Patent Grant
10295733
The invention relates to single-mode optical fibres used in optical transmission systems, optical transmission systems comprising such single mode fibres, and fabrication methods thereof.
More specifically, the present invention relates to single-mode optical fibres having reduced scattering losses.
Telecommunication systems require optical fibre, which is capable of transmitting signals for a long distance without degradation. Such optical-fibre transmission systems often use single-mode optical fibres (SMFs), such as, for example, so-called “standard” single-mode fibres (SSMFs), which are used in terrestrial transmission systems.
To facilitate compatibility between optical systems from different manufacturers, the International Telecommunication Union (ITU) has defined several standards with which a standard optical transmission fibre should comply. Among these standards, the ITU-T G. 652 recommendation (November 2009) has several attributes (i.e. A, B, C and D) defining the fibre attributes of a single mode optical fibre with step-index profile. The ITU-T G. 657 recommendation focuses more precisely on bend insensitive single mode fibres.
As can be easily understood, loss is the key parameter for assessing the performance of such single-mode fibres, and any solution enabling reducing losses by 0.001 dB/km at the 1550 nm wavelength will significantly improve such single-mode fibres, as long as the other technical attributes and the manufacturing cost of the fibres are kept roughly the same. Actually, typical losses at the 1550 nm wavelength for a standard step-index single mode fibre are 0.19 dB/km, such that reducing losses by 0.001 dB/km would induce a −0.5% loss improvement.
It is well known that, for such single mode fibres, about 90% of the losses are due to the Rayleigh scattering at 1550 nm. The remaining 10% cover, on the one hand, losses induced by absorption mechanisms (OH-peak, Infrared losses, Ultraviolet losses) and, on the other hand, losses induced by an extra scattering mechanism, such as SAS (“Small Angle Scattering”) described in patent document U.S. Pat. No. 7,171,090.
It is also well known that sharp index profile transitions induce such extra scattering losses. As an example, G. 652 step index profile, which presents a core index step of about 5×10−3, induces extra scattering in the order of a few thousandth of dB/km (circa 0.005 dB/km) at the 1550 nm wavelength.
Actually, it must be recalled that an optical fiber is conventionally constituted of an optical core, which transmits an optical signal, and of an optical cladding, which confines the optical signal within the optical core. To that end the refractive index of the core, nc, is greater than the one of the cladding, nCl. An optical fiber is generally characterized by a refractive index profile that associates the refractive index (n) with the radius (r) of the optical fiber: the distance r with respect to the center of the optical fiber is shown on x-axis and the difference Δn between the refractive index at radius r, n(r), and the refractive index of the optical cladding nCl is shown on y-axis. Step index single mode fibres show a sharp index profile transition between the core and the cladding.
Designing core profiles having smoothed index transition has hence been investigated in the past, in an attempt to limit extra losses.
Patent document U.S. Pat. No. 7,171,090 hence describes an optical waveguide fibre designed with a soft transition of the index profile from the core to the cladding, which has low attenuation and low small angle scattering (SAS), at least in part due to a low-alpha profile (i.e., alpha less than 2.5). Actually, the low-alpha profiles produce a gradual change of refractive index, which contributes to decreased loss due to Small Angle Scattering (SAS).
Patent document U.S. Pat. No. 6,625,360 also describes single-mode optical fibres having an interfacial region between the core and the cladding with adequate index change, enabling achieving low loss phototransmission.
G. 652 single-mode fibres with alpha shape core profiles are also described in EP 2 369 379 and U.S. Pat. No. 7,876,990 patent documents. Although such an alpha profile allows a soft transition of the refractive index from the core to the cladding, it is not easy to control in the manufacturing process of a single mode fibre, such as a G. 652 SMF with a core diameter of circa 10 μm (hence much smaller than the core diameter of multimode fibres (50 μm or 62.5 μm), which often use alpha-graded index profiles).
It would hence be desirable to design a single mode optical fibre showing improvements over the prior art.
