Patent Application
20120168156
1. Field of the Disclosure
Embodiments disclosed herein relate generally to systems and methods for producing slurries for re-injection at a work site. More specifically, embodiments disclosed herein relate to systems and methods for slurrifying drill cuttings for re-injection at a work site.
2. Background
In the drilling of wells, a drill bit is used to dig many thousands of feet into the earth's crust. Oil rigs typically employ a derrick that extends above the well drilling platform. The derrick supports joint after joint of drill pipe connected end-to-end during the drilling operation. As the drill bit is pushed further into the earth, additional pipe joints are added to the ever lengthening “string” or “drill string”. Therefore, the drill string includes a plurality of joints of pipe.
Fluid “drilling mud” is pumped from the well drilling platform, through the drill string, and to a drill bit supported at the lower or distal end of the drill string. The drilling mud lubricates the drill bit and carries away well cuttings generated by the drill bit as it digs deeper. The cuttings are carried in a return flow stream of drilling mud through the well annulus and back to the well drilling platform at the earth's surface. When the drilling mud reaches the platform, it is contaminated with small pieces of shale and rock that are known in the industry as well cuttings or drill cuttings. Once the drill cuttings, drilling mud, and other waste reach the platform, a “shale shaker” is typically used to remove the drilling mud from the drill cuttings so that the drilling mud may be reused. The remaining drill cuttings, waste, and residual drilling mud are then transferred to a holding trough for disposal. In some situations, for example with specific types of drilling mud, the drilling mud may not be reused and it must be disposed. Typically, the non-recycled drilling mud is disposed of separate from the drill cuttings and other waste by transporting the drilling mud via a vessel to a disposal site.
The disposal of the drill cuttings and drilling mud is a complex environmental problem. Drill cuttings contain not only the residual drilling mud product that would contaminate the surrounding environment, but may also contain oil and other waste that is particularly hazardous to the environment, especially when drilling in a marine environment.
In the Gulf of Mexico, for example, there are hundreds of drilling platforms that drill for oil and gas by drilling into the subsea floor. These drilling platforms may be used in places where the depth of the water is many hundreds of feet. In such a marine environment, the water is typically filled with marine life that cannot tolerate the disposal of drill cuttings waste. Therefore, there is a need for a simple, yet workable solution to the problem of disposing of well cuttings, drilling mud, and/or other waste in marine and other fragile environments.
Traditional methods of disposal include dumping, bucket transport, cumbersome conveyor belts, screw conveyors, and washing techniques that require large amounts of water. Adding water creates additional problems of added volume and bulk, pollution, and transport problems. Installing conveyors requires major modification to the rig area and involves extensive installation hours and expense.
Another method of disposal includes returning the drill cuttings, drilling mud, and/or other waste via injection under high pressure into an earth formation. Generally, the injection process involves the preparation of a slurry within surface-based equipment and pumping the slurry into a well that extends relatively deep underground into a receiving stratum or adequate formation. The basic steps in the process include the identification of an appropriate stratum or formation for the injection; preparing an appropriate injection well; formulation of the slurry, which includes considering such factors as weight, solids content, pH, gels, etc.; performing the injection operations, which includes determining and monitoring pump rates such as volume per unit time and pressure; and capping the well.
In some instances, the cuttings, which are still contaminated with some oil, are transported from a drilling rig to an offshore rig or ashore in the form of a thick heavy paste or slurry for injection into an earth formation. Typically the material is put into special skips of about 10 ton capacity that are loaded by crane from the rig onto supply boats. This is a difficult and dangerous operation that may be laborious and expensive.
U.S. Pat. No. 6,709,216 and related patent family members disclose that cuttings may also be conveyed to and stored in an enclosed, transportable vessel, where the vessel may then be transported to a destination, and the drill cuttings may be withdrawn. The transportable storage vessel has a lower conical section structured to achieve mass flow of the mixture in the vessel, and withdrawal of the cuttings includes applying a compressed gas to the cuttings in the vessel. The transportable vessels are designed to fit within a 20 foot ISO container frame. These conical vessels will be referred to herein as ISO vessels.
