Patent Application
20170260360
Today for packaging applications petroleum based plastics like polyolefines, styrenic polymers, polyethylene terephtalate, polybutylene terephtalate and polyvinyl chloride are widely used. Depending on the application, chosen types of polymers have benefits in terms of costs or technical properties like impact strength, process ability, gas barrier function and others.
However, discussions about natural resources and global warming let raw materials that are non petroleum-sourced and biodegradable get more and more into the focus of packaging industry. Those biosourced and more sustainable materials appear to be an alternative to conventional materials for packaging.
In the past compared to petroleum-based plastics different drawbacks like costs, availability and technical limitations did avoid bioplastics from having a higher acceptance in the plastic industry. The added value of sustainabilty could not compensate disadvantages for plastics converters. Especially for sophisticated applications like film extrusion and thermoforming the available alternatives were not sufficient.
Due to risen availability and, compared to other non-oil-based polymers, technical properties like good impact strength, polylactic acid (PLA) has become an alternative in packing applications and tends to substitute polymers like polystyrene and polyethylene. PLA has some properties, which are comparable to these polymers like transparency and low migration tendency. Potential applications for PLA-Packaging are often those that have challenging manufacturing processes like thermoforming of extruded sheets. Cracks through the article, scratches on the surface and troubles during processing of the material can be the result.
To prevent thermoplastics from damaging, polymer modifiers are widely used to ensure impact modification and reduce brittleness. These modifiers are often thermoplastic or non-thermoplastic elastomers (plastomers) or core-shell modifiers. These consist of an elastomeric core and an acrylic shell. Conventional food packages, for example for beverages, yogurt or curd, are often thermoformed, extruded sheets to produce containers, such as cups and beakers. These containers, often made from PS and PET, can be comprised in groups of several attached containers (also referred to as “multipacks”), segmented with a notch or a precut line to have a predetermined breaking point. This breaking point ensures a breaking of the segment with the right angle and force and without splinters or cuts in the direction of the container such as a cup. This behavior shall hereinafter be called “snap ability”. In other embodiments the container is a single container with edges corresponding to a full cut line.
Containers such as cups made from polystyrene do hardly need an impact modifier for the application of thermoformed and precut containers as cups. Their snap ability can be controlled by the depth of the notch without creating any damage to the beaker.
Containers, such as cups, made from PLA tend to be too brittle and edges after cutting or separating along a precut line are not clean: crazes are formed at borders, and/or there are breaks in directions perpendicular to precut lines. There is a need for articles allowing clear and straight edges upon cutting and/or precutting. There is as well a need for articles allowing good snap ability.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,908,918 A claims the use of degradable impact modifier and a degradable plasticizer providing good impact modification and flexibility of packaging films while maintaining biodegradability of the composition. However, such formulation does not provide the desired haze level and tests have shown that snap ability is not corresponding with a high level of impact modification. In some embodiments epoxidized soybean oil is used as plasticizer, in amounts of at least 5% by weight.
In WO-2008051443 A1 polylactide resins are blended with acrylic core-shell rubber particles to give a good impact strength and transparency. This is achieved with the right dispersion of the particles that have a certain Tg and refractive index. However, these compositions are widely known for its efficiency but are not bio sourced and can spoil degradability. There is however a need for additives that are more efficient than core-shell compounds.
US-20110082224 A1 also claims application of core-shell impact modifiers with an average particle size of greater that 250 nm to biodegradable polyester. The modified biodegradable polyester has good impact properties. In some application more transparency is however needed. There is a need for additives that are more efficient than core-shell compounds.
In CN-103146160 A a method is disclosed to copolymerize a biodegradable polyester. These copolymers are however complex and expensive compounds. There is a need to have a cheap and practicable way to modify the commercially available biodegradable polyester preferably with a masterbatch that contains an additive providing the mandatory properties like transparency and snap ability modification.
CN-102321287 B contents the manufacturing process and composition of a biodegradable polyethylene film obtained by mixing with polyethylene,10 to 30% by weight of polylactic acid, at least 3% by weight of epoxy vegetable oil and a compatibilizer. This so described film with a thickness of 50-100 μm does not only have a biodegradability but shows also good tensile strength and impact modification.
