Patent Application
20160223018
The present invention relates to a sintered bearing for a fuel pump that is excellent in corrosion resistance and abrasion resistance and has high strength, and to a method of manufacturing the sintered bearing.
Hitherto, for example, in an engine using gasoline or light oil as fuel, an electric fuel pump has been used. In recent years, engines including an electric fuel pump using fuel such as gasoline or light oil have been widely used in various places in the world. Gasoline, light oil, and the like of a variety of quality have been used in various regions in the world, and gasoline of inferior quality has been used in many regions. As one kind of gasoline of inferior quality, gasoline containing an organic acid and biofuel are known. In the case of using a copper-based sintered bearing in an electric fuel pump, the copper-based sintered bearing is corroded with the biofuel and the organic acid contained in such gasoline of inferior quality. This corrosion occurs on the periphery of an opening of a pore that is opened on a bearing surface and an inner surface of the pore, and further occurs on an inner surface of a pore that is present inside the bearing and communicates to the inside from the surface, for example. This degrades the strength of the bearing, with the result that the life of the copper-based sintered bearing becomes shorter.
Further, in recent years, engines for automobiles and the like are being miniaturized and reduced in weight actively. Along with this, there is also a demand for miniaturization and reduction in weight of fuel pumps, and sintered bearings to be incorporated in the fuel pumps are also required to be compact. For example, in order to miniaturize an electric fuel pump while ensuring discharge performance thereof, it is necessary to increase the number of rotations. Along with this, fuel such as gasoline introduced into a fuel pump passes through a flow path of a narrow gap at high pressure and high speed. Under such conditions, a sintered bearing is required to have further high strength, abrasion resistance, friction characteristics and corrosion resistance as well as compactness. Therefore, although a related-art copper-based sintered bearing has high strength, in particular, the corrosion resistance thereof is not sufficient.
As a sintered bearing to be used for such a purpose, for example, Patent Document 1 discloses a Cu—Ni—Sn—C—P-based sintered bearing.
On the other hand, as a sintered bearing excellent in mechanical characteristics and corrosion resistance, an aluminum bronze-based sintered bearing is known. This sintered bearing has a problem in that an aluminum oxide film generated on the surface during increase in temperature of sintering inhibits diffusion of aluminum, and hence a sintered compact having sufficient corrosion resistance and strength cannot be obtained easily. Patent Document 2 discloses a technology regarding mixed powder for sintered aluminum-containing copper alloy and a method of producing the mixed powder in order to solve the above-mentioned problem.
Patent Document 1: JP 4521871 B2
Patent Document 2: JP 2009-7650 A
In the Cu—Ni—Sn—C—P-based sintered bearing disclosed in Patent Document 1, although strength and abrasion resistance are enhanced, corrosion resistance cannot be considered to be sufficient. Further, the sintered bearing contains Ni, which is a rare metal, and hence involves a problem in terms of cost as well.
The aluminum-containing copper alloy powder disclosed in Patent Document 2 is excellent in moldability and sintering property. However, further investigation is necessary in order to obtain a product suitable for mass production satisfying stable corrosion resistance, stable mechanical characteristics, compactness, and reduction in cost as an aluminum bronze-based sintered bearing using the aluminum-containing copper alloy powder.
In view of the problems of the related art, it is an object of the present invention to provide an aluminum bronze-based sintered bearing for a fuel pump, in which corrosion resistance, and mechanical characteristics such as strength and abrasion resistance are enhanced, and compactness and reduction in cost are realized, and to provide a method of manufacturing the aluminum bronze-based sintered bearing for a fuel pump, which has good productivity and low cost, and is thus suitable for mass production.
In order to improve the bearing function and achieve compactness, reduction in cost, and enhanced productivity in the aluminum bronze-based sintered bearing and the method of manufacturing the aluminum bronze-based sintered bearing, on the premise of a novel idea of effective use of expansion caused by sintering, the inventors of the present invention have made various investigations and test evaluations so as to suppress sulfidation corrosion caused by gasoline of inferior quality and corrosion caused by an organic acid and a biofuel and to ensure performance, such as initial conformability and durability, in the sintered bearing for a fuel pump under an environment that the sintered bearing is constantly brought into contact with gasoline as described above. With this, the inventors of the present invention have obtained the following findings, to thereby achieve the present invention.
(1) In a relationship between the blending amount of aluminum and the sulfidation corrosivity, as the blending amount of aluminum is increased, corrosion resistance is enhanced. The reason for this is considered as follows. When the blending amount of aluminum is increased, the diffusion of aluminum into copper is increased to enhance corrosion resistance.
(2) In a relationship between the blending amount of aluminum and the organic acid corrosivity, as the blending amount of aluminum is increased, corrosion resistance is degraded. However, when the blending amount of aluminum reaches the vicinity of 9.0% by weight, the weight change rate becomes smaller.
(3) In a relationship between the blending amount of aluminum and the aluminum bronze structure, as the blending amount of aluminum is increased, the ratio of a β-phase is increased. The β-phase is subjected to eutectoid transformation at 565° C. to form an α-phase and a γ-phase, and as the blending amount of aluminum is increased, the ratio of the γ-phase is increased. The γ-phase degrades organic acid corrosion resistance and initial conformability. Therefore, in the case where aluminum-copper alloy powder is used as a copper source and powder of a copper simple substance is not added, the ratio of the γ-phase and the α-phase is set to 0<γ-phase/α-phase≦0.10.
(4) In a relationship between the sintering temperature and the corrosion resistance, when the sintering temperature is increased, the diffusion of aluminum is increased to enhance corrosion resistance.
(5) It is considered that phosphorus serving as an additive can reduce the amount of aluminum through increase in diffusion of aluminum during a sintering step and reduce the precipitation of the γ-phase of an aluminum structure that degrades corrosion resistance and initial conformability.
(6) In a relationship between the blending amount of aluminum and each of the initial conformability time and the friction coefficient, the blending amount of aluminum and each of the initial conformability time and the friction coefficient have a proportional relationship. The reason for this is considered as follows. When the blending amount of aluminum is increased, the γ-phase is increased.
