BACKGROUND OF THE DISCLOSURE
Hydrocarbons, such as fossil fuels (e.g. oil) and natural gas, are extracted from underground wellbores extending deeply below the surface using complex machinery and explosive devices. Once the wellbore is established by placement of casing pipes after drilling, a perforating gun assembly, or train or string of multiple perforating gun assemblies, are lowered into the wellbore, and positioned adjacent one or more hydrocarbon reservoirs in underground formations.
Assembly of a perforating gun requires assembly of multiple parts. Such parts typically include a housing or outer gun barrel. An electrical wire for communicating from the surface to initiate ignition, a percussion initiator and/or a detonator, a detonating cord, one or more charges which are held in an inner tube, strip or carrying device and, where necessary, one or more boosters are typically positioned in the housing. Assembly of the perforating gun typically includes threaded insertion of one component into another by screwing or twisting the components into place. Tandem seal adapters/subs are typically used in conjunction with perforating gun assemblies to connect multiple perforating guns together. The tandem seal adapters are typically configured to provide a seal between adjacent perforating guns. Some tandem seal adapters may be provided internally or externally between adjacent perforating guns, which, in addition to requiring the use of multiple parts or connections between the perforating guns, may increase the length of each perforating gun and may be more expensive to manufacture. One such system is described in PCT Publication No. WO 2015/179787A1 assigned to Hunting Titan Inc.
The perforating gun includes explosive charges, typically shaped, hollow or projectile charges, which are initiated to perforate holes in the casing and to blast through the formation so that the hydrocarbons can flow through the casing. The explosive charges may be arranged in a hollow charge carrier or other holding devices. Once the perforating gun(s) is properly positioned, a surface signal actuates an ignition of a fuse or detonator, which in turn initiates a detonating cord, which detonates the explosive charges to penetrate/perforate the casing and thereby allow formation fluids to flow through the perforations thus formed and into a production string. Upon detonation of the explosive charges, debris typically remains inside the casing/wellbore. Such debris may include shrapnel resulting from the detonation of the explosive charges, which may result in obstructions in the wellbore. Perforating gun assemblies may be modified with additional components, end plates, internal sleeves, and the like in an attempt to capture such debris. U.S. Pat. No. 7,441,601 to GeoDynamics Inc., for example, describes a perforating gun assembly having an inner sleeve configured with pre-drilled holes that shifts in relation to an outer gun barrel upon detonation of the explosive charges in the perforating gun, to close the holes formed by the explosive charges. Such perforating gun assemblies require numerous components, may be costly to manufacture and assemble, and may reduce/limit the size of the explosive charges, in relation to the gun diameter, which may be compatible with the gun assembly.
There is a need for an improved perforating gun assembly that does not require the use of tandem seal adapters or tandem subs to facilitate a sealed connection between perforating gun assemblies. There is a further need for a perforating gun assembly that includes an efficient design for capturing debris resulting from detonation of a plurality of shaped charges, as well as a shaped charge positioning device formed of a unitary molded material that can house a single shaped charge or a plurality of shaped charges arranged in a single axial plane.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE EXEMPLARY EMBODIMENTS
According to an aspect, the exemplary embodiments include a single-charge positioning device. The single-charge positioning device includes a first end spaced apart from a second end. A detonator holder including an elongated cavity is disposed at the first end of the positioning device. A shaped charge holder is positioned between the detonator holder and the second end of the positioning device. The shaped charge holder includes a single shaped charge receptacle that is configured for receiving a single shaped charge.
In another aspect, the exemplary embodiments include a single-charge positioning device including a first end spaced apart from a second end, a detonator holder including an elongated cavity disposed at the first end of the positioning device, and a shaped charge holder with a shaped charge receptacle configured for receiving a single shaped charge positioned between the detonator holder and the second end of the positioning device. According to an aspect, the detonator holder and the shaped charge holder are formed of a unitary injection molded material.
In a further aspect, the exemplary embodiments include a perforating gun module including a housing with a chamber extending between a first housing end and a second housing end. A single-charge positioning device is housed, located, or secured in the chamber of the housing. The single-charge positioning device includes a first end spaced apart from a second end, a detonator holder including an elongated cavity disposed at the first end of the positioning device, and a shaped charge holder with a shaped charge receptacle configured for receiving a single shaped charge positioned between the detonator holder and the second end of the positioning device. According to an aspect, the detonator holder and the shaped charge holder are formed of a unitary injection molded material.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
A more particular description will be rendered by reference to specific embodiments thereof that are illustrated in the appended drawings. Understanding that these drawings depict only typical embodiments thereof and are not therefore to be considered to be limiting of its scope, exemplary embodiments will be described and explained with additional specificity and detail through the use of the accompanying drawings in which:
FIG. 1 is a perspective view of a positioning device, according to an embodiment;
FIG. 2 is a side, perspective view of the positioning device of FIG. 1;
FIG. 3 is a side, perspective view of a positioning device including a plurality of ribs and a plate, according to an embodiment;
FIG. 4 is side, perspective view of the positioning device of FIG. 3 for being attached to the positioning device of FIG. 1;
FIG. 5 is a cross-sectional view of a positioning device, illustrating a plurality of shaped charges positioned in shaped charge receptacles, according to an aspect;
FIG. 6 is a partial, cross-sectional view of a shaped charge for use with a positioning device, according to an aspect;
FIG. 7 is a cross-sectional view of a housing of a perforating gun module, according to an aspect;
FIG. 8 is a partial cross-sectional and perspective view of a perforating gun module, illustrating a positioning device therein, according to an aspect;
FIG. 9 is a partial cross-sectional, side view of the perforating gun module of FIG. 8, illustrating a through wire extending from a detonator to a bulkhead assembly;
FIG. 10 is a partial cross-sectional, side view of a perforating gun module including a positioning device and a detonator positioned therein, according to an embodiment;
FIG. 11 is a partial cross-sectional, side view of a perforating gun module including a positioning device and a detonator positioned in the first positioning device and an adjacent positioning device including a detonation extender, according to an embodiment;
FIG. 12A is a top down view of a housing of a perforating gun module, according to an embodiment;
FIG. 12B is a top down view of the perforating gun module of FIG. 12A, illustrating a positioning device therein;
FIG. 13A is a perspective view of a resulting mass formed from the detonation of shaped charges positioned in a positioning device, according to an aspect;
FIG. 13B is a top down view of the perforating gun module of FIG. 12B, illustrating a resulting mass formed upon detonation of the shaped charges positioned in the positioning device;
FIG. 14 is a perspective view of a ground member couplable to a positioning device, according to an embodiment;
FIG. 15 is a partial cross-sectional side view of a string of perforating gun modules, according to an embodiment;
FIG. 16A is a partial cross-sectional perspective view of a string of perforating gun modules configured according to FIG. 10;
FIG. 16B is a partial cross-sectional perspective view of the string of perforating gun modules of FIG. 16A, illustrating a ground member positioned in each perforating gun module;
FIG. 17 is a partial cross-sectional side view of the string of the perforating gun modules configured according to FIG. 11;
FIG. 18 is a perspective view of a positioning device, illustrating a shaped charge positioned in a shaped charge receptacle, according to an embodiment;
FIG. 19 is a perspective view of a positioning device, according to an embodiment;
FIG. 20 is a front view of a positioning device, illustrating a shaped charge positioned in a shaped charge receptacle, according to an embodiment;
FIG. 21 is a side view of a positioning device, illustrating a shaped charge positioned in a shaped charge receptacle, according to an embodiment;
FIG. 22 is a side, cross-sectional view of the positioning device taken along line B-B of FIG. 20;
FIG. 23 is a top view of a positioning device, illustrating a shaped charge positioned in a shaped charge receptacle, according to an embodiment;
FIG. 24 is a cross-sectional view of the positioning device taken along lines C-C of FIG. 23;
FIG. 25 is a bottom view of a positioning device, illustrating a shaped charge positioned in a shaped charge receptacle, according to an embodiment;
FIG. 26 is a cross-sectional side view of a positioning device, illustrating a shaped charge positioned in a shaped charge receptacle, according to an embodiment;
FIGS. 27A-C are perspective views of a positioning device, according to an embodiment;
FIG. 28 is a partial cross-sectional side view of a perforating gun module, illustrating a positioning device therein, according to an embodiment;
FIG. 29 is a partial cross-sectional perspective view of a perforating gun module, illustrating a positioning device therein, according to an embodiment;
FIG. 30 is a partial cross-sectional perspective view of a perforating gun module, illustrating a positioning device therein, according to an embodiment;
FIG. 31 is a partial cross-sectional side view of a perforating gun module, illustrating a positioning device therein, according to an embodiment;
FIG. 32 is a partial cross-sectional top view of a perforating gun module, illustrating a positioning device therein, according to an embodiment;
FIG. 33 is a partial cross-sectional side view of a perforating gun module, illustrating a positioning device therein, according to an embodiment;
FIG. 34 is a partial cross-sectional top view of a perforating gun module, illustrating a positioning device therein, according to an embodiment;
FIG. 35 is a partial cross-sectional perspective view of a string of perforating gun modules configured according to FIG. 29; and
FIG. 36 is a perspective view of a plurality of perforating gun modules, according to an embodiment.
