SLIP INSERT FOR TOOL RETENTION

Abstract

A slip insert is provided. The slip insert may include a concave surface formed therein. An edge can be formed between a first two-dimensional planer surface and the concave surface. The slip insert may include an edge formed between an intersection of a first two-dimensional planer surface and a second two-dimensional planer surface extending form the concave surface.

Description

BACKGROUND

Slips are used for various downhole tools, such as bridge plugs, fracture plugs, other plugs, and packers. The slips can have inserts to grip the inner wall of a casing or tubular. FIG. 1 depicts a section view of a prior art slip 101 with inserts 105 installed therein. The inserts 105 are shown installed at an angle 110. The angle 110 can be equal to from about 0 degrees to 40 degrees or greater. FIG. 2 depicts an orthographic view of the prior art insert 105. The prior art insert 105 is a cylindrically shaped insert and includes a first two-dimensional planer surface 210 intersecting a second two-dimensional planer surface 220 forming an edge 230. Inserts for slips on metallic and non-metallic tools, such as composite plugs, packers, etc., must be able to engage with the casing to stop the tools from moving during their operation. When a slip is actuated to engage a casing wall, conventional inserts 105 press into the casing. When pressed against the inner wall of the casing, the edge 230 can impinge the casing and assist in securing the downhole tool into a given position within the wellbore. When conventional inserts 105 are used, the overall securing performance within the casing of the slip and associated downhole tool can be less than desired and the downhole tool can move during operations.

There is a need, therefore, for improved downhole tools, systems and methods for securing downhole tools into desired locations.

SUMMARY

Embodiments of the disclosure may provide a slip insert secured to a slip segment. The slip insert may include a concave surface formed therein. The slip insert may include an edge formed between the intersection of a first two-dimensional planer surface and the concave surface. The slip insert may include an edge formed between an intersection of a first two-dimensional planer surface and a second two-dimensional planer surface extending form the concave surface.

Embodiments of the disclosure may further provide a downhole tool that can include a first slip that can include one or more first slip segments disposed about one or more first tapered surfaces on an outer surface of the downhole tool and one or more slip inserts can be secured to at least one of the first slip segments, the slip inserts can include a concave surface formed therein. The downhole tool can include a second slip that can include one or more second slip segments disposed about one or more second tapered surfaces on the outer surface of the downhole tools and one or more slip inserts secured to at least one of the second slip segments, where the slip inserts can have a concave surface formed therein. The one or more slip inserts can include an edge formed between an intersection of a first two-dimensional planer surface and a second two-dimensional planer surface extending from the concave surface.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The present disclosure is best understood from the following detailed description when read with the accompanying Figures. It is emphasized that, in accordance with the standard practice in the industry, various features are not drawn to scale. In fact, the dimensions of the various features can be arbitrarily increased or reduced for clarity of discussion.

FIG. 1 depicts a section view of a prior art slip with inserts installed therein.

FIG. 2 depicts an orthographic view of the prior art insert.

FIG. 3 depicts a tool within a wellbore, according to one or more embodiments disclosed.

FIG. 4 depicts a cross-sectional view of an alternative downhole tool with slip, according to one or more embodiments disclosed.

FIG. 5 depicts a section view of the portion of the downhole tool indicated by the detail labeled 481 in FIG. 4, according to one or more embodiments disclosed.

FIG. 6 depicts the slip with inserts installed therein, according to one or more embodiments disclosed.

FIG. 7 depicts a section view of the slip, according to one or more embodiments disclosed.

FIG. 8 depicts an orthographic view of the insert above the cavity, according to one or more embodiments disclosed.

FIG. 9 depicts a side view of the insert, according to one or more embodiments disclosed.

FIG. 10 depicts a side view of an alternative insert, according to one or more embodiments disclosed.

FIG. 11 depicts the insert engaged with the casing, according to one or more embodiments disclosed.

