Patent Application
20130171263
The present invention relates to a composition matter that exhibits anti-cancer properties, more particularly, snake powder which was derived from pulverized dehydrated snake body of the Tzabcan “Crotalus durissus” rattlesnake.
Cancer is one of the major causes of death in the United States. The use of snakes to treat diseases has been utilized for over a decade. More particularly, there are several patents utilizing the snake venoms from various species of snakes. One example of the use of snake venom to treat cancer is described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,565,431. The snake venom is extracted to create an immune enhancer to help cure cancer through Immuno-therapy. Immuno-therapy, also called biologic therapy, uses the body's own immune system to fight cancer cells or protect the body from the side effects. Immuno-therapy relies on antibodies, which are naturally occurring proteins in the body dedicated to defending the body against invasion by foreign substances. In Immuno-therapy, the antibodies are used to attack the tumor cells directly. The present invention
Venom from different snake species contains compounds of various biological activities (1). Snake venom, is a mixture of proteins with different structures venom. Such activities include local and systemic hemorrhage (2); tissue damage and impaired muscle regeneration (3), intracranial hemorrhage (4); cardiovascular shock (5); decreased oxygen utilization by tissues and increased plasma glucose and lactate concentrations (6), disturbances in atria-ventricular conduction and reduction in amplitude and duration of action potential (6); hypotension in man (6); interaction with blood coagulation system, endothelial cells and platelets; analgesic activity(7), blood coagulation (8), proteolytic phosphodiesterase, hyaluronidase, thrombin-like or kallikrein-like, phospholipase and protease activities (9), bradykinin-potentiating activity and an angiotensin-converting enzyme (10), platelet inhibition aggregation (11), platelet coagglutinin (12). But the antitumor activity of some of these compounds is of great importance, considering the need for agents with anti-tumor effect.
There is no information (as revealed by our literature search) on the use of snake powder in the treatment of cancer in the clinic in the practice of modern medicine. However literature is replete with the use of the components of snake venom for cancer chemotherapy. Snake venom contains anti-tumor compounds. Albolabrin, eristostatin, echistatin, contortrostatin, salmosin and jararhagin are compounds obtained from snake venom with anti-tumor effect. They contain an Arg-Gly-Asp [RGD] sequence, have a high cysteine content and are of low molecular weight. The presence of an RGD sequence implies that these compounds recognize the integrin receptors(α3β1, α5β1, αvβ1, αvβ3, αvβ5, αvβ6 and αvβ8) which play a big role in tumor metastasis. Studies have shown that these compounds are antagonists on fibrinogen receptor associated with glycoprotein IIb/IIa complex and also inhibit platelet aggregation (13). Their ability to act as an antagonist make this group of compounds a potential target in drug discovery for potential anti-metastastic drugs. They inhibit adhesion of B16-F10 melanoma cells to extra-cellular matrices (fibronectin, fibrinogen, vitronectin and collagen type 1). These class of compounds are grouped into either disintegrin or metalloproteinase compounds.
A phase I clinical trial study was performed to evaluate the maximum tolerated dose, safety profile and pharmacokinetic data with VRCTC-310, a natural product derived from purified snake venom fractions, with phospholipase A2 activity and inhibitory effects against human and murine tumor cell lines. Fifteen patients with refractory malignancies were entered after providing written informed consent. Maximum tolerated dose was 0.017 mg/kg and was recommended for Phase II clinical trial studies (14). A multidisciplinary study has been carried out on the inhibitory effect of a snake venom contortrostatin (a protein) isolated from Agkistrodon contortrix (southern copperhead) venom on breast cancer progression. Contortrostatin, injected daily at 5 microgram per mouse to MDA-MB-435 tumor masses in an orthotopic xenograft nude mouse model inhibited growth of tumor by 74%. It was shown that contortrostatin is not cytotoxic to cancer cells, and does not inhibit proliferation of the breast cancer cells in vitro. Its mechanism of action is by inhibiting angiogenesis induced by breast cancer, as shown by immunohistochemical quantitation of the vascular endothelial cells in tumor tissue removed from the nude mice (15).
A snake venom disintegrin was found to inhibit human ovarian cancer dissemination and angiogenesis in an orthotopic nude mouse model (16). Rhodostomin, purified from the snake venom of Calloselasma rhodostoma was found to inhibit angiogenesis elicited by basic fibroblast growth facto and suppressed tumor growth of subcurtaneously inoculated B16F10 solid tumor, leading to a prolonged survival of the rhodostomin-treated C57BL/6 mice (17). Salmosin, a snake venom-derived compound that antagonizes platelet aggregation, was found to significantly inhibit bovine capillary endothelial cell proliferation induced by fibroblast growth factor but had no effect on normal growth of cell. Both the meatastatic-tumor growth and solid tumor growth that developed in mice were effectively suppressed by salmosin treatment (18).
