Patent Application
20200277525
The invention is in the field of microbiology, particularly the use of inorganic compounds to regulate bacterial growth and activity.
Formation of hydrogen sulfide (H2S), a process commonly referred to as souring, results from the growth and activity of sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB) and sulfate reducing archaea (SRA), collectively referred to as sulfate-reducing microorganisms (SRM). SRM anaerobically respire sulfate to sulfide as part of their energy metabolism. Souring is a common problem in the petroleum industry, in reservoirs and in surface processing facilities of oil production operations, under low- and high-temperature as well as saline or fresh water conditions. Depending on the pH, sulfide may be present as H2S in all three phases or as HS− and as S2− in the aqueous phase (Gieg et al., 2011). Souring must generally be controlled due to the increased risk to health and safety, deterioration of oil and gas quality, and biocorrosion of pipelines and steel infrastructure (Hubert et al., 2005; Tang et al., 2009; Vance and Thrasher, 2005). Souring is commonly controlled by the application of biocide or nitrate (Bødtker et al., 2008; Xue and Voordouw, 2015). Biocides, such as benzalkonium chloride (BAC), glutaraldehyde (Glut), bronopol, formaldehyde, cocodiamine (Coco), and tetrakishydroxymethyl phosphonium sulfate (THPS) are organic chemicals commonly applied to injection waters and production facilities to kill SRM and other microorganisms (Vance and Thrasher, 2005; Xue and Voordouw, 2015). Nitrate application enriches nitrate-reducing bacteria (NRB), which inhibit SRB by outcompeting for electron donors, increasing the redox potential, or producing nitrite which is an inhibitor of dissimilatory sulfite reductase (Dsr) responsible for reduction of sulfite to sulfide (Bødtker et al., 2008; Voordouw et al., 2009; Xue and Voordouw, 2015).
The application of biocides has several drawbacks including environmental concerns from non-target toxicity, and economics of application (Fraise, 2002; Telang et al., 1998; Whitham and Gilbert, 1993). Other problems are the need for high concentrations (slugs) and frequent (e.g. weekly) treatments, especially when dealing with biofilms (Kjellerup et al., 2005; Vance and Thrasher, 2005). Some biocides react with sulfide in reservoirs in a manner, which compromises their efficacy. Therefore, the choice of biocide and the optimal dosing strategy are important in the oil industry to maximize efficient control of souring.
Sodium nitroprusside (SNP; Na2[Fe(CN)5NO].2H2O) has been widely used as a vasodilating drug for treatment of pulmonary hypertension (Koslyk et al., 2015; Lim and Zaphiriou, 2016). A bactericidal effect of SNP has been reported for Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Clostridium sporogenes, and Bacillus subtilis (Barraud et al., 2006; Joannou et al., 1998; Moore et al., 2004). In studies of its physiological importance as a vasodilating drug, SNP has been reported to react with H2S biosynthesized in mammals during enzymatic metabolism of sulfhydryl proteins (Quiroga et al., 2011).
In the context of the present application, various terms are used in accordance with what is understood to be the ordinary meaning of those terms. For example, “petroleum” is a naturally occurring mixture consisting predominantly of hydrocarbons in the gaseous, liquid or solid phase. In the context of the present application, the words “petroleum” and “hydrocarbon” are used to refer to mixtures of widely varying composition. The production of petroleum from a reservoir necessarily involves the production of hydrocarbons, but is not limited to hydrocarbon production. Similarly, processes that produce hydrocarbons from a well will generally also produce components of petroleum fluids that are not hydrocarbons. In accordance with this usage, a process for producing petroleum or hydrocarbons is not necessarily a process that produces exclusively petroleum or hydrocarbons, respectively. “Fluids”, such as petroleum fluids, include both liquids and gases. Natural gas is the portion of petroleum that exists either in the gaseous phase or is in solution in crude oil in natural underground reservoirs, and which is gaseous at atmospheric conditions of pressure and temperature. Natural gas may include amounts of non-hydrocarbons.
