SOLAR COLLECTORS WITH EVACUATED RECEIVER AND NONIMAGING EXTERNAL REFLECTORS

Abstract

A solar collector with external reflector. A solar collector includes a glass housing having a heat pipe disposed within the housing and a light reflector disposed external to the housing.

Description

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

It was recognized more than 20 years ago, that combining selective absorbers, vacuum insulation and nonimaging concentration (using Compound Parabolic Concentrator, or “CPC”, type optics as shown in FIG. 9A-9C) enabled stationary mid-temperature collectors to have a useful operating range approaching 300 degrees Celsius”. Following the early proof-of-concept experiments, a commercial collector was developed in the last 5-years with good performance up to 250 degrees Celsius. These configurations integrated all the optics within the vacuum envelope. For this reason we refer to them as ICPC's (integrated CPC's). Their cost of manufacture is presently too high for widespread applications. On the other hand, the advent of very low-cost evacuated tubes allows us now to consider these as candidates for low-cost mid-temperature applications. One can combine various of these features to use such low-cost tubes (intended as stand-alone low-temperature collectors for providing domestic hot water) as receivers and now combined with external nonimaging reflectors. Since these glass tubes were originally intended for low-temperature (domestic hot water) use, their use at higher temperatures raised issues such as providing for efficient heat transfer to a working fluid, and assuring against thermal-induced tube breakage.

A solar collector which is efficient at temperatures in the 125 to 150 degree Celsius above ambient range would therefore be of great utility for many high-value applications. For example, operating temperatures for solar cooling in conjunction with double-effect chillers are in this range. At the same time the collector component would need to be low-cost, have minimal operation and maintenance cost and long life. The external reflector form of a CPC has the potential for satisfying these criteria. The vacuum receiver has intrinsically long-life, being protected from the environment. The impressive commercial development of vacuum solar collectors in China over the last decade and more demonstrates that these can be manufactured and sold at low-cost. To give an example; in the year 2000 the all-glass dewar type solar tube made in China was available at an OEM cost of $3 US. Since the volume of manufacturing has been rising, prices are not increasing. It is significant to observe that a wide-angle CPC reflector will “unwrap” the cylindrical solar tube to an aperture of approximately 0.2 square meters. Therefore the vacuum component contributes $15 per square meter to the cost. The heat extraction device which may be a manifold likely adds a similar amount. The nonimaging reflector can be estimated at $20 per square meter, which is dominated by the material cost for a high quality aluminum mirror. An installed cost of approximately $100 per square meter would be a reasonable goal. The availability of an efficient mid-temperature solar collector for $100 per square meter would have a broad vista of applications.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

A solar collector system is directed to a combination of a heat pipe disposed within a housing which is at least partially transparent to light with the housing preferably evacuated. The heat pipe includes a copper pipe and coupled aluminum heat transfer fins disposed about the heat pipe. The fins are molded to optimize thermal contact with the heat pipe and interior surface of the housing. The solar collector further includes a reflector assembly externally disposed to the housing to simplify construction and costs of manufacture. Preferably the reflector is a nonimaging design.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 shows XCPC thermal model performance and measured performance of a test panel with dewar tubes;

FIG. 2 shows instantaneous solar to thermal conversion efficiency for a heat pipe embodiment for mid temperature performance ranges;

FIG. 3 shows performance limits of a commercial VAC 2000 solar collector;

FIG. 4A shows a disassembled embodiment of a portion of a solar receiver and

FIG. 4B shows a cross section of an assembled unit;

FIG. 5 shows a partially assembled collector system with the manifold and heat pipe in position;

FIG. 6 shows a first collector configuration with external reflector;

FIG. 7 shows a second collector configuration with external reflector;

FIG. 8 shows a third collector configuration with external reflector;

FIG. 9A shows a CPC shape for various incidence angles, FIG. 9B shows 0° (normal) incidence and FIG. 9C SHOWS 30° incidence;

FIG. 10A shows a plot of thermal performance of collector test number C444 with wind; FIG. 10B shows the performance without wind;

FIG. 11A shows a plot of thermal performance of collector test number C500 with wind; FIG. 11B shows the performance without wind; and

FIG. 12A shows a plot of thermal performance of collector test number C370 with wind; FIG. 12B shows the performance without wind.