Sharma et. al. (19) reported that consumption of rattlesnake capsule (desiccated rattlesnake meat formulated in hard gelatin capsules) and powders for medicinal purposes is of high prevalence among Mexican-American individuals living on the border with Mexico. The patients appeared to seek this folk remedy as a cure for a variety of maladies such cancer, acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), diabetes and diabetes, which are chronic medical illnesses (19,20). Other reports have indicated the use of snake capsules (21, 22).
However, Sarizonae Arizona (Arizona hinshawin) is commonly found in cold-blooded animals such as rattlesnakes and turtles; warm-blooded animals including mammals and birds, can also carry the infection, which typically involves the gastrointestinal and genitourinary systems (19, 23). Consequently, in a survey, 82% of 22 Mexican-American patients who were culture positive for S Arizona reported ingesting snake powder capsules. Further, in early 1987, two hospitals in Los Angels County, California, reported four cases of S. Arizona infection and all patients gave a history of ingesting rattlesnake capsules prior to onset of illness (20).
With the present invention a systematic study was done to identify various fractions, using bioactivity-guided assay, responsible for the anticancer property of snake property. From several years of research studying non-traditional methods in treating various diseases such as headaches, fever, stomach ailments, etc it was found that in Latin America the Pipiles people (descendants from the Aztecs and Mayas) are using “Cascabel” or “Rattlesnake”. From several experiments conducted, it was found that the Tzabcan “Crotalus durissus” was very effective and strong immune system enhancer. It has been used in Latin American for various diseases including cancer with possible use in diabetes, ulcers, severe burns, infections, and gangrene. The natives prepare the concoctions in several ways. They liquefied the snake and used it topically; they dried the snake and used it.
Table 1 illustrates the results of utilizing the snake powder in three persons infected with terminal cancer.
The present invention is based on the applicant's research of the practices by Latin American tribes utilizing snake methodology for healing various illnesses. It is the applicant's contention that capturing the rattlesnake in question and reducing it to a powder component, will allow it to be used for cancer treatment. The key to this concept is in using the entire body of the animal, not just the venom, which has been used in prior studies.
the applicant performed the experiment studies in two phases to determine the anti-cancer properties of snake powder:
(1) preparation of snake extract using organic and alcohol solvent; and
(2) preparation of snake extract using maceration process
the first step is the capture of a rattlesnake. The Tzabcan “Crotalus durissus” has been found to be the preferred species of rattlesnake to be used in this experiment. The head and tail of the rattlesnake is removed from the rest of the body. The remaining mid-section of the body of the rattlesnake is then baked in an oven at a temperature of at least 320 degrees. Heat is a known means of sterilization in the art and is used in this experiment to kill the bacteria in the remaining mid-section body. Thus, the remaining mid-section is baked until it is completely dehydrated. After the mid-section is fully dehydrated, it is then pulverized into a powder form. The Tzabcan “Crotalus durissus” species of the rattlesnake has shown to be the most effective against the treatment of cancer.
The applicant found evidence to show that the introduction of snake extract in a powdered form has produced some positive cellular activity associated with testing done with the extract in Ethanol, PBS, and DMSO solutions. DMSO is the organic solvent and Ethanol is an alcohol solvent. Further testing has shown that when this powdered form was administered in controlled amounts to three people with various forms of terminal cancer, marked improvement was shown over the span of three months to one and one-half years.
In this phase, the snake powder was extracted using DMSO solvent, Ethanol solvent, and PBS buffer solution and then was tested as described below:
1. Induction of cytotoxicity by snake extract in Ethanol solution (
2. Effect of snake extract on tumor cell proliferation in Ethanol solution (
3. Effect of snake extract on tumor cell apoptosis (
Snake Extract on Tumor Cell Apoptosis
In reference to
The cell lines investigated in this experiment were as follows:
Breast Carcinoma MDA-MB-231, MD-MB-468;
The snake extract was prepared by the following process:
Apoptosis has been defined as a form of programmed cell death and it plays a major role during development as a major mechanism for the precise regulation of cell numbers and as a defense mechanism to remove unwanted and potentially dangerous cells that have been infected by viruses and tumor cells. In all the cancer cell lines investigated, as shown in
Induction of Cytotoxicity by Snake Extract
In reference to
The snake extract was prepared using DMSO and ETHANOL by the following process:
The snake extract was PBS solution was prepared as follows:
The following Leukemia/Lymphoma cell lines were used in the experiment:
It is known that small amounts of enzymes are present in the blood circulation at all times. Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) is one of these enzymes. LDH catalyzes the conversion of lactate and pyruvate. Consequently, LDH represents a group of enzymes that are present in almost all metabolizing cells and about five individual isoenzymes make up the total LDH serum level. When tissue damage occurs, the LDH is released into the blood in larger quantities. In fact, the serum levels of the enzymes are often used as an aid in the diagnosis of certain diseases. Thus, the release of LDH is analyzed.