Various features, aspects, and advantages of the embodiments will become more apparent from the following detailed description, along with the accompanying figures in which like numerals represent like components throughout the figures and text. The various described features are not necessarily drawn to scale, but are drawn to emphasize specific features relevant to some embodiments.
The headings used herein are for organizational purposes only and are not meant to limit the scope of the description or the claims. To facilitate understanding, reference numerals have been used, where possible, to designate like elements common to the figures.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION
Reference will now be made in detail to various embodiments. Each example is provided by way of explanation and is not meant as a limitation and does not constitute a definition of all possible embodiments.
As used herein, the term “energetically” may refer to a detonating/detonative device that, when detonated/or activated, generates a shock wave impulse that is capable of reliably initiating an oilfield shaped charge, booster or section of detonating cord to a high order detonation.
The terms “pressure bulkhead” and “pressure bulkhead structure” shall be used interchangeably, and shall refer to an internal, perforating gun housing compartment of a select fire sub assembly. In an embodiment, it also contains a pin assembly and allows the electrical passage of a wiring arrangement. The bulkhead structures may include at least one electrically conductive material within its overall structure.
For purposes of illustrating features of the embodiments, simple examples will now be introduced and referenced throughout the disclosure. Those skilled in the art will recognize that these examples are illustrative and not limiting and are provided purely for explanatory purposes. As other features of a perforating gun assembly are generally known (such as detonator and shaped charge design structures), for ease of understanding of the current disclosure those other features will not be otherwise described herein except by reference to other publications as may be of assistance.
FIGS. 1-2 illustrate a positioning device 10 configured for arranging a plurality of shaped charges 120 (FIG. 6) in a selected configuration. The shaped charges 120 may be positioned in an XZ-plane, in an outward, radial arrangement, about a Y-axis of the shaped charge holder 20; the Y-axis in the figures is the central axis of the shaped charge holder 20. The positioning device 10 may be configured as a unitary structure formed from a plastic material. According to an aspect, the positioning device 10 is formed from an injection molded material, a casted material, a 3D printed or 3-D milled material, or a machine cut solid material. Upon detonation of the shaped charges 120 positioned in the shaped charge holder 20, the positioning device may partially melt/soften to capture any shrapnel and dust generated by the detonation.
The positioning device 10 includes a first end 22 and a second end 24, and a shaped charge holder 20 extending between the first and second ends 22, 24. According to an aspect, the shaped charge holder 20 includes a plurality of shaped charge receptacles 30. The receptacles 30 are arranged between the first and second ends 22, 24 of the positioning device 10. The shaped charge receptacles 30 may be radially arranged in the XZ-plane about the Y-axis, i.e., central axis, of the shaped charge holder 20, each being configured to receive one of the shaped charges 120.
According to an aspect, the shaped charge receptacles 30 may include a depression/recess 32 that extends inwardly into the positioning device 10. An opening/slot 34 is formed in the depression 30. The opening 34 is configured to facilitate communication between contents of the depression 32 (i.e., the shaped charges 120) and a detonative device that extends through the positioning device 10. In an embodiment and as illustrated in FIG. 5, the opening 34 of each of the shaped charge receptacles 30, and the shaped charges 120, is spaced from about 60° to about 120° from each other. According to an aspect, the shaped charge receptacles 30 may be spaced apart from each other equidistantly, which may aid in reducing the formation breakdown pressure during hydraulic fracturing. The positioning device 10 may include 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 or more receptacles 30, depending on the needs of the application.
The shaped charge receptacles 30 may be configured to receive shaped charges 120 of different configurations and/or sizes. The geometries of the perforating jets and/or perforations (holes or perforating holes) that are produced by the shaped charges 120 upon detonation depends, at least in part, on the shape of the shaped charge case, the shape of the liner and/or the blend of powders included in the liner. The geometries of the perforating jets and holes may also depend on the quantity and type of explosive load included in the shaped charge. The shaped charges 120 may include, for example, substantially the same explosive gram weight, the interior surface of the shaped charge case and/or the design of the liner may differ for each shaped charge 120 in order to produce differently sized or shaped perforations.
According to an aspect, the receptacles 30 are configured to receive at least one of 3 g to 61 g shaped charges. It is contemplated, for example, that the receptacles may be sized to receive 5 g, 10 g, 26 g, 39 g and 50 g shaped charges 120. Adjusting the size of the shaped charges 120 (and thereby the quantity of the explosive load in the shaped charges 120) positioned in the shaped charge receptacles 30 may impact the size of the entrance holes/perforations created in a target formation upon detonation of the shaped charges 120.
The positioning device 10 may include three (3) shaped charges receptacles 30, with a shaped charge 120 being positioned in each receptacle 30. Upon detonation of the shaped charges 120, three (3) perforating holes having an equal entrance hole diameter of an amount ranging from about 0.20 inches to about 0.55 inches are formed. To be sure, the equal entrance hole diameter of the perforations will include a deviation of less than 10%. For example, three specially designed shaped charges 120, each including 10 g of explosive load, may be installed in a positioning device 10. Upon detonation of these shaped charges 120, they may perform equivalent to a standard shaped charge carrier that has three standard shaped charges that each include 22.7 g explosive load. The enhanced performance of the specially designed shaped charges 120 may be facilitated, at least in part, may the type of explosive powder selected for the explosive load, the shape and constituents of the liner and the contours/shape of the internal surface of the shaped charge case.
The combined surface area of the hole diameters may be equivalent to the total surface area that would be formed by an arrangement of 2, 4, 5, 6 or more standard shaped charges of a standard perforating gun. The ability of the shaped charge receptacles 30 to receive shaped charges 120 of different sizes or components helps to facilitate a shot performance that is equivalent to that of a traditional shaped charge carrier including 2, 4, 5, 6 or more shaped charges. Thus, without adjusting the quantity/number of the shaped charges 120 and/or the receptacles 30 of the positioning device 10, the total surface area of the perforations (i.e., the area open to fluid flow) created by detonating the shaped charges 120 is effectively adjusted based on the size and type of the shaped charges 120 utilized in the positioning device 10. This may facilitate a cost-effective and efficient way of adjusting the optimal flow path for fluid in the target formation, without modifying the arrangement or quantity of the receptacles 30.
According to an aspect, the positioning device 10 includes one or more mechanisms that help to guide and/or secure the shaped charges within the shaped charge receptacles 30. The positioning device 10 may include a plurality of shaped charge positioning blocks/bars 85 outwardly extending from the shaped charge holder 20. The positioning blocks 85 may help to guide the arrangement, mounting or placement of the shaped charges 120 within the shaped charge receptacles 30. The positioning blocks 85 may be contoured to correspond to a general shape of the shaped charges 120, such as conical or rectangular shaped charges. According to an aspect, the positioning blocks 85 provides added strength and stability to the shaped charge holder 20 and helps to support the shaped charges 120 in the shaped charge holder 20.
According to an aspect, the positioning device 10 further includes a plurality of retention mechanisms 80 outwardly extending from the holder 20. The retention mechanisms 80 may be adjacent each of the shaped charge receptacles 30. As illustrated in FIG. 1 and FIG. 2, the retention mechanisms 80 may be arranged in a spaced apart configuration from each other. Each retention mechanism 80 may be adjacent one shaped charge positioning block 85. As seen for instance in FIG. 2 and FIG. 9, a pair of the retention mechanisms 80 may flank or be in a sandwich-type configuration with a shaped charge positioning block 85. In an alternative embodiment, and as illustrated in FIG. 8, each member of a pair of the retention mechanisms 80 is spaced apart from each other at a 180° angle, with a shaped charge positioning block (not shown in FIG. 8) between each retention mechanism 80. According to an aspect, each member of a pair of the retention mechanisms 80 may be spaced at about a 90° degree angle from an adjacent retention mechanism 80. The pair of retention mechanisms 80 may be configured to retain one of the shaped charges 120 within one shaped charge receptacle 30. The retention mechanisms 80 may each include an elongated shaft 81, and a hook 83 that extends outwardly from the elongated shaft. The hook 83 is at least partially curved to engage with a cylindrical wall of the shaped charges 120, thereby helping to secure the shaped charge 120 within its corresponding shaped charge receptacle 30, and thus the shaped charge holder 20.
According to an aspect, the depression 32 of the shaped charge receptacles 30, in combination with at least one of the retention mechanisms 80 and the shaped charge positioning blocks 85, aid in mechanically securing at least one of the shaped charges 120 within the positioning device 10.
An elongated cavity/lumen 40 extends through the positioning device 10, from the first end 22 to the second end 24. The elongated cavity 40 may be centrally located within the positioning device 10 and is adjacent each of the shaped charge receptacles 30, and thereby the shaped charge 120 housed in the receptacles 30.