More precisely, it would be desirable to design a single mode optical fibre, which is easy to manufacture, and in which scattering losses due to index changes are reduced, without degrading Rayleigh scattering.
In one particular embodiment of the invention, a single mode optical fibre having a core and a cladding is proposed, the core refractive index profile having the shape of a trapezoid. The transition part of the trapezoid-like core refractive index profile is obtained by gradually changing a concentration of at least two dopants from a concentration in said centre part of said core to a concentration in a cladding part adjacent to said core.
Thus, the invention relies on a novel and inventive approach of designing single mode fibres with soft transition of the index profile from the core to the cladding. Actually, a single mode optical fibre according to an embodiment of the invention has a core with a refractive index profile showing a trapezoid shape, instead of the more usual step shape. Such a trapezoid shape allows reducing the extra scattering losses in the single mode optical fibre, without degrading Rayleigh scattering. Moreover, such a trapezoid shape is easier to manufacture, as compared to the alpha-shaped refractive index profile from the prior art, which is not adequate for the small core diameter of single mode optical fibres.
Such a trapezoid shape is achieved through a gradual change in the concentration of two or more dopants in the transition part from the centre part of the core to the cladding. Such a careful design of the core allows achieving the same optical characteristics (such as Mode Field Diameter, Cable Cut-Off Wavelength and chromatic dispersion), as for an equivalent step-index single mode optical fibre.
In a first embodiment of the present invention, the cladding comprises at least one region of depressed refractive index, called a trench.
In another embodiment of the present invention, the single mode optical fibre is such that:
the centre part of said core has a radius r0 and a refractive index n0;
the transition part ranges from radius r0 to a radius r1>r0; and the cladding comprises:
an intermediate cladding ranging from radius r1 to radius r2>r1 and having a refractive index n2;
a trench ranging from radius r2 to radius r3>r2 and having a refractive index n3;
an outer cladding ranging from radius r3 and having a refractive index n4.
In yet another embodiment of the present invention, a ratio r0/r1 of said centre part of said core's radius r0 to said transition part's radius r1 is between about 0.25 and 0.75.
In yet another embodiment of the present invention, said core has a surface integral V01 of between about 19·10−3 μm and 25·10−3 μm, the surface integral being defined according to the following equation:
where Δn0=n0−n4 is the refractive-index difference of said centre part of said core with respect to said outer cladding, and Δn2=n2−n4 is the refractive-index difference of said intermediate cladding with respect to said outer cladding.
In yet another embodiment of the present invention, said trench has a surface integral V03 of between about −55·10−3 μm and 0, the surface integral V03 being defined according to the following equation
where Δn3=n3−n4 is the refractive-index difference of said trench with respect to said outer cladding.
In yet another embodiment of the present invention, said core has a volume integral V11 of between about 80·10−3 μm2 and 105·10−3 μm2, the volume integral V11 being defined according to the following equation
where Δn0=n0−n4 is the refractive-index difference of said centre part of said core with respect to said outer cladding, and Δn2=n2−n4 is the refractive-index difference of said intermediate cladding with respect to said outer cladding.
In yet another embodiment of the present invention, said trench has a volume integral V13 of between about −1200·10−3 μm2 and 0, the volume integral V13 being defined according to the following equation
where Δn3=n3−n4 is the refractive-index difference of said trench with respect to said outer cladding.
In yet another embodiment of the present invention, said at least two dopants belong to the group comprising:
Germanium oxide;
Fluorine;
Phosphorus oxide;
Boron oxide.
In yet another embodiment of the present invention, the cladding comprises a dopant inducing refractive index lower than silica and such a dopant induces a refractive index decrease of −0.20×10−3 or less.
In yet another embodiment of the present invention, the centre part of the core comprises a dopant inducing refractive index higher than silica and such a dopant induces a refractive index increase of 0.6×10−3 or more.