As a technical solution for achieving the above-mentioned object, according to one embodiment of the present invention, there is provided a sintered bearing for a fuel pump, comprising raw material powder comprising 8.5% by weight to 10% by weight of aluminum, 0.1% by weight to 0.6% by weight of phosphorus, and the balance comprising copper as a main component, and inevitable impurities, the sintered bearing having a structure of a sintered aluminum-copper alloy, the sintered bearing having a pore formed in a surface layer portion of the sintered bearing, the pore being smaller in size than an internal pore of the sintered bearing. Thus, corrosion resistance, mechanical characteristics such as strength and abrasion resistance, oil film formation property, and oil retaining property can be enhanced, and compactness and reduction in cost can be realized.
Further, as a method of manufacturing a sintered bearing for a fuel pump according to one embodiment of the present invention, there is provided a method of manufacturing a sintered bearing for a fuel pump, the sintered bearing comprising raw material powder comprising 8.5% by weight to 10% by weight of aluminum, 0.1% by weight to 0.6% by weight of phosphorus, and the balance comprising copper as a main component, and inevitable impurities, the method using aluminum-copper alloy powder, electrolytic copper powder, and phosphorus-copper alloy powder as the raw material powder, the method comprising at least: a molding step of molding a green compact having a sintering aid added to the raw material powder; a sintering step of obtaining, from the green compact, a sintered compact having a structure of an aluminum-copper alloy; and a sizing step of subjecting the sintered compact to dimension shaping. Thus, it is possible to realize a method of manufacturing an aluminum bronze-based sintered bearing for a fuel pump, which has good productivity and low cost, and is thus suitable for mass production. In the sintered bearing for a fuel pump manufactured by the manufacturing method, corrosion resistance, mechanical characteristics such as strength and abrasion resistance, oil film formation property, and oil retaining property can be enhanced, and compactness can be realized.
It is preferred that the structure of the aluminum-copper alloy comprise an α-phase. The α-phase is effective for organic acid corrosion resistance and initial conformability.
In the case where the structure of the aluminum-copper alloy (hereinafter sometimes referred to as “aluminum bronze structure”) uses aluminum-copper alloy powder as a copper source and powder of a copper simple substance is not added, it is preferred that a ratio γ-phase/α-phase of the γ-phase and the α-phase be set to 0<γ-phase/α-phase≦0.10. When the ratio γ-phase/α-phase falls within the range of 0<γ-phase/α-phase≦0.10, organic acid corrosion resistance and initial conformability become excellent.
It is preferred that, as the blending amount of graphite, 3% by weight to 10% by weight of graphite be added with respect to a total of 100% by weight of the raw material powder comprising aluminum, phosphorus, and the balance comprising copper as a main component, and inevitable impurities. For example, a sintered bearing for a fuel pump having added thereto 3% by weight to 5% by weight of graphite can be used. When the blending amount of graphite is less than 3% by weight, the effect of enhancing lubricity and corrosion resistance through the addition of graphite is not attained in the sintered bearing for a fuel pump. Meanwhile, when the blending amount of graphite is more than 5% by weight, for example, there is a concern that the diffusion of aluminum into copper may start being inhibited. When the addition amount of graphite is more than 10% by weight, the diffusion of aluminum into copper is inhibited, and hence care needs to be taken. Corrosion resistance is enhanced when the addition amount of graphite is increased. However, when the addition amount of graphite reaches 10% by weight, the abrasion amount is slightly increased, which is considered to be caused by decrease in material strength.
It is preferred that the graphite powder be obtained by granulating and pulverizing fine powder of natural graphite or artificial graphite with a resin binder to have a grain diameter of 145 mesh or less. In general, when 4% by weight or more of graphite is added, the resultant material cannot be molded. However, through use of granulated graphite, the material can be molded.
In the above-mentioned sintered bearing for a fuel pump, it is preferred that the sintered bearing for a fuel pump be free of tin to be added as the sintering aid. Tin is not preferred because tin inhibits the diffusion of aluminum.
In the above-mentioned sintered bearing for a fuel pump, it is more preferred that a content of aluminum be set to from 9% by weight to 9.5% by weight. The sintered bearing for a fuel pump can be used as long as the content of aluminum is from 8.5% by weight to 10% by weight, and the range of from 9% by weight to 9.5% by weight is the optimum range.
It is preferred that a total of 0.05% by weight to 0.2% by weight of aluminum fluoride and calcium fluoride be added as the sintering aid with respect to a total of 100% by weight of the raw material powder comprising the aluminum-copper alloy powder, the electrolytic copper powder, and the phosphorus-copper alloy powder. When the total blending amount of aluminum fluoride and calcium fluoride is less than 0.05% by weight, the effect as the sintering aid becomes insufficient, and hence a dense sintered compact having appropriate strength is not obtained. On the other hand, when the total blending amount of aluminum fluoride and calcium fluoride is more than 0.2% by weight, the effect as the sintering aid is not enhanced even when the blending amount is increased any more, and hence it is preferred that the total blending amount of aluminum fluoride and calcium fluoride be limited to 0.2% by weight or less from the viewpoint of cost.
It is preferred that a ratio d2/d1 of a mean grain diameter d1 of the aluminum-copper alloy powder and a mean grain diameter d2 of the electrolytic copper powder be set to from 2 to 3. When the ratio d2/d1 falls within this range, aluminum can be sufficiently diffused into copper, and corrosion resistance becomes excellent.
It is preferred that the electrolytic copper powder comprise powders having different shapes, and that a ratio W2/W1 of a proportion W1 of the electrolytic copper powder having an aspect ratio of 2 or more and a proportion W2 of the electrolytic copper powder having an aspect ratio of less than 2 be set to from 3 to 9. The electrolytic copper powder having an aspect ratio of 2 or more is effective for diffusing aluminum, but moldability becomes poor. It is not preferred that the ratio W2/W1 be less than 3 from the viewpoint of moldability. Meanwhile, it is not preferred that the ratio W2/W1 be more than 9 because the diffusion of aluminum becomes insufficient. The aspect ratio herein refers to a ratio obtained by dividing the long axis length of powder by the thickness thereof.
As a method of manufacturing a sintered bearing for a fuel pump according to a second embodiment of the present invention, there is provided a method of manufacturing a sintered bearing for a fuel pump, the sintered bearing comprising raw material powder comprising 8.5% by weight to 10% by weight of aluminum, 0.1% by weight to 0.6% by weight of phosphorus, and the balance comprising copper as a main component, and inevitable impurities, the method using aluminum-copper alloy powder and phosphorus-copper alloy powder as the raw material powder without adding powder of a copper simple substance to the raw material powder, the method comprising at least: a molding step of molding a green compact having a sintering aid added to the raw material powder; a sintering step of obtaining, from the green compact, a sintered compact having a structure of an aluminum-copper alloy; and a sizing step of subjecting the sintered compact to dimension shaping. In this case, the description “without adding powder of a copper simple substance” is used as the meaning of allowing powder of a copper simple substance contained inevitably on a manufacturing site.