Document U.S. Pat. No. 5,798,435 discloses copolymers obtained by copolymerization of lactic acid and epoxidized oils. There is a need of material that do not necessitate such copolymerizations. Meanwhile the document discloses on example 17 and 18 compositions comprising 0.2% or 0.5% of epoxidized soybean oil blended in polylactic acid. These composition are tested viscosity and for extrusion sticking in injection molding. Monolayer or multilayer articles are however not considered for these compositions, and potential properties thereof are not suggested.
Document WO-2014/067923 describes multilayer articles based on PLA, comprising core/shell polymers impact modifiers. The articles show a good snap ability with amounts of impact modifiers such as 1% by weight. Core/shell polymers are however expensive and are not biobased. There is a need for additives that are more efficient (providing an increased effect at similar concentration and/or an equivalent effect at lower concentration). Meanwhile core/shell polymeric impact modifiers result in opaque articles. There is a need for articles that can be transparent.
There is a need for compounds and articles addressing at least one of the needs or problems mentioned above. Furthermore, there is a need in providing an additive which is biobased allowing a good snap ability in polylactic acid sheets.
Customary impact modifiers that are used with a concentration where they provide a minimum of impact modifying effect often lead to a non breaking behavior and too soft sheets.
Furthermore a modifier is needed that still provides transparency and is biobased.
The present invention relates to an article comprising a monolayer or multilayer thermoplastic material, said material comprises
the weight percentages being relative to total weight of the monolayer or multilayer thermoplastic material and adding up to 100%.
The present invention further relates to an article comprising a monolayer or multilayer thermoplastic material, said material consisting of, or essentially consisting of:
the weight percentages being relative to total weight of the monolayer or multilayer thermoplastic material and adding up to 100%.
Expediently, the further additives, if present, are present in amounts of from 0.01 to 60.00%, preferably from 0.1 to 40.00%, more preferably 0.25 to 30.00% by weight, based on the total weight (100%) of the monolayer or multilayer thermoplastic material.
In the present application a non-foamed polylactic acid (PLA) material refers to polylactic acid substantially depleted of gas inclusions, either directly in the PLA or in microspheres embedded in the PLA. Non-foamed PLA has typically a density of higher than 1.2. Non-foamed PLA is also referred to as “compact PLA”.
In the present application a foamed polylactic acid (PLA) material refers to polylactic acid comprising gas inclusions, preferably directly in the PLA, typically as opposed to gas inclusions in microspheres embedded in the PLA. Foamed PLA has typically a density of up to 1.2, preferably of at less than 1.2, preferably of up to 1.1.
In the present application “additives” refer to products that can be added to polylactic acid or other thermoplastic materials.
In the present application the “total stretch ratio” refers to the ratio between the surface of the article opening, corresponding to the thermoforming area of a sheet, and the surface of the developed thermoformed part, corresponding to the surface of the plastic in contact with a mold.
In the present application the “local stretch ratio” or “local draw ratio” refers to the stretch ratio at a local zone of the thermoformed part. The local stretch ratio can be estimated by dividing the local thickness in the thermoformed part by the initial thickness before thermoforming. Non thermoformed parts, such as flanges, typically have this initial thickness.
In the present application snap ability (or snapability) refers to the ability of a part of the article to be divisible along a precut line or notch under flexural solicitation. A particular good snap ability for example allows a break along a precut line or along a notch in not more than two flexural solicitations, preferably in one flexural solicitation, wherein the precut line or the notch has a minimum (precut) depth of less than 75%, preferably less than 65%, of the total thickness of the sheet containing the notch or the precut line.
It was found that naturally sourced, epoxidized oils, preferably epoxidized vegetable oils, when used as a modifier in thermoformed PLA-sheets, provide a favorable snap ability as defined before and a high transparency.
In one aspect, the present invention relates to the use of an epoxidized vegetable oil as a snap ability modifier in optionally thermoformed polylactic acid sheets.
Polylactic Acid (PLA) is a thermoplastic polymer made from renewable resources. It has a significant biodegradability. PLA plastic sheets are often used to make thermoformed containers.