As described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,709,216 and family, the ISO vessels may be lifted onto a drilling rig by a rig crane and used to store cuttings. The vessels may then be used to transfer the cuttings onto a supply boat, and may also serve as buffer storage while a supply boat is not present. Alternatively, the storage vessels may be lifted off the rig by cranes and transported by a supply boat.
Space on offshore platforms is limited. In addition to the storage and transfer of cuttings, many additional operations take place on a drilling rig, including tank cleaning, slurrification operations, drilling, chemical treatment operations, raw material storage, mud preparation, mud recycle, mud separations, and others.
Due to the limited space, these operations may be modularized, in which modules are swapped out when not needed or when space is needed for the equipment. For example, cuttings containers may be offloaded from the rig to make room for modularized equipment used for slurrification. These lifting operations, as mentioned above, are difficult, dangerous, and expensive. Additionally, many of these modularized operations include redundant equipment, such as pumps, valves, and tanks or storage vessels.
Slurrifications systems that may be moved onto a rig are typically large modules that are fully self-contained, receiving cuttings from a drilling rig's fluid mud recovery system. For example, PCT Publication No. WO 99/04134 discloses a process module containing a first slurry tank, grinding pumps, a system shale shaker, a second slurry tank, and optionally a holding tank. The module may be lifted by a crane on to an offshore drilling platform.
Slurrification systems may also be disposed in portable units that may be transported from one work site to another. As disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,303,786, a slurrification system may be mounted on a semi-trailer that may be towed between work sites. The system includes, inter alia, multiple tanks, pumps, mills, grinders, agitators, hoppers, and conveyors. As discussed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,303,786, the slurrification system may be moved to a site where a large quantity of material to be treated is available, such as existing or abandoned reserve pits that hold large quantities of cuttings.
U.S. Pat. No. 6,745,856 discloses another transportable slurrification system that is disposed on a transport vehicle. The transport vehicle (i.e., a vessel or boat) is stationed proximate the work site (i.e., offshore platform) and connected to equipment located at the work site while in operation. Deleterious material is transferred from the work site to the transport vehicle, wherein the deleterious material is slurrified. The slurry may be transferred back to the work site for, in one example, re-injection into the formation. Alternatively, the slurry may be transported via the transport vehicle to a disposal site. As disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 6,745,856, storage vessels are disposed on the transport vehicle for containing the slurry during transportation. While in-transit to the disposal site, agitators disposed in the storage vessels may agitate the slurry to keep the solids suspended in the fluid.
While these systems and methods provide improved processes in slurrification and re-injection systems, they require difficult, dangerous, and expensive lifting and installation operations, as described above. Additionally, these processes may require lengthy installation and processing times that may reduce the overall efficiency of the work site.
A slurrification system is used to create a slurry for a cuttings re-injection system. Typically, slurrification systems receive cuttings and convert them into a pumpable slurry. Elements of a slurrification system generally include a fine-solids (“fines”) tank, a coarse-solids (“coarse”) tank, a classification system, and a storage vessel, wherein drill cuttings are dried, separated, and transferred to a cuttings re-injection system or stored for further processing. After preparation of the slurry, the slurry is pumped to a storage vessel, until an injection pump is used to pump the slurry down a wellbore.
In operation, attempts to produce a slurry that meet local environmental regulations and operational regulations has proven problematic. Current slurrification systems are operationally inefficient. For example, adjustments to the drilling operation including adjustments to cuttings volume production and rate of penetration of the wellbore may cause slurrification process and cuttings re-injection inefficiencies. Moreover, increasingly stringent cuttings-discharge regulations have pressured operators and drilling contractors to reduce drilling waste volumes and recover products for re-use. Thus, there exists a continuing need for more efficient slurrification methods and systems, specifically, for slurrification systems for use in preparing slurries for re-injecting cuttings into a wellbore.