It is a common practice to segregate petroleum substances of high viscosity and density into categories, such as “light oil”, “heavy oil” and “bitumen”. For example, some sources define “heavy oil” as a petroleum that has a mass density of greater than about 900 kg/m3. Bitumen is sometimes described as that portion of petroleum that exists in the semi-solid or solid phase in natural deposits, with a mass density greater than about 1,000 kg/m3 and a viscosity greater than 10,000 centipoise or 10 Pa·s measured at original temperature in the deposit and atmospheric pressure, on a gas-free basis. Although these terms are in common use, references to heavy oil and bitumen represent categories of convenience, and there is a continuum of properties between heavy oil and bitumen. Accordingly, references to heavy oil and/or bitumen herein include the continuum of such substances, and do not imply the existence of some fixed and universally recognized boundary between the two substances. In particular, the term “heavy oil” includes within its scope all “bitumen” including hydrocarbons that are present in semi-solid or solid form.
A reservoir is a subsurface (or subterranean) formation containing one or more natural accumulations (or deposits) of moveable petroleum, which are generally confined by relatively impermeable rock. An “oil sand” (or formerly “tar sand”) reservoir is generally comprised of strata of sand or sandstone containing petroleum. A reservoir represents one type of hydrocarbon-containing environment or system, which may support microbial growth or metabolism. Alternative hydrocarbon-containing environments or systems may include oil field production or other petroleum handling facilities. In these environments and systems, it is desirable to provide compositions and methods that may be used so as to ameliorate souring.
Combinations of a nitroprusside, such as sodium nitroprusside (SNP; Na2[Fe(CN)5NO].2H2O) and a nitrate, may be used as metabolic inhibitors of microbial cultures, for example cultures that include sulfate reducing bacteria (SRB). As exemplified in aqueous SRB culture, this metabolic inhibition may for example be implemented in the presence of a hydrocarbon, for example in an oil reservoir or in oil field systems and facilities. When applied to an SRB culture in the presence of a hydrocarbon, the combination of SNP and a nitrate may accordingly be used to ameliorate the biological formation of sulfides, particularly hydrogen sulfide.
Compositions are provided that comprise a combination of a nitroprusside salt or a solvate thereof, such as SNP, with a nitrate salt or a solvate thereof, such as sodium nitrate. In select embodiments, synergistic combinations, for example of SNP and nitrate, may be provided, for example in aqueous solution, where the amounts of the nitroprusside and nitrate are synergistically effective to inhibit microbial metabolism. Methods are accordingly provided for the combined use of a nitroprusside salt or a solvate thereof, such as SNP, with a nitrate salt or a solvate thereof, such as sodium nitrate. In use, nitroprussides and nitrates may be combined in amounts that are effective to inhibit microbial metabolism, for example in microbial cultures that include sulfate reducing bacteria (SRB). As exemplified in aqueous SRB culture, this metabolic inhibition may for example be implemented in the presence of a hydrocarbon, for example in an oil reservoir or in connate or produced water environments. When applied to an SRB culture, the combination of SNP and a nitrate may accordingly be used to ameliorate the biological formation of sulfides, such as hydrogen sulfide. In the context of a hydrocarbon-containing environments or systems, such as an oil or gas reservoir or oil field production facilities, this may for example be implemented so as to ameliorate souring.
Nitroprusside salts available for use in accordance with alternative aspects of the present innovations may for example be an alkali salt, such as sodium nitroprusside or potassium nitroprusside, or a mixture or hydrate thereof, such as disodium nitroprusside dihydrate.
Nitrate salts available for use in accordance with alternative aspects of the present innovations may for example be alkali salts, such as sodium nitrate or potassium nitrate, or calcium nitrate, or mixtures thereof.
