Patent Application
20090133686
1. Field of the Invention
The present disclosure relates to the collection of solar energy, and in particular to apparatuses, arrays, and methods for collecting solar energy at high efficiency.
2. Related Art
Applicants have identified a number of U.S. patents that utilize curved mirrors for solar energy collection, including U.S. Pat. No. 3,964,464 to Hockman, U.S. Pat. No. 2,969,788 to Newton, U.S. Pat. No. 4,067,319 to Wasserman, and U.S. Pat. No. 4,228,789 to Kay.
However, none of these prior U.S. patents discloses the inventive aspects of the presently disclosed apparatuses, arrays, and methods.
In one aspect, the present invention includes a solar collection apparatus. The apparatus has a first opening, a second opening, and a floor. The floor is at least partially mirrored. The apparatus includes an array of non-linear, adjacent fins attached to the housing. Each fin has a first end segment extending in a first direction toward the first opening, and a second end segment extending in a second direction substantially parallel to the floor. The second end segment is at least partially mirrored. Each fin also includes a body between the first end segment and the second end segment. The body has a first face and a second face. The first and second faces have substantially the same curvature, and adjacent faces of adjacent fins also have substantially the same curvature as each other and as that of the adjacent fins. Each face of each fin which faces an adjacent face of an adjacent fin is at least partially mirrored. The floor and the second end segments of the fins together define a “light pipe.” At least some light impinging on the first opening is directed into the light pipe by reflection between adjacent faces of adjacent fins. The second end segments of the fins prevent the light within the light pipe from exiting the light pipe in the first direction. The light within the light pipe exits the light pipe at the second opening.
In some embodiments, the housing has two side walls and one front wall. The fins are attached to the housing at the side walls, and the second opening is located in the front wall. In some embodiments, the side walls are at least partially mirrored.
In some embodiments, the end segments of the fins are flat, and the fin bodies have a circular curvature. In other embodiments, the fin bodies have a parabolic, hyperbolic, or elliptical curvature.
In some embodiments, the fin bodies have curvatures with no flat surfaces.
In some embodiments, the apparatus includes a fiber optic cable or a fiber optic cable fitting at the second opening.
In some embodiments, the apparatus includes mirrors and/or lenses for gathering or focusing the light at the second opening.
In some embodiments, aligning means are provided at corners of the fins, and the corners are aligned so that the first direction faces the sun when in use. In some embodiments, the aligning means include plastic muscles. In some embodiments, the aligning means include wires connecting the corners of adjacent fins.
In some embodiments, first and second apparatuses are adjacent to each other. The first apparatus has a third opening, which is adjacent to the second opening of the second apparatus. In this way, light which exits the light pipe of the second apparatus at the second opening enters the light pipe of the first apparatus at the third opening.
In some embodiments, the housing is in the form of a rectangular tile.
In some embodiments, the distance from end edges of the fins to the floor, measured in a direction perpendicular to the floor, is less than 0.5 inches.
The apparatus may be disposed at a surface of an object, a roof of a vehicle, a roof of a building, a shingle of a building, a paint-like layer covering a building, a vehicle cover, a vehicle sunshade, and/or an article of clothing.
The apparatus may include at least one solar energy device, such as a solar cell, turbine, vehicle heater, solar energy storage device, heat storage device, or another such device, positioned to receive the light exiting the light pipe at the second opening.
In some embodiments, each fin has a constant thickness throughout its body.
In some embodiments, each said face of each said fin and each adjacent said face of each adjacent said fin are substantially concentric.
The present disclosure is also directed to a method of collecting solar energy. The method includes the steps of: receiving incoming sunlight, and reflecting the incoming sunlight between parallel mirrored fins of substantially the same curvature. The first end segments of the fins extend in a first direction toward the incoming sunlight, and the second end segments of the fins extend in a second direction perpendicular to the second direction. The method also includes the steps of directing the incoming sunlight into a light pipe defined at least by the second end segments of the fins, preventing light in the light pipe from exiting the light pipe in the first direction, and allowing light in the light pipe to exit the light pipe in the second direction.