In one aspect, embodiments disclosed herein relate to a system for slurrifying drill cuttings including a cuttings dryer, a pump, and a transfer line fluidly connecting the cuttings dryer and the pump, the transfer line having a fluid inlet for receiving a fluid. Furthermore, the system for slurrifying drill cuttings including a storage vessel fluidly connected to the pump for storing a slurry.
In another aspect, embodiments disclosed herein relate to a method for slurrifying drill cuttings including drying drill cuttings in a cuttings drying to produce dry cuttings and combining a fluid with the dry cuttings to produce a slurry. Furthermore, the method includes mixing the slurry and the dry cuttings in a mixing pump and transferring the slurry to a storage vessel.
Other aspects and advantages of the invention will be apparent from the following description and the appended claims.
In one aspect, embodiments disclosed herein relate generally to systems and methods for producing slurries for re-injection at a work site. More specifically, embodiments disclosed herein relate to systems and methods for slurrifying drill cuttings for re-injection at a work site.
Referring initially to
In
In this embodiment, the cuttings are introduced into cuttings dryer 120, wherein high G-forces separate the liquids and solids. An example of a cuttings dryer 120 that may be used in embodiments disclosed herein is the VERTI-G™ CUTTINGS DRYER, commercially available from M-I LLC, in Houston, Tex. Referring briefly to
The fluid waste may include chemical additives, weighting agents, and/or other agents added during a drilling operation. Separation may occur as cuttings make contact with the fine-mesh, high-capacity centrifuge screen surface 230. As the cuttings move through the cuttings dryer, the cuttings become dryer and the waste fluid becomes cleaner due to the increasingly finer screen surface 230. The dry cuttings may be discharged at a screen bottom 250. In one embodiment, the cuttings may be transferred to a hopper 130 through a solids outlet 122, as shown in
Referring back to
Cuttings dryer 120 may transfer waste fluid through a waste fluid line 121 and dry cuttings through a solids outlet 122. The dry cuttings then pass into a hopper 130, such as, for example, a venturi hopper. Hopper 130 provides for the continuous collection and discharge of contents, including cuttings and fluid, in slurrification system 100. Those of ordinary skill in the art will appreciate that other hoppers 130, operable as described above, may also be used with embodiments of the present disclosure.
In one embodiment, a fluid may be introduced into slurrification system 100 after the cuttings pass through cuttings dryer 120. In
Transfer line 135 is fluidly connected to pump 140, wherein the fluid and cuttings from slurrification system 100 enter pump 140. In one embodiment, unmixed cuttings and fluid may be transferred to pump 140 wherein the fluid combines with the cuttings in pump 140. More specifically, in such an embodiment, pump 140 facilitates the mixing of the fluid with the cuttings, thereby creating a fluid-solid mixture. In one aspect, pump 140 may create a vacuum which draws the fluid and cuttings into pump 140. The fluid-solid mixture may be subjected to mechanical and hydraulic shear to create a slurry. One example of a pump that may be used with embodiments disclosed herein is the FLASHBLEND™ HIGH SHEAR POWDER/LIQUID MIXER, commercially available from Silverson Machines, Inc. However, other mixing and pumping devices, operable as disclosed above, may alternatively be used with embodiments of the present methods and systems. Those of ordinary skill in the art will appreciate that examples of other pumps that may be used to facilitate the mixing of a solid and fluid include centrifugal pumps. Pump 140 may also include design features such as hardfacing over rotors or stators, as well as other features known to those of skill in the art to further extend the life and/or effectiveness of the components.
In
Once the slurry is discharged from storage vessel 150, the slurry may enter cuttings re-injection (“CRI”) transfer line 155, wherein the slurry may be transferred to a cuttings re-injection system for further processing, discussed in detail below. In another embodiment, storage vessel 150 may store a slurry for future use. Such an embodiment may provide a buffer against periodic high rates of penetration and slurry production. An aspect of the embodiments discussed above may also include suspending conveyance of the slurry during discharge from storage vessel 150 to a cuttings re-injection system.
