Slide surface construction

Abstract

A slide surface construction is formed of an aggregate of Fe crystals having a body-centered cubic structure. The aggregate includes at least one of two types of metal crystals selected from the group consisting of (1) (h00) oriented metal crystals with their (h00) planes (by Miller indices) oriented toward a slide surface and having a content S in a range represented by S<25%, and (2) (3hh0) oriented metal crystals with their (3hh0) planes (by Miller indices) oriented toward the slide surface and having a content S in a range represented by S<25%. If both the types of the oriented Fe crystals are present, a large number of trigonal pyramid-shaped Fe crystals are precipitated in the slide surface, thereby providing improved oil retention and initial conformability. Thus, the slide surface construction exhibits an excellent seizure resistance.

Description

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

1. Field of the Invention

The present invention relates to a slide surface construction constituting a slide surface for a mating member.

2. Description of the Prior Art

An example of such conventionally known slide surface construction is an Fe-plated layer which is formed around the outer peripheral surfaces of a land portion and a skirt portion of a base material of an aluminum alloy, for example, in a piston for an internal combustion engine, in order to improve the wear resistance of the piston.

However, under existing circumstances where a high speed and a high output of the internal combustion engine are desired, the prior art slide surface constructions suffer from problems of insufficient oil retaining property, i.e., oil retention, and poor initial conformability and seizure resistance.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

It is an object of the present invention to provide a slide surface construction of the type described above, which has a sufficient oil retention and a good initial conformability by specifying the crystal structure, thereby providing an improved seizure resistance.

To achieve the above object, according to the present invention, there is provided a slide surface construction, which is formed of an aggregate of metal crystals having a body-centered cubic structure, the aggregate including at least one of two types of metal crystals: (h00) oriented metal crystals with their (h00) planes (by Miller indices) oriented toward a slide surface and having a content S in a range represented by S&lt;25%, and (3hh0) oriented metal crystals with their (3hh0) planes (by Miller indices) oriented toward the slide surface and having a content S in a range represented by S&lt;25%.

If the (h00) oriented metal crystals with their (h00) planes (by Miller indices) oriented toward the slide surface and/or the (3hh0) oriented metal crystals with their (3hh0) planes (by Miller indices) oriented toward the slide surface are present in the above-described concentrations in the aggregate of the metal crystals having the body-centered cubic structure, a large number of relatively large pyramid-shaped (and/or truncated pyramid-shaped) metal crystals are precipitated in the slide surface into mutually biting states. As a result, the slide surface takes on an intricate morphology comprising a large number of fine crests, a large number of fine valleys formed between the crests, and a large number of swamps formed due to the mutual biting of the crests. Therefore, the slide surface construction has an improved oil retention. In addition, the initial conformability of the slide surface construction is enhanced by the preferential wearing of tip ends of the pyramid-shaped metal crystals. Thus, the slide surface construction exhibits an excellent seizure resistance. However, if the content S of the (h00) oriented metal crystals is equal to or more than 25%, or if the content S of the (3hh0) oriented metal crystals is equal to or more than 25%, the morphology of the slide surface tends to be simplified with an increase in content of the oriented metal crystals and hence, the oil retention and initial conformability of the slide surface construction are reduced.

The above and other objects, features and advantages of the invention will become apparent from the following description of a preferred embodiment, taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is a side view of a piston;

FIG. 2 is a sectional view taken along line 2--2 in FIG. 1;

FIG. 3 is a perspective view illustrating a body-centered cubic structure and its (h00) and (3hh0) planes;

FIG. 4 is a perspective view of an essential portion of one example of a slide surface construction;

FIG. 5 is a sectional view taken along line 5--5 in FIG. 4;

FIG. 6 is a diagram for explaining an inclination of the (h00) plane in the body-centered cubic structure;

FIG. 7 is an X-ray diffraction pattern for a first example of the slide surface construction;

FIG. 8 is a photomicrograph showing the crystal structure of the slide surface in the first example of the slide surface construction;

FIG. 9 is an X-ray diffraction pattern for a second example of the slide surface construction;