The second embodiment of the present invention as the manufacturing method can also realize a method of manufacturing an aluminum bronze-based sintered bearing for a fuel pump, which has good productivity and low cost, and is thus suitable for mass production. Further, in the sintered bearing for a fuel pump manufactured by the manufacturing method, corrosion resistance, mechanical characteristics such as strength and abrasion resistance, oil film formation property, and oil retaining property can be enhanced, and compactness can be realized. Further, powder of a copper simple substance is not added, and hence a portion in which the copper simple substance is concentrated does not substantially exist and the occurrence of corrosion due to such portion is avoided. In addition, corrosion resistance of each grain of aluminum-copper alloy powder is enhanced. Thus, corrosion resistance can be ensured even under severer use environment.
The aluminum-copper alloy powder serving as the raw material powder is preferably 7% by weight to 11% by weight of aluminum-copper alloy powder, more preferably, for example, 8% by weight to 10% by weight of aluminum-copper alloy powder. In those cases, corrosion resistance of each grain of the aluminum-copper alloy powder is enhanced so that corrosion resistance of the entire sintered bearing for a fuel pump is enhanced.
In the sintered bearing for a fuel pump according to the one embodiment of the present invention, corrosion resistance, mechanical characteristics such as strength and abrasion resistance, oil film formation property, and oil retaining property can be enhanced, and compactness and reduction in cost can be realized. Further, the method of manufacturing a sintered bearing for a fuel pump according to the one embodiment of the present invention can realize a method of manufacturing an aluminum bronze-based sintered bearing for a fuel pump, which has good productivity and low cost, and is thus suitable for mass production.
Further, according to the second embodiment of the present invention as the manufacturing method using the aluminum-copper alloy powder without adding powder of a copper simple substance, a portion in which a copper simple substance is concentrated does not substantially exist and the occurrence of corrosion due to such portion is avoided. In addition, corrosion resistance of each grain of aluminum-copper alloy powder is enhanced. Thus, corrosion resistance can be ensured even under severer use environment.
Now, a sintered bearing for a fuel pump according to a first embodiment of the present invention and a method of manufacturing the sintered bearing according to the first embodiment of the present invention are described with reference to the attached drawings.
An armature 50 of a motor is arranged in the motor part chamber 48. Upper and lower end portions of a shaft 52 of the armature 50 are rotatably supported by the motor cover 45 and the pump cover 46 respectively through intermediation of slide bearings 1 and 2. The slide bearings 1 and 2 serve as the sintered bearing for a fuel pump according to this embodiment.
A magnet 55 is fixed onto an inner peripheral surface of the housing 41 at a predetermined interval with respect to an outer peripheral surface of the armature 50. A brush 56 that is brought into slide-contact with a commutator 50a of the armature 50 is incorporated into the motor cover 45 in a state of being urged with a spring 57. The brush 56 is brought into conduction with an external connection terminal (not shown) through a choke coil 58. A discharge port 70 connected to a fuel supply pipe (not shown) communicating to a fuel injection valve is formed in the motor cover 45. A check valve 71 configured to block a reverse flow of fuel is incorporated into the discharge port 70 in a state of being urged in a closure direction with a spring 72.
A plate 74 is interposed between the pump cover 46 and the pump body 47 of the pump part 43 to partition the pump part chamber 49 into two chambers. An impeller 75 is arranged in each chamber. Both the impellers 75 are connected to the lower end portion of the shaft 52 and rotated and driven by the motor part 42. A suction port 76 is formed in the pump body 47, and a communication port 77 is formed in the pump cover 46.
The fuel pump 40 rotates the impellers 75 of the pump part 43 with the motor part 42. With this, the fuel in the fuel tank is pumped up to the pump part chamber 49 through the suction port 76, and the fuel enters the motor part chamber 48 through the communication port 77 of the pump cover 46 via a flow path of the pump part 43 to be discharged through the discharge port 70. Thus, the sintered bearings 1 and 2 for a fuel pump according to this embodiment, which rotatably support the shaft 52 of the armature 50, are in an environment of being constantly brought into contact with the fuel (such as gasoline). The fuel pump 40 illustrated in
Now, the type of the fuel pump is described. As the fuel pump, for example, there are given two types: an in-tank type fuel pump and an out-tank type fuel pump.
The in-tank type fuel pump is, for example, a type that is used in such a manner that the fuel pump itself is immersed in liquid fuel, such as gasoline. Therefore, the sintered bearings 1 and 2 used in, for example, the in-tank type fuel pump are not necessarily required to be impregnated with oil. However, in order to minimize initial abrasion, it is preferred that the sintered bearings 1 and 2 used in the in-tank type fuel pump be impregnated with oil.
On the other hand, the out-tank type fuel pump is a type that is used in the atmosphere while the fuel pump itself is not immersed in liquid fuel, such as gasoline. Even the sintered bearings used in, for example, the out-tank type fuel pump are not necessarily required to be impregnated with oil. However, in order to minimize initial abrasion, it is also preferred that the sintered bearings used in the out-tank type fuel pump be impregnated with oil.
A vertical sectional view of the sintered bearing for a fuel pump according to this embodiment is illustrated in
The sintered bearing 1 for a fuel pump according to this embodiment is formed by filling a mold with raw material powder obtained by mixing various powders, compressing the raw material powder to mold a green compact, and then sintering the green compact.
The raw material powder is mixed powder obtained by mixing aluminum-copper alloy powder, copper powder, phosphorus-copper alloy powder, graphite powder, and aluminum fluoride and calcium fluoride serving as a sintering aid. The detail of each powder is described below.
[Aluminum-Copper Alloy Powder]
Aluminum (40% by weight to 60% by weight)-copper alloy powder is pulverized to adjust a grain size thereof. The aluminum-copper alloy powder has a grain diameter of 100 μm or less and a mean grain diameter of 35 μm. The term “mean grain diameter” as used herein refers to a mean value of grain diameters measured with laser diffraction. Specifically, the mean grain diameter is intended to refer to a mean value of grain diameters when 5,000 grains of powder is measured with laser diffraction by SALD -3100 manufactured by Shimadzu Corporation.