In some embodiments, the first end segments of the fins are periodically aligned, so that the first direction faces the sun as the sun moves.
The present disclosure can be distinguished from the prior art in many ways. As non-limiting examples, the present disclosure includes fins having a constant thickness and no flat edges throughout their bodies, fins having extended second ends substantially parallel to the floor of their housing, and adjacent fins having adjacent faces which are substantially concentric.
In contradistinction, U.S. Pat. No. 4,067,319 to Wasserman describes troughs formed by triangular bodies. Each triangular body has a thickness which varies throughout each body, and each adjacent body has an adjacent face with an opposite curvature, which is neither the same nor concentric.
Also in contradistinction, U.S. Pat. No. 4,228,789 to Kay describes curved mirrors. Each mirror has a thickness which varies along the mirror, and flat edges on one side of the mirror. Each mirror lacks a second end substantially parallel to the floor of its housing, and adjacent mirrors have adjacent faces with different curvatures, which are neither the same nor concentric.
Operation of solar collection apparatuses according to the present disclosure are believed to be in accordance with known electromagnetic laws, such as those described by Maxwell's equations. The present disclosure describes non-imaging solar collection apparatuses, which concentrate and redirect light through a careful arrangement of mirrored fins, which each reflect light in accordance with the law of reflection, relative to a normal line perpendicular to the curvature of the fin at the point of reflection. Minimal energy is lost during this reflection, and no more energy is output by the apparatus than is incident on the apparatus; the output solar energy is merely concentrated into a smaller area for easier use.
The features, nature, and advantages of the presently disclosed methods and apparatuses will become more apparent from the detailed description set forth below when taken in conjunction with the drawings in which like reference characters identify corresponding items throughout.
a is a perspective view of a fin for a solar collection apparatus according to the present disclosure;
b is a perspective view of a solar collection apparatus according to the present disclosure, in which a plurality of fins in an array are disposed;
c is a side elevational view of a solar collection according to
d is the same side elevational view as in
a and 5b are illustrations showing one aspect of solar tracking for a solar collection apparatus according to the present disclosure;
As will be shown, it is one object of the present disclosure to direct incoming light beams into a single direction that is not necessarily their incoming direction from the sun. Although most sunlight hits perpendicular to the roof of a house throughout most of the day, it is in some circumstances impractical to convert the sunlight into energy at the roof, and it may be ideal to collect and carry the sunlight to an edge of the roof, or down into the building. As a non-limiting example, the present disclosure is designed to work with the previous disclosure of one of the present inventors, as set forth in U.S. Pat. No. 6,434,942, the contents of which are hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety. In this design, heat from the sun is utilized at the side of a building as part of a fluid-circulation loop. However, gathering the sunlight and heat at the side of the building is impractical, because the majority of sunlight arrives at the roof. Thus, through the use of the present disclosure, sunlight may be collected at the roof, and carried in a singular direction to and down the side of the building for use as set forth in the above identified U.S. patent. Of course, light may additionally be collected at the side of the building as disclosed in the above identified U.S. patent, such as via the “power bricks” disclosed therein. In general, however, the following disclosure is useful wherever efficiency can be improved by gathering non-coherent light in a non-imaging manner.
In one aspect, the present disclosure includes a solar collection apparatus comprising a plurality of fins. One such fin will now be described with reference to
The first face 104 and second face 108 have substantially the same curvature, and both faces are partially mirrored. The term “mirrored” can mean that the fins are formed of a one or more structural material and then layered with a reflective coating material (such as, as a non-limiting example, Mylar coated plastic or Mylar coated glass). The term “mirrored” can also mean that the fins are formed entirely of a reflective material, or have the structural frame at their perimeter but are otherwise fully formed of a reflective material. These are merely examples, and other designs may be used. In general, any material or combination of materials may be used for the fins, to meet the needs of various applications, so long as the fins are sufficiently reflective where described above. Also, although shown as curved squares or curved rectangles, other shaped fins may be used where appropriate. Also, the fin material may be selected for its manner of handling heat, so as to prevent the array from overheating.