FIG. 10 is a photomicrograph showing the crystal structure of the slide surface in the second example of the slide surface construction;

FIG. 11 is a photomicrograph showing the crystal structure of the slide surface in a third example of the slide surface construction;

FIG. 12 is a graph illustrating the relationship between the content of {200} oriented Fe crystals and the seizure generating load;

FIG. 13 is a plane view illustrating crystal planes located on slants at a trigonal pyramid-shaped tip end portion;

FIG. 14 is a plan view illustrating crystal planes located on slants in one example of a hexagonal pyramid-shaped tip end portion;

FIG. 15 is a plan view illustrating crystal planes located on slants in another example of a hexagonal pyramid-shaped tip end portion;

FIG. 16 is a perspective view illustrating crystal planes located on slants and end faces of a small pyramid-shaped tip end portion; and

FIG. 17 is a plane view illustrating the crystal planes located on slants of a quadrangular pyramid-shaped tip end portion.

DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

Referring to FIGS. 1 and 2, a piston 1 for an internal combustion engine includes a base material 2 of an aluminum alloy. A lamellar slide surface construction 4 is formed by plating on outer peripheral surfaces of a land portion 3.sub.1 and a skirt portion 3.sub.2 of the base material 2.

As shown in FIGS. 3 and 4, the slide surface construction 4 is formed of an aggregate of metal crystals having a body-centered cubic structure (bcc structure). The aggregate includes (h00) oriented metal crystals with their (h00) planes oriented toward the slide surface 4a for an inner wall 5 of a cylinder bore and/or (3hh0) oriented metal crystals with their (3hh0) planes oriented toward the slide surface 4a for the inner wall 5. The content S of the (hh0) oriented crystals and the (3hh0) oriented crystals are set in a range represented by S&lt;25%, respectively.

For example, if both the oriented metal crystals are present at the levels in the above-described ranges, a large number of relatively large pyramid and/or truncated pyramid-shaped, e.g., trigonal pyramid-shaped (in the illustrated embodiment) metal crystals 6 are precipitated in the slide surface 4a into mutually biting states. Thus, the slide surface 4a takes on an intricate morphology comprising a large number of fine crests 7, a large number of fine valleys 8 between the crests 7, and a large number of fine swamps 9 formed due to the mutual biting of the crests 7. Therefore, the slide surface construction 4 has good oil retention. In addition, the tip ends of the trigonal pyramid-shaped metal crystals are preferentially worn, thereby providing an improved initial conformability to the slide surface construction 4.

As shown in FIG. 6, the inclination of the (h00) plane with respect to a phantom plane 10 along the slide surface 4a will cause an inclination of the trigonal pyramid-shaped metal crystal 6 and hence, an influence is imparted to the oil retention and initial conformability of the slide surface construction 4. Thereupon, the inclination angle formed by the (h00) plane with respect to the phantom plane 10 is set in a range represented, by 0.degree..ltoreq..theta..ltoreq.15.degree.. The inclination angle .theta. of the (3hh0) plane is likewise set in a range represented by 0.degree..ltoreq..theta..ltoreq.150.degree.. In this case, the direction of the inclination of the (h00) and (3hh0) planes is not limited. If the inclination angle of the (h00) and (3hh0) planes is larger than 15.degree., the oil retention and the initial conformability of the slide surface construction 4 are reduced.

Examples of the metal crystal having the bcc structure are those of simple metals such as Fe, Cr, Mo, W, Ta, Sr, Nb, V, etc., and the alloys thereof.

In the plating treatment for forming the slide surface construction 4 according to the present invention, basic conditions for the electrolytic deposition of the Fe-plating are shown in Tables 1 and 2.

TABLE 1______________________________________Plating bath composition (g/liter)Ferroussulfate Boric acid Ammonium sulfate Organic additive(s)______________________________________150.about.400 5.about.50 50.about.200 10.about.150______________________________________ TABLE 2______________________________________Treating conditionsPlating bath Plating bath temperature Cathode current densitypH (.degree.C.) (A/dm.sup.2)______________________________________2.about.6.5 10.about.60 0.1.about.3______________________________________

In the electrolytic deposition of the Fe-plating under the above-described conditions, the precipitation and content of the (h00) and (3hh0) oriented Fe crystals are controlled by the cathode current density, the pH of the plating bath, the amount of organic additive incorporated and the like.