In select embodiments, SNP may be used in concentrations from 1-50 ppm in combination with 85 ppm nitrate, or from 26-131 ppm in the absence of nitrate, to inhibit the metabolism or growth of microbes, such as SRBs. This may for example be carried out in oil field systems (i.e. reservoirs and surface facilities). In select embodiments, this may for example be carried out so as to decrease, ameliorate or eliminate sulfides in sour systems.
In select embodiments, as exemplified herein, pulsing of 1 ppm SNP while continuously injecting 85 ppm of nitrate gave control of souring in oil bioreactors. Individually, souring control was achieved by using 50 ppm of SNP or 340 ppm of nitrate. These numbers indicate that SNP and nitrate, when applied together, are highly synergistic in inhibiting souring.
In the presence of sulfide, SNP may be used to inhibit steel corrosion, for example at concentrations of 0.5-1 mM (150-300 ppm). This inhibition of corrosion may for example be carried out with SNP applied so as to also control the metabolism or growth of microbes, such as SRB.
In an exemplified embodiment, growth and activity of SRB was completely inhibited by SNP concentrations, as low as 50 μM (14.9 ppm), when applied before the cells started growing in serum bottles (104 SRB/ml). Similarly, an SNP concentration of 0.5 mM (149 ppm) completely inhibited the growth of SRB consortia, when applied to mid-log phase cultures (107 SRB/ml).
In select embodiments, SNP may be used so as to react chemically with sulfide, and thereby remove sulfides, for example from aqueous environments, such as a hydrocarbon reservoir or a hydrocarbon processing facility.
In one embodiment, monitoring of most probable numbers (MPNs) indicated application of 0.5 mM (149 ppm) SNP for 1 h to actively growing cells killed SRB 109-fold and acid producing bacteria (APB) 107-fold. The growth and activity of mid-log phase thermophilic SRB consortia at 60° C. in the presence of 0.5 M NaCl was prevented by SNP concentrations as low as 50 μM (15 ppm). This illustrates that SNP could be used as souring inhibitor in both high temperature reservoirs and in reservoirs flooded with seawater, which may for example contain about 0.5 M NaCl.
Materials and Methods
Bacterial Culture and Growth Medium
The bacterial culture used in this example was obtained from produced water samples designated 4PW, 14PW or 18PW of the Medicine Hat Glauconitic C (MHGC) oil field near Medicine Hat, Alberta, Canada. Coleville synthetic brine medium A or K [CSBA or CSBK (Callbeck et al., 2013; Hubert et al., 2003)], with an N2 (90% v/v) and CO2 (10%) (N2—CO2) headspace was used for enrichment and growth of SRB consortia. CSBK medium contained (g/L) (NaCl (1.5), KH2PO4 (0.05), NH4Cl (0.32), CaCl2.2H2O (0.21), MgCl2.5H2O (0.54), and KCl (0.1) whereas CSBA medium contained (g/L) (NaCl (30), KH2PO4 (0.2), NH4Cl (0.2), CaCl2.2H2O (0.15), MgCl2.5H2O (0.4), and KCl (0.5). The media were buffered with bicarbonate (NaHCO3, 30 mM). One ml each of trace elements and tungstate/selenite solution (Widdel et al., 1983) were added separately. The pH was adjusted to 7.4 using 2 M HCl. The serum bottles were sealed with butyl rubber septa and tightened with aluminum crimp seals. Sodium sulfate was used as the electron acceptor and volatile fatty acids (VFA: a mixture of acetate, propionate and butyrate), lactate, or MHGC heavy oil (API 16) were used as electron donor for enrichment of SRB at concentrations indicated below.