Referring to
Snake Extract on Tumor Cell Proliferation
Referring to
Camptothecin is known to be active against tumors that are normally considered chemorefractory such as colorectal and lung tumors. Camptothecin inhibits topoisomerase I, an enzyme critical to the growth of tumor cells. Further, Camptothecin can also cause single strand breaks in DNA.
Referring to
The following cell lines were utilized in the tests listed above:
From the results of the laboratory analysis utilizing the PBS solution, ethanol solution, DMSO solution on the above listed cell lines it was found that the solvents interfered with the effect of the positive benefits of the snake powder in inhibiting the growth of cancer cells for the treatment of cancer. However, even with the diminished effects brought on by the use of experimental solution mediums, the positive effects of the snake powder were not totally destroyed.
In each case analyzed in
In Vivo Study of Snake Powder
Further experiments were done utilizing laboratory rats to analyze the anti-free radical and immune function properties of the pure snake powder. An effective amount of pure snake powder was injected into the blood stream of laboratory rats. Results showed that the activity of sodium dismutase enzyme (SOD) in the erythrocytes of rats increased. The T-lymphocyte transformation in the peripheral blood of the rats increased. It was concluded that the pure snake powder has anti-free radical action and can increase immune function in experimental animals.
Further testing using the undiluted powder by three persons having various forms of terminal cancer was conducted. The results of these tests showed a significant increase in the ability of each person's immune system to naturally inhibit the growth of cancer tumor cells. The results of the tests are shown in
Referring to the first cancer patient in
In reference to the second cancer patient in
The second patient began taking the snake powder in March 2001 and continued until June 2001. After her treatment period, a blood test was taken which showed remission of her cancer. Another blood test was performed in August 2002, which again showed no cancer cells in the blood. In reference to the third cancer patient, the patient was a 34 year old male with prostate cancer identified in 1997. He was treated with chemotherapy for two years with no positive result, with continued weight loss and pain. The patient started taking the snake powder in late October 1999 until December 1999. After the treatment period, his blood test was normal, and the cancer tumor in the prostate area was eradicated. He was able to return to work.
Further experiments were done to determine the cancer growth inhibiting properties of the snake powder through the induction of cytotoxicity.
The purpose of this experiment is to determine preliminary indication for anti-cancer property in the snake powder by investigating the biological activity of the snake powder. The brine shrimp egg assay is a simple and inexpensive test for this purpose.
Powdered snake material, methanol, distilled water, dichloromethane, ethylacetate, butanol, sodium bicarbonate.
The snake extract was prepared utilizing the steps below:
20 g of pulverized dried snake powder was extracted by maceration with 200 ml of methanol at room temperature for 2 hours. The extract was filtered and concentrated in vacuo using a rotary evaporator [designated as I in table]. 0.89 g of the methanol extract was reconstituted in 50% aqueous methanol. The aqueous methanolic fraction was partitioned between hexane and water. [designated as A in table] The aqueous layer was further extracted successively with dichloromethane [designated as B], ethylacetate [designated as C] and butanol [designated as D]. The remaining aqueous layer was basified with sodium bicarbonate to pH 8 and then extracted with dichloromethane [designated as E]. Extracts A, B, C, D, E were then concentrated in vacuo. The material residue was re-extracted in methanol overnight, filtered and concentrated in vacuo [designated as IB]
3.5 g of pulverized dried material was extracted by maceration with 35 ml distilled water at room temperature for 2 hrs. The extract was filtered, centrifuged and dried by lypholization [designated as II]. The material residue, was re-extracted in water overnight, filtered, centrifuged and lyophilized [designated as IIB]
These extracts were stored in the refrigerator.
AIM-3 Bioassay studies were conducted on the partitioned extracts.
The eggs of brine shrimp, Airtime salina (Leach), are used in monitoring bioactive compounds. The eggs are readily available in pet shops at low cost and remain viable for years in the dry state. The brine shrimp assay has advantages of being rapid (24 hrs), inexpensive, and simple. No aseptic techniques are required. It easily utilizes a large number of organisms for statistical validation and requires no special equipment and a relatively small amount of sample. Furthermore, it does not require animal serum as is needed for cytotoxicities.