The elongated cavity 40 may be configured for receiving and retaining a detonative device therein. According to an aspect, the detonative device includes a detonator 50 (FIG. 11). The detonator 50 may be positioned centrally within the shaped charge holder 20. According to an aspect and as illustrated in FIG. 6, the plurality of shaped charges 120 housed in the shaped charge holder 20 includes an open front end 320 and a back wall 330 having an initiation point 331 extending therethrough. The detonator 50 is substantially adjacent the initiation point 331 and is configured to simultaneously initiate the shaped charges 120 in response to an initiation signal, such as a digital code.
According to an aspect, the detonator 50 is a wireless push-in detonator. Such detonators are described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 9,605,937 and 9,581,422, both commonly owned and assigned to DynaEnergetics GmbH & Co KG, each of which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. According to an aspect, the detonator 50 includes a detonator head 52 and a detonator body 54 (FIG. 11) extending from the detonator head 52. The detonator head 52 includes an electrically contactable line-in portion, an electrically contactable line-out portion, and an insulator positioned between the line-in and line-out portions, wherein the insulator electrically isolates the line-in portion from the line-out portion. The detonator body 54 may be energetically coupled to or may energetically communicate with each of the shaped charges 120. According to an aspect, the detonator body 54 may include a metal surface, that provides a contact area for electrically grounding the detonator 50.
The positioning device 10 may include passageways 28 that help to guide a feed through/electrical wire 260 (FIG. 9) from the detonator 50 to contact a bulkhead assembly/pressure bulkhead assembly 230 (FIG. 9). As illustrated in FIGS. 1-2 and FIG. 11, the passageway 28 may be formed at the second end 24 of the positioning device 10 and receives and guides the feed through wire/electrical wire 260 to the bulkhead assembly 230.
The positioning device 10 may be configured as a modular device having a plurality of connectors 26 that allows the positioning device 10 to connect to other adjacent positioning devices, adjacent shaped charge holders, and spacers, as illustrated in FIG. 4. The positioning device 10 may be configured to engage or connect to charge holders, spacers and connectors described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 9,494,021 and 9,702,680, both commonly owned and assigned to DynaEnergetics GmbH & Co KG, each of which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.
The connectors 26 each extend along the central Y-axis of the shaped charge holder 20. According to an aspect, the connectors 26 includes at least one of a plurality of plug connectors/pins 27a and a plurality of receiving cavities/sockets 27b. The plurality of receiving cavities/sockets 27b are shown in FIG. 1 and FIG. 2 on the opposite end of the positioning device 10, for receiving plug connectors 27a from a downstream positioning device. The plug connectors 27a outwardly extend from the first or second end 22, 24, and the receiving cavities 27b inwardly extend into the positioning device 10 from the first or second end 22, 24. The plug connectors 27a are configured for being inserted and at least temporarily retained into the receiving cavities 27b of the adjacent positioning device, shaped charge holder, spacer or other connectors, while the receiving cavities 27b are configured to receive plug connectors 27a of another adjacent positioning device, charge holder, spacer or other components. When the first end 22 includes plug connectors 27a, the second end 24 includes receiving cavities 27b that are configured to receive and retain the plug connectors of the adjacent positioning device, charge holder, spacer or other components. According to an aspect, the plug connectors 27a are mushroom-shaped, which may aid in the retention of the plug connectors 27a in the receiving cavities.
Further embodiments of the disclosure are associated with a positioning device 110, as illustrated in FIGS. 3-5 and 8-11. The positioning device 110 includes a first end 22 and a second end 24. According to an aspect, the first end 22 of the positioning device 110 may be contoured to retain a detonator head 52 (FIG. 8 and FIG. 12B) therein. A shaped charge holder 20 extends between the first and second ends 22, 24 of the positioning device 110. For purposes of convenience, and not limitation, the general characteristics of the shaped charge holder 20 applicable to the positioning device 110, are described above with respect to the FIGS. 1-2, and are not repeated here.
Similar to the shaped charge holder described hereinabove with reference to FIGS. 1-2, the shaped charge holder 20 illustrated in FIG. 3 includes a plurality of shaped charge receptacles 30, a plurality of retention mechanisms 80 and a plurality of positioning blocks 85, which are configured substantially as described hereinabove with respect to FIGS. 1-2 and FIGS. 8-9. Thus, for purpose of convenience, and not limitation, the features and characteristics of the receptacles 30, the retention mechanisms 80 and the positioning blocks 85 of the positioning device 110 are not repeated here.
The positioning device 110 further includes an elongated cavity/lumen 40 extending through a length of the positioning device 110. The elongated cavity 40 extends from the first end 22 to the second end 24, adjacent each of the shaped charge receptacles 30, and is configured for receiving and retaining a detonator 50.
FIG. 10 illustrates the detonator 50 positioned in the elongated cavity 40. The detonator 50 is configured to initiate the shaped charges 120 simultaneously in response to an initiation signal. As described hereinabove, the detonator 50 may be a wireless push-in detonator. The detonator 50 of the positioning device 110 may be configured substantially as the detonator 50 of the positioning device 10 described hereinabove with respect to FIGS. 1-2, thus for purposes of convenience and not limitation, the various features of the detonator 50 for the positioning device 10 are not repeated hereinbelow.
The detonator 50 of the positioning device 110 includes a detonator head 52 and a detonator body 54 is energetically coupled to each of the shaped charges 120. The elongated cavity 40 may be stepped or contoured to receive the head 52 and body 54 of the detonator 50. According to an aspect and as illustrated in FIG. 10, the elongated cavity 40 includes a first cavity 42 and a second cavity 44 extending from the first cavity 42. The first cavity 42 extends from and is adjacent the first end 22 of the positioning device 110, while the second cavity 44 extends from the first cavity 42 towards the second end 24. The first cavity 42 is larger than the second cavity 44 and is configured for receiving the detonator head 52, while the second cavity 44 is configured for receiving the detonator body 54.
According to an aspect, the positioning device 110 is be equipped with means for maintaining the positioning device 110 in a preselected position in a perforating gun module 200. The positioning device 110 may include at least one rib/fin 160 outwardly extending from the positioning device 110. FIG. 3 illustrates ribs 160 radially extending from the positioning device 110 and being arranged between the first end 22 of the positioning device 110 and the shaped charge holder 20. The ribs 160 may be substantially equal in length with each other and may be configured to engage with an interior surface of a perforating gun module 200, as illustrated in, for example, FIGS. 8-11.
The positioning device 110 may further include a plate 70 at least partially extending around the positioning device 110. The plate 70 may be disposed/arranged between the first end 22 and the rib 160. FIG. 3 illustrates a protrusion/anti-rotation key 74 extending from a peripheral edge 72 of the plate 70. The anti-rotation key 74 may be configured to secure the positioning device 110 within a perforating gun module 200, and to prevent rotation of the positioning device 110 and the shaped charge holder 20 within the perforating gun module 200. As illustrated in FIGS. 8-11 and FIG. 12B, the anti-rotation key 74 may be configured to engage with an inner surface 220 (or a slot 222) of a housing 210 of the perforating gun module 200, which helps ensure that the shaped charges 120 are maintained in their respective positions with respect to the perforating gun module 200. According to an aspect, the plate 70 is sized and dimensioned to capture debris resulting from detonation of the plurality of shaped charges 120. As illustrated in FIG. 3, the plate 70 has a larger surface area than the ribs 160, such that it is able to collapse with at least one of the shaped charge holder 20 and the ribs 160, and capture any debris generated by the detonation of the shaped charges 120, thereby reducing the amount (i.e., number of individual debris) that may need to be retrieved from the wellbore.
The positioning device 110 further includes a disk 25 outwardly and circumferentially extending from the positioning device 110. The disk is arranged between the first end 22 and the plate 70 and, as illustrated in FIG. 8 and FIG. 9, may help to create an isolation chamber 280 for the detonator head 52. The isolation chamber 280 may protect and isolate the detonator 50 from loose metallic particles, shards, machine metal shavings and dust, or substantially minimize the detonator head 52 from such exposure, that may negatively impact the functionality of the detonator 50 and cause an electrical short circuit in the system.
According to an aspect, one or more components of the positioning device 110 may be configured with a passageway 28. The passageway 28 may be formed in at least one of the disk 25 (FIG. 12B), the plate 70 (FIG. 12B) and the second end 24 (FIGS. 3-4) of the body 20. The passageway 28 receives and guides a feed through wire/electrical wire 260 from the detonator 50 to the second end of the positioning device 110, wherein the wire 260 contacts a bulkhead assembly/rotatable bulkhead assembly 230.