Through use of the aluminum-copper alloy powder, the effects of additives, such as graphite and phosphorus, can be attained, and a sintered bearing material becomes excellent in corrosion resistance, strength, sliding characteristics, and the like. Further, the aluminum-copper alloy powder is alloyed powder, and hence there is no handling problem involved in flying of aluminum simple substance powder having a small specific gravity.
An α-phase of an aluminum bronze structure is most excellent in corrosion resistance to sulfidation corrosion and organic acid corrosion, and initial conformability. Through use of the aluminum (40% by weight to 60% by weight)-copper alloy powder, a sintered bearing with strength can be manufactured even when graphite is added. A γ-phase of the structure is excellent in abrasion resistance but is poor in organic acid corrosion resistance and initial conformability. It is preferred that, in the aluminum bronze structure, a ratio γ-phase/α-phase of the γ-phase to the α-phase be 0.10≦γ-phase/α-phase≦0.25. It is not preferred that the ratio γ-phase/α-phase be less than 0.10 because abrasion resistance is degraded. Meanwhile, it is not preferred that the ratio γ-phase/α-phase be more than 0.25 because initial conformability and organic acid corrosion resistance are degraded.
[Copper Powder]
As the copper powder, there are given atomized powder, electrolytic powder, and pulverized powder. However, in order to sufficiently diffuse aluminum into copper, dendritic electrolytic powder is effective and is excellent in moldability, sintering property, and sliding characteristics. Therefore, in this embodiment, electrolytic powder was used as the copper powder. Further, in order to sufficiently diffuse aluminum into copper, it is preferred that two kinds of electrolytic copper powders having different powder shapes be used, and that a ratio W2/W1 of a proportion W1 of the electrolytic copper powder having an aspect ratio of 2 or more and a proportion W2 of the electrolytic copper powder having an aspect ratio of less than 2 be set to from 3 to 9. The electrolytic copper powder having an aspect ratio of 2 or more is effective for diffusing aluminum but has poor moldability. It is not preferred that the ratio W2/W1 be less than 3 from the viewpoint of moldability. Meanwhile, it is not preferred that the ratio W2/W1 be more than 9 because the diffusion of aluminum becomes insufficient.
In this embodiment, the electrolytic copper powder having a mean grain diameter of 85 μm was used. It is preferred that a ratio d2/d1 of a mean grain diameter d1 of the above-mentioned aluminum-copper alloy powder and a mean grain diameter d2 of the electrolytic copper powder be set to from 2 to 3. When the ratio d2/d1 falls within such range, aluminum can be sufficiently diffused into copper, and corrosion resistance becomes excellent. Therefore, in this embodiment, the mean grain diameter d1 of the aluminum-copper alloy powder was set to 35 μm, and the mean grain diameter d2 of the electrolytic copper powder was set to 85 μm. Note that, the grain diameter is not limited thereto, and the aluminum-copper alloy powder having a mean grain diameter of about from 20 μm to 65 μm can be used, and the electrolytic copper powder having a grain diameter of 200 μm or less and a mean grain diameter of about from 60 μm to 120 μm can be used.
[Phosphorus Alloy Powder]
As the phosphorus alloy powder, phosphorus (7% by weight to 10% by weight)-copper alloy powder was used. Phosphorus has the effect of enhancing wettability between a solid phase and a liquid phase during sintering. It is preferred that the blending amount of phosphorus be from 0.1% by weight to 0.6% by weight, specifically 0.1% by weight to 0.4% by weight. When the blending amount of phosphorus is less than 0.1% by weight, the accelerating effect on the sintering between the solid phase and the liquid phase is unsatisfactory. Meanwhile, when the blending amount of phosphorus is more than the above-mentioned 0.6% by weight, preferably 0.4% by weight, the sintering proceeds excessively, and aluminum is segregated to increase the precipitation of a γ-phase, with the result that a sintered compact becomes brittle.
[Graphite Powder]
Graphite is present mainly as free graphite in pores dispersed and distributed in a substrate and contributes to the enhancement of abrasion resistance by imparting excellent lubricity to a sintered bearing. The blending amount of graphite is preferably from 3% by weight to 10% by weight and may be, for example, from 3% by weight to 5% by weight, with respect to a total of 100% by weight of the raw material powder comprising aluminum, phosphorus, and the balance comprising copper as a main component, and inevitable impurities. When the blending amount of graphite is less than 3% by weight, the effects of enhancing lubricity and abrasion resistance through the addition of graphite are not attained in the sintered bearing for a fuel pump. Meanwhile, when the blending amount of graphite is more than 5% by weight, for example, there is a concern that the diffusion of aluminum into copper may start being inhibited. It is not preferred that the addition amount of graphite be more than 10% by weight because the material strength is decreased, and the diffusion of aluminum into copper is inhibited. In general, when 4% by weight or more of graphite is added, the resultant material cannot be molded. However, through use of granulated graphite, the material can be molded. In this embodiment, the graphite powder obtained by granulating and pulverizing fine powder of natural graphite or artificial graphite with a resin binder to a grain diameter of 145 mesh or less was used.
[Aluminum Fluoride and Calcium Fluoride]
An aluminum oxide film to be generated on a surface of aluminum-copper alloy powder during sintering inhibits the sintering remarkably. However, aluminum fluoride and calcium fluoride serving as the sintering aid gradually evaporate while being melted at a sintering temperature of from 850° C. to 900° C. of the aluminum-copper alloy powder and protect the surface of the aluminum-copper alloy powder to suppress the generation of aluminum oxide, thereby accelerating the sintering to increase the diffusion of aluminum. Aluminum fluoride and calcium fluoride evaporate and volatilize during sintering, and hence hardly remain in a finished product of the sintered bearing.
It is preferred that a total of about 0.05% by weight to about 0.2% by weight of aluminum fluoride and calcium fluoride be added as the sintering aid with respect to a total of 100% by weight of the raw material powder comprising aluminum, phosphorus, and the balance comprising copper as a main component, and inevitable impurities. When the addition amount of aluminum fluoride and calcium fluoride is less than 0.05% by weight, the effect thereof as the sintering aid becomes insufficient, and hence a dense sintered compact having appropriate strength is not obtained. Meanwhile, when the addition amount of aluminum fluoride and calcium fluoride is more than 0.2% by weight, the effect thereof as the sintering aid is not attained any more even when aluminum fluoride and calcium fluoride are added more. Therefore, it is preferred that the addition amount be 0.2% by weight or less from the viewpoint of cost.