Souring Control in Bioreactors Containing Heavy Oil
Glass barrel columns (500 ml) were provided with a layer of glass wool and a layer of polymeric mesh and were then packed tightly with sand (Sigma-Aldrich, 50-70 mesh), followed by a top layer of glass wool (Gassara et al., 2015; Kryachko and Voordouw, 2014). The typical column had 6 sampling ports sealed with rubber stoppers and aluminum rings, allowing sampling at different positions along the flow path (
Determination of an Exemplary Minimum Inhibitory Concentration of SNP at Low Temperature in Batch Cultures
Two conditions were used to illustrate an exemplary minimum inhibitory concentration of SNP on SRB in batch culture in serum bottles. The first condition was the use of SNP on a nondense SRB culture at the start of growth. Different concentrations of SNP dihydrate (1, 10, 25, 50 μM; 10 μM=3 ppm) were added to 20 ml of CSBK medium containing 2 mM Na2SO4 and 3 mM of each VFA in 60 ml serum bottles closed with butyl rubber stoppers. SNP was added with a syringe attached to a 25-gauge needle from a 50 mM stock solution anaerobically prepared in CSBK medium in the dark. The bottles were then inoculated with 100 μl SRB consortia from 18PW already enriched for 96 h on CSBK medium with 3 mM VFA and 2 mM sulfate. In the second condition, SNP (10, 25, 50, 100, 500, 1000 μM; 1000 μM=298 ppm) was added to mid-log phase cultures of an SRB consortium. The cultures were grown in duplicate in 350 ml CSBK medium with 15 mM of each VFA and 10 mM sulfate in 500 ml bottles closed with butyl rubber stoppers and sealed with open top bottle caps. After reduction of about 5 mM sulfate (i.e. in midlog phase), 20 ml of the cultures together with about 10 ml headspace gas were transferred with a syringe to 60 ml serum bottles closed with butyl rubber stoppers and filled with N2—CO2. The selected concentrations of SNP were then immediately added to each bottle. The experiments were done in duplicate for each concentration and the bottles were incubated at 30° C. in the dark. Samples (0.5 ml) were periodically withdrawn and concentrations of sulfate, sulfide, SNP, nitrate, nitrite and protein were monitored as described below.
Determination of an Exemplary Minimum Inhibitory Concentration of SNP at High Temperature and Salinity in Serum Bottles
Similar experiments as for mesophilic SRB were conducted to illustrate the efficacy of SNP at high temperature and sea water salinity. Thermophilic SRB (tSRB) were obtained as an enrichment culture of produced water samples of the Terra Nova oil field. This oil field has a resident temperature of 95° C. and is located offshore from Newfoundland, Canada. The samples were enriched at 60° C. in CSBA medium containing 0.5 M NaCl, 10 mM sulfate and 20 mM lactate. The tSRB were grown in 400 ml CSBA medium with 20 mM lactate and 8 mM sulfate in a 500 ml bottle closed with a butyl rubber stopper and sealed with an open top bottle cap. After 4 mM sulfate was reduced, 20 ml of the culture were transferred with a syringe to 60 ml serum bottles closed with butyl rubber stoppers and filled with N2—CO2. SNP (either 25, 50, 100, 200, 500 or 1000 μM) was added immediately. Samples were incubated at 60° C. and sulfate reduction was monitored over time.
Chemical Reaction of SNP and Sulfide
A blue-colored product was observed immediately after addition of SNP to mid-log phase cultures indicating chemical reaction of SNP and sulfide. Therefore, the concentrations of SNP and sulfide before and after the reaction were determined, as indicated below. SRB were grown in CSBK medium containing 3 mM VFA and 2 mM sulfate at 30° C. After complete reduction of sulfate to sulfide, SNP (2 mM) was added. The concentrations of SNP and sulfide were then determined repeatedly over a 120 min period.