As illustrated in FIGS. 8-11 and FIG. 12B, a ground member 90 may be arranged on or otherwise coupled to the positioning device 110. The ground member 90 is secured to the positioning device 110, between the first end 22 and the plate 70. According to an aspect, a support member 82 extends from the positioning device 110, between the ground member 90 and the plate 70. The support member 82 is configured to prevent movement of the ground member 90 along the central Y-axis of the shaped charge holder 20, to ensure that the ground member 90 is able to contact a portion of an adjacent perforating gun module. FIG. 14 shows the ground member 90 in more detail. The ground member 90 may include a centrally-arranged opening 92 having a plurality of engagement mechanisms 93, and one of more slots 94 to facilitate the ground member 90 being secured to the positioning device 110 and to facilitate the engagement of the ground member 90 with the adjacent perforating gun module. According to an aspect, the ground member 90 is formed from a stamped, laser cut, or water-jet cut sheet of metal. The ground member 90 may be formed from at least one of stainless steel, brass, copper, aluminum or any other electrically conductive sheeted material which can be stamped and re-worked, water jet cut or laser cut.
According to an aspect, and as illustrated in at least FIGS. 4, 11, and 17, the positioning device 110 may be connectable to adjacent devices or components of a perforating gun module 200. In an embodiment, at least one of the first end 22 and the second end 24 includes a plurality of connectors 26 extending along the central Y-axis of the charge holder 20. The connectors 26 provide for a modular connection between the positioning device 110 and at least one of an adjacent positioning device, an adjacent shaped charge holder and a spacer including corresponding connectors. The connectors 26 of the positioning device 110 may be configured substantially as the connectors 26 of the positioning device 10 described hereinabove with respect to FIGS. 1-2, thus for purposes of convenience and not limitation, the various features of the connectors 26 of the positioning device 10 are not repeated here.
In an embodiment and as shown in FIG. 11, the shaped charges 120 is a first set of shaped charges, and a second set of shaped charges 120′ is supported in a separate shaped charge holder 20′ connected to the positioning device 110. The separate shaped charge holder 20′ may be included in the positioning device 10 illustrated in FIGS. 1-2. The separate shaped charge holder 20′ includes a plurality of shaped charge receptacles 30 extending between first and second ends 22, 24 of the separate shaped charge holder 20′. The receptacles 30 are radially arranged in an XZ-plane about a central Y-axis of the separate shaped charge holder 20′, each receptacle 30 retaining one of the shaped charges 120′.
An elongated cavity 40 extends from the first end 22 to the second end 24 of the separate shaped charge holder 20′ and is configured for retaining a detonation extender 55 therein. According to an aspect, the detonation extender 55 includes a detonating cord or a booster device 56. As illustrated in FIG. 11, when the positioning device 110 is connected to the separate shaped charge holder 20′, the detonation extender 55 is configured to abut an end of the detonator body 54 and extend from the elongated opening 40 of the positioning device 110 into the elongated opening 40 of the separate shaped charge holder 20′ so the detonator extender is adjacent initiation points 331 of the separate shaped charges 120′. The detonation extender 55 is adjacent a plurality of openings 34 formed in the shaped charge receptacles of the separate shaped charge holder 20′. When the detonator 50 is activated, a detonation energy from the detonator 50 simultaneously activates the shaped charges 120 of the first set of shaped charges and the detonation extender 55. The detonation extender 55 thereafter generates a detonation wave, which simultaneously activates the second set of shaped charges 120′. Once all the charges 120, 120′ have detonated, the positioning device 110 and the separate charge holder 20′ forms a resulting mass 111 (FIGS. 13A-13B) and limits the amount of debris generated upon detonation of the shaped charges
According to an aspect, the shaped charges 120 for use with the aforementioned positioning devices 10/110 illustrated in FIGS. 1-5 may be specially configured to be secured in a shaped charge holder 20/20′ (collectively shaped charge holder 20) described hereinabove. According to an aspect and as illustrated in FIG. 6, a shaped charge 120 for use at least one of a positioning device 110 and a shaped charge holder 20) includes a substantially cylindrical/conical case 310. The conical case 310 includes an open front end 320, a back wall 330 having an initiation point 331 extending therethrough, and at least one cylindrical side wall 340 extending between the open front end 320 and the back wall 330.
The shaped charge 120 further includes a cavity 322 defined by the side wall 340 and the back wall 330. An explosive load 324 is disposed within the cavity 322. According to an aspect, the explosive load 324 includes at least one of pentaerythritol tetranitrate (PETN), cyclotrimethylenetrinitramine (RDX), octahydro-1,3,5,7-tetranitro-1,3,5,7-tetrazocine/cyclotetramethylene-tetranitramine (HMX), 2,6-Bis(picrylamino)-3,5-dinitropyridine/picrylaminodinitropyridin (PYX), hexanitrostibane (HNS), triaminotrinitrobenzol (TATB), and PTB (mixture of PYX and TATB). According to an aspect, the explosive load 324 includes diamino-3,5-dinitropyrazine-1-oxide (LLM-105). The explosive load may include a mixture of PYX and triaminotrinitrobenzol (TATB). The type of explosive material used may be based at least in part on the operational conditions in the wellbore and the temperature downhole to which the explosive may be exposed.
As illustrated in FIG. 6, a liner 326 is disposed adjacent the explosive load 324. The liner 326 is configured for retaining the explosive load 324 within the cavity 322. In the exemplary embodiment shown in FIG. 6, the liner 326 has a conical configuration, however, it is contemplated that the liner 326 may be of any known configuration consistent with this disclosure. The liner 326 may be made of a material selected based on the target to be penetrated and may include, for example and without limitation, a plurality of powdered metals or metal alloys that are compressed to form the desired liner shape. Exemplary powdered metals and/or metal alloys include copper, tungsten, lead, nickel, bronze, molybdenum, titanium and combinations thereof. In some embodiments, the liner 326 is made of a formed solid metal sheet, rather than compressed powdered metal and/or metal alloys. In another embodiment, the liner 326 is made of a non-metal material, such as glass, cement, high-density composite or plastic. Typical liner constituents and formation techniques are further described in commonly-owned U.S. Pat. No. 9,862,027, which is incorporated by reference herein in its entirety to the extent that it is consistent with this disclosure. When the shaped charge 120 is initiated, the explosive load 324 detonates and creates a detonation wave that causes the liner 326 to collapse and be expelled from the shaped charge 120. The expelled liner 326 produces a forward-moving perforating jet that moves at a high velocity
According to an aspect, the cylindrical side wall portion 340 includes a first wall 342 outwardly extending from a flat surface 332 of the back wall 330, a second wall 344 outwardly extending from the first wall 342, and a third wall 346 upwardly extending from the second wall 344 towards the open front end 320. The third wall 346 may be uniform in width as it extends from the second wall 344 to the open front end 320.
An engagement member 350 outwardly extends from an external surface 341 of the side wall 340. As illustrated in FIG. 6, the engagement member 350 extends from the first wall 342, at a position adjacent the second wall 344. As illustrated in FIG. 5, the engagement member 350 may be configured for coupling the shaped charge 120 within a shaped charge holder 20 of a positioning device 10/110. In an embodiment, at least one of the first wall 342 and the second wall 344 includes an engagement groove/depression 352 circumferentially extending around the side wall 340. The groove 352 extends inwardly from the side wall 340 of the case 310 towards the cavity 322. The groove 352 may be configured to receive one or more retention mechanisms 80 of the positioning device 10/110 or the shaped charge holder 20, thereby securedly fastening the shaped charge 120 to the positioning device 10/110 or the shaped charge holder 20.
According to an aspect, the size of the shaped charge 120 may be of any size based on the needs of the application in which the shaped charge 120 is to be utilized. For example, the conical case 310 of the shaped charge 120 may be sized to receive from about 3 g to about 61 g of the explosive load 324. As would be understood by one of ordinary skill in the art, the caliber/diameter of the liner 326 may be dimensioned based on the size of the conical case 310 and the explosive load 324 upon which the liner 326 will be disposed. Thus, even with the use of three (3) shaped charges in the positioning device 10/110 (i.e., a three-shot assembly), the arrangement of the shaped charges 120 in the positioning device 10/110, in combination with adjusting the size of the shaped charges 120, may provide the equivalent shot performance (and provide equivalent fluid flow) of a typical assembly/shot carrier having 4, 5, 6 shaped charges.
Embodiments of the disclosure are further associated with a perforating gun module 200. The perforating gun module 200 includes a housing/sub assembly/one-part sub 210 formed from a preforged metal blank/shape. The housing 210 may include a length L1 of less than about 12 inches, alternatively less than about 9 inches, alternatively less than about 8 inches. According to an aspect, the length of the housing 210 may be reduced because the perforating gun module 200 does not require the use of separate tandem sub adapters to connect or seal a plurality of perforating gun modules 200.
The housing 210 includes a first housing end 212, a second housing end 214, and a chamber 216 extending from the first housing end 212 towards the second housing end 214. The housing 210 may be configured with threads to facilitate the connection of a string of perforating gun modules 200 together. According to an aspect, an inner surface 220 of the housing 210 at the first housing end 212 includes a plurality of internal threads 221a, while an outer/external surface 224 of the housing 210 includes a plurality of external threads 221b at the second housing end 214. A plurality of housings 210 may be rotatably connected to each other via the threads 221a, 221b. A plurality of sealing mechanisms, such as o-rings 270, may be used to seal the housing 210 of the perforating gun module 200 from the contents of the housing of an adjacent perforating gun, as well as from the outside environment (fluid in the wellbore) from entering the chamber 216.