Still referring to
In another embodiment, second pump 160 may be configured to grind or further reduce the particle size of the cuttings suspended in the slurry. For example, second pump 160 may be a centrifugal pump, as disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,129,469, incorporated by reference herein. In this embodiment, second pump 160 may have a cylindrical casing with an interior impeller space formed therein. Additionally, second pump 160 may include an impeller with backward swept blades with an open face on both sides, that is, the blades or vanes are swept backward with respect to a direction of rotation of the impeller and are not provided with opposed side plates forming a closed channel between the impeller fluid inlet area and the blade tips. The casing may have a tangential discharge passage formed by a casing portion. The concentric casing of second pump 160 and the configuration of the impeller blades provide a shearing action that reduces the particle size of drill cuttings. The blades of the impeller may be coated with a material, for example, tungsten carbide, to reduce wear of the blades. Those of ordinary skill in the art will appreciate that any pump known in the art for reducing the size of solids in a slurry may be used without departing from the scope of embodiments disclosed herein.
In operation, cuttings from a primary cleaning system may be transferred to a buffer tank. A buffer tank may transfer the cuttings into a cuttings dryer to produce dry cuttings. Dry cuttings may be combined with a fluid to produce a slurry with entrained cuttings. The slurry may be mixed in a mixing pump and transferred to a storage vessel for further processing, such as, for example, in a cuttings re-injection system.
Referring to
In
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In
While
Referring to
In this embodiment, slurrification system 580 may be coupled with a cuttings transport system 560. Once the cuttings pass through primary cleaning operation 501, the cuttings enter cuttings transport system 560. Cutting transport system 560 may include a variety of equipment, such as gravity collection systems, augers or belt conveyers, vacuum transport systems, and pneumatic transfer devices.
In
Cuttings storage vessel 503 may include raw material storage tanks, waste storage tanks, or any other vessels commonly used in association with drilling processes. Specifically, cuttings storage vessel 503 may include cuttings boxes, ISO-tanks, and pneumatic transfer vessels. An example of a pneumatic transfer vessel is the ISO-PUMP™, discussed above. In some embodiments, cuttings storage vessel 503 may include several individual vessels connected to allow the transference of cuttings therebetween. Cuttings storage vessel 503 may be located within a support framework, such as an ISO container frame. As such, those of ordinary skill in the art will appreciate that storage vessel 503 may be used for both drill cuttings storage and transport.
As shown in
Referring to
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Referring to
In this embodiment, once the cuttings pass through pneumatic transfer device 702, the cuttings enter a slurrification system 780 by transfer methods discussed above. The cuttings exit pneumatic transfer device 702 and enter a transfer line 715 fluidly connected to a cuttings dryer 720. The cuttings exit cuttings dryer 720 and enter a hopper 730, wherein the cuttings enter a transfer line 735. The cuttings are mixed with a fluid in pump 740, to create a slurry. The slurry exits pump 740 and passes into a storage vessel 750 via a slurry transfer line 745. Storage vessel 750 may either hold the slurry for a future use or facilitate the transfer of the slurry to a cuttings re-injection system (not independently shown) through a CRI transfer line 755.
Referring to
In another embodiment, classifier 870 may transfer the slurry to a high-pressure injection pump 890 disposed proximate wellbore via transfer line 885. As the slurry is produced by slurrification system 800, injection pump 890 may be actuated to pump the slurry into a wellbore (not independently shown). Those of ordinary skill in the art will appreciate that the re-injection process may be substantially continuous due to the operating conditions of the slurrification system. In-line slurrification systems may be continuously supplied cuttings from a drilling operation, thereby producing a substantially continuous supply of slurry for a cuttings re-injection system. Thus, once a cuttings re-injection cycle is initiated, it may remain in substantially continuous operation until a drilling operator terminates the operation. As such, even if a re-injection process is stopped, the separation of solids from the suspension may be avoided.