In yet another embodiment, the optical fibre has a Mode Field Diameter comprised between 8.6 μm and 9.5 μm at a 1310 nm wavelength and a maximum Cable cut-off wavelength of 1260 nm.
Moreover, the present invention relates to a method of manufacturing a single mode optical fibre having a core and a cladding, the core refractive index profile having a trapezoid-like shape, said method comprising a first step of Chemical Vapour Deposition to form a core-rod, followed by a second step of overcladding said core-rod to obtain a preform, followed by a third step of drawing an optical fibre from said preform,
wherein the first step of Chemical Vapour Deposition comprises a step of gradually changing a concentration of at least two dopants in said transition part from a concentration in said centre part of said core to a concentration in a cladding part adjacent to said core.
In an embodiment of the present invention, the first step of Chemical Vapour Deposition including the step of gradually changing said concentration is carried out by introducing said dopants into a core-rod by means of a FCVD (for Furnace Chemical Vapour Deposition) process or by means of a PCVD (for Plasma Chemical Vapour Deposition) process.
The present invention also relates to an optical fibre transmission system comprising at least one single mode fibre according to the invention.
Other features and advantages of embodiments of the invention shall appear from the following description, given by way of an indicative and non-exhaustive example and from the appended drawings, of which:
The components in the figures are not necessarily to scale, emphasis instead being placed upon illustrating the principles of the invention.
The centre part of the core has a radius r0 and an index difference Δn0 relative to the outer cladding. In the transition part of the core, the refractive index difference decreases substantially linearly. The refractive index of the core typically has a trapezoid shape. Accordingly, the refractive-index difference Δn(r) between the central core and the outer cladding depends on the distance r from the centre of the optical fibre (e.g. decreasing as the distance from the centre of the optical fibre increases). As used herein, the term “refractive-index difference” does not exclude a refractive-index difference of zero.
The intermediate cladding has a radius r2 and a refractive-index difference Δn2 with respect to the outer cladding that is typically constant. The buried trench has a radius r3 and a refractive-index difference Δn3 with respect to the outer cladding that is typically constant. As used herein, the term “buried trench” is used to designate a radial portion of the optical fibre having a refractive index lower than the refractive index of the outer cladding. Such a trench has a refractive index lower than or equal to that of the first intermediate cladding.
The outer cladding ranges from a radius r3 to the end of the glass part of the single mode fibre.
In both
Each exemplary embodiment in
The Fibre Cut-off wavelength (FCO) corresponds to the effective cut-off wavelength λCeff, such as defined by Subcommittee 86A of the International Electrotechnical Commission in the IEC 60793-1-44 standard. The Cable Cut-Off wavelength (CCO) corresponds to the cut-off wavelength in cable λcc such as defined by Subcommittee 86A of the International Electrotechnical Commission in the IEC 60793-1-44 standard.
Table 1 below draws a comparison of the refractive index designs of the exemplary embodiments Ex1 and Ex2 of
The first column of Table 1 lists the exemplary and comparative optical fibres. The following columns provide, for each single mode fibre listed in the first column:
The refractive index differences in Table 1 (as well as in all the other tables throughout the present document) have been multiplied by 1000, as are the ordinate values in
Table 2 (below) shows optical transmission characteristics for optical single mode fibres having the refractive-index profiles depicted in Table 1. The first column identifies the exemplary and comparative optical fibres. The next columns provide, for each optical fibre:
Table 3 (below) shows bending losses for optical fibres having the refractive-index profiles depicted in Table 1 for the wavelengths of 1550 nanometers and 1625 nanometers for radii of curvature of 15 millimeters, 10 millimeters, 7.5 millimeters and 5 millimeters, such as:
In accordance with Tables 2 and 3 (above), the optical fibres according to embodiments of the invention show bending losses, which are less than the comparative optical fibres, which have a step-index profile. Moreover, the present optical fibres typically have substantially the same (i) cable cut-off wavelength, (ii) zero-chromatic dispersion wavelength (ZDW), (iii) zero-dispersion slope (ZDS), and (iv) mode field diameter (MFD) as the comparative optical fibres.