As illustrated in FIG. 10, the first housing end 212 has a first width W1, the second housing end 214 has a second width W2, and the chamber 216 has an internal diameter ID. The second width W2 may be less than the first width W1, and the internal diameter ID of the chamber 216 may be substantially the same as the second width W2. As illustrated in FIG. 9, for example, the second housing end 214 of the housing 210 of the perforating gun module 200 may be rotatably secured within the first housing end 212 (i.e., in the chamber) of the housing of an adjacent perforating gun module 200′. According to an aspect, the second housing end 214 is configured to be secured within a chamber of an adjacent perforating gun assembly 200′, and the first housing end 212 is configured to secure a second housing end of another adjacent perforating gun module.
According to an aspect, one or more positioning devices 10/110 may be secured in the chamber 216 of the housing 210. The positioning device 10/110 may be configured substantially as described hereinabove and illustrated in FIGS. 1-5. Thus, for purposes of convenience, and not limitation, the features and functionality of the positioning device 10/110 are not repeated in detail herein below.
As illustrated in FIGS. 8-10 and according to an aspect, the first end 22 of the positioning device 110 is adjacent the first housing end 212. The rib 160 of the device 110 engages with an inner surface 220 of the housing 210, within the chamber 216, thereby preventing the device from moving upwardly or downwardly in the chamber 216.
As illustrated in FIGS. 8-11, a plate 70 of the positioning device 110 helps to further secure the positioning device 110 in the housing 210. The plate 70 includes an anti-rotation key 74 extending from a peripheral edge 72 of the plate 70. As illustrated in FIGS. 12A-12B, the anti-rotation key 74 may be seated in a slot 222 formed in an inner surface 220 of the housing 210. FIG. 7 illustrates the slot extending from the first housing end 212 into the chamber 216. The anti-rotation key 74 of the plate 70 engages the slot 222 to secure the positioning device 110 within the perforating gun 200 and prevent unwanted rotation of the positioning device 110, and thus the shaped charge holder 20, within the perforating gun module 200. As described hereinabove, upon detonation of the shaped charges 120, the plate 70 and the shaped charge holder 20 is configured to capture debris resulting from detonation of the shaped charges 120. The captured debris, the plate 70 and the shaped charge holder 20 forms a mass/resulting mass 111 (FIG. 13A) upon the detonation of the charges 120. As seen in FIG. 13B, the resulting mass 111 is retained in the chamber 216 of the housing 210. The resulting mass 111 includes shrapnel and debris created upon the detonation of the shaped charges, as well as any additional wires (e.g. through wire 260) or components previously placed or housed in the housing 210.
The housing 210 further includes a recess/mortise 218 extending from the second housing end 214 towards the chamber 216. The recess 218 partially tapers from the second housing end 214 towards the chamber 216. A varying depth bore 217, shown in FIG. 7, extends from the chamber 216 to connect the chamber 216 with the recess 218. The bore 217 is configured to sealingly receive and engage a bulkhead assembly 230 in a sealed position (shown, for example, in FIG. 28). According to an embodiment, the chamber 216 is configured to house the detonator head 52 of a detonator 50 of an adjacent positioning device 110. As illustrated in FIG. 9, for example, the disk 25 of the positioning device 110 of an adjacent perforating gun module 200 covers a portion of the recess 218, thereby forming an isolation chamber 280 for the detonator head 52. According to an aspect, when the housing 210 includes a length L1 of less than about 8 inches, the recess 218 may include a length L2 of less than about 2 inches.
A bulkhead assembly 230 may be positioned in the varying depth bore 217, between the chamber 216 (i.e., adjacent the second end 24 of the positioning device 110) and the recess 218. According to an aspect, the bulkhead assembly 230 is a rotatable bulkhead assembly. Such bulkhead assemblies are described in U.S. Pat. No. 9,784,549, commonly owned and assigned to DynaEnergetics GmbH & Co KG, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.
The bulkhead assembly 230 includes a bulkhead body 232 having a first end 233 and a second end 234. A metal contact plug/metal contact 250 is adjacent the first end 233 of the bulkhead body 232 and a downhole facing pin 236 extends from a second end 234 of the bulkhead body 232. The perforating gun module 200 further includes a feed through wire 260 extending from the detonator 50 to the metal contact plug 250 via the line-out portion of the detonator head 52. The metal contact plug 250 is configured to secure the feed through wire 260 to the first end 233 of the bulkhead assembly 230. According to an aspect, the metal contact plug 250 provides electrical contact to the bulkhead assembly 230, while the downhole facing pin 236 is configured to transfer an electrical signal from the bulkhead assembly 230 to a detonator 50′ of the adjacent perforating gun module 200′.
FIGS. 8-11 illustrate a collar 240 secured within the recess 218. The collar 240 is adjacent the second end 234 of the bulkhead assembly 230. According to an aspect, the collar 240 includes external threads 242 (FIG. 10) configured for engaging with or being rotatably secured in the recess 218 of the housing 210. When the collar 240 is secured in the recess 218, the bulkhead assembly 230 is also thereby secured in the housing 210.
As illustrated in FIGS. 15, 16A, 16B and 17, when a plurality/a string of perforating gun modules 200 are connected to each other, the ground members 90 secured to the positioning devices 110 engage with the inner surface 220 housing 210 to provide a secure and reliable electrical ground contact from the detonator 50′ (see FIG. 9), and also contacts the second end portion 214 of the adjacent perforating gun modules 200. The support members 82 of each of the positioning devices 110 of the perforating gun modules 200 may prevent movement of the ground member 90 along the central Y-axis of the shaped charge holder 20 and help to facilitate the contact of the ground member 90 with the second end portion of the adjacent perforating gun module 200′.
While FIGS. 15, 16A and 16B illustrate the perforating gun modules 200 each including one positioning device 110, it is contemplated that perforating gun modules may be configured to receive more than one positioning device 110, or the positioning device 10 of shaped charge holder 20 described hereinabove with respect to FIGS. 1-2. FIG. 17 illustrates an embodiment in which the positioning device 110 of FIG. 3 is coupled to the positioning device 10 or a separate shaped charge holder 20 of FIGS. 1-2 and are coupled together and secured in a housing 210 of a perforating gun module 200. As described hereinabove with respect to FIG. 11, the elongated cavity 40 of the separate shaped charge holder 20′ retains a detonation extender 55. The detonation extender 55 extends from the elongated opening of the positioning device 110 into the elongated opening of the separate shaped charge holder 20′. The detonation energy from the detonator 50 simultaneously activates the shaped charges 120 of the first set of shaped charges and activates the detonation extender 55, and a detonation wave from the detonation extender 55 simultaneously activates the second set of shaped charges 120′ retained in the shaped charge holder 20′ or separate positioning device 10.
Further embodiments of the disclosure are associated with a single-charge positioning device 100 (FIGS. 18-35). According to an aspect, the single-charge positioning device 100 may be formed of a unitary piece of molded material, such as injection molded plastic. The single-charge positioning device 100 is configured for securing and positioning a single shaped charge 120 within a perforating gun assembly 200.
The single-charge positioning device 100 is shown in FIGS. 18-27C. As shown in FIG. 18, the single-charge positioning device 100 has a first end 22 and a second end 24. A detonator holder 39 and a shaped charge holder 20 extends between the first end 22 and second end 24. According to an aspect, the detonator holder 39 is formed between the first end 22 and the shaped charge holder 20, and the shaped charge holder 20 is formed between the detonator holder 39 and the second end 24.
The detonator holder 39 receives and retains a detonative device (such as a detonator 50, described hereinabove with respect to the positioning device 110 and illustrated in, e.g., FIG. 11). As illustrated in FIGS. 22 and 26, the detonator holder 39 includes an elongated cavity 40 having at least a first cavity 42 sized for receiving a detonator head 52 and a second cavity 44 sized for receiving a detonator body 54. According to an aspect, a detonating cord channel 46 (FIG. 28) is arranged in a side-by-side configuration adjacent at least a portion of the second cavity 44 and extends towards the shaped charge holder 20. In other embodiments, the detonating cord channel 45 and/or detonating cord 60 may be configured face-to-face with the the detonator 50/second cavity 44, or in any other configuration consistent with this disclosure.
