Patent Grant
7186391
The present invention relates to a lanthanum sulfide or a cerium sulfide sintered compact having a large thermoelectromotive force, particularly useful as thermoelectric conversion materials. The present invention also relates to a method of producing such a sintered compact.
A thermoelectric conversion material has a wide range of application. While the greatest expectation is directed toward use as a clean energy source for converting thermal energy to electrical energy, various other applications have been researched to utilize its Peltier effect and put to practical as small-size cooling devices, heatsinks, high-temperature baths, electrotherms and others.
Thermoelectromotive force means a voltage V arising from the temperature difference ΔT between two contact points of a pair of different electric conductors jointed together, wherein the relation between the voltage V and the temperature difference ΔT may be expressed by the formula: V=αΔT. The coefficient α is referred to as “Seebeck coefficient”. In a process of converting thermal energy to electrical energy by utilizing the thermoelectromotive force, the effectiveness of the thermoelectric conversion material is represented by use of a figure of merit Z expressed by the formula: Z=α2σ/κ. A higher value of Z is indicative of superiority as the thermoelectric conversion material.
Among many previously reported or available thermoelectric conversion materials, Bi—Te based substances presently exhibits the highest figure of merit of about 3×10−3 (/K) but have a relatively small Seebeck coefficient of about 200 (μV/K) (“Practical Manual for New Material Technologies”, International Trade and Industry Documentary Research Inc., 1996, p 904).
Generally, rare-earth sulfides have a large Seebeck coefficient. In this context, it has been reported that sulfide based on either one of elements from La to Nd among lanthanide (III) (II) sulfides was irreversibly transformed from orthorhombic alpha-phase which is a low-temperature stable phase to tetragonal beta-phase and further to cubic Th3P4 type gamma-phase which is a high-temperature stable phase, and in particular, La2S3 and CeS3 were verified as thermoelectric conversion materials having Seebeck coefficients of +354 μv·deg−1 at 373 K and +574 μv·deg−1 at 373 K, respectively (G. V. Samsonov et al. “Sulfide Manual”, Japan-Soviet Information Service Inc., 1974, p 108).
It has also been reported that lanthanum sulfides La3-x S4 and La-A-S (wherein A is Ca or Ba) exhibited a maximum figure of merit 2.9×10−4(/K) (S. Katsuyama et al. “Journal of Thermoelectric Conversion Symposium '99”, 1999, p 56). However, the reported Seebeck coefficient is a maximum of about 100 (μv/K).
Further, the inventors have precedently made a presentation about research findings of Ce2S3 powder including its crystal structure, chemical analytical values, grain-size distribution and others (J. Am. Ceram. Soc., 81, 1998, p 145).
(Problem to be Solved by the Invention)
As seen in the aforementioned formula for evaluating the figure of merit Z of a thermoelectric conversion material, the value Z is determined by three physical properties, and the Seebeck coefficient α makes a greater contribution to increase of the value Z because it is raised to the second power. Thus, a substance having a higher value a would potentially achieve a superior thermoelectric material. From this point of view, the present invention is directed to provide a novel material having a higher Seebeck coefficient α and thereby a higher figure of merit Z.
(Means for Solving the Problem)
The inventors have reported that a beta-La2S3(=La10S14O) single-phase could be obtained by preparing a La2O3 powder and compounding the La2S3 powder through a sulfiding method using CS2 gas at a sulfiding temperature of 1023 K or more, and the oxygen concentration in the beta-phase was more reduced as the La2S3 powder is sulfided at a higher temperature, for example, down to 0.91 mass % at 1023 K (carbon impurity concentration: 0.02 mass %) and to 0.18 mass % at 1273 K, providing a constant sulfiding time of 28.8 Ks (Hirai et al. “Summary of 124th Spring Seminar of the Japan Institute of Metals”, 1999, p 149).