FIGS. 12A-12C illustrate another embodiment of a slip in which FIG. 12A is a perspective view and FIG. 12B a sectioned view while FIG. 12C depicts an insert in isolation from the rest of the slip.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

It is to be understood that the following disclosure describes several exemplary embodiments for implementing different features, structures, or functions of the invention. Exemplary embodiments of components, arrangements, and configurations are described below to simplify the present disclosure; however, these exemplary embodiments are provided merely as examples and are not intended to limit the scope of the invention. Additionally, the present disclosure may repeat reference numerals and/or letters in the various exemplary embodiments and across the Figures provided herein. This repetition is for the purpose of simplicity and clarity and does not in itself dictate a relationship between the various exemplary embodiments and/or configurations discussed in the various Figures. Moreover, the formation of a first feature over or on a second feature in the description that follows may include embodiments in which the first and second features are formed in direct contact, and may also include embodiments in which additional features can be formed interposing the first and second features, such that the first and second features may not be in direct contact. Finally, the exemplary embodiments presented below can be combined in any combination of ways, i.e., any element from one exemplary embodiment can be used in any other exemplary embodiment, without departing from the scope of the disclosure.

Additionally, certain terms are used throughout the following description and claims to refer to particular components. As one skilled in the art will appreciate, various entities may refer to the same component by different names, and as such, the naming convention for the elements described herein is not intended to limit the scope of the invention, unless otherwise specifically defined herein. Further, the naming convention used herein is not intended to distinguish between components that differ in name but not function. Additionally, in the following discussion and in the claims, the terms “including” and “comprising” are used in an open-ended fashion, and thus should be interpreted to mean “including, but not limited to.” All numerical values in this disclosure can be exact or approximate values unless otherwise specifically stated. Accordingly, various embodiments of the disclosure may deviate from the numbers, values, and ranges disclosed herein without departing from the intended scope. Furthermore, as it is used in the claims or specification, the term “or” is intended to encompass both exclusive and inclusive cases, i.e., “A or B” is intended to be synonymous with “at least one of A and B,” unless otherwise expressly specified herein.

FIG. 3 depicts a downhole tool 330 within a wellbore 310, according to one or more embodiments disclosed. A well 305 includes a wellbore 310 with a casing 320 secured therein. In one or more embodiments, downhole tool 330 can include an outer surface 334. The downhole tool 330 can include a mandrel 332 with an outer surface 334 and an inner surface 336. The downhole tool 330 can be a downhole packer, frac plug, bridge plug, or other downhole tool that can be secured within a casing or wellbore utilizing one or more slips 352 or other casing attachment configuration. Downhole tool 330 has an optional plug 338 pinned within mandrel 332 by radially oriented pin 340. Plug 338 can have a seal 342 located between plug 338 and mandrel 332. The overall structure would be suited for use as and referred to simply as a packer if plug 338 were not incorporated and fluid communication were allowed through the downhole tool 330. Other components can be connected so that the packer, without plug 338, can be used, for example, as a frac plug.

A spacer ring 344 can be mounted to the mandrel 332. A first slip assembly 350 can be disposed about the outer surface 334. The first slip assembly 350 can be disposed about the mandrel 332 and spacer ring 344 can provide an abutment which serves to axially retain the first slip assembly 350. Downhole tool 330 can have two slip assemblies 350, namely, a first slip assembly and second slip assembly. The slip assemblies 350 can anchor downhole tool 330 within well 305. Each slip assembly 350 can include slip 352 and one or more tapered surfaces 354. The slip 352 can be formed into an expandable ring.

One or more slip buttons or inserts 362 can be secured to the body of the slips 352 by adhesive, brazing, or by other means and the slip inserts 362 can extend radially outwardly from the outer slip surface 360. Slip inserts 362 can be machined and/or formed from cast iron, tungsten carbide, or other hardenable materials. The slip inserts 362 can be hardened to a Rockwell C hardness of from about 40 Rc to about 60 Rc or higher. The slip inserts 362 can be formed from ceramic materials. The slip inserts 362 can be formed from silicon nitride (Si₃N₄). slip inserts 362 can be, for example, formed from SN-235P from Kyocera.