In addition to the electrolytic plating processes, examples of other plating treatments that may also be used include PVD processes, CVD processes, sputtering processes, ion plating and the like, which are gas-phase plating processes. Conditions for W- or Mo-plating by a sputtering process are, for example, an Ar pressure of 0.2 to 1 Pa, an Ar acceleration power of 0.1 to 1.5 kW in direct current; and a base material temperature of 80 to 300.degree. C. Conditions for W-plating by a CVD process are, for example, a WF.sub.6 starting material; a gas flow rate of 2 to 15 cc/min.; a pressure of 50 to 300 Pa within the chamber; and a base material temperature of 300 to 600.degree. C.

Particular examples will be described below.

A plurality of pistons 1 for internal combustion engines were produced by subjecting the outer peripheral surfaces of a land portion 3.sub.1 and a skirt portion 3.sub.2 of a base material of an aluminum alloy to an electrolytic Fe-plating process to form a slide surface construction 4 comprised of an aggregate of Fe crystals.

Tables 3 to 6 show the conditions for the electrolytic Fe-plating process for examples 1 to 17 of the slide surface constructions 4, wherein Tables 3 and 5 show the plating bath composition, and Tables 4 and 6 show the treating conditions.

TABLE 3______________________________________Plating bath composition (g/liter)Example Ferrous Boric AmmoniumNo. sulfate Acid sulfate Urea Saccharin______________________________________1 230 30 100 100 12 230 30 100 100 13 230 30 100 100 14 230 30 100 100 15 230 30 100 100 16 230 30 100 100 0.47 230 30 100 100 18 230 30 100 100 19 230 30 100 100 0.4______________________________________ TABLE 4______________________________________Treating conditionsExample Plating Plating bath Cathode currentNo. bath pH temperature (.degree.C.) density (A/dm.sup.2)______________________________________1 6 50 0.22 6 50 13 6.2 50 0.24 5.1 50 15 5.8 50 16 4 50 17 2.8 50 18 6.2 50 19 4.2 50 5______________________________________ TABLE 5______________________________________Plating bath composition (g/liter)Example Ferrous Boric AmmoniumNo. sulfate Acid sulfate Urea Saccharin______________________________________10 230 30 100 100 0.411 230 30 100 100 0.412 230 30 100 100 0.413 300 30 100 20 0.414 300 30 100 20 115 300 30 100 20 116 300 30 100 20 0.417 230 30 100 100 0.4______________________________________ TABLE 6______________________________________Treating conditionsExample Plating Plating bath Cathode currentNo. bath pH temperature (.degree.C.) density (A/dm.sup.2)______________________________________10 4 50 511 3.2 50 712 2.7 50 713 3.3 50 1014 5.4 50 1015 6.2 50 616 3.3 50 817 3.5 50 7______________________________________

Tables 7 and 8 show the crystal shape of the slide surface 4a, the grain size of the Fe crystals, the content S of the oriented Fe crystals and the hardness for Examples 1 to 17.