PLA is known to exist in several distinct forms due to the chiral nature of its monomer unit lactic acid. PLA as used herein includes the homopolymer poly(L-lactic acid) wherein the structural unit of lactic acid is L-lactic acid, the homopolymer poly(D-lactic acid) wherein the structural unit of lactic acid is 0-lactic acid, poly(DL-lactic acid) wherein the structural unit of lactic acid is a mixture of L-lactic acid and 0-lactic acid in varying ratios.
In the present invention PLA may be obtained by any method known in the art. Typically used methods include ring-opening polymerisation of lactide monomers, direct polycondensation of lactic acid and dehydration condensation of lactic acid.
The weight average molecular weight of the polylactic acid preferably ranges from about 50,000 to 500,000 daltons, more preferably from 100,000 to 300,000 daltons.
Vegetable oils are commonly defined as esters from glycerol, so called triglycerides, extracted from a plant or plant seeds. The triglycerides can derive from saturated or unsaturated fatty acids esters with a chain length from C6 to C22. Epoxidized vegetable oils in the sense of the present invention are for example epoxidized soybean oil (ESBO), epoxidized methyl soyate MSO, epoxidized linseed oil, epoxidized tall oil, epoxidized peanut oil, epoxidized castor oil, epoxidized coconut oil, epoxidized palm oil, epoxidized corn oil, epoxidized safflower oil, or a mixture thereof. The most preferred vegetable epoxidized oil is ESBO. ESBO can be manufactured from soybean oil, which is extracted from the seeds of the soybean.
In the sense of the present invention epoxidized vegetable oils refer to compounds that are not copolymerized with lactic acid. Furthermore, in the monolayer or multilayer thermoplastic material of the present invention polylactic acid and the epoxidized vegetable oil is a blend and not copolymerized with each other.
The epoxidized vegetable oil is typically used in an amount which yields to good snap ability, impact strength and/or transparency. Preferably, the amount of the epoxidized vegetable oils for use as snap ability modifier in optionally thermoformed polylactic acid sheets is between 0.05 to 4.90% by weight, preferably 0.10 to 2.90% by weight, more preferably 0.15 to 2.00% by weight, even more preferably 0.20 to 1.00% by weight, most preferably 0.25 to 0.75% by weight, relative to the total weight of the optionally thermoformed polylactic acid sheet.
The epoxidized vegetable oil can be in the form of a masterbatch, wherein it is dispersed in a polymeric matrix, typically a thermoplastic matrix, for example PLA, or a polymer of ethylenically unsaturated monomers, such as an ethylene vinyl acetate copolymer. The matrix does not qualify herein as an additive. Such masterbatches can comprise for example from 5% to 90% by weight of polymeric matrix, preferably from 10% to 60%. Such masterbatches can comprise further additives, for example additives detailed below. In a particular embodiment the masterbatch, beyond the matrix and the naturally sourced epoxidized oil is free from further additives and/or fillers.
In a specific embodiment, the material comprises, or consists of, or essentially consists of:
the weight percentages being relative to total weight of the monolayer or multilayer thermoplastic material and adding up to 100%.
In a preferred embodiment, the invention relates to a multilayer article, comprising (A) at least one layer of non-foamed polylactic acid and (B) at least one layer of foamed polylactic acid, wherein either (A), or (B), or (A) and (B) contain an epoxidized vegetable oil, preferably in amounts of from 0.05 to 4.90% by weight, preferably 0.10 to 2.90% by weight, more preferably 0.15 to 2.00% by weight, even more preferably 0.20 to 1.00% by weight, most preferably 0.25 to 0.75% by weight, relative to the weight of the layer or layers containing said epoxidized vegetable oil.
In the present application, the foamed layers can be foamed by foaming agents, preferably endothermic foaming additives also called blowing agents. Suitable blowing agents are those which are commonly known, for example, azodicarbonamides, nitroso compounds, hydrazides and citric acid and citric acid derivatives, their salts and esters, sodium bicarbonate or mixtures thereof in use. Most commonly so called modified azodicarbonamide are used which are azodicarbonamides in conjunction with kickers, such as ZnO, zinc stearate. Also possible are combinations with organic substances such as acids and bases.
Expediently, the foaming agents, if used, are employed in amounts of from 0.1 to 3%, preferably from 0.25 to 2.5%, by weight relative to the total weight of the foamed layer.