The detonating cord channel 46 is formed partially within a pair of arms 33 within the recess 32 of the shaped charge receptacle 30 as shown in, e.g., FIGS. 19, 22, 25 and 26. The detonating cord channel 46 extends from the shaped charge receptacle 30 (where, in use, it may communicate ballistically with a shaped charge 120 secured in the shaped charge receptacle 30) to a location adjacent the elongated cavity 40 of the detonator holder 39, so that it is also in ballistic communication with the detonator 50 within the elongated cavity 40. The detonating cord channel 46, as illustrated in FIG. 22, is configured to receive and secure a detonating cord 60 or similar ballistic device in contact both with a portion of the detonator 50 (for example, an outer surface of the detonator body 54) and with an initiation point 331 located on a base/closed back wall 330 of the shaped charge 120 (see FIGS. 23-24). When the detonator 50 is initiated by an initiation signal, for example, a digital code, the detonating cord 60 is ignited and in turn initiates the shaped charge 120 via ballistic or thermal transfer at the initiation point 331. According to an aspect, the detonator 50 is a wireless push-in detonator. The length of the detonating cord 60 may vary depending on the particular application, and the detonating cord 60 may be used to connect different or additional ballistic components, such as detonator extenders, boosters, pellets, additional shaped charges, and the like.
The shaped charge holder 20 is located between the detonator holder 39 and the second end 24 of the positioning device 100 and includes a single shaped charge receiving area/receptacle 30 to receive and hold a single shaped charge 120. The shaped charge receptacle 30 may be configured to receive a shaped charge 120 of various configurations and/or sizes. According to an aspect, the receptacle 30 is a frame-like/lattice-like structure configured to secure the shaped charge within the charge holder 20. As illustrated in FIG. 19, the receptacle 30 may be configured with a frame 31 that receives the closed end of the shaped charge. According to an aspect, the frame 31 includes arms 33 that are configured to extend around and beneath the case of the shaped charge 120.
According to an aspect, the single-charge positioning device 100 includes one or more mechanisms to guide and/or secure the shaped charge 120 within the shaped charge holder 20. Exemplary mechanisms as shown in FIG. 18 and FIG. 19 may include a plurality of shaped charge retention mechanisms 80 and/or shaped charge positioning blocks/bars 85 configured to mechanically secure the shaped charge 120 within the shaped charge holder 20. The retention mechanisms 80 and the positioning blocks 85 may be arranged about the frame 31 of the shaped charge receptacle 30 at least in part based on the configuration of the shaped charge 120 that will be positioned therein. While an exemplary shaped charge 120 is illustrated in FIG. 6, for example, other shaped charge configurations are contemplated. In an embodiment, the retention mechanisms 80 each include an elongated shaft 81 extending from the frame 31 of the receptacle 30, with a hook 83 located on an upper extremity of the elongated shaft 81. As illustrated in FIG. 19, for example, at least a portion of the elongated shaft 81 extends radially inwardly from the frame 31 and is connected to an arm 33 of the receptacle 30, such that the elongated shaft 81 helps to support the single shaped charge 120 in the receptacle 30. At least a portion of the elongated shaft 81 may extend upwardly and generally perpendicularly to the arm 33, such that the single shaped charge 120 can be received within the receptacle 30 with at least a portion of the shaped charge 120 protruding from the receptacle 30 and the elongated shaft 81 helps to secure and maintain the position of the protruding portion of the shaped charge 120. The depression/recess 32 in the shaped charge receptacle 30 is defined in part by the arms 33 extending downwadly and radially inwardly from the retention mechanisms 80 and the frame 31. This forms a generally lattice-like structure of the shaped charge receptacle 30 including open spaces through which a portion of the back wall (e.g., angled upper back wall 330a) of the shaped charge case 310 is visible, as shown in FIG. 25. According to an embodiment, the hooks 83 may be curved or chamfered so as to be able to couple with the corresponding groove 352 and projecting engagement member 350 disposed on the external surface 341 of the side wall 340 of the shaped charge 120. This may help to securedly engage and retain the shaped charge 120 within the shaped charge receptacle 30 (FIG. 18 and FIG. 24).
The retention mechanisms 80 and/or positioning blocks/bars 85 of the positioning device 100 may be configured substantially as the retention mechanisms 80 and/or positioning blocks/bars 85 of the positioning device 10/110 described hereinabove with respect to FIGS. 1-3 and FIGS. 8-9. The positioning blocks/bars 85 may be located adjacent to the shaped charge receptacle 30. In accordance with an embodiment, one or more of the shaped charge positioning blocks/bars 85 may be offset from one or more of the retention mechanisms 80 (shown, for example, in FIGS. 1 and 19). In accordance with an embodiment, a retention mechanism 80 may be disposed on a positioning block 85 such that it is in alignment with, and not radially offset from, the positioning block 85. For example, a hook 83 of a retention mechanism 80 may be disposed on the surface of a positioning block 85. According to an embodiment, the hook 83 may feature a projecting engagement member 350 configured to engage with a shaped charge groove 352 to aid in securing the shaped charge 120 within the shaped charge receptacle 30 (as shown in FIG. 24).
In addition to, or alternatively to, the retention mechanisms 80 and positioning blocks 85 detailed above, the shaped charge holder 20 may include within the shaped charge receptacle 30 an annular fastener/clip 354 (FIG. 22). According to the exemplary embodiment(s) shown in FIGS. 21 and 22, the clip 354 extends radially inwardly towards the center of the shaped charge receptacle 30 from at least a portion of the positioning blocks 85 and is located in a position above the hook(s) 83 of the retention mechanisms 80 relative to the shaped charge 120. The clip 354 may engage a shaped charge annular indentation 356 formed on an external surface 341 of the shaped charge 120, which helps to secure the shaped charge 120 within the positioning device 100. The clip 354 may be of any shape and size and may be positioned on any portion of the shaped charge holder 20 that facilitates securement of the shaped charge 120 within the shaped charge receptacle 30 via engagement with a correspondingly shaped, sized, and positioned annular indentation 356. According to further embodiments, the clip 354 may be the only engagement means provided to secure the shaped charge 120 in the shaped charge receptacle 30. For example and without limitation, the clip 354 in various embodiments may extend from one or more of the detontator holder 39, the receptacle frame 31, and the second end 24 of the positioning device 100.
According to an aspect, the shaped charges 120 for use with the aforementioned positioning devices 10/110 illustrated in FIGS. 1-5 and as described hereinabove with respect to FIG. 6 may be specially configured to be secured in the shaped charge holder 20 of the single-charge positioning device 100. Thus, for purpose of convenience and not limitation, common features as previously described may not be reiterated hereinbelow.
As illustrated in FIG. 24, the shaped charge 120 may include a substantially cylindrical/conical case 310 formed of a conductive material, such as metal. The conical case 310 includes an open front end 320, a back wall 330 having an initiation point 331 extending therethrough, and at least one cylindrical side wall 340 extending between the open front end 320 and the back wall 330. A cavity 322 is defined by the plurality of walls forming the conical case 310. According to an aspect, while the back wall 330 may include a flat surface 332 for facilitating ballistic communication of the detonating cord 60 with the initiation point 331, the back wall 330 may additionally or alternatively include an angled upper back wall 330a (as shown in FIG. 20) or a plurality of additional surfaces/walls depending on the dimensions of the charge holder recess 32 or the particular needs of the application. Surface features of the shaped charge 120 may be modified so as to provide engagement and coupling means with a corresponding annular fastener/clip 354 or retention mechanisms 80 of the shaped charge receptacle 30, such as annular indentations 356, grooves 352 or projecting engagement members 350.
According to an aspect, the single-charge positioning device 100 may be equipped with mechanisms that maintain the single-charge positioning device 100 in a preselected position in a perforating gun module 200 (as seen in, for instance, FIGS. 27A-27B and FIGS. 28-35, discussed in further detail below). Such mechanisms may include at least one rib or fin 160, and a plate 70 having a peripheral edge 72 and anti-rotation key 74 extending from the peripheral edge 72. The rib 160 and the plate 70 of the single-charge positioning device 100 may be configured substantially as the rib 160 and the plate 70 of the single-charge positioning device 110 described hereinabove with respect to FIG. 3. Thus, for purpose of convenience and not limitation, common features as previously described may not be reiterated hereinbelow.
The rib 160 extends outwardly from the single-charge positioning device 100 between the first end 22 and the shaped charge holder 20 and is configured to engage with an inner surface 220 of a perforating gun housing 210 to prevent the single-charge positioning device from moving upwardly or downwardly within the perforating gun housing chamber 216. The plate 70 at least partially extends around the single-charge positioning device 100 between the first end 22 and the rib 160, as shown in FIG. 28. In an embodiment, the plate 70 includes an anti-rotation key 74 extending from a peripheral edge 72 of the plate 70. The anti-rotation key 74 is shaped and sized to engage a slot 222 formed in an inner surface 220 of the housing 210, to orient the single-charge positioning device 100 and the shaped charge 120 within the perforating gun module 200 and prevent rotation of the single-charge positioning device 100 within the perforating gun module 200.
Embodiments of the disclosure are further associated with the perforating gun module 200 (FIGS. 28-35) having the housing 210 and the single-charge positioning device 100 arranged in the housing 210. The general characteristics of the perforating gun module 200 for housing the positioning device 110 or the charge holders 20 described hereinabove with respect to the FIGS. 7-11 are applicable to the positioning device 100. Thus, for purposes of convenience, and not limitation, those specific corresponding features and function are not repeated hereinbelow.