TABLE 7__________________________________________________________________________ Crystal shape of Grain Hard-Example slide size Content S of oriented Fe crystals (%) nessNo. surface (.mu.m) {110} {200} {211} {310} {222} (HV)__________________________________________________________________________1 AHP* about 8 16.6 1.8 29.3 1.7 50.6 1 2782 Trigonal about 10 32.8 1.2 20.8 2.2 43 302 pyramid3 Trigonal about 8 20 4 20 6 50 300 pyramid SP* about 14 Trigonal about 8 20.7 3.3 30 5.4 40.6 400 pyramid SP* about 15 Trigonal about 8 30 6 15 9 40 270 pyramid Plate-like6 Trigonal about 8 30 8 10 12 40 310 Pyramid Plate-like7 Trigonal about 6 20 12 30 18 20 410 pyramid SP* about 18 Trigonal about 8 10 15 15 20 40 310 pyramid Very fine .ltoreq.0.5 grain9 Trigonal about 8 12 23 15 10 40 280 pyramid Very fine .ltoreq.0.5 gain__________________________________________________________________________ AHP* = Approximately hexagonal pyramid SP* = Small pyramid TABLE 8__________________________________________________________________________ Crystal shape of Grain Hard-Example slide size Content S of oriented Fe crystals (%) nessNo. surface (.mu.m) {110} {200} {211} {310} {222} (HV)__________________________________________________________________________10 Very fine about 0.5 15 27 15 13 30 290 grain Partially about 5 pyramid11 Very fine &lt;0.5 15 30 15 20 20 190 grain12 Very fine about 0.5 16 34 10 19 21 280 grain13 SP* about 1 2 0 75 0 23 580 Very fine about 0.5 grain14 Very fine about 1 10 10 40 25 15 290 grain15 Plate-like about 8 30 20 15 25 10 270 Very fine .ltoreq.0.5 grain16 Very fine .ltoreq.0.5 20 20 15 25 20 320 grain17 Very fine .ltoreq.0.5 12 30 18 25 15 220 gain__________________________________________________________________________ SP* = Small pyramid

The content S was determined in the following manner on the basis of X-ray diffraction patterns (X-rays were applied in a direction perpendicular to the slide surface 4a) for the examples 1 to 17. Example 2 will be described below. FIG. 7 is an X-ray diffraction pattern for Example 2. The content S for each of the oriented Fe crystals was determined from each of following expressions. Here, the term "{110} oriented Fe crystal" means, for example, an oriented Fe crystal with its {110} plane oriented toward the slide surface 4a.

{110} oriented Fe crystals: S.sub.110 ={(I.sub.110 /IA.sub.110)/T}.times.100

{200} oriented Fe crystals: S.sub.200 ={(I.sub.200 /IA.sub.200)/T}.times.100

{211} oriented Fe crystals: S.sub.211 ={(I.sub.211 /IA.sub.211)/T}.times.100

{310} oriented Fe crystals: S.sub.310 ={(I.sub.310 /IA.sub.310)/T}.times.100

{222} oriented Fe crystals: S.sub.222 ={(I.sub.222 /IA.sub.222)/T}.times.100

wherein each of I.sub.110, I.sub.200, I.sub.211, I.sub.310 and I.sub.222 is a measurement (cps) of the intensity of X-rays reflected from each crystal plane; each of IA.sub.110, IA.sub.200, IA.sub.211, IA.sub.310 and IA.sub.222 is an intensity ratio of X-rays reflected from each crystal plane in an ASTM card. Further, IA.sub.110 =100, IA.sub.200 =20, IA.sub.211 =30, IA.sub.310 =12 and IA.sub.222 =6. Furthermore, T=(I.sub.110 /IA.sub.110)+(I.sub.200 /IA.sub.200)+(I.sub.211 /IA.sub.211)+(I.sub.310 /IA.sub.310)+(I.sub.222 /IA.sub.222).

FIG. 8 is a photomicrograph showing the crystal structure of the slide surface 4a in the example 2. In FIG. 8, a large number of mutually bitten trigonal pyramid-shaped Fe crystals are observed. As shown in Table 7 and FIF. 7, the content S of the (h00), i.e., {200} oriented Fe crystals in the example 2 is equal to 1.2%, and the content S of the (3hh0), i.e., {310} oriented Fe crystals in the example 2 is equal to 2.2%.

FIG. 9 is an X-ray diffraction pattern of example 4, and FIG. 10 is a photomicrograph showing the crystal structure of the slide surface 4a in example 4. In FIG. 10, a large number of relatively large trigonal pyramid-shaped Fe crystals and a large number of small pyramid-shaped crystals are observed. It can be seen from FIG. 10 that oil swamps are formed between the trigonal pyramid-shaped Fe crystals, and oil swamps are formed even by the small pyramid-shaped Fe crystals precipitated in a very intricate state in the valleys thereof. As shown in Table 7 and FIG. 9, the content S of the {200} oriented Fe crystals in the example 4 is equal to 3.3%, and the content S of the (310) oriented Fe crystals in the example 4 is equal to 5.4%.