DESCRIPTION OF PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

In accordance with the invention, two types of preferred combination of solar collectors 12 (concentrators or receivers) are described, including an all glass dewar-type tube 11 and a heat-pipe 10 in a conventional evacuated tube 13 (see FIGS. 4A, 4B and 5). The dewar-type 11 is very low-cost since it is made in large quantities by a large number of manufacturers and uses a very low-cost borosilicate glass tubing. Good heat transfer poses technical challenges, and our experiments with a heat transfer compound to couple the tube 11 to a manifold 20 gave encouraging results. The preliminary mid-temperature performance obtained with a test panel with dewar tubes is compared with that predicted by a simple model shown in FIG. 1. The heat-pipe evacuated tube 13 (see FIG. 4B), uses the same very low-cost glass tubing. The heat transfer is accomplished in an elegant way by the incorporation of the heat pipe 10 within the evacuated tube 13 which in turn is disposed in a full panel array 15 (see FIGS. 4A, 4B and 5). The heat pipe 10 of FIGS. 4A and 4B includes a copper heat pipe 16 and contoured aluminum heat transfer fins 18 with the heat pipe 10 inserted into the glass tube 14 sandwiched between two aluminum fins 18. The fins 18 are molded to maximize contact with the heat pipe 10 and the inside surface of the evacuated glass tube 14. The heat pipe 10 transfers heat to the manifold 20 shown in FIG. 5 via heat transfer liquid inside the hollow heat pipe 10. The hollow centre of the heat pipe 10 includes a vacuum, so that at even at temperatures of around 25-30 C.° the well known heat transfer compound will vaporize. When heated the vapor rises to the tip (condenser) of the heat pipe 10 where the heat is transferred to the water flowing through the manifold 20. The loss of heat causes the vapor to condense and flow back down the heat pipe 10 where the process is once again repeated. The preliminary mid-temperature performance obtained with the prototype heat-pipe version is shown in FIG. 2. The performance limit of known CPC-type vacuum solar collectors (not shown) can be gauged from FIG. 3. In this type of solar device both absorber and nonimaging concentrating optics are encased in an integral glass envelope, and this is called the integrated CPC or ICPC. Commercial collectors of this type have a higher cost than the all glass dewar type with external CPC reflectors 22 of FIGS. 6-8. However, it does indicate a practical and realizable performance upper limit for the stationary nonimaging solar collectors 12. One can further combine the advantages of the low-cost all-glass evacuated receiver with the heat pipe. As shown in FIGS. 4A, 4B and 5, the heat pipe 10 and absorber fin assembly is inserted in the double-walled evacuated tube 14 and the heat pipes 10 are inserted into the simple flow-through heat exchanger manifold 20. There is no fluid connection, which is one of the chief advantages of a heat application, but appears sufficiently robust to withstand stagnation temperatures. Various examples of performance of a conventional evacuated tube but externally disposed reflector (without the heat pipe 10) are shown in Examples I-III wherein collector test results are shown in FIGS. 6-8 for the collector configurations. These tests were made by Solartechnik Prüifung Forschung, located in Bern, Switzerland.

While preferred embodiments have been illustrated and described, it should be understood that changes and modifications can be made therein in accordance with one of ordinary skill in the art without departing from the invention in its broader aspects.

EXAMPLES

The following non-limiting examples describe various embodiments and associated performance test results.

Example I

Collector Test No. C444. The embodiment of FIG. 6 is described in Table 1 and was subjected to various tests as set forth in Table 2. Note there was no stagnation temperature for standard values ISO 9806-2 and EN 12975-2 are 30° C./1000 W/m². The thermal performance (flowrate at test: 204 l/h) is shown in FIGS. 10A and 10B, with and without wind, respectively.