In aspects of this embodiment, the slurry may enter high-pressure pumps (not independently shown), low-pressure pumps (not independently shown), or both types of pumps, to facilitate the transfer of the slurry into a wellbore. In one embodiment, the pumps may be in fluid communication with each other, so as to control the pressure at which the slurry is injected downhole. However, to further control the injection of the slurry, additional components, such as pressure relief valves (not independently shown) may be added in-line prior to the dispersal of the slurry in the wellbore. Such pressure relief valves may help control the pressure of the injection process to increase the safety of the operation and/or to control the speed of the injection to further increase the efficiency of the re-injection. The slurry is then transferred to downhole tubing for injection into the wellbore. Downhole tubing may include flexible lines, existing piping, or other tubing know in the art for the re-injection of cuttings into a wellbore.
In one embodiment, the slurry may be transferred to a temporary storage vessel 880, wherein the slurry may be stored for future use in periods of overproduction. Temporary storage vessel may include vessels discussed above, such as, for example, ISO-vessels or other storage vessels that operate in accordance with the present disclosure.
Referring to
In one embodiment, a sensor (e.g., a density sensor, a viscometer, and/or a conductivity sensor) may be operatively coupled to a valve to open or close the valve when a pre-determined condition of the slurry is met. For example, in one embodiment, a density sensor may be coupled to a valve, such that, when the density of the slurry exiting a pump reaches a pre-determined value, the valve moves (i.e., opens or closes), and redirects the flow of the slurry from a storage vessel to a second storage vessel, a slurry tank, a skip, or a injection pump for injection into a formation.
In another embodiment, a conductivity sensor may be coupled to a valve, such that, when the density of the slurry exiting a pump reaches a pre-determined value, the valve moves and redirects the flow of the slurry from storage a vessel to a second storage vessel, a slurry tank, a skip, or injection pump for injection into a formation. Those of ordinary skill in the art will appreciate that other apparatus and methods may be used to redirect the flow of the slurry once a specified condition (i.e., density, conductivity, or viscosity) is met.
In yet another embodiment, the flow of cuttings, fluids, and other contents of the slurrification system may be controlled by an operatively connected programmable logic controller (“PLC”). The PLC may contain instructions for controlling the operation of a pump; such that a slurry of a specified solids content may be produced. Additionally, in certain aspects, the PLC may contain independent instructions for controlling the operation of the pump inlet or outlet. Examples of instructions may include time dependent instructions that control the time the slurry remains in a pump prior to transference through an outlet. In other aspects, the PLC may control the rate of dry material injected into a pump, or the rate of fluid transmittance through, or into, a transfer line. In still other embodiments, the PLC may control the addition of chemical and/or polymer additives as they are optionally injected into a transfer line. Those of ordinary skill in the art will appreciate that the PLC may be used to automate the addition of dry materials, fluids, and/or chemicals, and may further be used to monitor and/or control operation of the slurrification system or pump. Moreover, the PLC may be used alone or in conjunction with a supervisory control and data acquisition system to further control the operations of the slurrification system. In one embodiment, the PLC may be operatively connected to a rig management system, and may thus be controlled by a drilling operator either at another location of the work site, or at a location remote from the work site, such as a drilling operations headquarters.
The PLC may also include instructions for controlling the mixing of the fluid and the cuttings according to a specified mixing profile. Examples of mixing profiles may include step-based mixing and/or ramped mixing. Step-based mixing may include controlling the mixing of cuttings with the fluid such that a predetermined quantity of cuttings are injected to a known volume of fluid, mixed, then transferred out of the system. Ramped mixing may include providing a stream of cuttings to a fluid until a determined concentration of cuttings in reached. Subsequently, the fluid containing the specified concentration of cuttings may be transferred out of the system.