In the sintered bearing for a fuel pump according to this embodiment and the method of manufacturing the sintered bearing as described later, aluminum-copper alloy powder, electrolytic copper powder, and phosphorus alloy powder were mixed at such a ratio that the content of aluminum was from 8.5% by weight to 10% by weight, the content of phosphorus was from 0.1% by weight to 0.4% by weight, and the balance comprised copper as a main component, and graphite powder was mixed with respect to a total of 100% by weight of the above-mentioned mixture so that the blending amount of graphite was from 3% by weight to 5% by weight to obtain raw material powder. As the sintering aid, a total of 0.05% by weight to 0.2% by weight of aluminum fluoride and calcium fluoride was added, and 0.1% by weight to 1% by weight of a lubricant, such as zinc stearate or calcium stearate, was added so as to enhance moldability.
Specifically, for example, in the sintered bearing for a fuel pump according to this embodiment and the method of manufacturing the sintered bearing as described later, aluminum-copper alloy powder, electrolytic copper powder, and phosphorus alloy powder were mixed at such a ratio that the content of aluminum was from 8.5 parts by weight to 10 parts by weight, the content of phosphorus was from 0.1 part by weight to 0.4 part by weight, and the balance comprised copper as a main component, and graphite powder was mixed with respect to a total of 100 parts by weight of the above-mentioned mixture so that the blending amount of graphite was from 3 parts by weight to 5 parts by weight to obtain raw material powder. The blending amount of graphite is preferably from 3 parts by weight to 10 parts by weight and may be, for example, from 3 parts by weight to 5 parts by weight, with respect to a total of 100 parts by weight of the raw material powder comprising aluminum, phosphorus, and the balance comprising copper as a main component, and the inevitable impurities. When the blending amount of graphite is less than 3 parts by weight, the effects of enhancing lubricity and abrasion resistance through the addition of graphite are not attained in the sintered bearing for a fuel pump. Meanwhile, when the blending amount of graphite is more than 5 parts by weight, for example, there is a concern that the diffusion of aluminum into copper may start being inhibited. It is not preferred that the addition amount of graphite be more than 10 parts by weight because the material strength is decreased, and the diffusion of aluminum into copper is inhibited. In general, when 4 parts by weight or more of graphite is added, the resultant material cannot be molded. However, through use of granulated graphite, the material can be molded. In this embodiment, graphite powder obtained by granulating and pulverizing fine powder of natural graphite or artificial graphite with a resin binder to a grain diameter of 145 mesh or less was used. As the sintering aid, a total of 0.05 part by weight to 0.2 part by weight of aluminum fluoride and calcium fluoride was added, and 0.1 part by weight to 1 part by weight of a lubricant, such as zinc stearate or calcium stearate, was added so as to enhance moldability.
As illustrated in
In the sintered bearing 1, both a radially outer surface 1b of the bearing and the bearing surface 1a on the radially inner side are subjected to sizing processing after sintering in a manufacturing method (see
The pores do, db, and di of the sintered bearing 1 are impregnated with lubricating oil. Thus, a satisfactory lubrication state can be obtained from the beginning of an operation. As the lubricating oil, mineral oil, poly-α-olefin (PAO), an ester, liquid grease, or the like can be used. Note that, it is not necessarily required to impregnate those pores with the lubricating oil in some use purposes of a bearing.
In
In addition, when an average value of depths of the compressed layer Po in the surface layer on the radially outer surface 1b side is defined as To, an average value of depths of the compressed layer Pb in the surface layer on the bearing surface 1a side is defined as Tb, and ratios of To and Tb to an inner diameter dimension D1 of the bearing surface are defined as To/D1 and Tb/D1, respectively, it is preferred that relationships of 1/100<To/D1 and Tb/D1< 1/15 be satisfied. Herein, the density ratio α is represented by the following expression:
α(%)=(ρ1/ρ0)×100
where ρ1 represents a density of a porous body, and ρ0 represents a density on the assumption that the porous body has no micropores. It is not preferred that To/D1 and Tb/D1 be less than 1/100 because pores are crushed insufficiently. On the other hand, it is not preferred that To/D1 and Tb/D1 be more than 1/15 because pores are crushed excessively.
Next, the results of verification for achieving this embodiment are described with reference to
The results obtained by measuring the hardness of the sintered bearing for a fuel pump according to the first embodiment are shown in Table 1. Values of the hardness shown in Table 1 are obtained by carrying out evaluations based on Vickers hardness (Hv) under a test load of 25 g. The values of the hardness are described below as those based on the Vickers hardness (Hv). Further, the hardness of a copper-based sintered bearing for comparison was also shown as Comparative Example 1.
As shown in Table 1, the hardness of the copper-based sintered bearing is from 70 to 80, whereas the hardness of the sintered bearing for a fuel pump according to the first embodiment is, for example, from 120 to 220. From those results, it can be determined that the sintered bearing for a fuel pump according to the first embodiment is a sintered bearing that is more excellent in abrasion resistance than the copper-based sintered bearing. The reason for this is as follows. The hardness of the α-phase that is a soft phase is from 120 to 140, and the hardness of the γ-phase that is a hard phase is from 200 to 220. Thus, the hardness of any phase of the sintered bearing for a fuel pump according to the first embodiment is higher than that of the copper-based sintered bearing.
From the test results shown in
Next, the method of manufacturing a sintered bearing for a fuel pump according to the first embodiment is described. A sintered bearing is manufactured through a raw material powder preparation step S1, a molding step S2, a sintering step S3, a sizing step S4, and an oil impregnation step S5 as illustrated in
In the raw material powder preparation step S1, raw material powder of the sintered bearing 1 is prepared and generated. The raw material powder was prepared and generated by adding a total of 0.05% by weight to 0.2% by weight of aluminum fluoride and calcium fluoride serving as the sintering aid, 3% by weight to 5% by weight of graphite powder, and 0.1% by weight to 1% by weight of a lubricant, such as zinc stearate or calcium stearate, for enhancing moldability with respect to a total of 100% by weight of 17% by weight to 20% by weight of aluminum (40% by weight to 60% by weight)-copper alloy powder, 2% by weight to 4% by weight of phosphorus (7% by weight to 10% by weight)-copper alloy powder, and the balance comprising electrolytic copper powder. By adding the lubricant, a green compact as described later can be released smoothly, and the deformation of the green compact due to the release can be prevented. Specifically, raw material powder M as described above is supplied to, for example, a can body 11 of a V-shaped mixer 10 illustrated in
For example, the content of aluminum is set to, for example, 8.5% by weight or more and 10% by weight or less, specifically, 9% by weight or more and 9.5% by weight or less with respect to a total of 100% by weight (not comprising the graphite portion) of the alloy portion comprising 17% by weight to 20% by weight of aluminum (40% by weight to 60% by weight)-copper alloy powder, 2% by weight to 4% by weight of phosphorus (7% by weight to 10% by weight)-copper alloy powder, and the balance comprising electrolytic copper powder.