The three refractive index profile examples Ex1, Ex2, and Ex3 according to embodiments of the invention, described in Tables 1 to 3, as well as in
As a reminder, Recommendation ITU-T G.652 describes the geometrical, mechanical and transmission attributes of a single-mode optical fibre and cable, which has zero-dispersion wavelength around 1310 nm. The ITU-T G.652 fibre was originally optimized for use in the 1310 nm wavelength region, but can also be used in the 1550 nm region. Table 4 below summarizes the fibre attributes for the best category of G. 652 fibres, referenced as G.652.D (source ITU-T G. 652 Recommendation, November 2009). The refractive profile design plays a role on the following parameters in this table: Mode Field Diameter at 1310 nm (MFD1310), Cable Cutoff (CCO), R30 mm Macro bend loss at 1625 nm (R30BL1625), Zero Dispersion Wavelength (λ0 or ZDW) and Zero Dispersion Slope (S0 or ZDS).
The second and third exemplary embodiments of the invention Ex2 and Ex3 also comply with the ITU-T Rec G. 657.A2 Bend Insensitive Fibre Category. The third exemplary embodiment of the invention Ex3 also comply with the ITU-T Rec G. 657.63 Bend Insensitive Fibre Category.
As already stated above in the summary of the invention, the refractive index profiles detailed in
Many dopants may be used in the context of the present invention, such as, for example, Germanium and Phosphorus, which both allow increasing the refractive index, and Boron and Fluorine, which both allow decreasing the refractive index.
The one skilled in the art will easily understand that these dopants, except for Fluorine, are present in the silica (SiO2) matrix in the form of oxides. Hence, throughout the present document, the use of Germanium as dopant means, for example, the use of Germanium dioxide (GeO2).
The following examples focus on the use of Germanium and Fluorine as dopants in a single mode fibre according to embodiments of the invention.
Table 5 (below) shows the Rayleigh scattering losses at 1550 nanometers for twelve exemplary trapezoidal core fibre profiles in accordance with the present invention. These twelve exemplary core fibre profiles correspond to the three exemplary embodiments Ex1 to Ex3 described above, when considering different dopant cases, i.e. different co-doping scenarios.
The values given in Table 5 correspond to Rayleigh scattering losses computed thanks to Equation (1) in document “Rayleigh Scattering Reduction Method for Silica-Based Optical Fiber”, Journal of Lightwave Technology, Vol. 18, No. 11, November 2000 by Kyozo Tsujikawa et al. In this document, the Rayleigh scattering coefficient of GeO2 and fluorine co-doped silica glass AGeO2-F is reported to be:
AGeO2-F=ASiO2(1+0.62[GeO2]+0.60[F]2+0.44[GeO2][F]2)
where ASiO2 is the Rayleigh scattering coefficient of pure silica glass, and where [GeO2] and [F] correspond to the relative-refractive index differences between the samples and pure silica glass induced by GeO2 and fluorine respectively, as a measure of dopant concentration.
In Table 5, the value of the Rayleigh scattering coefficient of pure silica glass ASiO2 is 0.81 dB/km-μm4, and we consider an index increase at draw of +0.4×10−3. The first column identifies the exemplary and comparative optical fibres. The third to fourteenth columns correspond to each of the twelve co-doping scenarios, which have been investigated, referenced as Case1 to Case12. The top part of Table 5, namely the second to eighth lines, highlights the presence of dopants in the different parts of the optical fibre. Hence:
Case 1 corresponds to a single mode fibre with no fluorine in the centre part of the core, no Germanium, neither in the intermediate cladding nor in the trench, and no fluorine in the outer cladding. The centre part of the core contains Germanium with a concentration of Δn0-0.4 and the intermediate cladding contains Fluorine with a concentration Δn2-0.4. A double Germanium and Fluorine co-doping linearly changing from the centre part of the core to the intermediate cladding induces the change of refractive index in the transition part of the core.
