Skin care compositions containing an n-substituted fatty acid amide and retinol or retinyl ester

Abstract

N-substituted fatty acid amides which sufficiently inhibit LRAT or ARAT catalyzed esterification of retinol into inactive retinyl esters, have the same effect on keratinocytes as retinoic acid. Thus, effects of the retinol or retinyl esters in combination with N-substituted fatty acid amides are analogous to treatment with retinoic acid.

Description

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to skin care compositions containing an N-substituted fatty acid amide and retinol or retinyl ester.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Retinol (vitamin A) is an endogenous compound which occurs naturally in the human body and is essential for normal epithelial cell differentiation. Natural and synthetic vitamin A derivatives have been used extensively in the treatment of a variety of skin disorders and have been used as skin repair or renewal agents. Retinoic acid has been employed to treat a variety of skin conditions, e.g., acne, wrinkles, psoriasis, age spots and discoloration. See e.g., Vahlquist, A. et al., J. Invest. Dermatol., Vol.94, Holland D. B. and Cunliffe, W. J. (1990), pp. 496-498; Ellis, C. N. et al., "Pharmacology of Retinols in Skin", Vasel, Karger, Vol. 3, (1989), pp. 249-252; Lowe, N. J. et al., "Pharmacology of Retinols in Skin", Vol. 3, (1989), pp. 240-248; PCT Patent Application No. WO 93/19743.

It is believed that the use of retinol or esters of retinol would be preferred over retinoic acid. Retinol is an endogenous compound which occurs naturally in the human body and is essential for normal epithelial cell differentiation. Retinol is also considered much safer than retinoic acid. Esters of retinol hydrolyze in-vivo to produce retinol. It is believed that retinol esters and retinol are metabolically converted in the skin into retinoic acid according to the following mechanism: ##STR1##

However, most of the endogenously applied retinol is rapidly converted into inactive fatty esters for storage in epidermal cells (keratinocytes). Esterification of retinol into inactive retinyl esters is achieved in cells by transfer of a fatty acyl group from an acyl CoA, catalyzed by the enzyme acyl CoA retinol transferase (ARAT), or by the transfer of an acyl group from phosphatidyl choline, catalyzed by the enzyme lecithin retinol acyl transferase (LRAT). These esterification reactions are very efficient in keratinocytes--the majority (95%) of cellular retinoids are in the form of retinyl fatty esters. Thus, unfortunately, although retinol and retinyl esters are safer to use than retinoic acid, they are less effective than retinoic acid at providing skin benefits.

The present invention is based, in part, on the discovery that certain N-substituted fatty acid amides inhibit these esterification reactions and thus potentiate the action of retinol by increasing the amount of retinol available for conversion to retinoic acid. Thus, a mixture of N-substituted fatty acid amides with retinol or retinyl esters mimics retinoic acid yet is safer to use than retinoic acid.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The present invention includes, in part, a skin conditioning composition containing:

(a) from about 0.001% to about 10% of retinol or a retinyl ester; (b) from about 0.0001 % to about 50% of an N-substituted fatty acid amide which at 100 .mu.M concentration inhibits at least 20% of LRAT or ARAT catalyzed retinol esterification as measured by an in vitro Microsomal Assay; and (c) a cosmetically acceptable vehicle.

The term "conditioning" as used herein means prevention and treatment of dry skin, photodamaged skin, appearance of wrinkles, age spots, aged skin, increasing stratum corneum flexibility, lightening skin color, controlling sebum excretion and generally increasing the quality of skin. The composition may be used to improve skin desquamation and epidermal differentiation.

The presence of an N-substituted fatty acid amide in the inventive product substantially improves the performance of retinol or a retinyl ester.

According to the present invention, by virtue of including an effective amount of an N-substituted fatty acid amide which at 100 .mu.M concentration inhibits at least 20% of LRAT or ARAT catalyzed retinol esterification as measured by in vitro Microsomal Assay, into compositions containing retinol or a retinyl ester, the performance of the compositions is substantially improved.

DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT

The inventive compositions contain, as a first essential ingredient, a compound selected from the group consisting of retinol or a retinyl ester. The term "retinol" includes the following isomers of retinol: all-trans-retinol, 13-cis-retinol, 11 -cis-retinol, 9-cis-retinol, 3,4-didehydro-retinol. Preferred isomers are all-trans-retinol, 13-cis-retinol, 3,4-didehydro-retinol, 9-cis-retinol. Most preferred is all-trans-retinol, due to its wide commercial availability.

Retinyl ester is an ester of retinol. The term "retinol" has been defined above. Retinyl esters suitable for use in the present invention are C.sub.1 -C.sub.30 esters of retinol, preferably C.sub.2 -C.sub.20 esters, and most preferably C.sub.2, C.sub.3, and C.sub.16 esters because they are more commonly available. Examples of retinyl esters include but are not limited to: retinyl palmitate, retinyl formate, retinyl acetate, retinyl propionate, retinyl butyrate, retinyl valerate, retinyl isovalerate, retinyl hexanoate, retinyl heptanoate, retinyl octanoate, retinyl nonanoate, retinyl decanoate, retinyl undecandate, retinyl laurate, retinyl tridecanoate, retinyl myristate, retinyl pentadecanoate, retinyl heptadeconoate, retinyl stearate, retinyl isostearate, retinyl nonadecanoate, retinyl arachidonate, retinyl behenate, retinyl linoleate, retinyl oleate.

The preferred ester for use in the present invention is selected from retinyl palmitate, retinyl acetate and retinyl propionate, because these are the most commercially available and therefore the cheapest. Retinyl linoleate is also preferred due to its efficacy.

Retinol or retinyl ester is employed in the inventive composition in an amount of from about 0.001% to about 10%, preferably in an amount of from about 0.01% to about 1%, most preferably in an amount of from about 0.01% to about 0.5%.

The second essential ingredient of the inventive compositions is an N-substituted fatty acid amide. The N-substituted fatty acid amide suitable for use in the present invention inhibits at 100 .mu.M concentration, at least 20% of LRAT or ARAT catalyzed retinol esterification as measured by in vitro Microsomal Assay. The in vitro Microsomal Assay employed for determining the suitability of the inclusion of the compound in the inventive compositions is as follows:

In vitro Microsomal Assay

Microsomes are obtained as described in: J. C. Saari and D. L. Bredberg, "CoA and Non-CoA Dependent Retinol Esterification in Retinal Figment Epithelium" J. Biol. Chem. 263, 8084-90 (1988).

A solution containing 0.1M sodium phosphate pH 7 buffer, 5 mM dithiothreitol, 2 mg/ml bovine serum albumin, 40 micromolar palmitoyl CoA, 40 micromolar dilauroyl phosphatidyl choline, 10 micromolar retinol and a test compound or a solvent blank, is incubated for 1 hour at 37.degree. C. with a microsomal fraction isolated from bovine retinal pigment epithelial cells. After incubation, the reaction was quenched by addition of an equal volume of ethanol, and the retinyl esters formed (retinyl laurate from the LRAT catalyzed reaction and retinyl palmitate from ARAT catalyzed reaction) are extracted with hexane. The hexane layer is removed, evaporated under nitrogen, and the residue analyzed by HPLC on a 3.9.times.300 mm C.sub.18 reversed phase column using a 80% methanol in tetrahydrofuran mobile phase and fluorescence detection (325 nm excitation, 480 nm emission) to quantitate the retinyl ester. The quantity of ester formed in the presence of the solvent blank is taken as 100%, and this is used to calculate the percent inhibition of ester formation for the compounds tested. As a control, an aliquot of microsomes is inactivated by boiling for 5 minutes, which results in at least 95% inhibition of ester formation.

In a preferred embodiment of the invention, an N-substituted fatty acid amide is selected which, at a 100 .mu.M concentration, inhibits at least 40% of LRAT or ARAT catalyzed retinol esterification. A preferred N-substituted fatty acid amide is selected from compounds having the following general formula: ##STR2## wherein R.sub.1 =alkyl or alkoxy having from 1 to 10 carbon atoms;

R.sub.2 =alkyl or alkenyl having from 8 to 25 carbon atoms; R.sub.3 =alkyl containing 1 to 5 carbon atoms, or a phosphate ester.

