a hexagonal or honeycomb lattice as the underlying basis. For example,
The coverage area may comprise a group of neighboring countries, with each beam covering a different language or cultural region. In this situation, each beam must be centered optimally over its assigned region, with the fitting process unavoidably requiring irregular beam spacing, size, and even shape. For example,
Therefore, there is a need to maximize the antenna gain (directivity) over the coverage area, to ensure that the minimum gain exceeds the specification required by the communications link budget. Hence, very closely spaced or overlapping beams should be formed. The amplitude vs. angle shape in current design practice has the approximate form of sin(x)/x or J1(x)/x, and sometimes is referred to as paraboloidal (when describing the pattern function within a few dB from peak). When a hexagonal lattice of circular beams with a paraboloidal [sin(x)/x] shape of radiation pattern is used, the conventional spacing between adjacent beams is approximately equal to the 3 dB beamwidth of the antenna. The minimum gain within the coverage area occurs at the triple crossover point of any three neighboring beams, and is about 4 dB below peak. When the beams are irregularly spaced, the beam spacing may be smaller or larger than the 3 dB beamwidth, and the crossover level may vary from 2 to 6 dB below peak if a paraboloidal [sin(x)/x] beam shape is used.
Optimum beam placement and compliant minimum gain are the primary goals for designing such antenna systems. However, other performance requirements and design constraints need to be considered, and may be equally important. For example, polarization, bandwidth, frequency reuse schemes, cross-polar isolation, co-polar (sidelobe) isolation for a frequency-reuse system of beams, maximum gain variation within a beam area, pointing error, antenna size, mass, and cost.
Traditionally, antennas having paraboloidal main reflectors are used for producing multiple beams. However, as illustrated in
It is possible to increase the feed size by selecting antenna geometry with a larger F/D ratio, where F is the focal length of the reflector, and D is the aperture diameter of the reflector. A typical value of this ratio for practical designs is F/D=1.0. Since aperture diameter D is fixed by the specified beamwidth of the pencil beams, a larger F/D ratio is achieved by increasing the focal length F. A larger F/D ratio increases the proportionality constant relating the feed spacing to the beam spacing. A feed with a larger diameter produces a feed pattern with a narrower beamwidth. However, when the focal length is increased, the angle subtended by the reflector rim becomes smaller (as viewed from the feed, which is now at a greater distance). The feed pattern is more focused, but the angular area intercepted by the reflector becomes smaller. Therefore, the spillover efficiency remains just as bad as for the traditional F/D ratio, or improves by an insignificant amount.
Conversely, it is possible to increase the angle subtended by the reflector by decreasing the F/D ratio, i.e. selecting antenna geometry with a shorter focal length F. However, a smaller F/D decreases the proportionality constant relating the feed spacing to the beam spacing. Hence, smaller feeds with a larger beamwidth should be used. The angular area intercepted by the reflector becomes larger, but because the feed pattern is less focused, the spillover efficiency again has not improved. Moreover, other design constraints associated with small feed size need to be carefully considered, for example propagation cutoff in feed waveguide, mutual coupling, and input impedance matching.
Accordingly, since the beams are closely spaced or effectively overlap, the feed apertures in the feed plane (the focal plane images of the beam areas) should also overlap. But this is impossible since two or three feeds cannot occupy the same area in the feed plane.
The above discussion shows that a conventional design of a multi-beam antenna using a single aperture and one feed per beam is handicapped by an extremely poor efficiency, with the spillover loss exceeding 3 dB. Depending on the antenna geometry, feed size, and feed type, other losses may also become significant: loss due to mutual coupling and loss due to power reflected from the feed input (input match).
To overcome the design difficulties described above, the conventional methodology uses an antenna system with multiple apertures. As illustrated in
An example of a simple three-aperture design producing a cluster of seven beams on a hexagonal lattice is illustrated in
A four-aperture design including four antennas operates on the same principle as the three-aperture design discussed above, except that the alternate feeds are slightly further apart. It is used when it becomes necessary to achieve better efficiency, lower sidelobes, and larger separation between beams requiring co-polar isolation in the context of a frequency reuse scheme.