Case 2 corresponds to a single mode fibre with a fluorine concentration in the centre part of the core inducing a refractive index decrease of −2×10−3, no Germanium, neither in the intermediate cladding nor in the trench, and no fluorine in the outer cladding. The centre part of the core contains Germanium with a concentration of Δn0+2-0.4 and the intermediate cladding contains Fluorine with a concentration Δn2-0.4. A double Germanium and Fluorine co-doping linearly changing from the centre part of the core to the intermediate cladding induces the change of refractive index in the transition part of the core.
Case 3 corresponds to a single mode fibre with no fluorine in the centre part of the core, a Germanium concentration in the intermediate cladding inducing a refractive index increase of +2×10−3, no Germanium in the trench, and no fluorine in the outer cladding. The centre part of the core contains Germanium with a concentration of Δn0-0.4 and the intermediate cladding contains Fluorine with a concentration Δn2-2-0.4. A double Germanium and Fluorine co-doping linearly changing from the centre part of the core to the intermediate cladding induces the change of refractive index in the transition part of the core.
Case 4 corresponds to a single mode fibre with no fluorine in the centre part of the core, no Germanium in the intermediate cladding, a Germanium concentration in the trench inducing a refractive index increase of +2×10−3, and no fluorine in the outer cladding. The centre part of the core contains Germanium with a concentration of Δn0-0.4 and the intermediate cladding contains Fluorine with a concentration Δn2-0.4. A double Germanium and Fluorine co-doping linearly changing from the centre part of the core to the intermediate cladding induces the change of refractive index in the transition part of the core.
Case 5 corresponds to a single mode fibre with no fluorine in the centre part of the core, no Germanium, neither in the intermediate cladding nor in the trench, and no fluorine in the outer cladding. The Germanium concentration in the transition part of the core is fixed at the same level as in the centre part of the core. The centre part of the core contains Germanium with a concentration of Δn0-0.4 and the intermediate cladding contains Fluorine with a concentration Δn2-0.4. A single Fluorine doping linearly changing from the centre part of the core to the intermediate cladding induces the change of refractive index in the transition part of the core.
Case 6 corresponds to a single mode fibre with no Germanium, neither in the intermediate cladding nor in the trench, and no fluorine in the outer cladding. The Fluorine concentration in the core is fixed at the same level as in the intermediate cladding, i.e. Δn2-0.4. The centre part of the core contains Germanium with a concentration of Δn0-Δn2. A single Germanium doping linearly changing from the centre part of the core to the intermediate cladding induces the change of refractive index in the transition part of the core.
Cases 7 to 12 correspond to single mode fibres with no fluorine in the centre part of the core, and no Germanium, neither in the intermediate cladding nor in the trench. In these cases however, the outer cladding is doped with Fluorine, thus allowing changing dopant compositions, as the outer cladding is the reference for the index delta. This especially allows significantly reducing the Germanium index delta in the centre part of the core, which is well known to be helpful to reduce Rayleigh scattering. Pure silica layers may be used at the very end of the outer cladding (i.e. for radius of 30 μm or higher). Lines 3 and 5 in Table 5 indicate the concentration in Germanium in the centre part of the core (expressed as a function of the refractive index delta of the centre part of the core Δn0) and the concentration in Fluorine in the intermediate cladding (expressed as a function of the refractive index delta of the intermediate cladding Δn2) for each of these cases 7 to 12.
Table 6 (below) provides the same estimation of the Rayleigh scattering losses, for the same twelve exemplary embodiments, without considering index increase at draw.
In cases 1, 2, 4, 5 and 6, in the comparative examples and without index increase at draw (Table 6), the intermediate cladding delta is slightly positive. As a consequence, very small concentrations of germanium are introduced in the intermediate cladding (0.08, 0.22 and 0.10 for the respective comparative examples Comp Ex1, Comp Ex2 and Comp Ex3). In these comparative examples, the intermediate claddings do not include any Fluorine.
