Patent Grant
9675068
The present invention relates generally to the field of pesticides. In particular, the present invention relates to using a solid form of sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS) in a pesticide composition. The present invention also relates to methods of using the pesticide composition.
Left unattended, pests such as insects and rodents can quickly infest enclosed structures, such as restaurants and homes. Examples of crawling pests which can infest areas in and around enclosed structures include, for example, cockroaches, ants, ground beetles and spiders. In addition to being a nuisance, some of these pests can also bring pathogens into the restaurant or home, creating unsanitary eating and living conditions.
The use of pesticide compositions has aided in decreasing the infestation of insects in and around residential and commercial structures. Various types of pesticide compositions and methods of repelling or terminating crawling pests are currently available, including gel baits, glue pads and poisons. Because the pests can enter walls through small cracks and crevices and inhabit relatively inaccessible areas, such as within floors and behind walls, various tools can be used to “flush” the pests from the wall. For example, flushing agents can be sprayed into the areas to irritate or agitate the pests and cause them to leave the inaccessible areas and come out into the open and expose themselves. Once the pests enter the open environment, they are exposed to a pesticide composition that terminates them.
In more recent years, attention has been directed to producing pesticides that are effective and ecologically friendly. In line with this trend, the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has issued a list of minimum risk pesticides §25(b) of the Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA) that are not subject to federal registration requirements because their active and inert ingredients are demonstratably safe for their intended use. There is an ongoing need to provide effective pesticides which have reduced environmental impact.
One embodiment of the present invention is a method of eliminating cockroaches by mixing water and solid form sodium lauryl sulfate to form a pesticide composition effective to cause mortality in cockroaches, wherein the sodium lauryl sulfate constitutes between about 1% and about 10% by weight of the pesticide composition, and applying the pesticide composition to an enclosed or partially enclosed area in a structure inhabited by cockroaches. The pesticide composition may be applied to an area inhabited by cockroaches, including, but not limited to, in crevices, cracks, corners, wall and floor junctures or other enclosed or partially enclosed areas of the indoor structure.
Another embodiment of the present invention is a composition produced by the method of combining water and solid form sodium lauryl sulfate to form a solution effective to cause mortality in pests. The concentration of sodium lauryl sulfate may be less than about 10% by weight of the composition, more particularly between about 1% and about 6% by weight of the composition. The composition according to certain embodiments may include only water and sodium lauryl sulfate, essentially only water and sodium lauryl sulfate, or may be free or substantially free of non-food grade components and/or components that are not ecologically safe. In other embodiments, the composition may include a pesticide, and in other embodiments the composition by include a pesticide in an amount less than 0.5% by weight.
The pesticide composition of the present invention may be employed at any of a wide variety of locations in which it is desired to eliminate pest infestation. The pesticide composition is effective in killing crawling pests, and in particular cockroaches. In addition, the pesticide composition is generally more ecologically sustainable than traditional pesticides, making it particularly useful where it is desired to use an environmentally friendly pesticide. Such applications include using the pesticide composition in and around restaurants, stores, homes, or other generally enclosed structures in which humans and animals are present. While the pesticide composition is discussed as being used to eliminate cockroaches, the pesticide composition may be used to eliminate any crawling pests, such as, for example, ants, ground beetles, spiders and the like. In addition, while the pesticide composition is discussed as being applied to and around partially enclosed or enclosed areas, the pesticide composition may also be used in an agricultural environment.
The pesticide compositions may include concentrate compositions or may be diluted to form use compositions. In general, a concentrate refers to a composition that is intended to be diluted with water to provide a use solution that contacts an object to provide the desired effect. The pesticide composition that contacts the pests or surrounding areas can be referred to as the use composition. The use solution can include additional functional ingredients. The use composition can have a solids content that is sufficient to provide the desired level of efficacy while avoiding wasting the pesticide composition. The solids concentration refers to the concentration of the non-water components in the use composition.
In one embodiment, the pesticide composition of the present invention includes a combination of sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS) and water. In particular, the pesticide composition includes a combination of a solid form of sodium lauryl sulfate and water. Suitable component concentrations for a concentrate of the pesticide composition include between about 90% and about 100% sodium lauryl sulfate by weight and balance water, particularly between about 93% and about 100% sodium lauryl sulfate by weight and balance water and more particularly between about 95% and about 100% sodium lauryl sulfate by weight and balance water. Suitable component concentrations for a use solution of the pesticide composition include between about 1% and about 10% sodium lauryl sulfate by weight and balance water and particularly between about 1% and about 6% sodium lauryl sulfate by weight and balance water. At concentrations higher than about 12% by weight sodium lauryl sulfate, solid form sodium lauryl sulfate may not effectively form a solution. In other embodiments, similar intermediate concentrate and use concentrations may also be present in the cleaning compositions of the invention.