TABLE 1
Contact            Ritter Solar GmbH, D-72135 Dettenhausen
                   Tel. +49 (07157) 5359-0, Fax +49 (07157) 5359-20
Distributed in *   DE
Type               ETC, cylindrical absorbers, CPC, direct heat transfer
Assembly
Installation *     Installation on sloping roof, Flat roof with support
Rated flowrate *   180 l/h
Absorber coating * Al/Al N
Dimensions         2.010 m2, 1.988 m2, 2.286 m2
(absorber,
aperture, gross)
Gross dimensions:  1.640 × 1.394 × 0.105
l, w, h (in m)
Weight including   35 kg
glazing *
* manufacturer information

TABLE 2
	Carried
Test	out	Section	Report*
Durability test according to ISO	No	3	LTS C444
Durability test according to EN	No	3	C444LPEN
Measurement of stagnation temperature	No	3.1
Efficiency measurement acc. SPF	Yes	4.1
Efficiency measurement acc ISO, DIN,	Yes	4.1
EN
Incidence angle modifier (IAM)	Yes	4.4
Measurement of pressure drop	No	4.5
Measurement of thermal capacity	Yes	4.6
Measurement of time constant	Yes	4.6
*contact manufacturer for details!

Tables 3A and 3B illustrate characteristic efficiency values (normal incidence, G=800 W/m²) for efficiency with and without wind, respectively. Tables 4A and 4B show power output (power in watts per collector, normal incidence, beam irradiation) with and without wind, respectively.

TABLES 3A and 3B
Reference area	Absorber	Aperture	Gross	Reference area	Absorber	Aperture	Gross
η (T°m = 0.00)	0.62	0.62	0.54	η (x = 0.00)	0.62	0.62	0.54
η (T°m = 0.05)	0.56	0.57	0.49	η (x = 0.05)	0.56	0.57	0.60
η (T°m = 0.10)	0.50	0.51	0.44	η (x = 0.10)	0.50	0.51	0.44

TABLES 4A and 4B
Irradiation	400 W/m2	700 W/m2	1000 W/m2	Irradiation	400 W/m2	700 W/m2	1000 W/m2
tm − tn = 10 K	474	846	1′218	tm − tn = 10 K	475	847	1′219
tm − tn = 30 K	429	801	1′173	tm − tn = 30 K	431	803	1′175
tm − tn = 50 K	382	754	1′126	tm − tn = 50 K	385	757	1′129

Table 5 shows incidence angle modifier (IAM), Table 6 shows pressure drop in Pascals (test fluid 33.3% Ethylenglykol) and Table 7 shows thermal capacity and time constant.

	TABLE 5
	0°	10°	20°	30°	40°	50°	60°	70°	80°	90°
K(Θ),long	1.0					0.90				0.0
K(Θ),trans	1.0		1.01	1.0	1.01	1.01	1.05	1.16		0.0

	TABLE 6
	100 l/h	150 l/h	250 l/h	350 l/h	500 l/h
20° C.
60° C.
80° C.

TABLE 7
Thermal capacity (kJ/K) Time constant (s)
16.2                    202

These tests were performed by SPF, Hochschule Rapperswil (HSR) at Oberseestr. 10, CH-8640 Rapperswil.

Example II

Collector Test No. C500. (Consolar GmbH, TUBO 11 CPC) The embodiment of FIG. 7 is described in Table 8 and the tests of Table 9 were performed. There was no stagnation temperature for standard values ISO 9806-2 and EN-12975-2 were 30° C./1000 W/m². The thermal performance (flowrate at test: 100 l/h) is illustrated in FIGS. 11A and 11B, with and without wind, respectively.

TABLE 8
Contact           Consolar GmbH, D-60489 Frankfurt/M.
                  Tel. +49 (069) 61 99 11 30,
                  Fax +49 (069) 61 99 11 28
Distributed in *  DE, AT, *EU*
Type              ETC, cylindrical absorbers, CPC, direct heat transfer
Assembly
Installation *    Installation on sloping roof, Flat roof with support
Rated flowrate *  100 l/h
Absorber          Metal carbide
coating *
Dimensions        0.873 m2, 0.967 m2, 1.163 m2
(absorber,
aperture, gross)
Gross dimensions: 1.860 × 0.625 × 0.045
l, w, h (in m)
Weight including  13 kg
glazing *
* manufacturer information