It is mentioned that the polylactic acid material may comprise cross-linking agents, typically added after polymerization, such as peroxides. In a most preferred embodiment the polylactic acid material does not contain such cross-linking agents. It has been surprisingly found that such cross-linking agents are useless.
The additives can be added in the form of masterbatches, wherein the additive is dispersed in a polymer matrix, for example PLA or a polymer of ethylenically unsaturated monomers, such as an ethylene vinyl acetate copolymer.
The article, comprising foamed and non-foamed layers, can be in the form of a sheet or a film. It has typically a thickness e. It has typically two other dimensions such as a length I and a broadness b. Typically both other dimensions I and b are at least 10 times, preferably at least 100 times the thickness. The plastic sheet or film can typically have a thickness of from 0.1 mm to 5 mm, preferably 0.5 mm to 2 mm, preferably from 0.6 mm to 1 mm. Examples of thicknesses are 0.5 mm, or 0.7 mm, or 0.8 mm, or 0.9 mm, or 1 mm. The broadness can be typically of from 20 cm to 200 cm. The length can be of at least 200 cm. The plastic sheets can be presented as rolls.
In another embodiment, the article comprises a thermoformed part.
The article can comprise mono-or multilayers. It can consist of 2 or 3 layers. It can be for example a two-layer material (layer A)-(layer B). It can be a three-layer material (layer A)-(layer B)-(layer C). It can be a three-layer material (first layer A)-(layer B)-(second layer A). First layer A and second layer A can be identical or different. They are preferably identical. The article preferably comprises at least 19% by weight, preferably at least 38% by weight of layer B.
The amounts of the layers by thickness along the article thickness can correspond to the following profile:
the total being 100% of the thickness.
In a preferred embodiment the amounts of the layers by distance along the article thickness can correspond to the following thickness profile:
the total being 100% of the thickness.
The amounts of the layers by weight of the layers can be as follows:
the total being 100% by weight.
In a preferred embodiment the amounts by weight is as follows:
the total being 100% by weight.
In a preferred embodiment the foamed polylactic acid material has a density of from 0.5 to 1.2, preferably from 0.75 to 1.1. The foaming additive and the amount thereof can be selected thereto. In a preferred embodiment the foamed polylactic acid material comprises from 0.1 to 5% by weight, preferably from 1% to 4% of expanded microspheres. In a preferred embodiment the article (including all the layers) has a density of from 0.75 to 1.2, preferably from 0.75 to lower than 1.2 or to lower than 1.0.
The thermoformed part preferably has a stretch ratio of at least 2.5, preferably at least 3, preferably at least 4, preferably at least 5. The article can comprise a part that has not undergone any stretch, said part being considered herein as a non-thermoformed part. The article can be typically obtained by thermoforming a plastic sheet in the material.
The thermoforming is a process known by the one skilled in the art. It typically comprises stretching under heating a plastic material such as a sheet, typically by applying in a mold cavity mechanical means such as plugs and/or by aspiration. The mechanical means can optionally be enhanced by applying a gas under pressure.
The thermoformed part of the article can have a thickness varying in a range of from 50 μm to 2 mm, preferably from 60 μm to 800 μm, preferably from 70 μm to 400 μm.
The material and process finds particular interest in articles presenting at least one or several of the following features as shown in
It is mentioned that articles having a lower portion that is not covered by a banderole and are particularly challenging articles as to manufacture, homogeneity and/or mechanical properties, where the use of the mineral filler find a particular interest.
As shown in
The article can be thermoformed from a sheet having for example a thickness of higher than 300 μm, preferably at least, 500 μm, preferably at least 750 μml, preferably from 750 to 1500 μm. The flange, if present in the article, typically has such a thickness.