For example, the raw material powder can be used, which is obtained by adding a total of 0.05 part by weight to 0.2 part by weight of aluminum fluoride and calcium fluoride serving as the sintering aid, 3 parts by weight to 10 parts by weight, for example, 3 parts by weight to 5 parts by weight of graphite powder, and 0.1 part by weight to 1 part by weight of a lubricant, such as zinc stearate or calcium stearate, for enhancing moldability with respect to a total of 100 parts by weight of 17 parts by weight to 20 parts by weight of aluminum (40% by weight to 60% by weight)-copper alloy powder, 2 parts by weight to 4 parts by weight of phosphorus (7% by weight to 10% by weight)-copper alloy powder, and the balance comprising electrolytic copper powder.
For example, the content of aluminum is set to, for example, 8.5 parts by weight or more and 10 parts by weight or less, specifically, 9 parts by weight or more and 9.5 parts by weight or less with respect to a total of 100 parts by weight (not comprising the graphite portion) of the alloy portion comprising 17 parts by weight to 20 parts by weight of aluminum (40% by weight to 60% by weight)-copper alloy powder, 2 parts by weight to 4 parts by weight of phosphorus (7% by weight to 10% by weight)-copper alloy powder, and the balance comprising electrolytic copper powder.
In the molding step S2, the above-mentioned raw material powder is compressed to form a green compact 1′ (see
Specifically, for example, a mold having a cavity with a shape similar to that of a green compact is set on a CNC press machine using a servo motor as a drive source. The above-mentioned raw material powder filling the cavity is compressed with a pressurization force of from 200 MPa to 700 MPa to mold the green compact 1′. During molding of the green compact 1′, the mold may be heated to 70° C. or more.
In the method of manufacturing the sintered bearing 1 for a fuel pump according to this embodiment, the problem of shortage of strength of a green compact caused by decrease in moldability due to fluidity is solved by using aluminum-copper alloy powder as an aluminum source, and in this case, there arises no problem of handling due to scattering of aluminum simple substance particles having a small specific gravity. Further, the manufacturing method has good production efficiency and hence is suitable for mass production.
In the sintering step S3, the green compact 1′ is heated at a sintering temperature and the raw material powders adjacent to each other are bound by sintering to form the sintered compact 1″. Through use of a mesh-belt type continuous furnace 15 illustrated in
What is important in the sintering step is to enhance corrosion resistance by sufficiently diffusing aluminum into copper, and to enhance corrosion resistance and bearing performance (initial conformability) by setting an aluminum bronze structure to the α-phase. When the aluminum bronze structure is the γ-phase, although abrasion resistance is excellent by virtue of the increased hardness, organic acid corrosion resistance is degraded. Therefore, it was found necessary to reduce the amount of aluminum so as to minimize the precipitation of the γ-phase.
Further, it is preferred that, in the aluminum bronze structure, the ratio γ-phase/α-phase of the γ-phase and the α-phase be set to 0.10≦γ-phase/α-phase≦0.25. It is not preferred that the ratio γ-phase/α-phase be less than 0.10 because abrasion resistance is degraded. Meanwhile, it is not preferred that the ratio γ-phase/α-phase be more than 0.25 because initial conformability and organic acid corrosion resistance are degraded.
As the sintering condition satisfying the foregoing, the sintering temperature is preferably from 900° C. to 950° C., more preferably from 900° C. to 920° C. (for example, 920° C.). Further, as atmospheric gas, hydrogen gas, nitrogen gas, or mixed gas thereof is used. As the sintering time is longer, corrosion resistance becomes more satisfactory, and in a sintered bearing for a fuel pump, the sintering time is preferably from 20 minutes to 60 minutes (for example, 30 minutes).
The aluminum-copper alloy powder generates various liquid phases when the temperature is equal to or higher than 548° C. as the eutectic temperature. When the liquid phases are generated, the aluminum-copper alloy powder expands, and a sintering neck is formed owing to the generated liquid phases, which leads to densification, resulting in reduction in dimensions. In this embodiment, as a result of the sintering in the mesh-belt type continuous furnace 15, the surface of the sintered compact 1″ is oxidized, and the sintering thereof is inhibited. Therefore, the sintered compact 1″ is not densified, and the dimensions thereof remain increased. Note that, the inside of the sintered compact 1″ is sintered without being oxidized, and hence the strength of the sintered compact 1″ can be ensured sufficiently. Owing to the use of the mesh-belt type continuous furnace 15, the sintering time from the supply of the green compact 1′ to the release thereof can be shortened to mass-produce products, and cost can also be reduced. Further, from the viewpoint of the function of the sintered bearing, the strength can be ensured sufficiently.
In the sintering step, the added phosphorus alloy powder exhibits an effect so that a sintered compact of good quality can be formed. Phosphorus enhances wettability between a solid phase and a liquid phase during sintering, and hence a sintered compact of good quality can be obtained. It is preferred that the blending amount of phosphorus be from 0.1% by weight to 0.6% by weight, specifically 0.1% by weight to 0.4% by weight. When the blending amount of phosphorus is less than 0.1% by weight, the accelerating effect on the sintering between a solid phase and a liquid phase is unsatisfactory. On the other hand, when the blending amount of phosphorus is more than 0.6% by weight, preferably 0.4% by weight in the above description, a sintered compact to be obtained becomes brittle through segregation.