In another embodiment, a density sensor may be integral with a mixing pump, in-line before or after a storage vessel, and/or coupled to a valve anywhere in the slurrification process prior to the cuttings re-injection system, as discussed above. A valve coupled to the density sensor will allow for recirculation of the slurry through the slurrification system until the density of the slurry reaches a value determined by requirements of a given operation. In one embodiment, a valve, coupled with a density sensor and integral to a mixing pump, moves (i.e., opens or closes) and redirects the flow of the cuttings back to a buffer tank for further processing through a slurrification system. This embodiment provides a method for producing a slurry with an environmentally acceptable density.
In another embodiment, a conductivity sensor may be coupled to a valve, integral with a mixing pump, in-line before or after a storage vessel, and/or coupled to a valve anywhere in the slurrification process prior to the cuttings re-injection system, as discussed above. A valve coupled to the conductivity sensor will allow for recirculation of the slurry through the slurrification system until the conductivity of the slurry reaches a value determined by requirements of a given operation. In one embodiment, a valve, coupled with a density sensor and integral to a mixing pump, moves (i.e., opens or closes) and redirects the flow of the cuttings back to a buffer tank for further processing through a slurrification system. Those of ordinary skill in the art will appreciate that other apparatus and methods may be used to redirect the flow of the slurry once a predetermined concentration of cuttings in suspension, density, or conductivity has been met.
In one embodiment, the slurrification system may be substantially self-contained on a skid. A skid may be as simple as a metal fixture on which components of the slurrification system are securably attached, or in other embodiments, may include a housing, substantially enclosing the slurrification system. When the slurrification system is disposed on a skid, a drilling operation that requires a system that may benefit from increased solids content in a re-injection slurry, the slurrification system may be easily transported to the work site (e.g., a land-based rig, an off-shore rig, or a re-injection site). Those of ordinary skill in the art will appreciate that while the slurrification system may be disposed on a rig, in certain embodiments, the slurrification system may include disparate components individually provided to a work site. Thus, non-modular systems, for example those systems not including a skid, are still within the scope of the present disclosure.
Cuttings transfer systems, slurrification systems, and cuttings re-injection systems, as described above, are typically independent systems, where the systems may be located on rig permanently or may be transferred to rig from a supply boat when such operations are required. However, in embodiments disclosed herein, a system module may be located on a rig proximate cuttings storage vessels, and transfer lines may be connected therebetween to enable use of the cuttings storage vessels with tanks, pumps, grinding pumps, chemical addition devices, cleaning equipment, water supply tanks, cuttings dryers, and other components that may be used in other operations performed at a drilling location. Furthermore, embodiments of the present disclosure may be integrated to slurrification systems wherein the slurry is created in transit between collection points (i.e., at a rig or platform) and at an injection point (i.e., at a second rig, platform, or land-based drilling operations/injection site). Examples of such systems are disclosed in U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/887,449, assigned to the assignee of the present application, and hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety.
Advantageously, embodiments disclosed herein may provide for systems and methods that allow for improved environmental practices. The embodiments, as described above, may provide an advantage in meeting increasingly stringent environmental rules for offshore cuttings disposal. Moreover, the embodiments, as described above, may reduce disposal costs and encourage compliance with local regulations. In another aspect, embodiments disclosed herein may provide a highly effective separation process, therefore reducing waste disposal volumes in zero-discharge applications and lower organic loading levels on the sea floor. In still another aspect, embodiments disclosed herein may assist in meeting environmental regulations relating to dry cuttings and the removal of hydrocarbons and other damaging chemicals associated with wellbore fluids, slurries, and cutting re-injections systems known to those of ordinary skill in the art.
While the present disclosure has been described with respect to a limited number of embodiments, those skilled in the art, having benefit of this disclosure, will appreciate that other embodiments can be devised which do not depart from the scope of the disclosure as described herein. Accordingly, the scope of the invention should be limited only by the attached claims.
This Application claims the benefit of the following application under 35 U.S.C. 119(e); U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 60/938,231 filed on May 16, 2007, incorporated by reference in its entirety herein.
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 60938231 | May 2007 | US |
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Parent | 12121550 | May 2008 | US |
| Child | 13419482 | US |