Actually, as indicated in Table 6, line 4, the concentration of Germanium in the intermediate cladding is set at Max(Δn2;0) for cases 1, 2, 4, 5 and 6, while line 5 indicates that the concentration of Fluorine in the intermediate cladding is set at Min(Δn2;0) for these cases. As a consequence, when the refractive index delta of the intermediate cladding Δn2 is positive, the concentration of Germanium in the intermediate cladding is set at Δn2 (Max(Δn2;0)=Δn2) and the concentration of Fluorine in the intermediate cladding is set at 0 (Min(Δn2;0)=0). In the opposite case, when the refractive index delta of the intermediate cladding Δn2 is negative, the concentration of Germanium in the intermediate cladding is set at 0 (Max(Δn2;0)=0) and the concentration of Fluorine in the intermediate cladding is set at Δn2 (Min(Δn2;0)=Δn2).
By way of numerical example, as can be observed on
In Table 6, this is done thanks to +7.51×10−3 of Germanium, −2.00×10−3 of Fluorine and accounting no index increase at draw (actually, 5.51×10−3=+7.51×10−3−2.00×10−3).
As can be observed from Tables 5 and 6, in all double Germanium and Fluorine ramping cases, the Rayleigh scattering losses at 1550 nm increase of less than 0.001 dB/km for the exemplary trapezoidal core single mode fibres according to the invention compared to the equivalent step index cases.
Except on Case 6 of the second exemplary embodiment Ex2 in Table 6 and on Case 12 in Table 5, this increase is higher than 0.001 dB/km in the simple ramping cases.
Actually, as may be observed in Table 5, the single ramping examples of cases 5 and 6 are not acceptable, as they lead to a severe increase in Rayleigh scattering, for the exemplary embodiments Ex1, Ex2 and Ex3 as compared to the comparative examples Comp Ex1, Comp Ex2, and Comp Ex3. As regards Case 12, it may be observed that single ramping is only acceptable for a low concentration in Germanium in the centre part of the core, namely below 0.6×10−3.
As regards Table 6, the single ramping examples of case 5 (for all exemplary embodiments Ex1 to Ex3) and of case 6 for the first exemplary embodiment Ex1 are not acceptable as they also lead to a severe increase in Rayleigh scattering. As regards the single ramping example of Case 6, it only gives acceptable results in terms of Rayleigh scattering for the second and third exemplary embodiments Ex2 and Ex3 for a low concentration of Fluorine in the intermediate cladding, namely below −0.20×10−3. The single ramping example of Case 12 is only acceptable for a low concentration in Germanium in the centre part of the core, namely below 0.6×10−3.
Profiles obtained with double ramping cases are hence preferred as they are guaranteeing Rayleigh increase of less than 0.002, or 0.001 dB/km, compared to the equivalent step index cases.
The transition part of the core (ranging from radius r0 to radius r1) should thus be produced by applying a soft transition of the two (or more) present dopants.
Moreover, the Fluorine content in the cladding should be preferably −0.20×10−3 or less, as the Rayleigh gain for a double Fluorine-Germanium ramping compared to a single ramping is −1 mdB/km or lower. More generally, the invention helps when a dopant inducing refractive index lower than Silica is present in the cladding and induces a refractive index decrease of −0.20×10−3 or less.
The Germanium content in the centre part of the core should also be preferably +0.60×10−3 or more, as the Rayleigh gain for a double Fluorine-Germanium ramping compared to a single ramping is −1 mdB/km or lower. More generally, the invention helps when a dopant inducing refractive index higher than Silica is present in the core's centre part and induces a refractive index increase of +0.60×10−3 or more.
We now present interesting tools and methods for defining acceptable profile ranges for single mode optical fibres according to the invention.