TABLE 9
	Carried
Test	out	Section	Report*
Durability test according to ISO	No	3	LTS C500
Durability test according to EN	No	3	C500LPEN
Measurement of stagnation temperature	No	3.1
Efficiency measurement acc. SPF	Yes	4.1
Efficiency measurement acc ISO, DIN,	Yes	4.1
EN
Incidence angle modifier (IAM)	Yes	4.4
Measurement of pressure drop	Yes	4.5
Measurement of thermal capacity	No	4.6
Measurement of time constant	No	4.6
*contact manufacturer for details!

Tables 10A and 10B illustrate characteristic efficiency values (normal incidence, G=800 W/m²) for efficiency with and without wind, respectively. Tables 11A and 11B show power output (power in watts per collector, normal incidence, beam irradiation) with and without wind, respectively.

TABLES 10A and 10B
Reference area	Absorber	Aperture	Gross	Reference area	Absorber	Aperture	Gross
η (T°m = 0.00)	0.73	0.66	0.55	η (x = 0.00)	0.73	0.66	0.55
η (T°m = 0.05)	0.66	0.59	0.49	η (x = 0.05)	0.67	0.60	0.50
η (T°m = 0.10)	0.59	0.53	0.44	η (x = 0.10)	0.61	0.55	0.46

TABLES 11A and 11B
Irradiation	400 W/m2	700 W/m2	1000 W/m2	Irradiation	400 W/m2	700 W/m2	1000 W/m2
tm − tn = 10 K	241	431	622	tm − tn = 10 K	244	434	624
tm − tn = 30 K	217	407	597	tm − tn = 30 K	224	414	604
tm − tn = 50 K	192	383	573	tm − tn = 50 K	204	394	584

Table 12 shows incidence angle modifier (IAM), and Table 13 shows pressure drop in Pascals (test fluid 33.3% Ethylenglykol).

	TABLE 12
	0°	10°	20°	30°	40°	50°	60°	70°	80°	90°
K(Θ),long	1.0					0.93				0.0
K(Θ),trans	1.0	1.0	1.0	0.95	0.82	0.84	0.90	1.02	1.03	0.0

	TABLE 13
	50 l/h	100 l/h	150 l/h	175 l/h	200 l/h
	20° C.	6400	13300	21400	26000	30700
	60° C.
	80° C.

Example III

Collector Test No. C370. (Paradigma-Schweiz, CPC 14 Star) The embodiment of FIG. 8 is described in Table 14, and the tests of Table 15 were performed. The stagnation temperature for standard values ISO 9806-2 and EN 12975-2 were for 30° C./1000 W/m², 269° C. The collector also passed a durability test. The thermal performance (flowrate at test: 179 l/h) is shown in FIGS. 12A and 12B, with and without wind, respectively.

TABLE 14
Contact           Paradigma-Schweiz, CH-6201 Sursee
                  Tel. +41 (041) 925 11 22,
                  Fax +41 (041) 925 11 21
Distributed in *  CH, DE, AT, *EU*, PL, HR
Type              Evacuated tube collector, cylindrical absorbers,
                  CPC, direct heat transfer
Installation *    Installation on sloping roof, Flat roof with
                  support, Facade installation
Rated flowrate *  180 l/h
Absorber          Al/Al N
coating *
Dimensions        2.332 m2, 2.325 m2, 2.618 m2
(absorber,
aperture, gross)
Gross dimensions: 1.613 × 1.623 × 0.120
l, w, h (in m)
Weight including  42 kg
glazing *
* manufacturer information

TABLE 15
	Carried
Test	out	Section	Report*
Durability test according to ISO	Yes	3	C370QPISO
Durability test according to EN	Yes	3	C370QPEN
Measurement of stagnation temperature	Yes	3.1	C370QPEN
Efficiency measurement acc. SPF	Yes	4.1	LTS C370
Efficiency measurement acc ISO, DIN,	Yes	4.1	C370LPEN
EN
Incidence angle modifier (IAM)	Yes	4.4
Measurement of pressure drop	No	4.5
Measurement of thermal capacity	Yes	4.6
Measurement of time constant	No	4.6
*contact manufacturer for details!