Slip 352 can include a retaining ring 356 disposed in groove or grooves 358. Retaining ring 356 can retain slip 352 in an unset position about the outer surface 334 when downhole tool 330 might be lowered into the well 305. The slips 352 can be moved along one or more tapered surfaces 354 such that the slip inserts 362 and/or an outer slip surface 360 of the slips 352 can engage the casing 320 or wellbore 310. The slips 352 can be moved along the tapered surfaces 354 such that the slips 352 can be radially expanded from an unset to a set position, as depicted in FIG. 3 in which the first and second slips 352 engage casing 320 to hold downhole tool 330 in the well 305. The one or more tapered surfaces 354 can be disposed or otherwise formed about the outer surface 334. Retaining rings 356 can break or expand as slips 352 expand radially outwardly.

Slips 352 can be a drillable material and can be, for example, a molded phenolic and can have the outer slip surface 360. Slips 352 can be made from other drillable materials, for example slips 352 can be made from drillable metals, composites made with thermoplastics and/or thermoset resins, or engineering grade plastics. The remainder of the slip assembly 350 and other components of the tool may likewise be made from drillable materials.

At least one packer element assembly 364, can be disposed between tapered surfaces 354. The particular packer element assembly 364 is merely representative as there are other packer arrangements known and used in the art.

FIG. 4 depicts a cross-sectional view of an alternative downhole tool with slip 352, according to one or more embodiments disclosed. The alternative downhole tool can be a fracture plug 402 that can include a fracture plug body 415 with a first sub 405 and a second sub 440. Alternative embodiments of the fracture plug 402 may instead include a plug body 415 having a single sub. The fracture plug 402 may further include the slip 352, a sealing element 425, a sealing element 430, a flapper valve 407, and a shear ring 462. The sealing elements 425, 430 are, in this particular example, constructed of a rubber and, more particularly, hydrogenated nitrile butadiene (“HNBR”) rubber. The sealing elements 425, 430 provide a seal between the first sub 405 and the inner diameter of the casing 320, shown in FIG. 3, when the fracture plug 402 is in use.

The first sub 405, the second sub 440, or both may be cast, formed from a powdered metal, formed from a composite material, or include any combination thereof. In some embodiments, the fracture plug 402 may include a first sub 405 and a second sub 440 that are different materials, such as a cast first sub 405 and a composite second sub 440. When assembled, the first sub 405 may be partially disposed within the second sub 440. Further embodiments (not shown) of the fracture plug 402 may include a single plug body 415 that includes a metal core bonded, threadably engaged, or otherwise coupled to an outer sleeve.

In the illustrated embodiment, the slip 352 is disposed between the first and second subs 405, 440 of the fracture plug 402. A portion of the outer surface 450 of the first sub 405 can be tapered. The slip 352 may include a tapered inner surface 432. The inner surface 432 can contact the tapered outer surface 450. The slip 352 may be disposed about the outer surface 450 of the first sub 405 or about an outer surface, not shown, of the second sub 440 of the fracture plug. The slip 352 may be disposed about the outer surface of any downhole tool.

The flapper valve 407 may include a valve body 424, a rotatable arm 418, and a flapper 410. The valve body 424 may be coupled to the first sub 405 through an interference fit, interfacing threads, or other similar means. The rotatable arm 418 may couple the flapper 410 to the valve body 424. As shown in the exemplary embodiment, the rotatable arm 418 may be integrally formed with the flapper 410. Other embodiments may include a rotatable arm 418 that is coupled to the flapper 410 using fasteners, adhesives, welding, or other similar means.

A hinge 423 may allow the rotatable arm 418 to rotate about the valve body 424, opening and closing the flapper valve 407. In the closed position, shown in FIG. 4, the flapper 410 contacts and seals against the valve body 424, preventing fluid from flowing through a bore 432 of the fracture plug 402. In another embodiment, the flapper 410 may contact and seal against the first sub 405 to prevent fluid from flowing through the bore 432 of the fracture plug 402. In the open position, not shown, the flapper 410 does not contact the valve body 424, allowing fluid to pass through the fracture plug 402.