Referring to
Here, the container 1 comprises a generally planar annular flange 10 integral with the body 2 and connected to the top of the body 2. The flange 10 radially extends between an inner edge that defines the opening 8 and an outer edge that defines the perimeter of the flange 10. The side wall 2a of the body 2 has a generally cylindrical upper portion 12 directly connected to the flange 10 and a lower portion 13 tapering from the upper portion 12 toward the bottom 3, in a curved manner as clearly apparent in the
It can be seen that the upper portion 12 and the lower portion 13 intersect and interconnect at a peripheral intersection line that is here circular. Between the substantially circular junction with the flange 10 and the also substantially circular peripheral intersection line, the upper area A defines a generally cylindrical surface for receiving the banderole 18. The banderole 18 may be added by an in-mold labelling method or the like. A small step or shoulder appropriate for maintaining the decorative strip can be present or absent on the side wall 2a at the peripheral intersection line. Such a step does not protrude more than about 0.5 mm from the cylindrical surface defined by the upper portion 12.
The peripheral intersection line is spaced and at a substantially constant distance from the planar bottom 3 as apparent in
It can be appreciated that the height H of the container 1 is larger than the larger size of the hollow body 2. Preferably, the height h2 of the upper portion 12 is not significantly larger than the outer diameter D of the cylindrical upper portion 12 and may be inferior to this outer diameter D as in the examples of
Accordingly, the body 2 is higher than wide essentially because of the significant height h1 of the lower portion 13. As this height h1 is significant and for instance comprised between 14 and 24 mm (the height H being for instance not superior to about 65 or 75 mm), the rounded aspect near the bottom 3 is clearly apparent. The lower portion 13 is here continuously rounded from the bottom 3 as far as the peripheral intersection line.
Referring to
The height h2 of the upper portion 12 (of course the height h2 is obtained with h2=H−h1), which is here constant, may represent a fraction of the height H at least equal to 0.6 and not superior to 0.86. The height h1 of the lower portion 13 is thus inferior to a fraction of about ⅖ of the height H. The ratio h1/H may thus be comprised between 0.14 and 0.4. A ratio h2/H comprised between 2:3 and 4:5 and preferably inferior or equal to 3:4 may be chosen. As a result, the rounding of the lower portion 13 is obtained with a soft transition, i.e. with a large radius of curvature R as shown in
In food packaging industry, the plastic containers 1 can be stacked on top of one another so as to form stacks which can be layered on a pallet. A loading weight on a pallet may be much more than 500 kg. Such stacks allow the packaging items at the bottom to withstand the compressive load of the packaging items on top. Accordingly, it is of great interest that the uncovered lower portion 13 (not strengthened in any manner) may withstand high compression. Advantageously, the section of the lower portion 13 is circular as apparent in the top of
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The article can be a container, for example a container 1 used as a dairy product container, like a yogurt cup. The invention also concerns the container 1 filled with a food or non-food product, preferably a dairy product, preferably a milk-based (milk being an animal milk or a vegetal milk substitute such as soy milk or rice milk) product, preferably a fermented dairy product, for example a yogurt. The container 1 can have a yogurt cup shape, for example with a square cross section or a square with rounded corners cross section, or round cross section. The container 1 can have a tapered bottom, preferably a tapered rounded bottom. The container 1 has walls (perpendicular to the cross section), typically a tubular side wall 2a, that can be provided with elements such as stickers or banderoles 18. Elements such as banderoles 18 can contribute to re-enforcing the mechanical resistance of the container.
The container 1 filled with a food or non-food product may comprise a closure element to seal the opening 8. A flange 10 defines a support surface for attachment of the closure element to the containing part of the container 1. The closure element remains above and at a distance from the side wall 2a. A membrane seal or thin foil, optionally suitable for food contact, may form the closure element. When the container 1 is provided with a flange 10, the closure element may have the same general cut as the flange.
The container 1 can be for example a container of 50 ml (or 50 g), to 1 L (or 1 kg), for example a container of 50 ml (or 50 g) to 80 ml (or 80 g), or 80 ml (or 80 g) to 100 ml (or 100g), or 100 ml (or 100 g) to 125 ml (or 125 g), or 125 ml (or 125 g) to 150 ml (or 150 g), or 150 ml (or 150 g) to 200 ml (or 200 g), or 200 ml (or 200 g) to 250 ml (or 250 g), or 250 ml (or 250 g) to 300 ml (or 300 g), or 300 ml (or 300 g) to 500 ml (or 500 g), or 500 ml (or 500 g) to 750 ml (or 750 g), or 750 ml (or 750 g) to 1 L (or 1kg).