According to an aspect, the single-charge positioning device 100 includes a support member 82 configured to support or engage a portion of a grounding device, such as a ground member 90. The support member 82 extends from the single-charge positioning device 100, at a location between the first end 22 and the plate 70. The ground member 90 and the support member 82 of the positioning device 100 are configured substantially as the ground member 90 and support member 82 of the positioning device 10/110 described hereinabove with respect to FIGS. 8-11 and FIG. 12B, and are configured to contact a second end portion of an adjacent perforating gun module to provide secure and reliable electrical ground contact from the detonator 50. The ground member 90 is described in further detail hereinabove, and is illustrated in detail in FIG. 14. Thus, for purposes of convenience and not limitation, the support member 82 and the ground member 90 are not described hereinbelow.
It is contemplated that, the single-charge positioning device 100 may be configured as a modular device having a plurality of connectors that allow the single-charge positioning device 100 to connect to other adjacent positioning devices, adjacent shaped charge holders, adjacent spacers, and other like components. Such connectors may extend from at least one of the first end 22 and the second end 24 of the single-charge positioning device 100, and may be configured substantially as the connectors 26 of the positioning device 10/110 described hereinabove with respect to FIGS. 1-2. Thus, for purposes of convenience and not limitation, the various features of such connectors are not repeated here.
According to an aspect, a plug opening 41 is formed at the second end 24 of the single-charge positioning device 100. The plug opening 41 is configured for receiving an electrically contactable component (such as at least one of a metal plug 250 or a spring-loaded bulkhead pin 252) for electrical communication with a bulkhead assembly 230 (shown, for example, in FIG. 28). According to an aspect, the opening 41 facilitates connection between the spring-loaded bulkhead pin 252 and the metal plug 250. The plug opening 41 may include a through-wire passageway 28 to receive a through-wire 260 (see, for example, FIGS. 28 and 30). The through-wire may extend from a detonator to the bulkhead assembly/pressure bulkhead assembly 230 in order to provide electrical communication with a downstream perforating gun module 200′. The bulkhead assembly/pressure bulkhead assembly 230 of the single-charge positioning device 100 may be configured substantially as the bulkhead assembly/pressure bulkhead assembly 230 of the positioning device 10/110 described hereinabove with respect to FIG. 9, thus, for purposes of convenience and not limitation, the various features of the bulkhead assembly/pressure bulkhead assembly 230 for the single-charge positioning device 100 are not repeated hereinbelow.
According to an aspect and as illustrated in FIG. 29, the bulkhead assembly 230 is positioned between a chamber 216 within the perforating gun housing 210, and a recess 218 formed between the chamber 216 and a second end 214 of the perforating gun module 200. A varying depth bore 217 is disposed between the chamber 216 and the recess 218, and houses the bulkhead assembly 230. The varying depth bore 217 is sized to sealingly receive and engage the bulkhead assembly 230 in a sealed position. The bulkhead assembly 230 includes a downstream pin 236 extending from a second end 234 of the bulkhead assembly and into the recess 218. A collar 240 may be secured within the recess 218 and adjacent the second end 234 of the bulkhead assembly 230 to aid sealing the bulkhead assembly 230 in the varying depth bore 217.
The through-wire 260 of the single-charge positioning device 100 includes an electrically contactable plate (not shown) on a first end 261 and the metal contact plug 250 on an opposite end 263, as illustrated in FIGS. 28 and 30. In such an embodiment, the electrically contactable plate is in electrical communication with an electrically contactable line-out portion of the detonator 50 (for example, a portion of the detonator head 52). The through-wire 260 travels the length of the single-charge positioning device 100 and is threaded through the through-wire opening 28 so that the metal plug 250 can be positioned in the opening 41. The metal plug 250 is in electrical communication with a spring-loaded bulkhead pin 252 of the bulkhead assembly 230, so that the feed-through wire may communicate an electrical signal from the detonator 50 to a downstream perforating gun module 200′ via the bulkhead assembly 230.
Also contemplated herein are aspects in which no through-wire 260 is needed to provide electrical communication between a detonator 50 and a bulkhead assembly 230 to transmit an electrical signal from an upstream perforating gun module 200 to a downstream perforating gun module 200′.
For example, and with reference to FIGS. 31 and 32, at least a portion of the detonator 50 is formed of an electrically conductive material to enable electrical communication between the detonator body 54 and the casing 310 of the shaped charge 120. In this configuration, the detonator head 52 includes a line-in portion, a ground portion and an insulator, while the detonator body 54 includes a line-out portion. As illustrated in FIGS. 31-32, a spring 48 may be in contact with the end of the detonator body 54 and in contact with a case 310 of the shaped charge 120 to ensure reliable contact between the detonator body 54 and the shaped charge casing 310. The spring 48 is compressed by and contacts the detonator body 54 when the detonator 50 is positioned within the elongated cavity/lumen 40 of the detonator holder 39, and the spring-loaded bulkhead pin 252 may be elongated (relative to, e.g., the embodiment shown in FIG. 28) and in contact with the case 310 of the shaped charge 120. The arrangement of the detonator 50, the spring 48, the shaped charge 120, and the spring-loaded bulkhead pin 252 enable electrical communication from the detonator 50 to the bulkhead 230. Accordingly, at least a portion of each of the detonator body 54, the spring 48, the shaped charge case 310 and the spring-loaded bulkhead pin 252 are formed of a conductive material to facilitate electrical communication therebetween upon physical contact. In this configuration, the plug opening 41 facilitates direct contact between the components within the varying depth bore 217 and the components within the shaped charge receptacle 30, through the opening 41. According to an aspect, the spring 48 may be at least partially embedded (not shown) into the material of the single-charge positioning device 100 in a configuration that enables electrical communication between the detonator 50 and bulkhead assembly 230 when the detonator 50, shaped charge 120, and bulkhead assembly 230 are assembled in the single-charge positioning device 100. If electrical communication between the shaped charge casing 310 and the bulkhead pin 252 is not desired, the plug opening 41 may be closed off/isolated from the shaped charge receptacle 30.
According to a further aspect, and as illustrated in FIGS. 27A-27C and 33-34, a shaped metal contact 262 connects the spring 48 (in electrical communication with the detonator body 54) to the spring-loaded bulkhead pin 252. The shaped metal contact 262 may be formed of any conductive material, such as steel, stainless steel, copper, or aluminum. The shaped metal contact 262 may be shaped and sized in any configuration that facilitates electrical communication between either the detonator 50 (directly) and/or spring 48 and the spring-loaded bulkhead pin 252 of the bulkhead assembly 230. In an embodiment (not shown), the shaped metal contact 262 may be completely embedded in the shaped charge holder 20. This may be accomplished as a step in the formation of the single-charge positioning device 100, such as injection molding. Alternatively, as shown in FIG. 27A, the shaped metal contact 262 may be configured to extend from the spring 48 and follow the path of the detonating cord channel 46 underneath the shaped charge receptacle 30. The shaped metal contact 262 may be positioned adjacent to or in contact with the detonating cord 60 in any configuration that does not interfere with the ballistic communication between the detonating cord 60 and the initiation point 331 of the shaped charge 120. The shaped metal contact 262 may also extend around a side of the shaped charge 120, as shown in FIG. 27B. The shaped metal contact 262 may be configured in any shape that does not interfere with the retention mechanisms 80 or positioning blocks/bars 85 of the shaped charge receptacle 30. In a further embodiment (shown in FIG. 27C) the shaped metal contact 262 may extend around the shaped charge holder 20, and/or may be partially embedded into the shaped charge holder 20. According to an aspect, the shaped metal contact 262 is insulated from the shaped charge 120.
According to an aspect and as described above with respect to FIGS. 15, 16A, 16B, and 17, a string of perforating gun modules 200, 200′, 200″ each including a single-charge positioning device 100 is contemplated herein. Any of the positioning devices 10/110/100 described hereinabove may be used to complete a string of perforating gun modules 200, 200′, 200″. According to an aspect, it is contemplated that a first positioning device 10/110/100, a second positioning device 10′/110′/100′ and/or one or more shaped charge holders 20, described hereinabove may be connected together with connectors, as seen for instance in FIG. 17. Thus, for purposes of convenience and not limitation, the various configurations of components of the string of perforating gun modules 200, 200′, 200″ are not repeated hereinbelow.
Embodiments of the disclosure may further be associated with a method of making a perforating gun assembly including a positioning device. The method includes providing a positioning device formed from an injection molded, casted, or 3D printed plastic material or 3-D milled and cut from solid plastic bar stock. The positioning device may be configured substantially as illustrated in FIGS. 1-3 and 18-27C. A housing for the perforating gun module is pre-forged from a solid material, such as a block of metal or machinable steel. The block of metal may have a cross-sectional that generally corresponds to the desired cross-sectional shape of the housing. For example, the block of metal may have a cylindrical shape if a cylindrical-shaped housing is desired. According to an aspect, the housing is machined from a solid bar of metal. This requires less metal removal during machining, as compared to typical CNC machining procedures where the body is not pre-forged to a certain shape before machining. This may reduce the time it takes to manufacture the housing and reduces the amount of metal scrap generated during the manufacturing process. The method further includes arranging the positioning device within a chamber of the housing so that the shaped charges are positioned in an XZ-plane, in an outward, radial arrangement, about a central Y-axis of the shaped charge holder.