The flapper 410, rotatable arm 418, valve body 424, or any combination thereof may be made of dissolvable materials. The flapper 410 and rotatable arm 418, for example, may be made of a dissolvable rubber or plastic and valve body 424 may be made of a rigid dissolvable material. Other embodiments of the flapper valve 407 may be made of other dissolvable materials know in the industry. At least one embodiment of the fracture plug 402 may include a rotatable arm 418 that is directly coupled to the first sub 405, omitting the valve body 424. In such an embodiment, the rotatable arm 418 and flapper 410 may be made of a dissolvable material.

The fracture plug 402 may further include a shear ring 462. The shear ring 462 may be coupled to the second sub 440 through an interference fit, interfacing threads, or other similar means. In one embodiment, the shear ring 462 may be made of a dissolvable material. The shear ring 462 can be made from brass, composite material, dissolvable material, or any other material that will allow at least a portion of the shear ring 462 to be sheared away from its installed location. Other embodiments of the shear ring 462 may be made of a powdered metal, cast iron, or composite material. After a period of time, the flapper valve 407 may dissolve, allowing fluid to pass through the bore 432.

The second sub 440 includes a body 415 defining a bore 434 that, in conjunction with the bore 432 of the first sub 405 forms a bore through the body of the fracture plug 402. The first sub 405 defines a split ring 435 that engages the second sub 440 through a plurality of threads 436 on the second sub 440 to form a ratchet as the first sub 405 engages the second sub 440.

FIG. 5 depicts a section view of the fracture plug 402 indicated by the detail labeled 481 in FIG. 4, according to one or more embodiments disclosed. As depicted, the slip 352 is shown with insert 362 installed within a cavity 710 formed within the slip 352.

FIG. 6 depicts the slip 352 with inserts 362 installed therein, according to one or more embodiments disclosed. In one or more embodiments, the slip 352 can include a plurality of slip segments 610 that can encircle a mandrel, for example mandrel 332 depicted in FIG. 3, can encircle the first sub 405 as depicted in FIG. 4, or can encircle the second sub 440, not shown. The plurality of slip segments 610 can be joined as depicted in FIG. 6, can be joined in any configuration, or can be separate slip segments 610, not shown. The one or more slip segments 610 can be disposed about mandrel 332, the first sub 405, the second sub 440, or about an outer surface of any downhole tool. The one or more slip segments can be disposed about one or more tapered surfaces formed on or otherwise disposed on the outer surface of any downhole tool.

In operation, the slip segments 610 can expand outwardly along the tapered surface 354 or along the tapered outer surface 450, shown in FIG. 4. Returning to FIG. 6, one or more inserts 362 can be secured to at least one of the slip segments 610 and the inserts 362 can extend outwardly from the outer slip surface 360. In one or more embodiments, a portion of the slip insert extending outwardly from the outer surface 360 of the slip segment 610 can be integrally designed into the slip segments 610, not shown, such that the insert 362 and the slip segment 610 can be formed as one part.

FIG. 7 depicts a section view of the slip 352, according to one or more embodiments disclosed. In one or more embodiments, each insert 362 can include a central insert axis 715 and each can be secured in a cavity 710. The total number of inserts 362 secured to the slip 352 can be fewer or greater than the number depicted. The installed orientation of the inserts 362 can be such that when the slip 352 is set against a surface (e.g., casing 320), the inserts 362 can grippingly engage the surface upon which they are set. Each insert 362 can be secured within the cavity 710 at an insert installation angle Ω measured between a slip axis 712 perpendicular to a slip longitudinal axis 730 and the central insert axis 715. The insert installation angle Ω can be equal to about zero degrees. The insert installation angle Ω can be selected from a range of angles from about zero degrees to about fifty-degrees or greater. When the insert installation angle Ω is equal to zero degrees, the orientation of the secured insert 362 can be about perpendicular to the slip longitudinal axis 730.