The invention further relates to a process for manufacturing an article as described before, comprising the steps of mixing polylactic acid, epoxidized vegetable oil and optionally the further additives in an extruder under heating to a temperature of 150 to 250° C. and extruding or co-extruding the mixture.
Thethermoplastic material can be prepared before forming the monolayer or multilayer article or during the formation of the article. Thermoplastic materials, such as PLA, can be introduced in the form of powder, pellets or granules.
If one layer contains a mixture of several ingredients, these ingredients can be mixed upon forming the article, typically in an extruder. One can implement masterbatches of additives to be mixed with a thermoplastic material. In another embodiment one can use pre-mixed compounds typically in the form of powder, pellets or granules. Useful processes typically include a step of mixing polylactic acid, several ingredients and foaming agents, and a step of heating to activate the foaming agent. The heating temperature can be for example of from 150° C. to 250° C., preferably from 150° C. to 200° C. Heating can be performed during the mixing step or in a further step. Mixing and/or heating can be performed in an extruder, in an extrusion step. In a preferred embodiment of forming a multilayer thermoplastic material the layers are co-extruded, typically from respective material flows in a molten form. Co-extrusion processes are known in the art. These processes typically involve extruding separate flows through separated side by side dies. Beyond the dies the flows merge and form at least one interface. There is one interface for two-layer articles and two interfaces for three-layer articles. The materials are then cooled to form a solid article. One can implement appropriate treatments after the co-extrusion in order to obtain the desired product, for example a sheet or a film. Treatment steps are for example press treatments, calendering, or stretching. Parameters of these treatment steps such as temperatures, pressure, speed, number of treatments can be adapted to obtain the desired product, for example a sheet. In one embodiment the article is a sheet prepared by a process involving co-extruding and calendering.
In one embodiment the article is a thermoformed container obtained from a plastic sheet. The thermoformed article is preferably obtained by:
Thermoforming is a known operation. One can thermoform the sheet so as to obtain the final product of the desired shape. It is mentioned that some stretching occurs upon thermoforming. Thermoforming may be for example performed thanks to a Form Fill Seal (FFS) thermoforming line. The thermoforming can comprise the following steps:
In a Form Fill Seal thermoforming line, one typically performs the following steps after the thermoforming:
Further details or advantages of the invention might appear in the following non limitative examples.
The examples are implemented with using the following materials. Percentages mean percent by weight unless indicated otherwise.
lngeo® 2003D marketed by NatureWorks—Polylactic acid comprising 96.3% of L-Lactide units and 3.7% of D-Lactide units.
Merginat ESBO marketed by HOBUM Oleochemicals GmbH.
Masterbatch of 75% by weight of PLA and 25% of ESBO.
Masterbatch of 50% by weight of PLA and 50% of Biostrength® 150 (core shell additive based on acrylate and methacrylate copolymer)
Masterbatch of 80% by weight of PLA and 20% of citric acid
Various mono-layer PLA plastic sheets are prepared according to the procedure below.
The materials (PLA and MB1 or MB2) are extruded with a Fairex® extruder having an internal diameter of 45 mm and a 24D length. The temperature along the screw is between 180 and 200° C. The molten PLA is extruded through a die with temperature between 185 and 195° C. to produce a compact sheet. The sheet is then calendered on 3 rolls having a temperature of about 40° C. to control the sheet thickness.
Sheet thickness: 0.75 mm.
Three-layer PLA expanded plastic sheets are prepared according to the following procedure.
The multilayer structure having one internal foamed PLA layer and two external compact PLA layers is produced by co-extrusion.
The materials (PLA, CFA and MB1 or MB2) of the internal foamed PLA layer are extruded with a Fairex extruder having an internal diameter of 45 mm and a 24D length. With CFA, the temperature profile along the screw is comprised between 165 and 230° C.
The materials (PLA and MB1 or MB2) of the two external compact layers are extruded with one Scannex® extruder having an internal diameter of 30 mm and a 26D length. The obtained molten plastic material is then separated in two different flows in the feedblock to form the two external compact layers. The temperature along the screw is between 165 and 195° C. Behind the extruders, the different material flows are fed into feedblock channels through different passages separated by two thin planes (die). At the end of the separation planes, the three flows merge and form two interfaces, and the sheet is extruded through a die with a temperature of between 185 and 195° C. The sheet is then calendered on 3 rolls having a temperature of about 40° C. The pressure between the first and second calendar roll is maintained to zero to stabilize the foam structure and to avoid any collapsing of the expanded structure.