A plurality of fins 100 according to
c and 1d illustrate the apparatus of
As shown in
As a non-limiting example, the applicants have determined one configuration that is particularly effective at increasing the efficiency of light trapped in the device, although other configurations may be used. In this configuration, the bodies 110 of the fins 100 are circularly curved and there are no flat edges on the bodies 110 of the fins, the gap 184 between the first end segments 102 of the fins 100 is approximately ½ inch, the fins are approximately 0.025 inches thick between their first and second faces 104, 108, and are twenty-four inches wide, and the collecting device is approximately two feet high, as measured from the end edge 199 of each first end segment 102 to the floor 120 in a direction perpendicular to the floor 120. The first end segments 102 of the fins 100 are each nearly perpendicular to the floor 120, and at least ten fins 100 are used. The second end segments 106 of fins 100 are elongated to prevent light from escaping back from the light pipe, such that a gap 188 of one tenth of an inch or less remains between the edge of an end segment 106 and the adjacent fin 100. Collectively, in this configuration, it is believed that no more than 10 reflections will be necessary for any photon to be directed to the end of the device, thereby reducing the heat produced at each reflection. However, other configurations may be used, such as the microapparatus which will be described in reference to
Again, although a circular curvature is discussed here and believed to be particularly efficacious, other curvatures may be used, including elliptical curvatures, parabolic curvatures, or hyperbolic curvatures.
An array of solar collection apparatuses may be used, where each device abuts a second such device, and the optional rear wall 192 of the light pipe 136 is removed. In this configuration, as shown in
Alternatively, or in combination with the above configuration, mirrors or lenses may be placed at the end of one or more light pipes, to further gather or focus the light, where it may then be used to create heat or electricity (for example, by being focused on water in a steam turbine, or on solar cells), or may be channeled by fiber optic cables, or into a fiber optic cable fitting, or along additional light guides for use elsewhere. As shown in the nonlimiting example configuration of
Alternatively, as shown in
As at least one further non-limiting example, one solar collection apparatus may be used to change the light angle by 45 degrees, and a second to change it by a further 45 degrees, thereby achieving an ultimate angular shift of 90 degrees.
As illustrated in
In
This alignment may be accomplished in many ways. In some aspects, such as is shown in
In some alternative aspects, as shown in
Although the solar collection apparatus may be used as a stand-alone device or in a small array, it may alternatively be configured in the form of a rectangular tile, for use in a large array, such as to tile the roof of a house or garage. Such an array is shown in
The principles of the solar collection apparatus are believed to be operable at almost any size. Thus, where size is not a concern, each solar collection apparatus may be made of a large size, to minimize manufacturing costs through the use of large structural and adjustable materials, and to capture maximal sunlight at a single device. However, in many situations it may be advantageous to form a solar collection “microapparatus.” Such an apparatus can comprise a large array of very small solar collection apparatuses, such as those illustrated in
Light may be gathered at the end of the material (such as at the edge of the roof of the car, or at the binding of a vehicle cover or clothing) and again used for energy. Although the fins, wires, and support material will be much smaller, the light gathering principles remain essentially the same, and light is gathered into light pipes at the bottom of the microapparatus, and may ultimately be directed to solar cells, turbines, vehicle heaters, or other devices for energy storage, electricity generation, or heat applications.
Locations where apparatuses according to the present disclosure may be used include, but are not limited to, roofs, sidewalks, walls of buildings, or roofs and sides of a car.
This document describes the end product of the search for a practical method of capturing, conversion and use of solar energy impinging upon any surface, preferably at a “sun angle” exactly or nearly perpendicular to the flat surface, or at an oblique angle when the fins of the device have been adjusted. This angle gives the maximum energy extraction from the energy received by that surface. The incoming energy carries with it a large energy potential. The quantity of incoming energy has been measured over recent years and is now generally accepted to be about 1,300 watts per square meter. It will thus be seen that if all of that energy could be harnessed the roof of a typical house, placed in optimum position receives (for 100 square meters, a 10 meter by 10 meter square or equivalent rectangle, 130,000 watts).