In the same way, a cerium sulfide powder could be compounded. The obtained cerium sulfide powder was analyzed to determine its crystal structure and chemical composition by XRD method and chemical analyses, respectively. As a result, it has been verified that the obtained cerium sulfide powder was Ce2S3 having an alpha-phase crystal structure, and, for example, providing a sulfiding time of 28.8 ks and a sulfiding temperature of 973 K, the Ce2S3 had an oxygen concentration of 1.30 mass % and a carbon impurity concentration of 0.10 mass %.
Based on the above knowledge, the inventors have found that when the La2S3 or Ce2S3 powder of raw material compounded through the aforementioned CS2 gas sulfiding method to have a high purity with a low carbon impurity concentration and a given range of oxygen concentration was sintered at an appropriate pressure and temperature conditions under vacuum, the crystal structure of the resulting sintered compact was composed of a mixture of beta and gamma phases having a Seebeck coefficient higher than that of the crystal structure otherwise being in gamma single-phase, and a La2S3 sintered compact or a Ce2S3 sintered compact having a significantly high Seebeck coefficient could be produced by selecting the oxygen concentration of the raw material powder and the sintering temperature condition.
According to a first aspect of the present invention, there is provided a lanthanum sulfide or cerium sulfide sintered compact having a chemical composition of La2S3 or Ce2S3, and a crystal structure consisting of a mixture of beta and gamma phases having a Seebeck coefficient higher than that of the crystal structure otherwise being in gamma single-phase.
According to a second aspect of the present invention, there is provided a lanthanum sulfide or cerium sulfide sintered compact produced by the steps of preparing a beta-phase La2S3 powder of raw material having an oxygen concentration in the range of 0.7 to 1.0 mass % or an alpha-phase Ce2S3 powder of raw material having an oxygen concentration in the range of 0.9 to 1.7 mass %, and sintering the raw material.
The lanthanum sulfide or cerium sulfide sintered compact according to the first or second aspect of the present invention may have a Seebeck coefficient of 1000 or more (μV/K) at 60° C.
According to a third aspect of the present invention, there is provided a thermoelectric conversion material comprising the above lanthanum sulfide or cerium sulfide sintered compact.
According to a fourth aspect of the present invention, there is provided a method of producing a lanthanum sulfide or cerium sulfide sintered compact, comprising the steps of preparing a beta-phase La2S3 powder of raw material having an oxygen concentration in the range of 0.7 to 1.0 mass % or an alpha-phase Ce2S3 powder of raw material having an oxygen concentration in the range of 0.9 to 1.7 mass %, charging the raw material into a carbon die having an inner surface covered with a hexagonal layered boron nitride (h-BN), and pressure-sintering the charged material in a temperature range of 1600 to 2000 K under vacuum.
In the producing method of the present invention, the beta-phase La2S3 powder of raw material is prepared to have an oxygen concentration in the range of 0.7 to 1.0 mass %. As for the alpha-phase Ce2S3 powder of raw material, it is prepared to have an oxygen concentration in the range of 0.9 to 1.7 mass %. The oxygen concentration range is defined as above by reason that the oxygen concentration of the raw material powder has an influence on single-phase formation and Seebeck coefficient. For example, providing a constant sintering temperature of 1973 K, a beta single-phase powder of starting material having an oxygen concentration of 0.18 mass % results in a gamma single-phase sintered compact, and a beta single-phase powder of starting material having an oxygen concentration of 0.91 mass % provides a sintered compact having a crystal structure consisting of a mixture of gamma and beta phases.
It is believed that the beta-phase is formed even at such a high temperature where gamma-phase is stable, by the reason that the oxygen contained in the starting material acts to allow O2− to be coordinated at the center of a unit lattice of a tetragonal crystal in beta-phase as with in findings in Nd2S3 or Pr2S3. If the oxygen concentration is deviated from the aforementioned range, a sufficiently increased Seebeck coefficient cannot be obtained.