Tables 16A and 16B illustrate characteristic efficiency (normal incidence, G=800 W/m²) for efficiency with and without wind, respectively. Table 17A and 17B show power output (power in watts per collector, normal incidence, beam irradiation) with and without wind, respectively.

TABLES 16A and 16B
Reference area	Absorber	Aperture	Gross	Reference area	Absorber	Aperture	Gross
η (T°m = 0.00)	0.68	0.68	0.60	η (x = 0.00)	0.68	0.68	0.60
η (T°m = 0.05)	0.59	0.60	0.53	η (x = 0.05)	0.60	0.60	0.54
η (T°m = 0.10)	0.50	0.51	0.45	η (x = 0.10)	0.52	0.52	0.46

TABLES 17A and 17B
Irradiation	400 W/m2	700 W/m2	1000 W/m2	Irradiation	400 W/m2	700 W/m2	1000 W/m2
tm − tn = 10 K	593	1′065	1′537	tm − tn = 10 K	597	1′069	1′541
tm − tn = 30 K	517	989	1′461	tm − tn = 30 K	528	1′000	1′472
tm − tn = 50 K	437	909	1′381	tm − tn = 50 K	455	928	1′400

Table 18 shows incidence angle modifier (IAM).

	TABLE 18
	0°	10°	20°	30°	40°	50°	60°	70°	80°	90°
K(Θ),long	1.0					0.90				0.0
K(Θ),trans	1.0		1.01	1.00	1.01	1.01	1.05	1.16		0.0

Claims

1. A solar collector, comprising: a housing for the solar collector, the housing comprised of a glass tube;a heat pipe disposed within the housing wherein the heat pipe further is coupled to contoured heat transfer fins wherein the heat pipe is sandwiched between at least two of the heat transfer fins; anda light reflector externally disposed relative to the housing.

2. The solar collector as defined in claim 1 wherein the heat transfer fins are molded to maximize contact with both the heat pipe and the inside surface of the glass tube.

3. The solar collector as defined in claim 1 wherein the heat pipe and the fins are disposed in a flow-through heat transfer manifold.

4. The solar collector as defined in claim 1 wherein the light reflector comprises an external compound parabolic concentrator (XCPC).

5. The solar collector as defined in claim 1 wherein the housing comprises an all glass dewar-type tube.

6. The solar collector as defined in claim 1 wherein the heat pipe includes a hollow center with a vacuum.

7. The solar collector as defined in claim 1 wherein the heat transfer fins substantially encompass the heat pipe.

8. The solar collector as defined in claim 1 wherein the heat pipe comprises a copper pipe.

9. The solar collector as defined in claim 1 wherein the heat transfer fins comprise aluminum.

10. The solar collector as defined in claim 1 wherein the light reflector comprises a nonimaging reflector.

11. The solar collector as defined in claim 1 wherein the housing comprises an evacuated glass tube.

12. A method of making a solar collector, comprising the steps of: providing a housing for the solar collector;positioning a heat pipe inside the housing wherein the solar collector further includes contoured heat transfer fins substantially surrounding the heat pipe;evacuating the housing; andpositioning a light reflector to illuminate the heat pipe.

13. The method as defined in claim 12 wherein the heat pipe comprises a hollow copper tube.

14. The method as defined in claim 12 wherein the light reflector is disposed at least one of internal to the housing and external to the housing.

15. The method as defined in claim 14 wherein the light reflector comprises a non-imaging reflector.

16. The method as defined in claim 15 wherein the non-imaging reflector comprises an XCPC light reflector.

17. The method as defined in claim 12 wherein the heat transfer fins are shaped to maximize contact with both the heat pipe and an internal surface of the housing.

18. The method as defined in claim 12 wherein the heat transfer fins are comprised of aluminum.

19. The method as defined in claim 12 wherein the solar collector further includes a flow-through heat exchanger manifold.

20. The method as defined in claim 12 wherein the solar collector is not moved, thereby performing as a stationary solar collector having a reliable performance upper limit.