Preferably, R.sub.1 is a linear saturated alkyl or alkoxy group containing 1 to 5 carbon atoms, most preferably 1 or 4 carbon atoms.

R.sub.2 is preferably a linear unsaturated alkenyl group containing from 10 to 20 carbon atoms, most preferably from 10 to 18 carbon atoms.

Optimally, R.sub.2 is the linoleic acid residue (C.sub.18:2).

R.sub.3 is preferably either a methyl group or a phosphate ester, most preferably phosphate ester of choline or glycol.

Most preferably, the N-substituted fatty acid amide is selected from the compounds having formulae A and B below. ##STR3##

The N-substituted fatty acid amide is included in the inventive compositions in an amount ranging from about 0.0001% to about 50%, preferably from about 0.01% to about 10%, most preferably from about 0.1% to about 5%.

Cosmetically Acceptable Vehicle

The composition according to the invention also comprises a cosmetically acceptable vehicle to act as a dilutant, dispersant or carrier for the active components in the composition, so as to facilitate their distribution when the composition is applied to the skin.

Vehicles other than water can include liquid or solid emollients, solvents, humectants, thickeners and powders. An especially preferred nonaqueous carrier is a polydimethyl siloxane and/or a polydimethyl phenyl siloxane. Silicones of this invention may be those with viscosities ranging anywhere from about 10 to 10,000,000 centistokes at 25.degree. C. Especially desirable are mixtures of low and high viscosity silicones. These silicones are available from the General Electric Company under trademarks Vicasil, SE and SF and from the Dow Corning Company under the 200 and 550 Series. Amounts of silicone which can be utilized in the compositions of this invention range anywhere from 5 to 95%, preferably from 25 to 90% by weight of the composition.

The cosmetically acceptable vehicle will usually form from about 5 to about 99.9%, preferably from about 25 to about 80% by weight of the composition, and can, in the absence of other cosmetic adjuncts, form the balance of the composition.

Optional Skin Benefit Materials and Cosmetic Adjuncts

An oil or oily material may be present, together with an emulsifier to provide either a water-in-oil emulsion or an oil-in-water emulsion, depending largely on the average hydrophilic-lipophilic balance (HLB) of the emulsifier employed.

Various types of active ingredients may be present in cosmetic compositions of the present invention. Actives are defined as skin or hair benefit agents other than emollients and other than ingredients that merely improve the physical characteristics of the composition. Although not limited to this category, general examples include sunscreens, tanning agents.

Sunscreens include those materials commonly employed to block ultraviolet light. Illustrative compounds are the derivatives of PABA, cinnamate and salicylate. For example, octyl methoxycinnamate and 2-hydroxy-4-methoxy benzophenone (also known as oxybenzone) can be used. Octyl methoxycinnamate and 2-hydroxy-4-methoxy benzophenone are commercially available under the trademarks, Parsol MCX and Benzophenone-3, respectively. The exact amount of sunscreen employed in the emulsions can vary depending upon the degree of protection desired from the sun's UV radiation.

Another preferred optional ingredient is selected from essential fatty acids (EFAs), i.e., those fatty acids which are essential for the plasma membrane formation of all cells, in keratinocytes EFA deficiency makes cells hyperproliferative. Supplementation of EFA corrects this. EFAs also enhance lipid biosynthesis of epidermis and provide lipids for the barrier formation of the epidermis. The essential fatty acids are preferably chosen from linoleic acid, .gamma.-linolenic acid, homo-.gamma.-linolenic acid, columbinic acid, eicosa-(n-6,9,13)-trienoic acid, arachidonic acid, .gamma.-linolenic acid, timnodonic acid, hexaenoic acid and mixtures thereof.

Emollients are often incorporated into cosmetic compositions of the present invention. Levels of such emollients may range from about 0.5% to about 50%, preferably between about 5% and 30% by weight of the total composition. Emollients may be classified under such general chemical categories as esters, fatty acids and alcohols, polyols and hydrocarbons.