An impurity concentration contained in the raw material powder also has an influence on single-phase formation and Seebeck coefficient in the sintered compact. An excessive carbon as the impurity leads to an active reaction with oxygen during sintering to cause volatilization of the carbon, resulting in inadequately reduced oxygen concentration. Preferably, the carbon impurity concentration of the raw material powder is reduced down to an amount undetectable through a measurement with a simultaneous analyzer made by LECO CO. The acceptable carbon impurity concentration is 0.1 mass % or less, preferably 0.08 mass % or less.
According to the present invention, the La2S3 and Ce2S3 sintered bodies can have maximum Seebeck coefficients of 19800 and 9700 (μV/K), respectively. A material having a Seebeck coefficient of 1000 or more (μV/K) at 60° C. has a sufficient availability for thermoelectric conversion materials. On the other hand, in a La2S3 sintered compact produced by using the same raw material powder but under different producing conditions from those of the present invention to have a crystal structure consisting of gamma single-phase, its Seebeck coefficient was +390 μv·deg−1 at 333 K. This value is slightly increased as compared with that in the previous report (G. V. Samsonov et al. “Sulfide Manual”, Japan-Soviet Information Service Inc., 1974, p 108). A La2S3 sintered compact having a crystal structure consisting of beta single-phase is a complete insulating material or nonconductor.
In a producing method of the present invention, a La2S3 or Ce2S3 powder of starting material or raw material is prepared by sulfiding a La2O3 or Ce2O3 powder through a sulfiding method using CS2 gas. Preferably, the La2S3 or Ce2S3 powder has a particle size of·70 μm or less. The presence of a particle having a particle size of greater than 70 μm causes deteriorated sintering performance. The reduced particle size has no adverse affect on the sintering performance, and thereby there is no particular lower limit of the particle size.
It is known that the oxygen concentration of the raw material powder is more reduced as it is sulfided at a higher temperature, providing a constant sulfiding time. Thus, the oxygen concentration can be controlled by adjusting the sulfiding temperature. If the prepared powder has a high oxygen concentration, a sintering temperature will be lowered.
In a process of pressure-sintering the raw material to provide a sintered compact having a crystal structure consisting of a mixture of beta and gamma phases, a die made of carbon is used and an h-BN is applied to cover over the inner surface of the die. The h-BN applied to the inner surface of the carbon die prevents carbon contained in the die from being incorporated into the sintered compact as an impurity and acts as a release agent in an operation of releasing the sintered compact from the carbon die.
Within the carbon die, the raw material is heated up to a temperature range of 1600 to 2000 K at a constant programming rate under vacuum, preferably at vacuum pressure of 3×10−4 Pa or less. Subsequently, theses conditions are maintained for 0 to 2.7 ks, and then the heated material is sintered (hot pressed) by applying a pressure of 20 MPa or less to provide a densified sintered compact. A temperature and hold time during the hot pressing is selected in an appropriate range for allowing the mixture of beta and gamma phases to be formed in the sintered compact. The temperature for forming the gamma-phase without eliminating the beta-phase is in the range of 1600 to 2000 K, preferably in 1800 to 2000 K. However, the hold time should be set at an appropriate period because the beta-phase will be vanished by an excessively extended hold time at such a high temperature.
A La2O3 powder having a purity of 99.99 mass % and an average particle size of 1.77 μm was inserted into an electric furnace while placing it on a silica boat, and heated up to a temperature of 1073 K under an Ar atmosphere. Then, CS2 gas vaporized from a CS2 solution was introduced in the electric furnace by using Ar carrier gas, and the La2O3 powder was sulfided for 8 hours. After the sulfiding reaction, it was verified through an X-ray diffraction method using MgO as an internal reference that the sulfided powder had a crystal structure consisting of beta single-phase. As for the composition of the sulfided powder, rare earth metals were determined through a chelatometry, and sulfur, carbon and oxygen were determined with a simultaneous analyzer made by LECO CO. The determined composition was La2S2.83O0.18C0.02 (O2: 0.76 mass %).