FIG. 8 depicts an orthographic view of the insert 362 above the cavity 710, according to one or more embodiments disclosed. As shown, the insert 362 central insert axis 715 is aligned with slip axis 712 which can be the axis through which insert 362 is installed within the cavity 710. The insert 362 can have a bottom 815, a cylindrical outer surface 820, and an edge 835 formed by a first two-dimensional planer surface 810 intersected by a second two-dimensional planer surface 830 extending from a three-dimensional concave surface 825. In one or more embodiments, the three-dimensional concave surface 825 can intersect the first two-dimensional planer surface 810, forming the edge 835. The first two-dimensional planer surface 810 can be a three-dimensional surface and/or can be curved along at least a portion of its surface. The first two-dimensional planer surface 810 can be or include a first curved surface, not shown. In one or more embodiments, insert 362 can be cylindrically shaped as shown or can be any geometric shape sized appropriately to fit within the cavity 710.

FIG. 9 depicts a side view of the insert 362, according to one or more embodiments disclosed. The insert 362 can be cylindrically shaped have a diameter 905. The three-dimensional concave surface 825 can be a formed with a radius 930. The center of the arc of the radius 930 can extend from an intersection point 915 located at height 920 above the bottom 815. The first two-dimensional planer surface 810 can be formed at an angle π measured between a line parallel to the bottom 815 and a line extending from the two-dimensional planer surface 810. The second two-dimensional surface 830 can be formed parallel, as shown by a line 935 extending form the second two-dimensional surface 830, to central insert axis 715 or at some angle measured between from about zero degrees to about one hundred and eighty degrees to the parallel 935.

FIG. 10 depicts a side view of an alternative insert 1062, according to one or more embodiments disclosed. The insert 1062 can be formed with the characteristics of a milling tool cutting edge. The second two-dimensional surface 830 and the edge 835 can form a cutting edge or tooth face 1010. In one or more embodiments, the concave surface 825 can be formed along a radius similar to the radius 930 from FIG. 9 or can be formed along an irregular curve as depicted or any can be any shape. The concave surface 825 and the edge 835 can form the cutting edge 1010. The first two-dimensional planer surface 810 can be formed at the angle π, similar to a cutting tool primary clearance angle which can be a relief adjacent to the cutting edge 1010. The surface 1015 can be formed similar to a cutting tool secondary clearance angle Σ. The concave surface 825 can be similar to a cutting tool hook. The cutting tool hook refers to a concave surface of a cutting tool tooth face.

FIG. 11 depicts the insert 1062 engaged with the casing 320, according to one or more embodiments disclosed. The shape of the concave surface 825 and/or the cutting surface 1010 can provide increased surface area within the insert 1062 for securing the insert 1062 within the casing 320. In tests, the shape of the concave surface 825 and/or the cutting surface 1010 formed on a test insert 1062 provided surprisingly better gripping action between the insert 1062 and a test casing over conventional insert designs. Without being bound by theory, it is surmised from the testing data that the one or more insert 1062 form factors described herein provides increased contact area between the insert 362 and the casing 320 and can be the reason for the resultant improved gripping action.

FIGS. 12A-12C illustrate another embodiment of a slip 1200. FIG. 12A is a perspective view of the slip 1200 and FIG. 12B a sectioned view while FIG. 12C depicts an insert 1205 in isolation from the rest of the slip 1200. The slip 1200 is similar in operation and construction to those embodiments described above. Note, however, that the number of inserts 1205 differs in aggregate number, in distribution across the slip 1200, and in the number of inserts 1205 per slip segment 1210. (Only one insert 1205 is indicated in FIG. 12A.) The inserts 1205 are set in a cavity 1215 (only one indicated) defined by the slip segments 1210 such that the inserts 1205 are oriented at an angle θ<90° relative to the outer slip surface 1220 of the slip segments 1210.