SNP Kill of SRB and Acid Producing Bacteria (APB)
An actively growing anaerobic culture of SRB, which also contained APB, was obtained from a continuous culture in CSBK medium with 4 mM lactate and 2 mM sulfate. Subcultures (10 ml) were transferred with a syringe to duplicate 60 ml serum bottles closed with butyl rubber stoppers and an N2—CO2 headspace. SNP was added to 0.5 mM (149 ppm). Controls without SNP were kept under the same conditions. After 10 min, 1 h and 24 h of exposure to SNP, aliquots (100 μl) of the cultures were serially diluted in triplicate in 48-well microtiter plates containing Postgate medium B (900 μl). Postgate medium B contains (g/L): KH2PO4 (0.5), NH4Cl (1.0), CaSO4 (1.0), MgSO4.7H2O (2.0), sodium lactate (4.0: 60% w/w), yeast extract (1.0), ascorbic acid (0.1), thioglycolate (0.1), FeSO4.7H2O (0.5). APB were enumerated by growing triplicates of the serially diluted samples on phenol red broth (Difco, BD). The samples were incubated anaerobically for 3 weeks at 30° C. in the hood. Wells exhibiting a black precipitate for or a yellow color were scored positive for growth of SRB and APB, respectively. Most probable numbers (MPNs) were derived from the data using appropriate statistical tables (Shen and Voordouw, 2015).
Corrosion Inhibition
Four different approaches were used to illustrate the corrosion inhibitory activity of SNP. The first approach was to test the concentration-dependent corrosivity of SNP on carbon steel coupons under abiotic conditions. One pre-cleaned, pre-weighed carbon steel coupon (a366, 2×1×0.1 cm) was added to 20 ml of CSBK medium with 2 mM sulfate and 3 mM VFA in 50 ml serum bottles with a headspace of N2—CO2. Different concentrations of SNP (0, 0.1, 0.5, 1, 1.5 and 2 mM; 1 mM=298 ppm) were then added to each bottle. The second approach was to determine whether SNP enhances or inhibits corrosion in a sour system. SRB consortia were grown in CSBK medium containing 2 mM sulfate and 3 mM VFA, as described above. After complete reduction of sulfate to about 2 mM sulfide, carbon steel coupons and different concentrations of SNP was added as described above. The third approach was to test corrosion rates when SNP was allowed to react with sulfide before it came in contact with steel. SNP (0.5 mM) was added to 20 ml of a sour SRB culture containing approximately 2 mM sulfide. Coupons were then added to this mixture within 1 min, 1 h or 24 h after mixing. The fourth approach was to test whether thiocyanate (SCN-) formed from SNP (Filipovic et al., 2013) decreases corrosion of carbon steel in the presence or absence of sulfide. Potassium thiocyanate (2 mM) was added to CSBK medium in the presence or absence of SNP (2 mM) and in the presence or absence of sulfide (2 mM) and SNP (2 mM). In all approaches, triplicate samples were incubated in the dark at 30° C. on a rocker for one month. Weight loss corrosion rates were measured following this incubation.
Comparison of SNP with Other Compounds
Different concentrations of SNP (5, 10, 20 or 40 ppm) were compared with the same concentrations of the compounds BAC, Glut, BAC_Glut (a combination of BAC and Glut), THPS and cocodiamine (Coco). The experiments were conducted in 19 ml CSBK medium containing 20 mM sulfate and 10 mM lactate in 25 ml Hungate tubes. To each tube, 5 carbon steel beads were added and the medium was inoculated with 1 ml of 4PW SRB consortia, obtained by enrichment from 4PW. After one month of incubation at room temperature, the concentrations of sulfate, sulfide and lactate and the corrosion rates were determined.