One difficulty, up to this time, has been converting the energy gathered into stored energy form, allowing storage for later use, i.e. cloudy days or at night. Solutions available using the present disclosure are several: the immediate transfer of the energy gathered and converted into electricity into the power grid for use by other users thereby avoiding the storage problem; conversion to mechanical energy by pumping water uphill and the later use of that energy through water turbine generators; cracking water into H2 and O and storing the H2 for later use; extracting CO2 from the air and using the energy derived from the system to produce methane or other forms of more readily usable hydrocarbons, and gathering the energy in a solar concentrator or collector in an efficient and usable fashion.
The present disclosure, by collecting solar energy, accomplishes those objectives in a much more efficient manner than previously existing technology. For example, photovoltaic solar cells used alone range in efficiency between 12% and 20%. They are also very expensive and heavy. This embodiment is expected to minimize the number of photovoltaic cells needed to produce the maximum amount of electricity by concentrating the solar energy impinging on them, or alternatively to forgo solar cells altogether and use efficient turbines. It is believed that the present disclosure can help reach energy production efficiency of about 70%.
Other long term and future uses could include using median strips for super highways and south facing hills as the mounting foundation for solar collectors. At convenient intervals generation plants could crack water into H2, and/or store energy produced in the form of capacitors or batteries. As a vehicle leaves the main highway for “recharging” it could pass over charging areas which replenish the battery charges in each vehicle from the mass battery storage, or fill-up with H2.
Being adjacent to hills of moderate height, for example 200-300 feet, would allow the use of water tank storage at heights sufficient to produce a constant supply of hydro-power by merely pumping water uphill during the sunny part of the day and recovering during cloudy days or at night, in accordance with U.S. Pat. No. 6,434,942 as referenced above.
Another long term and future use of energy gathered in accordance with the present disclosure could involve storing, removing, or gathering the energy and reflecting it toward space, thereby changing the albedo of the earth and possibly reducing or modifying the effects of global warming.
Another long term and future use could involve the programming of a reflective mode into the array. This would allow a beam of sunlight, in its original form, or, through lasing into coherent radiant energy, to be reflected to a particular spot in the sky for communications or, if combined with other houses, for use in a defensive beam control such as a “star wars” defense system. A sufficiently large concentration of such devices could generate sufficient energy to serve as a diversion defense against large incoming objects from space, like errant asteroids. The energy deployed in the form of laser or non-coherent reflected sunlight could be used to “boil way” sufficient mass to alter the trajectory of such objects.
Another long term and future use could be the placement of the presently disclosed device in outer space solar arrays, where the number of solar cells carried to and used in space could be reduced, and a large number of solar collection apparatuses (which are lighter and less expensive than the solar cells) could be used to concentrate incoming sunlight toward the reduced number of solar cells, improving the overall energy/weight and energy/cost efficiencies, while using each solar cell to its maximum potential.
It should be noted that aspects of the presently disclosed device and method may be used or performed “in reverse;” that is, not only can the device be used to gather solar energy, but a laser beam directed toward the curved body of the fins from the bottom of the device may be deliberately reflected back upward and out of the device, and aimed by the alignment mechanism. In one aspects, the device can be used to gather solar energy and direct it to a laser cavity, where it is made into coherent laser light, which is then directed back outward from the device, such as for the destruction of errant asteroids or of a terrorist airplane, as described above. Through the use of multiple devices at multiple locations, with common control of their alignment mechanisms, a considerable amount of laser energy can be directed to one location in the sky.
Having described the invention in detail and by reference to the embodiments thereof, it will be apparent that modifications and variations are possible, including the addition of elements or the rearrangement or combination or one or more elements, without departing from the scope of the invention which is defined in the appended claims.
This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 60/996,643, filed Nov. 28, 2007, the contents of which are hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety.
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 60996643 | Nov 2007 | US |