Further, graphite is present mainly as free graphite in pores dispersed and distributed in a substrate and contributes to the enhancement of abrasion resistance by imparting excellent lubricity to a sintered bearing. The blending amount of graphite is preferably from 3% by weight to 10% by weight and may be, for example, from 3% by weight to 5% by weight, with respect to a total of 100% by weight of aluminum, phosphorus, and the balance comprising copper as a main component, and inevitable impurities. When the blending amount of graphite is less than 3% by weight, the effects of enhancing lubricity and abrasion resistance through the addition of graphite are not attained in the sintered bearing for a fuel pump. Meanwhile, when the blending amount of graphite is more than 5% by weight, for example, there is a concern that the diffusion of aluminum into copper may start being inhibited. It is not preferred that the addition amount of graphite be more than 10% by weight because the material strength is decreased, and the diffusion of aluminum into copper is inhibited. In general, when 4% by weight or more of graphite is added, the resultant material cannot be molded. However, through use of granulated graphite, the material can be molded. In this embodiment, the graphite powder obtained by granulating and pulverizing fine powder of natural graphite or artificial graphite with a resin binder to a grain diameter of 145 mesh or less was used.
In the sizing step S4, the sintered compact 1″ that has expanded by sintering compared to the green compact 1′ is subjected to dimension shaping.
The mold used during the above-mentioned sizing step comprises the die 20, a pair of the punches 21 and 22, and the core 23, and the radially inner side of the sintered compact 1″ is shaped with the core 23 by compressing the sintered compact 1″ from both sides in the axial direction and the radially outer side with the punches 21 and 22 and the die 20. Thus, the sintered bearing 1 can be subjected to dimension shaping and desired pores can be formed through effective use of the expansion of an aluminum bronze-based sintered bearing by sintering.
Further, the size of each pore on the surface of the sintered compact 1″ can be set by adjusting a dimension difference between the inner diameter dimension of the die 20 and the outer diameter dimension of the sintered compact 1″ and a dimension difference between the outer diameter dimension of the core 23 and the inner diameter dimension of the sintered compact 1″. Thus, the size of each pore on the surface of the sintered bearing 1 can be controlled easily. Further, although not shown, the pores of the bearing surface 1a can be reduced in size by subjecting the bearing surface 1a (see
The oil impregnation step S5 is the step of impregnating the product 1 (sintered bearing) with lubricating oil.
The sintered bearing 1 according to this embodiment manufactured through the above-mentioned steps has enhanced corrosion resistance, mechanical characteristics such as strength and abrasion resistance, oil film formation property, and oil retaining property, and can also achieve compactness and reduction in cost. As a sintered bearing for a fuel pump, the sintered bearing 1 according to this embodiment suppresses the sulfidation corrosion caused by gasoline of inferior quality and the corrosion caused by organic acid and biofuel, and is excellent in performance, such as initial conformability and durability.
Next, a sintered bearing for a fuel pump according to a second embodiment of the present invention and a method of manufacturing the sintered bearing according to the second embodiment of the present invention are described. In the sintered bearing for a fuel pump and the method of manufacturing the sintered bearing according to the first embodiment, aluminum-copper alloy powder and electrolytic copper powder are used as the raw material powder serving as an aluminum source and a copper source. However, the second embodiment is different from the first embodiment in that aluminum-copper alloy powder is used without adding electrolytic copper powder of a copper simple substance.
It was found that when powder of a copper simple substance was added under severer use environment, a portion in which the copper simple substance was concentrated was formed to cause a problem in corrosion resistance. As a result of conducting various investigations based on the above-mentioned finding, this embodiment was attained through the idea of using aluminum-copper alloy powder as the raw material powder serving as an aluminum source and a copper source without adding powder of a copper simple substance.
The composition comprising 8.5% by weight to 10% by weight of aluminum, 0.1% by weight to 0.4% by weight of phosphorus, and the balance comprising copper as a main component in the sintered bearing for a fuel pump and the method of manufacturing the sintered bearing according to this embodiment is the same as that of the first embodiment. However, the raw material powder is different as follows. Specifically, the raw material powder was obtained by mixing aluminum-copper alloy powder and phosphorus alloy powder at such a ratio that the above-mentioned composition was obtained without adding electrolytic copper powder of a copper simple substance and mixing graphite powder with respect to a total of 100% by weight of the above-mentioned mixture so that the blending amount of graphite was from 3% by weight to 5% by weight. Further, as the sintering aid, a total of 0.05% by weight to 0.2% by weight of aluminum fluoride and calcium fluoride was added, and 0.1% by weight to 1% by weight of zinc stearate was added so as to enhance moldability.
For example, in the sintered bearing for a fuel pump and the method of manufacturing the sintered bearing, the composition comprising 8.5 parts by weight to 10 parts by weight of aluminum, 0.1 part by weight to 0.4 part by weight of phosphorus, 3 parts by weight to 10 parts by weight, for example, 3 parts by weight to 5 parts by weight of graphite as necessary, and the balance comprising copper as a main component can be used. In this case, for example, the raw material powder is as follows. Specifically, the raw material powder was obtained by mixing aluminum-copper alloy powder and phosphorus alloy powder at such a ratio that the above-mentioned composition was obtained without adding electrolytic copper powder of a copper simple substance and mixing graphite powder with respect to a total of 100 parts by weight of the above-mentioned mixture so that the blending amount of graphite was from 3 parts by weight to 10 parts by weight, for example, from 3 parts by weight to 5 parts by weight. The blending amount of graphite is preferably from 3 parts by weight to 10 parts by weight and may be, for example, from 3 parts by weight to 5 parts by weight, with respect to a total of 100 parts by weight of the raw material powder comprising aluminum, phosphorus, and the balance comprising copper as a main component, and the inevitable impurities. When the blending amount of graphite is less than 3 parts by weight, the effects of enhancing lubricity and abrasion resistance through the addition of graphite are not attained in the sintered bearing for a fuel pump. Meanwhile, when the blending amount of graphite is more than 5 parts by weight, for example, there is a concern that the diffusion of aluminum into copper may start being inhibited. It is not preferred that the addition amount of graphite be more than 10 parts by weight because the material strength is decreased, and the diffusion of aluminum into copper is inhibited. In general, when 4 parts by weight or more of graphite is added, the resultant material cannot be molded. However, through use of granulated graphite, the material can be molded. In this embodiment, graphite powder obtained by granulating and pulverizing fine powder of natural graphite or artificial graphite with a resin binder to a grain diameter of 145 mesh or less was used. Further, as the sintering aid, a total of 0.05 part by weight to 0.2 part by weight of aluminum fluoride and calcium fluoride was added, and 0.1 part by weight to 1 part by weight of zinc stearate was further added so as to enhance moldability.