Esters may be mono- or di-esters. Acceptable examples of fatty di-esters include dibutyl adipate, diethyl sebacate, diisopropyl dimerate, and dioctyl succinate. Acceptable branched chain fatty esters include 2-ethyl-hexyl myristate, isopropyl stearate and isostearyl palmitate. Acceptable tribasic acid esters include triisopropyl trilinoleate and trilauryl citrate. Acceptable straight chain fatty esters include lauryl palmitate, myristyl lactate, oleyl eurcate and stearyl oleate. Preferred esters include coco-caprylate/caprate(a blend of coco-caprylate and coco-caprate), propylene glycol myristyl ether acetate, diisopropyl adipate and cetyl octanoate.

Suitable fatty alcohols and acids include those compounds having from 10 to 20 carbon atoms. Especially preferred are such compounds such as cetyl, myristyl, palmitic and stearyl alcohols and acids.

Among the polyols which may serve as emollients are linear and branched chain alkyl polyhydroxyl compounds. For example, propylene glycol, sorbitol and glycerin are preferred. Also useful may be polymeric polyols such as polypropylene glycol and polyethylene glycol. Butylene and propylene glycol are also especially preferred as penetration enhancers.

Exemplary hydrocarbons which may serve as emollients are those having hydrocarbon chains anywhere from 12 to 30 carbon atoms. Specific examples include mineral oil, petroleum jelly, squalene and isoparaffins.

Another category of functional ingredients within the cosmetic compositions of the present invention are thickeners. A thickener will usually be present in amounts anywhere from 0.1 to 20% by weight, preferably from about 0.5% to 10% by weight of the composition. Exemplary thickeners are cross-linked polyacrylate materials available under the trademark Carbopol from the B. F. Goodrich Company. Gums may be employed such as xanthan, carrageenan, gelatin, karaya, pectin and locust beans gum. Under certain circumstances the thickening function may be accomplished by a material also serving as a silicone or emollient. For instance, silicone gums in excess of 10 centistokes and esters such as glycerol stearate have dual functionality.

Powders may be incorporated into the cosmetic composition of the invention. These powders include chalk, talc, Fullers earth, kaolin, starch, smectite clays, chemically modified magnesium aluminum silicate, organically modified montmorillonite clay, hydrated aluminum silicate, fumed silica, aluminum starch octenyl succinate and mixtures thereof.

Other adjunct minor components may also be incorporated into the cosmetic compositions. These ingredients may include coloring agents, opacifiers and perfumes. Amounts of these materials may range anywhere from 0.001% up to 20% by weight of the composition. The cyclic compounds employed as actives in the present invention are, in addition to their role in the present invention, perfumes, and thus may have a dual function inventive compositions. Additional perfumes may be incorporated.

Use of the Composition

The composition according to the invention is intended primarily as a product for topical application to human skin, especially as an agent for conditioning and smoothening the skin, preventing or reducing the appearance of wrinkled or aged skin, skin lightening and sebum control.

In use, a small quantity of the composition, for example from 1 to 5 ml, is applied to exposed areas of the skin, from a suitable container or applicator and, if necessary, it is then spread over and/or rubbed into the skin using the hand or fingers or a suitable device.

Product Form and Packaging

The topical skin treatment composition of the invention can be formulated as a lotion or a cream or a gel. The composition can be packaged in a suitable container to suit its viscosity and intended use by the consumer. For example, a lotion or fluid cream can be packaged in a bottle or a roll-ball applicator, or a capsule, or a propellant-driven aerosol device or a container fitted with a pump suitable for finger operation. When the composition is a cream, it can simply be stored in a non-deformable bottle or squeeze container, such as a tube or a lidded jar.

The invention accordingly also provides a closed container containing a cosmetically acceptable composition as herein defined.

The following specific examples further illustrate the invention, but the invention is not limited thereto.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Cell Culture

Human keratinocytes, isolated from neonatal foreskin by trypsin treatment were grown in Dulbecco Modification Eagle (DME) Hams F12 (1:1) medium/10% fetal calf serum in the presence of irradiated 3T3 mouse fibroblasts for establishing dividing keratinocyte colonies. Cells were grown under the above condition until their second passage and kept frozen for future use. Frozen second passage keratinocytes were thawed and plated into the above medium and grown for five days before they were switched to a serum-free MCDB 153-based medium keratinocyte growth medium (KGM) from Clonetics Corporation, San Diego, Calif., containing 0.15 mM Ca, or keratinocyte serum-free media (KSFM) from GIBCO containing 0.09 mM Ca). On day 7, when the cells were 80-90% confluent, they were trypsinized and plated in the serum-free medium for the various experiments.