Angling the inserts 1205 in this manner puts the component that the slip 1200 is setting into compression rather than shear. Conversely, in embodiments in which the inserts include inserts at 90° relative to the outer slip surface, the component being set is being set into shear. The value of the angle θ will be implementation specific depending on the parameters of any particular setting for which the slip 1200 is intended to implement.

The foregoing has outlined features of several embodiments so that those skilled in the art can better understand the present disclosure. Those skilled in the art should appreciate that they may readily use the present disclosure as a basis for designing or modifying other processes and structures for carrying out the same purposes and/or achieving the same advantages of the embodiments introduced herein. Those skilled in the art should also realize that such equivalent constructions do not depart from the spirit and scope of the present disclosure, and that they may make various changes, substitutions, and alterations herein without departing from the spirit and scope of the present disclosure.

Claims

1. A slip insert secured to a slip segment comprising: the slip insert having a concave surface formed therein.

2. The slip insert of claim 1, further comprising an edge formed between an intersection of a first two-dimensional planer surface and the concave surface.

3. The slip insert of claim 1, further comprising an edge formed between an intersection of a first two-dimensional planer surface and a second two-dimensional planer surface extending from the concave surface.

4. The slip insert of claim 1, further comprising an edge formed between an intersection of a first curved surface and the concave surface.

5. The slip insert of claim 1, further comprising an edge formed between an intersection of a first curved surface and a two-dimensional planer surface extending from the concave surface.

6. A fracture plug comprising: a fracture plug body having a first sub,a slip disposed about an outer surface of the first sub, andone or more slip inserts, secured to one or more slip segments, the slip insert having a concave surface formed therein.

7. The fracture plug of claim 6 further comprising a second sub wherein the first sub is at least partially disposed within the second sub and the slip is disposed between the first sub and the second subs.

8. The fracture plug of claim 6, wherein the one or more slip inserts are machined from hardenable material.

9. The fracture plug of claim 6, wherein the one or more slip inserts further comprise an edge formed between an intersection of a first two-dimensional planer surface and the concave surface.

10. The fracture plug of claim 6, wherein the one or more slip inserts further comprise an edge formed between an intersection of a first two-dimensional planer surface and a second two-dimensional planer surface extending from the concave surface.

11. The fracture plug of claim 6, wherein the one or more slip inserts further comprise an edge formed between an intersection of a first curved surface and the concave surface.

12. The fracture plug of claim 6, wherein the one or more slip inserts further comprise an edge formed between an intersection of a first curved surface and a two-dimensional planer surface extending from the concave surface.

13. The fracture plug of claim 6, further comprising a flapper coupled to the plug body, the flapper configured to seal a bore of the plug body.

14. The fracture plug of claim 13, wherein the flapper comprises a dissolvable material.

15. A downhole tool comprising: a first slip having one or more first slip segments disposed about one or more first tapered surfaces on an outer surface of the downhole tool, andone or more slip inserts, secured to at least one of the first slip segments, the slip inserts having a concave surface formed therein.

16. The downhole tool of claim 15, further comprising a second slip having one or more second slip segments disposed about one or more second tapered surfaces on the outer surface of the downhole tool, and one or more slip inserts, secured to at least one of the second slip segments, the slip inserts having a concave surface formed therein.

17. The downhole tool of claim 15, wherein the one or more slip inserts further comprise an edge formed between an intersection of a first two-dimensional planer surface and the concave surface.

18. The downhole tool of claim 15, wherein the one or more slip inserts further comprise an edge formed between an intersection of a first two-dimensional planer surface and a second two-dimensional planer surface extending from the concave surface.

19. The downhole tool of claim 15, wherein the one or more slip inserts further comprise an edge formed between an intersection of a first curved surface and the concave surface.

20. The downhole tool of claim 15, wherein the one or more slip inserts further comprise an edge formed between an intersection of a first curved surface and a two-dimensional planer surface extending from the concave surface.

21. The slip insert of claim 1, wherein the slip insert is machined from hardenable material.