Artemia salina eggs, methylsulphoxide, distilled water
The assay was carried out with Artemia salina eggs. 50 mg of Artemia salina eggs in a beaker containing sea salt (6 g), yeast (0.9 mg) and distilled water (150 ml) were incubated at 27-28° C. for 24 hrs. The newly hatched nauplii were concentrated. From this volume, aliquots of 50 μl (approximately 18-20 nauplii) were pipette directly into a 24 well plates containing sea water (sw), −ve control (DMSO+sw), +ve control (emetine) or different concentrations of extracts (62.5-500 μg/ml). Assay was carried out in triplicate. The plates were sealed and incubated at 27-28° C. for 24 h. At the end of the 24-h incubation period, the content of each well was pipette into a watch glass individually. Survival was assessed by scoring the number of dead nauplii using a microscope. Once counts of dead nauplii had been taken, 0.5 ml of methanol was added to kill all remaining nauplii. The contents of each well were then recorded and result tabulated as (X/Y; where X=number dead and Y=number of dead and alive).
Cytotoxicity was observed at high concentration for all extracts of the snake powder. In the order of activity, hexane extract was the most active followed by the water extract. The activity of extracts E, F, G and H increased with concentration, while extract D showed a decrease in activity with increase in concentration.
The Objective of this Experiment is to Screen a Crude Aqueous Snake Extract on Human HL-60 Leukemia (CCL240) Cell Lines.
In vitro cell viability was measured using the tetrazolium dye (MTT) assay.
Doxorubicin powder and MTT were purchased from Sigma Inc, Methyl sulfoxide was obtained from Aldrich, and Sodium dodecyl sulfate was obtained from Chemika, USA. Phosphate buffer saline [PBS] was obtained from Invitrogen, Iscove's modified Dulbecco's medium was obtained from ATCC. The freeze-dried aqueous extract of a snake material was prepared in this laboratory as stated in
Stock solution of the aqueous snake extract (water extract freeze dried as prepared above in paragraph 51) of 2 mg/ml and Doxorubicin of 125 μg/ml were dissolved in pre-warmed PBS [37° C.] and made up to required concentration with culture medium. Working solution of the aqueous snake extract was 1000, 500, 250, and 125 μg/ml and doxorubicin 15.65, 31.25, 62.5, and 125 μg/ml were taken from the stock solution by adjusting the volume of the multichannel pipette.
MTT Assay of [5 mg/ml] was prepared in PBS. The pH was adjusted to between 6.0-6.4 with 0.1M HCl. Sodium dodecyl sulfate (10%) was prepared in methyl sulfoxide
Human Leukemia [HL-60] cell lines [CCL 240] was obtained from ATCC [USA]. The cell lines were grown in Isovec's Modified Dulbecco's Medium with 20% heat inactivated fetal calf serum, 1-% penicillin/streptomycin. Cells were incubated in a humidified atmosphere of 5% CO2/95% air at densities that promoted exponential proliferation
In vitro cell viability was measured using the tetrazolium dye (MTT) assay. 100 μl of ATCC 240 Human leukemia cell line containing 160 cells were seeded in 96-multiwell plates and pre-cultured for 24 hours before drug treatment. Various concentrations of crude extract [125-1000 μg/ml] and doxorubicin [15.65-125 μg/ml] were added to different wells in sixplicates. After 72 hours of incubation, 20 μl of MTT solution (5 mg/ml) was added to each well and plates were incubated at 37° C. for 4 hours. 25 μl of 10% SDS in methylsulfoxide was added to each well to solubilized any MTT product formed with viable cells. Absorbance was measured using an automated microplate reader at a wavelength of 560 nm each representing the average of six wells. To investigate if the color of doxorubicin, interferes with absorption, four controls were set up [control 1-200 μl of isovec's solution; control 2-100 μl of doxorubicin+100 μl PBS; control 3-200 μl of doxorubicin solution; control 4-100 μl of cell culture+100 of culture medium]. The cell survival was expressed as a percentage of the control 4. The experiments were repeated four times.
A MTT assay for anticancer activity of the aqueous extract of the snake powder on PC-3 prostate cancer cells was observed after 72 Hours as shown in
B MTT assay for anticancer activity of the methanol extract of the snake powder on PC-3 prostate cancer cells was observed after 72 hours as shown in
C MTT assay for anticancer activity of the aqueous extract of the snake powder on Human HI-60 Leukemia Cell Lines [Crl 2258] was observed after 72 Hours as shown in
From our results, we may conclude that the mechanism underlying the antitumor activity of the aqueous snake extract is not by direct cytototoxic effect. In support of this our reasoning, is our previous result on the brine shrimp lethality tests, where the aqueous snake extract, did not show any toxicity on the brine shrimp cells.
Conclusion: In vitro cell viability, as measured by the tetrazolium dye (MTT) assay, indicates that the extracts have anticancer property at high concentrations as indicated in
In conclusion, from the above experiments, it is applicant contention that the ingredients in the snake powder enhance the immune system to prevent the cancer cells from growing and allowing the natural mechanisms of body system (i.e. the white blood cell), to attack and to kill the cancer cells.
This is a continuation in part of Ser. No. 11/336,631
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Parent | 11336631 | Jan 2006 | US |
| Child | 13367303 | US |