Analytical Methods
Samples (0.5 ml) were transferred to a microfuge tube and centrifuged at 17,000×g for 5 min. Concentrations of sulfate, nitrate and nitrite were determined from the clarified fluid with high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), using a Waters 1515 HPLC instrument equipped with a Waters 2489 UV/visible detector (for nitrate and nitrite) or a Waters 432 conductivity detector (for sulfate) and an IC-PAK Anion HC, 4.6×150-mm column (Waters, Japan) as described elsewhere (Grigoryan et al., 2008). The SNP concentration was determined, using a Waters 1515 HPLC instrument equipped with a Waters 2489 UV/visible detector and a Nova-PAK C18, 3.9×150-mm column (Waters, Japan). Methanol:water (95:5%) was used as the mobile phase for detection of SNP. Samples (100 μl) were diluted in 400 μl of the mobile phase and injected (50 μl) at a flow rate of 1 ml/min. The peak of SNP was detected at 210 nm and concentrations were estimated from known concentrations of SNP standards prepared in CSBK medium. The aqueous sulfide concentration was determined colorimetrically with N,N-dimethyl-p phenylenediamine reagent (Trueper and Schlegel, 1964).
Protein concentrations were determined as described elsewhere (Fida et al., 2014). Briefly, 0.5 ml of samples were pelleted by centrifugation at 17,000×g for 5 min. The cell pellets were suspended in 100 μl of 0.1 N NaOH, lysed by heating at 95° C. for 10 min and centrifuged for 1 min at 16,000×g to remove cell debris. The protein concentration was quantified with a Qubit fluorimeter (Invitrogen) using the Qubit protein assay Kit (Invitrogen).
Souring Control in Oil Bioreactors
Sulfide and sulfate concentrations in the effluent and at the different ports were recorded during flooding of oil-containing bioreactors, which contained an active SRB consortium, with CSBK-S. Injection of 2PV (240 ml) of CSBK-S with 85 ppm (1 mM) or 170 ppm (2 mM) of nitrate did not affect the sulfide concentration in the effluent (
Hence, when used singly, 340 ppm of nitrate and 50 ppm of SNP inhibited sulfate reduction in bioreactors in which oil was the electron donor. However, combinations of nitrate and SNP proved to be more efficient. A combination of 1 ppm of SNP and 85 ppm (1 mM) of sodium nitrate inhibited souring in effluent of the bioreactors (
Effect of SNP on Batch Cultures of Mesophilic SRB
The minimum concentration of SNP required to inhibit growth of SRB consortia in serum bottles is exemplified at the start and in the middle of the growth curve. When SNP was added to the culture at the start, very low concentrations (less than 25 μM; 7.45 ppm) were required to inhibit the growth of SRB. Sulfate reduction or sulfide accumulation was incomplete at 25 μM and was not observed at and above 50 μM (14.9 ppm) (
When added to batch cultures of SRB in serum bottles at mid-log phase, an SNP concentration of 0.1 mM (29.8 ppm) extended the time needed for complete sulfate reduction from 5 to 20 days (
Accumulation of 0.1 and 0.2 mM nitrate was detected in mid-log phase cultures following addition of 0.5 or 1 mM SNP, respectively (
Concentration-Dependent Inhibition of Thermophilic SRM
To illustrate the applicability of SNP at high temperature and salinity, concentration dependent inhibition of a culture of thermophilic sulfate-reducing microorganisms (tSRM) was determined at 60° C. in CSBA medium with 0.5 M NaCl. The inhibition of tSRM was observed al lower SNP concentrations than that of mesophilic SRB. Reduction of sulfate to sulfide was not observed at and above 0.05 mM SNP (
Chemical Reaction of SNP with Sulfide
An important finding illustrated by this example is that SNP not only inhibits and kills SRB but, under certain conditions, may also chemically react with the sulfide formed. Addition of SNP to a sour system generated transient formation of multiple reaction products with distinct colors. Upon addition of 0.5 mM SNP to 2 mM sulfide, a Prussian blue type color was immediately formed, which changed to a dark blue color within a minute. In this example, the dark blue color changed to dark green within 1 h and then to a brownish color over 24 h, which remained stable. These changes in color indicated the occurrence of chemical reactions between SNP and sulfide, which is also evident from the disappearance of sulfide and removal of the typical H2S smell from the bottles. Addition of 2 mM SNP to 2 mM sulfide resulted in disappearance of all sulfide within 2 h and a decrease of SNP concentration from 2 to 1.2 mM (