TRANSGLUTAMINASE ASSAY

Transglutaminase Assay and Keratinocyte Differentiation

During the process of terminal differentiation in the epidermis, a 15 nm thick layer of protein, known as the cornified envelope (CE) is formed on the inner surface of the cell periphery. The CE is composed of numerous distinct proteins which have been cross-linked together by the formation of N.sup..epsilon. -(.gamma.-glutamyl) lysine isodipeptide bonds catalyzed by the action of at least two different transglutaminases (TGases) expressed in the epidermis. TGase I is expressed in abundance in the differentiated layers of the epidermis, especially the granular layer, but is absent in the undifferentiated basal epidermis. Thus TGase I is a useful marker of epidermal keratinocyte differentiation with high TGase I levels indicating a more differentiated state. An ELISA based TGase I assay, using a TGase I antibody, was used to assess the state of differentiation of the cultured keratinocytes in the examples that follow.

For Example 1, the following procedure was used:

Keratinocytes (cultured as described above) were plated in 96 well plates at a density of 3,000 cells per well in 200 .mu.l media. After incubation for four days the media was changed to media containing test compounds (six replicates per test). The cells were cultured for a further 72 hours after which time the media was aspirated and the plates stored at -70.degree. C. Plates were removed from the freezer, and the cells washed with PBS. 100 .mu.l sterile water was added and the cells were freeze fractured by freezing at -70.degree. C. then thawing. The cells were incubated for one hour at room temperature (R/T) with PBS/3% BSA (wash buffer, bovine serum albumin), then rinsed with a fresh aliquot of wash buffer. Cells were incubated with 50 .mu.l of primary antibodies monoclonal anti-human transglutaminase mouse antibody (IgG) obtained from Biomedical Industries diluted 1:2,000 in wash buffer for one hour, 37.degree. C. then rinsed two times with wash buffer. Cells were then incubated with 50 .mu.l of secondary antibody (Fab fragment, peroxidase conjugated anti-mouse IgG obtaining from Amersham) diluted 1:4,000 in wash buffer for one hour at 37.degree. C., then rinsed two times with wash buffer. Cells were incubated with substrate solution (4 mg o-phenylene diamine and 3.3 .mu.l 30% H.sub.2 O.sub.2 in 10 ml 0.1 M citrate buffer pH 5.0) for five minutes, R/T, in darkness (under aluminum foil). The reaction was stopped by the addition of 50 .mu.l 4N H.sub.2 SO.sub.4. The absorbance of samples was read at 492 nm in the plate reader. Out of the six replicates, four were treated with both antibodies, two were treated only with the secondary antibody (i.e., to determine background binding of enzyme conjugated Ab). TGase levels were determined by subtracting background from the readings from each treatment and determining mean.+-.s.d. for the replicates exposed to both Ab.

For Example 3, the following procedure was used:

Keratinocytes (cultured as described above) were plated in 96 well plates at a density of 3,000 cells per well in 200 .mu.l of cell culture media. After incubation for four days, the media was changed to media containing test compounds (six replicates per test). The cells were cultured for a further 72 hours after which time the media was aspirated and the plates stored at -70.degree. C. After the plates were removed from the freezer, the cells were further freezed fractured by freezing and thawing and then washed 3.times. with PBS. The cells were incubated for one hour at room temperature (R/T) with TBS/5% BSA buffer. Cells were then incubated with 100 .mu.l of monoclonal anti-human transglutaminase (IgG) mouse antibody (primary antibody) obtained from Biomedical Technologies Inc. diluted 1:2000 in TBS/1% BSA buffer for two hours at 37.degree. C., and then rinsed six times with wash buffer (TBS/1% BSA/0.05% Tween-20). Cells were next incubated with 100 .mu.l of Fab fragment, peroxidase conjugated anti-mouse IgG antibody (secondary antibody) from Amersham diluted 1:4,000 in wash buffer for two hours at 37.degree. C. and then rinsed three times with wash buffer and three times with PBS. Cells were incubated with substrate solution (4 mg o-phenylene diamine and 3.3 .mu.l 30% H.sub.2 O.sub.2 in 10 mL 0.1M citrate buffer, pH 5.0) for five minutes at R/T and in darkness (under aluminum foil). The reaction was stopped by the addition of 50 .mu.l 4N H2SO4. The absorbance of samples was read at 492 nm in the plate reader. Out of the six replicates, four were treated with both antibodies, two were treated only with the secondary antibody (i.e., to determine the background binding of the enzyme conjugated antibody). Transglutaminase I levels were determined by subtracted background from the readings from each treatment and determining the mean s.d. for the replicates exposed to both antibodies.

DNA Assay

The level of TGase-1 detected after treatment of the cells could be influenced by cell number, i.e., the greater the number of cells the greater the level of TGase-1 detected. The level of TGase-1 was normalized to DNA content of the cells in the same well thus eliminating variation due to differences in cell number. DNA quantitation is a particularly useful indicator of cell number, including keratinocyte cell number, because each cell has to all intents and purposes an identical genome and therefore an identical quantity of DNA. The total DNA content of a well of cells therefore is directly proportional to the cell number in that well. Quantitation of DNA was used to normalize the TGase data to cell number.

Keratinocytes were plated in 96 well plates at a density of 3,000 cells per well in 200 .mu.l media. After incubation for four days the media was changed for media containing test compounds (6 replicates per test). The cells were cultured for a further 72 hours after which time the media was aspirated and the plates stored for at least 1.5 hours at -70.degree. C. Plates were removed from the freezer and thawed for 30 minutes. 100 .mu.l/well of Hoechst dye (1 .mu.g/ml final concentration) was added and this was incubated for 15 minutes, covered and then read in a fluorimeter (ex. 360 nm and em. 460 nm). The dye solution was removed and the wells were rinsed with PBS in preparation for the TGase assay.

EXAMPLE 1

Retinoic Acid is More Effective than Retinol at Altering Keratinocyte Differentiation State

The effect on Transglutaminase levels normalized to DNA content of the cells after addition of retinoic acid and retinol was examined and the results are shown in Table 1.

TABLE 1______________________________________ mean TGase/ DNA .times. p value p value p value p value 10.sup.-4 .+-. s.d vs vs vs vsTreatment (% control) Control 10.sup.-7 ROH 10.sup.-8 ROH 10.sup.-9 ROH______________________________________Control 2.44 .+-. 0.24 -- 0.001 0.001 0.001 (100%)2.5 .times. 10.sup.-7 0.16 .+-. 0.11 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001M RA (7%)2.5 .times. 10.sup.-7 1.14 .+-. 0.22 0.001 -- 0.001 0.001M ROH (47%)2.5 .times. 10.sup.-8 1.34 .+-. 0.40 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001M RA (55%)2.5 .times. 10.sup.-8 1.89 .+-. 0.30 0.001 0.001 -- 0.001M ROH (77%)2.5 .times. 10.sup.-9 1.87 .+-. 0.49 0.001 0.001 0.784 0.001M RA (77%)2.5 .times. 10.sup.-9 2.70 .+-. 0.59 0.001 0.001 0.001 --M ROH (>100%)______________________________________ n = 3

All concentrations of retinoic acid tested, i.e., 2.5.times.10.sup.-7 M, 2.5.times.10.sup.-8 M and 2.5.times.10.sup.-9 M decreased keratinocyte differentiation over both the ethanol control and did so to a significantly greater extent than each of the corresponding 2.5.times.10.sup.-7 M, 2.5.times.10.sup.-8 M and 2.5.times.10.sup.-9 M retinol treatments. The decrease in transglutaminase level was dose dependent for both retinoic acid and retinol. This is consistent with retinoic acid having a greater inhibitory effect on epithelial differentiation than retinol.