However, improvements achievable by the multi-aperture solution come at a significant cost because three or four antennas are used instead of one. Multiple antennas require large physical space, which may not be available on the spacecraft body, need separate support structures, multiply production, testing, alignment times, etc.
Therefore, it would be desirable to create a single-aperture antenna with a single main reflector and multiple feeds to produce closely spaced or overlapping beams corresponding to the feeds of the antenna system.
The present disclosure offers a novel single-aperture antenna system for producing multiple closely spaced or overlapping beams. The antenna system includes multiple feeds for radiating energy, and a hyperboloidal or ellipsoidal main reflector responsive to the radiated energy for forming multiple beams. The main reflector is configured to form one beam for each of the multiple feeds in the antenna system.
In accordance with an embodiment of the disclosure, the antenna system may further comprise a subreflector illuminated by the radiated energy produced by the multiple feeds and reflecting the radiated energy to the main reflector.
In accordance with another embodiment of the invention, the antenna system may be a single-reflector system, in which the multiple feeds are configured for illuminating the main reflector with the radiated energy.
In accordance with one aspect of the disclosure, the main reflector is configured for forming a hexagonal lattice of beams.
In accordance with another aspect of the disclosure, the main reflector is configured for forming a cluster of closely spaced or overlapping pencil beams.
In accordance with a further aspect of the disclosure, the feeds may be irregularly spaced and have different aperture diameters for forming beams covering pre-determined regions.
Additional advantages and aspects of the disclosure will become readily apparent to those skilled in the art from the following detailed description, wherein embodiments of the present disclosure are shown and described, simply by way of illustration of the best mode contemplated for practicing the present disclosure. As will be described, the disclosure is capable of other and different embodiments, and its several details are susceptible of modification in various obvious respects, all without departing from the spirit of the disclosure. Accordingly, the drawings and description are to be regarded as illustrative in nature, and not as limitative.
The following detailed description of the embodiments of the present disclosure can best be understood when read in conjunction with the following drawings, in which the features are not necessarily drawn to scale but rather are drawn as to best illustrate the pertinent features, wherein:
The present disclosure will be made with the example of satellite antenna systems. It will become apparent, however, that the concepts described herein are applicable to any antenna system for producing multiple closely spaced or overlapping beams.
The main reflector 104 is supported by a reflector mounting platform 110 carried by the spacecraft body 102, which also carries a reflector gimbal 112 for controlling the main reflector movement during deployment and alignment, a tower 114 supporting the subreflector 106, a feed mounting plate 116, and a feed assembly box 118.
The feeds 108 aimed at the subreflector 106 independently produce radiating energy illuminating the subreflector 106, which reflects the energy to the main reflector 104 forming the desired multiple beams representing the respective feeds 108. The apertures B-1 to B-7 of the feeds 108 projected onto a feed plane are shown in
A hyperboloidal or ellipsoidal surface of the main reflector 104 makes it possible to produce multiple closely spaced or overlapping beams using a single-aperture antenna 100 with a single main reflector instead of multiple paraboloidal antennas illustrated in
A hyperboloidal reflector has a number of advantages over possible alternatives. It has a smooth diverging surface that is flatter than the surface of a paraboloidal reflector. Therefore, it generates low cross-polar radiation and produces low scan loss (beam distortion) with beam scan angle away from center. The principal ray direction is at an angle away from the reflector axis of revolution, i.e. away from the feed or subreflector. This property minimizes scattering from the feed cluster and its support structure, or from the top edge of the subreflector. Because the wider “flat-top” beam shape is generated in part via a mechanism that creates a reflector aperture distribution with a phase error, the resulting beamwidth is nearly constant vs. frequency over the operational bandwidth.
As discussed above, an ellipsoidal reflector can be used in lieu of a hyperboloidal reflector. However, since an ellipsoid is a converging surface, its cross-polar radiation is usually higher. The principal direction of radiation is tilted towards the feed or subreflector, increasing the potential for interference due to scattering from these structures.