Effect of SNP on MPNs of SRB and APB
Determination of MPNs illustrates that SNP effectively killed SRB and APB. The killing of SRB was about 103-fold within 10 min and 109-fold or more after 1 h (
SNP-Mediated Corrosion
The corrosivity of SNP was tested on steel coupons in the presence or absence of sulfide. General corrosion rates of coupons increased from 0.0015 to 0.009 mm/yr with increasing concentrations of SNP in the absence of sulfide (
The foregoing Examples illustrate a strong synergistic effect of SNP and nitrate. Together, these are potent metabolic inhibitors of SRB activity, as exemplified in heavy-oil containing reservoir models. SNP also strongly inhibited SRB activity in batch cultures. In heavy-oil containing columns, SRB activity was completely inhibited by an SNP concentration of 1 ppm when combined with 170 ppm of nitrate. Individually, in the exemplified embodiment, 50 ppm of SNP and 340 ppm of nitrate were capable of complete inhibition of SRB activity in oil bioreactors. The low dose of 1 ppm of SNP, when combined with 170 ppm nitrate, to control souring in the presence of oil illustrates that the efficacy of SNP is sustained in the presence of hydrocarbons, such as oil or components thereof. In batch cultures in which VFA (not oil) were used as electron donor for sulfate reduction, SRB activity was completely inhibited by an SNP concentration of 0.05 mM (14.9 ppm) in serum bottles when applied early in the growth curve, whereas 0.5 mM (149 ppm) was capable of inhibiting mid-log phase cultures (5 mM sulfide). The MPNs of both SRB and APB were below the detection limit (109-fold decrease) after 24 h of exposure to 0.5 mM (149 ppm) SNP. SNP was also effective in controlling activity of tSRB at 60° C. and 0.5 M NaCl.
SNP is chemically reactive to steel in the absence of sulfide, which may be a factor taken into consideration when applying high concentration slugs to pipelines, for instance. Importantly, SNP inhibited steel corrosion when applied to a sour system at low concentration, which is of great importance in removing sulfide and protecting sulfide-mediated pipeline corrosion in sour reservoirs and oil processing facilities.
As exemplified, SNP concentrations from 0.1 to 0.5 mM (29.8 to 149 ppm) were effective both in inhibiting the growth of SRB and in eliminating sulfide by chemically reacting in sour systems (2 mM sulfide). Accordingly, in one aspect of the present innovation, lower concentrations of SNP may be used to inhibit SRB than the occupational exposure limit, such as 5 ppm. In some applications, SNP may be applied so as to have a relatively short half-life and decay into common C, N, O, and S containing compounds.
Although various embodiments of the invention are disclosed herein, many adaptations and modifications may be made within the scope of the invention in accordance with the common general knowledge of those skilled in this art. Such modifications include the substitution of known equivalents for any aspect of the invention in order to achieve the same result in substantially the same way. Numeric ranges are inclusive of the numbers defining the range. The word “comprising” is used herein as an open-ended term, substantially equivalent to the phrase “including, but not limited to”, and the word “comprises” has a corresponding meaning. As used herein, the singular forms “a”, “an” and “the” include plural referents unless the context clearly dictates otherwise. Thus, for example, reference to “a thing” includes more than one such thing. Citation of references herein is not an admission that such references are prior art to the present invention. Any priority document(s) and all publications, including but not limited to patents and patent applications, cited in this specification, or cited by the documents cited herein, are incorporated herein by reference as if each individual publication were specifically and individually indicated to be incorporated by reference herein and as though fully set forth herein. The invention includes all embodiments and variations substantially as hereinbefore described and with reference to the examples and drawings.
| Filing Document | Filing Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| PCT/CA2018/051097 | 9/7/2018 | WO | 00 |
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 62556038 | Sep 2017 | US |