The sulfided powder was charged into a carbon die having an inner surface covered with an h-BN, and heated up to 1973 K while applying a pressure of 10 MPa to the powder. A sintered compact was formed under the condition that the heating operation was completed without hold time. After the sintering, it was verified through a structural analysis according to an X-ray diffraction method that the obtained sintered compact had a crystal structure consisting of a mixture of beta and gamma phases. A test sample of 3×3×5 (mm3) was cut from the sintered compact, and used to measure a Seebeck coefficient in a temperature range of 273 to 473 K. The measured Seebeck coefficient at 60° C. was 19800 (μV/K).
A sulfided powder having a composition of La2S2.83O0.18C0.02 (O2: 0.76 mass %) which had prepared under the same conditions as those in Example 1 was charged into a carbon die having an inner surface covered with an h-BN, and heated up to 1823 K while applying a pressure of 20 MPa. A sintered compact was formed while maintaining these conditions for 45 minutes. A test sample of 3×3×5 (mm3) was cut from the obtained sintered compact, and used to measure a Seebeck coefficient. The measured Seebeck coefficient at 60° C. was 7000 (μV/K).
The same La2O3 powder as that in Example 1 was inserted into an electric furnace while placing it on a silica boat, and heated up to a temperature of 1023 K under an Ar atmosphere. Then, CS2 gas vaporized from a CS2 solution was introduced in the electric furnace by using Ar carrier gas, and the La2O3 powder was sulfided for 8 hours. After the sulfiding reaction, it was verified through the X-ray diffraction method that the sulfided powder had a crystal structure consisting of beta single-phase. The composition of the sulfided powder was analyzed through the same methods as those in Example 1. The determined composition was La2.13S3O0.23C0.01 (O: 0.91 mass %).
The sulfided powder was charged into a carbon die having an inner surface covered with an h-BN, and heated up to 1973 K while applying a pressure of 20 MPa. A sintered compact was formed by maintaining these conditions for 45 minutes. After the sintering, it was verified through the structural analysis according to the X-ray diffraction method that the obtained sintered compact had a crystal structure consisting of a mixture of beta and gamma phases. A test sample of 3×3×5 (mm3) was cut from the sintered compact, and used to measure a Seebeck coefficient. The measured Seebeck coefficient at 60° C. was 9300 (μV/K).
A cerium oxide Ce2O3 powder having a purity of 99.99 mass % and an average particle size of 2.25 μm was inserted into an electric furnace while placing it on a silica boat, and heated up to a temperature of 973 K under an Ar atmosphere. Then, CS2 gas vaporized from a CS2 solution was introduced in the electric furnace by using Ar carrier gas, and the Ce2O3 powder was sulfided for 8 hours. After the sulfiding reaction, it was verified through the X-ray diffraction method that the sulfided powder had a crystal structure consisting of alpha single-phase. The composition of the sulfided powder was analyzed through the same methods as those in Example 1. The determined composition was Ce1.65S3.00O0.18C0.027 (O: 0.9 mass %, carbon: 0.1 mass %).
The sulfided powder was charged into a carbon die having an inner surface covered with an h-BN, and heated up to 1673 K while applying a pressure of 20 MPa. A sintered compact was formed by maintaining these conditions for 11 hours and then completing the heating operation. After the sintering, it was verified through the structural analysis according to the X-ray diffraction method that the obtained sintered compact had a crystal structure consisting of a mixture of beta and gamma phases. A test sample of 3×3×5 (mm3) was cut from the sintered compact, and used to measure a Seebeck coefficient. The measured Seebeck coefficient at 60° C. was 9700 (μV/K).