In the aluminum bronze structure according to this embodiment that uses aluminum-copper alloy powder as a copper source without adding powder of a copper simple substance, it is preferred that the ratio γ-phase/α-phase of the γ-phase and the α-phase be 0<γ-phase/α-phase≦0.10. When the ratio γ-phase/α-phase falls within the range of 0<γ-phase/α-phase≦0.10, organic acid corrosion resistance and initial conformability become excellent.
The metal structure of a cross-section of the sintered bearing according to this embodiment is the same as that of the first embodiment illustrated in the schematic view of
Further, the state of the compressed layer of the surface layer of the sintered bearing 1 according to this embodiment is also the same as that of the sintered bearing according to the first embodiment illustrated in
Next, the results of verification for achieving this embodiment are described with reference to
The results obtained by measuring the hardness of the sintered bearing for a fuel pump according to the second embodiment are shown in Table 2. The method of evaluating the hardness shown in Table 2 and the like are the same as the method of evaluating the hardness shown in Table 1 and the like, and hence the detailed descriptions thereof are omitted herein.
As shown in Table 2, the hardness of the copper-based sintered bearing is from 70 to 80, whereas the hardness of the sintered bearing for a fuel pump according to the second embodiment is, for example, from 100 to 240. From those results, it can be determined that the sintered bearing for a fuel pump according to the second embodiment is a sintered bearing that is more excellent in abrasion resistance than the copper-based sintered bearing. The reason for this is as follows. The hardness of the α-phase that is a soft phase is from 100 to 140, and the hardness of the γ-phase that is a hard phase is from 200 to 240. Thus, the hardness of any phase of the sintered bearing for a fuel pump according to the second embodiment is higher than that of the copper-based sintered bearing.
From the test results shown in
Next, the manufacturing method according to the second embodiment is described. The manufacturing method according to the second embodiment is also the same as the method of manufacturing a sintered bearing according to the first embodiment illustrated in
In the raw material powder preparation step S1, raw material powder of the sintered bearing 1 is prepared. The raw material powder was prepared by adding 3% by weight to 5% by weight of graphite powder, a total of 0.05% by weight to 0.2% by weight of aluminum fluoride and calcium fluoride serving as the sintering aid, and 0.1% by weight to 1% by weight of a lubricant, such as zinc stearate, for enhancing moldability with respect to a total of 100% by weight of 90% by weight to 97% by weight of aluminum (7% by weight to 11% by weight)-copper alloy powder, preferably, aluminum (8% by weight to 10% by weight)-copper alloy powder, and 1% by weight to 6% by weight of phosphorus (7% by weight to 10% by weight)-copper alloy powder. The aluminum (7% by weight to 11% by weight)-copper alloy powder was pulverized to adjust a grain size thereof. In the same way as in the first embodiment, the above-mentioned raw material powder is supplied to, for example, the can body 11 of the V-shaped mixer 10 illustrated in
For example, the content of aluminum is set to, for example, 8.5% by weight or more and 10% by weight or less, specifically, 9% by weight or more and 9.5% by weight or less with respect to a total of 100% by weight (not comprising the graphite portion) of the alloy portion comprising 90% by weight to 97% by weight of aluminum (7% by weight to 11% by weight)-copper alloy powder and 1% by weight to 6% by weight of phosphorus (7% by weight to 10% by weight)-copper alloy powder.
For example, the raw material powder can be used, which is obtained by adding 3 parts by weight to 10 parts by weight, for example, 3 parts by weight to 5 parts by weight of graphite powder, a total of 0.05 part by weight to 0.2 part by weight of aluminum fluoride and calcium fluoride serving as the sintering aid, and 0.1 part by weight to 1 part by weight of a lubricant, such as zinc stearate, for enhancing moldability with respect to a total of 100 parts by weight of 90 parts by weight to 97 parts by weight of aluminum (7% by weight to 11% by weight)-copper alloy powder, preferably, aluminum (8% by weight to 10% by weight)-copper alloy powder, and 1 part by weight to 6 parts by weight of phosphorus (7% by weight to 10% by weight)-copper alloy powder.
For example, the content of aluminum is set to, for example, 8.5 parts by weight or more and 10 parts by weight or less, specifically, 9 parts by weight or more and 9.5 parts by weight or less with respect to a total of 100 parts by weight (not comprising the graphite portion) of the alloy portion comprising 90 parts by weight to 97 parts by weight of aluminum (7% by weight to 11% by weight)-copper alloy powder and 1 part by weight to 6 parts by weight of phosphorus (7% by weight to 10% by weight)-copper alloy powder.
In the molding step S2, the above-mentioned raw material powder is compressed to form a green compact 1′ (see
In the sintered bearing for a fuel pump manufactured by the manufacturing method according to this embodiment, corrosion resistance can be ensured even under particularly severe use environment. Further, in the same way as in the sintered bearing according to the first embodiment, mechanical characteristics such as strength and abrasion resistance, oil film formation property, and oil retaining property can be enhanced, and compactness and reduction in cost can be realized.
In the above description of each embodiment, the case where the present invention is applied to a perfect circular bearing having the bearing surface 1a in a perfect circle shape has been illustrated. However, the present invention can be similarly applied to a fluid dynamic bearing in which a dynamic pressure generating portion such as a herring-bone groove or a spiral groove is provided on the bearing surface 1a and an outer peripheral surface of the shaft 52, as well as the perfect circular bearing.
As the sintered bearing according to this embodiment, depending on the type of a fuel pump and the like, various sintered bearings for a fuel pump, for example, a sintered bearing for a fuel pump not comprising oils, such as lubricating oil, a sintered bearing for a fuel pump comprising a small amount of lubricating oil, and a sintered bearing for a fuel pump sufficiently comprising lubricating oil can be used.
The present invention is not limited to the above-mentioned embodiments. As a matter of course, various modifications can be made thereto without departing from the gist of the present invention. The scope of the present invention is defined in claims, and encompasses equivalents described in claims and all changes within the scope of claims.
| Number | Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2013-175508 | Aug 2013 | JP | national |
| 2014-095113 | May 2014 | JP | national |
| 2014-167532 | Aug 2014 | JP | national |
| Filing Document | Filing Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| PCT/JP2014/072098 | 8/25/2014 | WO | 00 |