The antenna of the present disclosure is very efficient, with spillover loss in the range of 0.2 to 0.4 dB. As discussed above, a conventional single-aperture design suffers from spillover loss of 3 to 5 dB, and a multi-aperture solution produces spillover loss of about 0.6 dB. As shown in
As illustrated in
The process of designing the single-aperture antenna of the present disclosure starts with the given values of the antenna beamwidth (B), i.e. the angular diameter of the beam area, the beam spacing (S), wavelength (λ), minimum gain requirements, coverage area, and other specifications related to polarization, isolation requirements, etc. The first step is to estimate the antenna diameter. An aperture diameter (D) may be about two to three times larger than that defined by the beamwidth. With the beamwidth expressed in radians and the diameter in wavelengths, the approximate value of D is: D=3×(λ/B).
The ratio λ/B represents the diameter that would normally be used in a conventional design. For example, if the beam diameter B=1.15 degree=0.02 radian, frequency=29.5 GHz, i.e. wavelength λ=0.4 inch, then D=3×(0.4/0.02)=60 inch.
The next step is to define the focal length (F). Selection of the focal length involves consideration of the angle subtended by the reflector as viewed from the rim, the anticipated feed diameter, and the beam spacing. A longer focal length, i.e. a larger F/D ratio, will reduce the angle subtended by the reflector rim, but also increase the spacing between feeds corresponding to the spacing between beams. Large feed diameter produces a more focused feed radiation, usually expressed as the feed edge taper in dB at the reflector rim angle, thus improving antenna spillover efficiency. This tradeoff may require some engineering judgment and experience, and may take a few iterative evaluations of candidate antennas.
The feed spacing (T) is related to the beam spacing (S) and the focal length (F) as follows: T=F×(S/BDF), where S is expressed in radians, and BDF is a dimensionless beam deviation factor with a value slightly less than 1.0, which accounts for the reflector curvature. If beam spacing S=1.0 deg=0.0175 radian, and F/D ratio=1.4, then F=84 inch, which in turn yields the feed spacing T=1.6 inch=4 wavelengths at 29.5 GHz (assuming BDF=0.9). For a reflector system with an F/D ratio=1.4, the angle from the reflector center to the reflector rim is about 20 deg, as seen from the feed on focus. With a feed diameter of 4 wavelengths, and using a dual-mode conical feed (Potter feed), a feed edge taper is around 16 dB. That is, the feed pattern amplitude is 16 dB below peak at the reflector rim. Therefore, nearly all of the power radiated by the feed will be captured by the reflector; ensuring excellent spillover efficiency. The above considerations may have to be refined by performing subsequent analysis of the antenna performance.
Once the antenna geometry and the reflector surface are optimized so that the beam from a feed on focus has the required beamwidth and shape, the process of placing the other feeds can begin. If the task is to fill a coverage polygon with a number of beams, then the feeds are arranged on a regular hexagonal grid, and the array is positioned to fit the coverage area in an optimum sense. The position of an individual beam is usually of a secondary importance, the key criterion is meeting a minimum gain requirement over the coverage polygon.
The problem of feed placement becomes more difficult if each beam is assigned to a specific area (for example, country or cultural region). In this case, it would be desirable to provide irregular beam spacing and beamwidth.
The foregoing description illustrates and describes aspects of the present invention. Additionally, the disclosure shows and describes only preferred embodiments, but as aforementioned, it is to be understood that the invention is capable of use in various other combinations, modifications, and environments and is capable of changes or modifications within the scope of the inventive concept as expressed herein, commensurate with the above teachings, and/or the skill or knowledge of the relevant art.
The embodiments described hereinabove are further intended to explain best modes known of practicing the invention and to enable others skilled in the art to utilize the invention in such, or other, embodiments and with the various modifications required by the particular applications or uses of the invention.
Accordingly, the description is not intended to limit the invention to the form disclosed herein. Also, it is intended that the appended claims be construed to include alternative embodiments.
The present application claims priority of U.S. provisional patent application No. 60/507,722 filed on Sep. 30, 2003 and entitled “MULTI-BEAM ANTENNA SUBSYSTEM USING A DUAL REFLECTOR GEOMETRY WITH A HYPERBOLIC MAIN REFLECTOR.”
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