Embodiments of the disclosure may further be associated with a method of perforating an underground formation in a wellbore using a perforating gun assembly. The method includes selecting/identifying a target shot area for the underground formation. The target shot area may be selected based on a plurality of parameters, such as the desired fluid flow from the formation into the wellbore. The perforating gun assembly includes one or more perforating gun modules including a positioning device having a plurality of shaped charges secured therein. The positioning device is positioned within the chamber of a housing of the module. The positioning device and perforating gun module are configured substantially as described hereinabove with respect to the figures. Thus, for purpose of convenience and not limitation, those features are not repeated here.
The positioning device includes a plurality of shaped charges secured therein. According to an aspect, three shaped charges are positioned in the positioning device. The shaped charges may be arranged in an XZ-plane, in an outward, radial arrangement, about a Y-axis of the shaped charge holder. According to an aspect, the shaped charges are specially designed so that the perforating jets formed upon detonation of the shaped charges has an at least partially altered geometry. At least one of the internal surfaces, the liner geometry and/or liner constituents, and the explosive load of the shaped charges may be modified to change the shape of a perforating jet formed upon detonation of the shaped charges. A detonator is positioned centrally within the shaped charge holder so that it is, or will be, adjacent the initiation points of the shaped charges.
The method further includes positioning the perforating gun assembly in the wellbore adjacent the formation and sending an initiation signal to the detonator. The detonator directly initiates the shaped charges so that they each form a perforating jet. The resulting perforation jets create perforating tunnels in the formation that have the aforementioned altered geometry that facilitates a flow rate or hydraulic fracturing that is equivalent to the flow rate or the hydraulic fracturing typically facilitated by another shaped charge of a different size or composition. The method further includes injecting a fluid into the wellbore to fracture the formation. As described hereinabove, the three shape charges may have a shot performance that is equivalent to that of a traditional shaped charge carrier including 2, 4, 5, 6 or more shaped charges. This may facilitate a cost-effective and efficient way of adjusting the optimal flow path for fluid in the target formation, without modifying the arrangement or quantity of the receptacles of the positioning device.
Examples
Various perforating gun assemblies, including positioning devices and shaped charges, were made and tested, according to the embodiments of the disclosure. The shaped charges where detonated, and the total average shot area entrance hole diameters presented in the examples shown in Table 1 are based on the minimum and maximum hole diameter formed by the perforation jet upon detonation of the shaped charges.
TABLE 1
|
|
Shaped Charge
Shot Count/
Total Average Shot Area
|
Diameter/Caliper
Quantity of
of Perforations
|
Sample
(inches)
Shaped Charges
(square inches (in2))
|
|
A-1
0.35 +/− 0.03
2
0.19
|
A-2
0.30 +/− 0.03
3
0.21
|
B-1
0.35 +/− 0.03
3
0.29
|
B-2
0.35 +/− 0.03
3
0.29
|
C-1
0.35 +/− 0.03
4
0.38
|
C-2
0.40 +/− 0.04
3
0.38
|
D-1
0.35 +/− 0.03
5
0.48
|
D-2
0.45 +/− 0.05
3
0.48
|
E-1
0.35 +/− 0.03
6
0.58
|
E-2
0.50 +/− 0.05
3
0.59
|
|
The shaped charges tested (the results of the tests being presented in Table 1), each included a substantially cylindrical/conical case, an explosive load contained in a cavity of the case, and a liner disposed adjacent the explosive load. Samples A-1, B-1, C-1, E-1 and D-1 were each 0.35 inch equal entrance hole shaped charges. In Sample A-1, two (2) shaped charges were arranged in a traditional charge carrier. In Sample B-1, three (3) shaped charges were arranged in a traditional charge carrier. Sample C-1, four (4) shaped charges were arranged in a traditional charge carrier. In Sample D-1, five (5) shaped charges were arranged in a traditional charge carrier. In Sample E-1, six (6) shaped charges were arranged in a traditional charge carrier. In each of Samples A-2, B-2, C-2, D-2 and E-2 three (3) shaped charges were arranged in a positioning device configured substantially as described hereinabove. The shaped charges in Sample A-2 were 0.30 inch equal entrance hole shaped charges, the shaped charges in Sample B-2 were 0.35 inch equal entrance hole shaped charges, the shaped charges in Sample C-2 were 0.40 inch equal entrance hole shaped charges, the shaped charges in Sample D-2 were 0.45 inch equal entrance hole shaped charges, and the shaped charges in Sample E-2 were 0.50 inch equal entrance hole shaped charges. Notably, by adjusting only the size of the three (3) shaped charges utilized in Samples A-2, B-2, C-2, D-2 and E-2 and therefore the effective size of the entrance hole generated by the shaped charges in each positioning device, the assembly was able to generate total open areas/open surface areas similar to the total open areas of the traditional charge carriers including 2 shaped charges (Sample A-1), 3 shaped charges (Sample B-1), 4 shaped charges (Sample C-1), 5 shaped charges (Sample D-1) and 6 shaped charges (Sample E-2).
This disclosure, in various embodiments, configurations and aspects, includes components, methods, processes, systems, and/or apparatuses as depicted and described herein, including various embodiments, sub-combinations, and subsets thereof. This disclosure contemplates, in various embodiments, configurations and aspects, the actual or optional use or inclusion of, e.g., components or processes as may be well-known or understood in the art and consistent with this disclosure though not depicted and/or described herein.
The phrases “at least one”, “one or more”, and “and/or” are open-ended expressions that are both conjunctive and disjunctive in operation. For example, each of the expressions “at least one of A, B and C”, “at least one of A, B, or C”, “one or more of A, B, and C”, “one or more of A, B, or C” and “A, B, and/or C” means A alone, B alone, C alone, A and B together, A and C together, B and C together, or A, B and C together.
In this specification and the claims that follow, reference will be made to a number of terms that have the following meanings. The terms “a” (or “an”) and “the” refer to one or more of that entity, thereby including plural referents unless the context clearly dictates otherwise. As such, the terms “a” (or “an”), “one or more” and “at least one” can be used interchangeably herein. Furthermore, references to “one embodiment”, “some embodiments”, “an embodiment” and the like are not intended to be interpreted as excluding the existence of additional embodiments that also incorporate the recited features. Approximating language, as used herein throughout the specification and claims, may be applied to modify any quantitative representation that could permissibly vary without resulting in a change in the basic function to which it is related. Accordingly, a value modified by a term such as “about” is not to be limited to the precise value specified. In some instances, the approximating language may correspond to the precision of an instrument for measuring the value. Terms such as “first,” “second,” “upper,” “lower” etc. are used to identify one element from another, and unless otherwise specified are not meant to refer to a particular order or number of elements.
As used herein, the terms “may” and “may be” indicate a possibility of an occurrence within a set of circumstances; a possession of a specified property, characteristic or function; and/or qualify another verb by expressing one or more of an ability, capability, or possibility associated with the qualified verb. Accordingly, usage of “may” and “may be” indicates that a modified term is apparently appropriate, capable, or suitable for an indicated capacity, function, or usage, while taking into account that in some circumstances the modified term may sometimes not be appropriate, capable, or suitable. For example, in some circumstances an event or capacity can be expected, while in other circumstances the event or capacity cannot occur—this distinction is captured by the terms “may” and “may be.”
As used in the claims, the word “comprises” and its grammatical variants logically also subtend and include phrases of varying and differing extent such as for example, but not limited thereto, “consisting essentially of” and “consisting of.” Where necessary, ranges have been supplied, and those ranges are inclusive of all sub-ranges therebetween. It is to be expected that the appended claims should cover variations in the ranges except where this disclosure makes clear the use of a particular range in certain embodiments.
The terms “determine”, “calculate” and “compute,” and variations thereof, as used herein, are used interchangeably and include any type of methodology, process, mathematical operation or technique.
This disclosure is presented for purposes of illustration and description. This disclosure is not limited to the form or forms disclosed herein. In the Detailed Description of this disclosure, for example, various features of some exemplary embodiments are grouped together to representatively describe those and other contemplated embodiments, configurations, and aspects, to the extent that including in this disclosure a description of every potential embodiment, variant, and combination of features is not feasible. Thus, the features of the disclosed embodiments, configurations, and aspects may be combined in alternate embodiments, configurations, and aspects not expressly discussed above. For example, the features recited in the following claims lie in less than all features of a single disclosed embodiment, configuration, or aspect. Thus, the following claims are hereby incorporated into this Detailed Description, with each claim standing on its own as a separate embodiment of this disclosure.
Advances in science and technology may provide variations that are not necessarily express in the terminology of this disclosure although the claims would not necessarily exclude these variations.
Patent Application
20200024935