FIG. 11 is a photomicrograph showing the crystal structure of the slide surface 4a in the example 17. It can be seen from FIG. 11 that if the content S of the {310} oriented Fe crystals in the example 4 is equal to or more than 25%, the slide surface 4a assumes a simplified morphology and is smoothed.

A seizure test for the examples 1 to 17 was carried out in a chip-on-disk manner to determine the seizure generating load, thereby providing the results shown in Tables 9 and 10. Conditions for the test were as follows: the material of the disk was an Al-10% by weight of Si alloy; the rotational speed of the disk was 15 m/sec.; the amount of oil supplied was 0.3 ml/min.; and the area of the slide surface of a chip made from the slide surface construction was 1 cm.sup.2.

TABLE 9______________________________________Example No. Seizure generating load (N)______________________________________1 8602 8503 8104 8005 8106 8007 7008 6509 600______________________________________ TABLE 10______________________________________Example No. Seizure generating load (N)______________________________________10 50011 32512 30013 30014 35015 35016 30017 300______________________________________

FIG. 12 illustrates the relationship between the content S of the {200} oriented Fe crystals and the seizure generating load for the examples 1 to 17, wherein a line x.sub.1 indicates the relationship when the content S of the {310} oriented Fe crystals is less than 25%, and a line x.sub.2 indicates the relationship when the content S of the {310} oriented Fe crystals is equal to 25%. As apparent from FIG. 12 and the examples 1 to 9, the seizure generating load can be increased to 550 N or more to enhance the seizure resistance by setting the content S of the {200} oriented Fe crystals in a range represented by S&lt;25% and setting the content S of the {310} oriented Fe crystals also in a range represented by S&lt;25%. However, if the contents S of the {200} and {310} oriented Fe crystals are equal to 0% as in the example 13, the seizure generating load is low.

Tables 11 and 12 shows the conditions for the electrolytic plating treatment used for examples 18 and 19 in which the content S of the {200} or {310} oriented Fe crystals was set at 0% in each of the slide surface constructions 4.

TABLE 11______________________________________Plating bath composition (g/liter)Example Ferrous Boric AmmoniumNo. sulfate Acid sulfate Urea Saccharin______________________________________18 230 30 100 100 119 230 30 100 100 1______________________________________ TABLE 12______________________________________Treating conditionsExample Plating bath Plating bath Cathode CurrentNo. pH temperature (.degree.C.) density (A/dm.sup.2)______________________________________18 6.2 50 1.319 6 50 1.5______________________________________

Table 13 shows the crystal shape of the slide surface 4a, the grain size of the Fe.sub.3 crystals, the content S of the oriented Fe crystals and the hardness for the example 18 and 19.

TABLE 13__________________________________________________________________________ Crystal shape of Grain Hard-Example slide size Content S of oriented Fe crystals (%) nessNo. surface (.mu.m) {110} {200} {211} {310} {222} (HV)__________________________________________________________________________18 AHP* about 8 10 3 17 0 70 30519 AHP about 12 0 15 3 70 310 10__________________________________________________________________________ AHP* = Approximately hexagonal pyramid

A seizure test for the examples 18 and 19 was carried out in a chip-on-disk manner under the same conditions as those described above. As a result, it was confirmed that the examples 18 and 19 had a seizure generating load of 940 N. Thus, if either the {200} oriented Fe crystals or the {310} oriented Fe crystals is present, the slide surface construction 4 has an excellent seizure resistance. In this case, when the content S of the {200} oriented Fe crystals is equal to 0%, the content S of the {310} oriented Fe crystals is less than 25%. On the other hand, when the content S of the {310} oriented Fe crystals is equal to 0%, the content S of the {200} oriented Fe crystals is less than 25%.