EXAMPLE 2

In vitro Microsomal Esterification of Retinol

Microsomes are obtained as described in: J. C. Saari and D. L. Bredberg, "CoA and Non-CoA Dependent Retinol Esterification in Retinal Pigment Epithelium" J. Biol. Chem. 23, 8084-90 (1988).

A solution containing 0.1M sodium phosphate pH 7 buffer, 5 mM dithiothreitol, 2 mg/ml bovine serum albumin, 40 micromolar palmitoyl CoA, 40 micromolar dilauroyl phosphatidyl choline, 10 micromolar retinol and a test compound or solvent blank, was incubated for 1 hour at 37.degree. C. with a microsomal fraction isolated from bovine retinal pigment epithelial cells. After incubation, the reaction was quenched by addition of an equal volume of ethanol, and the retinyl esters formed (retinyl palmitate from the ARAT catalyzed reaction, and retinyl laurate from the LRAT catalyzed reaction) were extracted with hexane. The hexane layer was removed, evaporated under nitrogen, and the residue analyzed by HPLC on a 3.9.times.300 mm C18 reversed phase column using a 80% methanol in tetrahydrofuran mobile phase and fluorescence detection (325 nm excitation, 480 nm emission) to quantitate the retinyl esters. The quantity of ester formed in the presence of the solvent blank was taken as 100%, and this was used to calculate the percent inhibition of ester formation for the compounds tested. As a control, an aliquot of microsomes was inactivated by boiling for 5 minutes, which resulted in at least 95% inhibition of ester formation.

The results that were obtained are summarized in Tables 2A and 2B.

The compounds in Table 2A were tested at a 100 .mu.M concentration. The compounds in Table 2B were tested at a 10 .mu.M concentration.

Compound of Formula C which doesn't fall within the scope of the present invention was also tested. ##STR4##

TABLE 2A______________________________________COMPOUND % INHIBITION, ARAT % INHIBITION, LRAT______________________________________Control 0 0Formula C 0 0Formula B 83 92Formula A 54 48______________________________________ TABLE 2B______________________________________COMPOUND % INHIBITION, ARAT % INHIBITION, LRAT______________________________________Control 0 0Formula C N/D N/DFormula B 42 51Formula A 43 0______________________________________

It can be seen from the results in Tables 2A and 2B that N-substituted fatty acid amides, wherein R.sub.2 has more than 7 carbon atoms (i.e., Formulae A and B), are potent inhibitors of LRAT and ARAT catalyzed retinol esterification.

EXAMPLE 3

The effect on keratinocyte differentiation of compounds and combinations listed in Table D was examined. The results were expressed as % of control. Transglutaminase level was normalized to DNA. The results that were obtained are summarized in Table 3.

TABLE 3______________________________________Effect of Retinol and Amide of Formula Aon Keratinocyte TGase/DNA p value mean TGase/ vs DNA .times. p value p value p value 10.sup.-4 10.sup.5 .+-. s.d vs vs vs UtrechtTreatment (% control) Control 10.sup.-7 ROH 10.sup.-7 RA -3______________________________________Control 57.80 .+-. 8.61 -- 0.020 0.004 0.003 (100%)2.5 .times. 10.sup.-7 39.99 .+-. 5.28 0.004 0.093 -- 0.525M RA (69%)2.5 .times. 10.sup.-7 45.60 .+-. 3.92 0.020 -- 0.093 0.054M Retinol (79%)10.sup.-4 M 41.57 .+-. 0.75 0.003 0.054 0.525 --Formula A (72%)2.5 .times. 10.sup.-7 33.27 .+-. 3.79 0.001 0.001 0.052 0.002M ROH + (58%)10.sup.-4 MFormula A______________________________________ n = 3

2.5.times.10.sup.-7 M retinoic acid was effective at repressing keratinocyte TG1 levels (to 69%) of control level. 2.5.times.10.sup.-7 M retinol and 10.sup.-4 M Formula A compound were less effective at inhibiting keratinocyte TG1 level when used alone. However 2.5.times.10.sup.-7 M retinol+10.sup.-4 M Formula A compound repressed keratinocyte TG1 to 58% of control levels. Formula A compound and retinol therefore acted synergistically to repress keratinocyte differentiation in an analogous manner to the effect of retinoic acid. This example also establishes a good correlation between microsomal assay and cell culture data.