The Ce2O3 powder in Example 4 was further heated at 1472 K under vacuum for 7.2 ks to form a beta single-phase. Then, the sulfided powder was charged into a carbon die having an inner surface covered with an h-BN, and heated up to 1673 K while applying a pressure of 20 MPa. A sintered compact was formed by maintaining these conditions for 11 hours and then completing the heating operation. After the sintering, it was verified through the structural analysis according to the X-ray diffraction method that the obtained sintered compact had a crystal structure consisting of a mixture of beta and gamma phases. A test sample of 3×3×5 (mm3) was cut from the sintered compact, and used to measure a Seebeck coefficient. The measured Seebeck coefficient at 60° C. was 1456 (μV/K).
A beta single-phase powder of starting material having a composition of La2S2.83O0.18C0.02 (O2: 0.76 mass %) was charged into a carbon die having an inner surface covered with an h-BN, and heated up to 1523 K while applying a pressure of 20 MPa. A sintered compact is formed by maintaining these conditions for 45 minutes and then self-cooling. After the sintering, it was verified through the structural analysis according to the X-ray diffraction method that the obtained sintered compact had a crystal structure consisting of beta single-phase. It is believed that no gamma-phase was formed due to the low sintering temperature. A test sample of the sintered compact was used to measure a Seebeck coefficient. The measured Seebeck coefficient was zero (μV/K). This means that the sample is a complete insulating material.
The same La2O3 powder as that in Example 1 was sulfided at a temperature of 1173 K under an Ar atmosphere for 8 hours. The composition of the sulfided powder was La2.10S3O0.23C0.06 (O2: 0.94 mass %). The carbon impurity concentration of the powder was 0.18 mass %. This beta single-phase powder of staring material was charged into a carbon die having an inner surface covered with an h-BN, and heated up to 1973 K while applying a pressure of 20 MPa. A sintered compact is formed by maintaining these conditions for 45 minutes and then self-cooling.
After the sintering, it was verified through the structural analysis according to the X-ray diffraction method that the obtained sintered compact had a crystal structure consisting of gamma single-phase. It is believed that when the raw material powder contains an excessive amount of carbon, the carbon is reacted with oxygen and vaporized during the sintering to eliminate beta-phase and leave only gamma phase. The Seebeck coefficient of a sample of the sintered compact was 392 (μV/K).
The same powder as that in Example 4 having a composition of Ce1.65S3.00O0.18C0.027 (O: 0.9 mass %, carbon: 0.1 mass %) was used as a starting material. This sulfided powder was charged into a carbon die having an inner surface covered with an h-BN, and heated up to 1973 K while applying a pressure of 20 MPa. A sintered compact was formed by maintaining these conditions for 11 hours and then completing the heating operation. After the sintering, it was verified that the obtained sintered compact had a crystal structure consisting of gamma single-phase. It is believed that beta-phase was vanished due to an excessive hold time at the high temperature.
A test sample of 3×3×5 (mm3) was cut from the sintered compact, and used to measure a Seebeck coefficient. The measured Seebeck coefficient at 60° C. was 234 (μV/K).
The La2S3 sintered compact or Ce2S3 sintered compact of present invention has a high-temperature semiconductor characteristic and a high Seebeck coefficient and thereby an excellent capability as thermoelectric conversion materials.
In addition, the La2S3 sintered compact has a high melting point of 2368±30 K and an excellent thermal-shock resistance/thermodynamic stability, which develops its potential of use as a high-clean metal melting refractory. Further, the sintered compact has a vivid yellow color and thereby its powdered product can use as colorants for plastics or paints.
As with the La2S3 sintered compact, the Ce2S3 sintered compact has a high melting point (2163±50 K) and can be used not only as colorants but also for various purposes similar to the La2S3 sintered compact.
| Number | Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2000-152779 | May 2000 | JP | national |
| Filing Document | Filing Date | Country | Kind | 371c Date |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| PCT/JP00/08150 | 11/17/2000 | WO | 00 | 7/11/2003 |
| Publishing Document | Publishing Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| WO01/87799 | 11/22/2001 | WO | A |
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| 5746990 | MaCaudiere et al. | May 1998 | A |
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| 20010038815 | Busnot et al. | Nov 2001 | A1 |