Sheet thickness: 0.95 mm.
The compact plastic sheets are thermoformed into yogurt cups according to the procedure below. The cups are then analyzed and evaluated.
The sheet is introduced into a F.F.S. thermoforming line and is then thermoformed in 125 g cups with the following parameters:
The yogurt cups are arranged in a pack of 4 attached cups in two rows (the pack being also referred to as a “multipack”) and are cut into ×4 attached cups (referred to as “multipack”), with a precut line or similar junction between each pair of adjacent cups amongst the four cups. The precut lines are performed on the F.F.S. (Form Fill Seal) equipment.
The foamed plastic sheets of are thermoformed into yogurt cups according to the procedure below. The cups are then analyzed and evaluated.
The sheet is introduced into a F.F.S. thermoforming line and is then thermoformed in 125 g cups with the following parameters:
The yogurt cups are arranged in a pack 14 of 4 attached cups in two rows (the pack being also referred to as a “multipack”) and are cut into ×4 attached cups (referred to as “multipack”), with a precut line 15 or similar junction between each pair of adjacent cups amongst the four cups, as in the example shown in
The precut lines 15 are performed on the F.F.S. (Form Fill Seal) equipment.
PLA Compact sheet structure (thickness in each sheet: 0.75 mm)
98.0% PLA+2.0% MB1 (0.5% ESBO)
98.0% PLA+2.0% MB2 (Comparative) % Biostrength 150)
The snap ability is determined by hand measurements with a marking scale that represents the ability of the cups to be separated under flexural solicitation:
Then, the snapability is compared to the precut depth to determine the minimum precut depth required to obtain a good snapability.
A precut depth of at least 58-63% is needed to obtain a good snapability.
A precut depth of at least about 50-55% is needed to obtain a good snapability.
Conclusion: The precut depths needed to obtain a good snapability are considered as substantially equivalent for example 1.1 and comparative example 1.2, with however an amount of additive divided by two (0.5% ESBO in example 1.1, 1% Biostrength® 150 in comparative example 1.2). Equivalent tests show that using Biostrength® 150 at 0.5% does not lead to good snapability (whatever the precut depth is).
A precut depth of at least 35-40% is needed to obtain a good snapability.
A precut depth of at least 40-45% is needed to obtain a good snapability.
98.0% PLA+2.0% MB1
98.0% PLA+2.0% MB2
100% PLA
Impact strength was measured by the method of notched Izod. The specimens for measuring Notched Izod have been injection moulded on Injection moulding machine Arburg Alrounder 320 M Golden Edition to produce testing specimens for measuring according to EN ISO 179-1/1eA.
Surprisingly it was found that no enhancement in terms of impact strength is observed with ESBO (contrary to Biostrength 150), but ESBO helps to better manage the snap ability.
PLA Compact sheet structure (thickness in each sheet 0.75 mm)
98.0% PLA+2.0% MB2 (Comparative) % Biostrength 150)
98.0% PLA+2.0% MB1 (0.5% ESBO)
The Haze-level is determined in allignment to standard ASTM D 1003.
The measurements were performed with a Minolta Spektrophotometer CM-3600d that geometries conform to the requirements of ASTM D 1003 Section 8:
Procedure B Spectrophotometer. The software used to determine haze-levels was Spectra Magic.
The standard utilizes two different CIE standard illuminants: Sources A (typical, domestic, tungsten-filament lighting) and C (average day light). Both were used.
The above shown examples prove that the ESBO (MB1) has a specific performance for the mentioned application. Even though it has no proven function as an impact modifier, it delivers a substantially equivalent snapability performance as a core/shell impact modifier but with twice less amount of additive and much better transparency.
| Number | Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| 14003129.5 | Sep 2014 | EP | regional |
| Filing Document | Filing Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| PCT/EP2015/070076 | 9/2/2015 | WO | 00 |