In the metal crystals having the body-centered cubic structure, the crystal shape produced on the slide surface, crystal planes located on the slants (which include the opposite triangular end faces in FIG. 16) and the like for the oriented metal crystals are shown in Table 14 .

TABLE 14__________________________________________________________________________ Crystal shape Crystal planeOriented on slide located on Characteristic Referentialmetal crystal surface slant slant drawing__________________________________________________________________________(hhh) Trigonal (hh0) plane: High hardness, FIG. 13 pyramid close-packed good plane wettability and good wear resistance Hexagonal (hhh) plane: Excellent FIG. 14: pyramid 50%, wettability concave 5(hhh) plane: because of slant 50% (hhh) plane FIG. 15: having a large flat slant surface energy (hh0) plane: 50% High hardness, (2hhh) plane: 50% good wettabilty (hh0) plane: close- and good wear packed plane resistance(2hhh) Small pyramid (hh0) plane: High hardness FIG. 16 close-packed good plane wettability and good wear resistance(h00) Quadrangular (hh0) plane: High hardness FIG. 17 pyramid close-packed good plane wettability and good wear resistance__________________________________________________________________________

It should be noted that for the wettability of the crystal planes located on the slants to oil or the like, the (hhh) plane is superior on the (hh0) plane.

The slide surface construction according to the present invention is applicable, for example, to the slide portion of any of following parts of an internal combustion engine: pistons (ring grooves), piston rings, piston pins, connecting rods, crankshafts, bearing metals, oil pump rotors, oil pump rotor housings, cam shafts, springs (end faces), spring seats, spring retainers, cotters, rocker arms, roller bearing outer cases, roller bearing inner cases, valve stems, valve faces, hydraulic tappets, water pump rotor shafts, pulleys, gears, transmission shaft portions, clutch plates, washers, and bolts (bearing surfaces and threaded portions).

Claims

1. A slide surface construction, which is formed of an aggregate of Fe crystals having a body-centered cubic structure, the aggregate including at least one of two types of Fe crystals selected from the group consisting of (1) (h00) oriented Fe crystals with their (h00) planes (by Miller indices) oriented toward the slide surface and having a content S in a range represented by S&lt;25%, and (2) (3hh0) oriented Fe crystals with their (3hh0) planes (by Miller indices) oriented toward the slide surface and having a content S in a range represented by S&lt;25%.

2. A slide surface construction, which is formed of an aggregate of Fe crystals having a body-centered cubic structure, wherein the content S of (h00) oriented Fe crystals in the aggregate with their (h00) planes (by Miller indices) oriented toward the slide surface being equal to 0%, and the content S of (3hh0) oriented metal crystals in the aggregate with their (3hh0) planes (by Miller indices) oriented toward the slide surface being in a range represented by S&lt;25%.

3. A slide surface construction, which is formed of an aggregate of Fe crystals having a body-centered cubic structure, wherein the content S of (h00) oriented Fe crystals in the aggregate with their (h00) planes (by Miller indices) oriented toward a slide surface being in a range represented by S&lt;25%, and the content S of (3hh0) oriented Fe crystals in the aggregate with their (3hh0) planes (by Miller indices) oriented toward the slide surface being equal to 0%.

4. A slide surface construction according to claim 1, 2 or 3, wherein said (h00) plane corresponds to a {200} plane; and (3hh0) plane corresponds to a {310} plane; and at least one of a large number of pyramid-shaped Fe crystals and a large number of truncated pyramid-shaped Fe crystals are precipitated in said slide surface due to the presence of at least one of {200} and {310} oriented Fe crystals.

5. A slide surface construction according to claim 1, wherein the inclination angle .theta. of said (h00) plane and said (3hh0) plane is set in a range of 0.degree..ltoreq..theta..ltoreq.15.degree..

6. A slide surface construction according to claim 2, wherein the inclination angle .theta. of said (3hh0) plane is set in a range of 0.degree..ltoreq..theta..ltoreq.15.degree..

7. A slide surface construction according to claim 3, wherein the inclination angle .theta. of said (h00) plane is set in a range of 0.degree..ltoreq..theta..ltoreq.15.degree..