EXAMPLE 4

This example illustrates a high internal phase water-in-oil emulsion incorporating the inventive composition.

______________________________________ % w/w______________________________________Retinol 0.5Fully hydrogenated coconut oil 3.9Formula A 5Brij 92* 5Bentone 38 0.5MgSO.sub.4 7H.sub.2 O 0.3Butylated hydroxy toluene 0.01Perfume qsWater to 100______________________________________ *Brij 92 is polyoxyethylene (2) oleyl ether

EXAMPLE 5

This example illustrates an oil-in-water cream incorporating the inventive composition.

______________________________________ % w/w______________________________________Retinol 0.15Mineral oil 4Formula B 2Brij 56* 4Alfol 16RD* 4Triethanolamine 0.75Butane-1,3-diol 3Xanthan gum 0.3Butylated hydroxy toluene 0.01Water to 100______________________________________ *Brij 56 is cetyl alcohol POE (10) Alfol 16RD is cetyl alcohol

EXAMPLE 6

This example illustrates an alcoholic lotion incorporating the composition according to the invention.

______________________________________ % w/w______________________________________Retinyl palmitate 0.15Formula B 0.5Ethanol 40Butylated hydroxy toluene 0.01Water to 100______________________________________

EXAMPLE 7

This example illustrates another alcoholic lotion containing the inventive composition.

______________________________________ % w/w______________________________________ Retinol 0.15 Formula A 0.2 Ethanol 40 Antioxidant 0.1 Water to 100______________________________________

EXAMPLE 8

This example illustrates a suncare cream incorporating the composition of the invention:

______________________________________ % w/w______________________________________Retinol 0.01Formula A 0.3Silicone oil 200 cts 7.5Glycerylmonostearate 3Cetosteryl alcohol 1.6Polyoxyethylene-(20)-cetyl alcohol 1.4Xanthan gum 0.5Parsol 1789 1.5Octyl methoxycinnate (PARSOL MCX) 7Perfume qsColor qsWater to 100______________________________________

EXAMPLE 9

This example illustrates a non-aqueous skin care composition incorporating the inventive combination.

______________________________________ % w/w______________________________________Retinyl palmitate 0.15Formula B 1Silicone gum SE-30.sup.1 10Silicone fluid 345.sup.2 20Silicone fluid 344.sup.3 55.79Squalene 10Linoleic acid 0.01Cholesterol 0.032-hydroxy-n-octanoic acid 0.7Vitamin E linoleate 0.5Herbal oil 0.5Ethanol 2______________________________________ .sup.1 A dimethyl silicone polymer having a molecular weight of at least 50,000 and a viscosity of at least 10,000 centistokes at 25.degree. C., available from GEC .sup.2 Dimethyl siloxane cyclic pentamer, available from Dow Corning Corp .sup.3 Dimethyl siloxane tetramer, available from Dow Corning Corp.

Materials employed in the present invention are obtained from the following sources:

______________________________________COMPOUND SOURCE______________________________________Retinol SigmaRetinyl Palmitate SigmaRetinoic Acid SigmaN-substituted fatty acid amides University of Utrecht, Netherlands______________________________________

It should be understood that the specific forms of the invention herein illustrated and described are intended to be representative only. Changes, including but not limited to those suggested in this specification, may be made in the illustrated embodiments without departing from the clear teachings of the disclosure. Accordingly, reference should be made to the following appended claims in determining the full scope of the invention.

Claims

1. A skin care composition comprising:

(a) from about 0.001 % to about 10% of retinol;

(b) from about 0.0001% to about 50% of an N-substituted fatty acid amide selected from the group consisting of compounds having Formulae A and B: ##STR5## (c) a cosmetically acceptable vehicle.

2. A method of treating a skin condition selected from the group consisting of dry skin, photodamaged skin, appearance of wrinkles, age spots, increasing stratum corneum flexibility, lightening skin color and controlling sebum excretion, the method comprising applying topically to the skin the composition of claim 1.