Each section of the optical fibre profile may be defined using surface integrals and volume integrals. The term “surface” should not be understood geometrically but rather should be understood as a value having two dimensions. Similarly, the term “volume” should not be understood geometrically but rather should be understood as a value having three dimensions.
Accordingly, the centre part of the central core may define a surface integral V01 and the trench may define a surface integral V03 respectively defined by the following equations:
Moreover, the centre part of the central core may define a volume integral V11, and the trench may define a volume integral V13 defined by the following equations, respectively:
Table 7 (below) completes Table 1 (above) with the values of the surface and volume integrals V01, V03, V11 and V13 described above for the first, second and third exemplary embodiments of the invention Ex1, Ex2 and Ex3, as well as for their comparative step index single mode fibres Comp Ex1, Comp Ex2 and Comp Ex3. All the examples in Table 7 are hence the same as in Table 1. The values in Table 7 correspond to the theoretical refractive-index profiles.
The first column in Table 7 lists the exemplary and comparative optical fibres. The second column provides the value of the ratio r0/r1 of the centre part of the core radius r0 to the transition part of the core outer radius r1. The next four columns provide the radii of the centre part of the core, the transition part of the core, the intermediate cladding, and the buried trench. The next three columns provide the corresponding index differences relatives to the outer cladding. Finally, the last four columns provide respective values for the surface and volume integrals V01, V03, V11 and V13. As before, the refractive-index differences and the integrals in Table 7 have been multiplied by 1000. The refractive-index values were measured at a wavelength of 633 nanometers.
Table 8 (below) depicts nine exemplary trapezoid-shape core fibre profiles in accordance with the present invention. Note that Examples 1-3 in Table 8 are the same as in Table 7. The values in Table 8 correspond to the theoretical refractive-index profiles. The structure of Table 8 is the same as that of Table 7 and hence, is not recalled, for sake of simplicity.
The new examples given in Table 8 are obtained when playing with the ratio r0/r1.
Optical fibres according to embodiments of the invention typically have the following properties:
Table 9 (below) shows optical transmission characteristics for optical fibres having the refractive-index profiles depicted in Table 8.
Table 10 (below) shows bending losses for optical fibres having the refractive-index profiles depicted in Table 8.
In order to fabricate the core-rod, a tube or substrate is generally mounted horizontally and held in a glass-making lathe. Thereafter, the tube or substrate is rotated and heated or energised locally for depositing components that determine the composition of the core-rod. Those of ordinary skill in the art will appreciate that the composition of the core-rod determines the optical characteristics of the fibre.
In this regard, both the centre part and the transition part of the core, the intermediate cladding and the trench are typically obtained using plasma chemical vapour deposition (PCVD) or furnace chemical vapour deposition (FCVD), which enable large quantities of fluorine and germanium to be incorporated into the silica and which enable a gradual change of their concentrations in the transition part of the core. The PCVD technique is for example described in patent document U.S. Re30,635 or U.S. Pat. No. 4,314,833.
Other techniques could also be used to form the core-rod, such as vapour axial deposition (VAD) or outside vapour deposition (OVD).
Optical fibres in accordance with the present invention are well suited for use in various optical communication systems, and are of particularly advantageous use, as they show reduced scattering losses due to index changes, with good Rayleigh scattering characteristics. They are particularly suited for terrestrial transmission systems, as well as for fibre-to-the-home (FTTH) systems.
Moreover, they are typically compatible with conventional optical fibres, which make them appropriate for use in many optical communication systems. For example, the optical fibres according to embodiments of the invention are typically compatible with conventional optical fibres with respect to mode field diameter, thereby facilitating good fibre-to-fibre coupling.
In the specification and/or figure, typical embodiments of the invention have been disclosed. The present invention is not limited to such exemplary embodiments.
| Filing Document | Filing Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| PCT/IB2013/002955 | 12/20/2013 | WO | 00 |
| Publishing Document | Publishing Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| WO2015/092464 | 6/25/2015 | WO | A |
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