Examples of suitable solid forms of sodium lauryl sulfate include, but are not limited to, powder, pellet and block forms. An example of a particularly suitable pellet form of sodium lauryl sulfate is needle form sodium lauryl sulfate. An example of a suitable commercially available needle form sodium lauryl sulfate includes Stepanol DX®, CAS number 151-21-3, available from Stephan Company, Northfield, Ill. While both powder form and pellet form sodium lauryl sulfate may be used to form the pesticide composition of the present invention, pellet form sodium lauryl sulfate is generally easier to handle and does not become airborne as easily as other solid forms.
When liquid concentrate form sodium lauryl sulfate is used, suitable component concentrations for the pesticide composition include between about 1% and about 18% sodium lauryl sulfate by volume and balance water and particularly between about 6% and about 18% sodium lauryl sulfate by volume and balance water. While the liquid concentrate form of sodium lauryl sulfate may also be effective in eliminating pests, liquid concentrate sodium lauryl sulfate has a freezing point of about 53 degrees Fahrenheit, making liquid concentrate sodium lauryl sulfate difficult to use effectively in certain applications.
Because sodium lauryl sulfate is on the §25(b) exempt list of minimum risk pesticides published by the EPA in the FIFRA, the pesticide composition of the present invention is not only ecologically acceptable but is also a food grade material. In one embodiment, the pesticide composition includes an effective amount of sodium lauryl sulfate and water. In another embodiment, the pesticide composition further includes additional components that are on the list of minimum risk pesticides and/or materials that are otherwise considered ecologically safe, non-toxic or food grade. For example, in one embodiment, the pesticide composition does not include components which may be considered toxic or carcinogenic when exposed to humans. In a further embodiment, the pesticide composition contains conventional pesticides or other components in concentrations of less than about 0.5% by weight of a use solution of the pesticide composition, particularly less than about 0.1% by weight of a use solution of the pesticide composition and more particularly less than about 0.01% by weight of a use solution of the pesticide composition. In yet another embodiment, the pesticide composition includes conventional pesticides at lower concentrations than typically required when used as the primary pesticide due to the presence of the sodium lauryl sulfate.
Additional Functional Ingredients
In a further embodiment, the pesticide composition may also include additional components or agents, such as additional functional ingredients. As such, in some embodiments, the pesticide composition including sodium lauryl sulfate and water may provide a large amount, or even all of the total weight of the pesticide composition, for example, in embodiments having few or no additional functional materials disposed therein. The functional materials provide desired properties and functionalities to the pesticide composition. For the purpose of this application, the term “functional materials” includes a material that when dispersed or dissolved in a use and/or concentrate solution, such as an aqueous solution, provides a beneficial property in a particular use. Some particular examples of functional materials are discussed in more detail below, although the particular materials discussed are given by way of example only, and a broad variety of other functional materials may be used.
The pesticide composition of the present invention may include attractants such as cockroach pheromones (e.g., sex attractants, aggregation pheromones) or food-based attractants (e.g., methylcyclopentenalone, maltol, fenugreek and other flavorings). When an attractant is included in the pesticide composition, the attractant may constitute between about 0.1% and about 5% by weight of a use solution of the pesticide composition.
The pesticide composition may also optionally include humectants such as glycerol to slow evaporation and maintain wetness of the pesticide composition after application. When a humectant is included in the pesticide composition, the humectant may constitute between about 0.5% and about 10% by weight of the pesticide composition.
The pesticide composition may also optionally include a foaming agent. When a foaming agent is included in the pesticide composition, the foaming agent may constitute between about 1% and about 10% by weight of the pesticide composition.
Packaging
The pesticide composition may be packaged by any conventional means known in the art. For example, solid form sodium lauryl sulfate and other functional ingredients may be premixed and packaged as a concentrate in a bucket. Alternatively, the pesticide composition may be packaged in a water-soluble sachet for easy disposal after use and reduced packaging waste.
Methods of Use
In general, a pesticide composition of the present invention using a solid form of sodium lauryl sulfate can be created by combining a solid form of sodium lauryl sulfate, water, and any additional functional components and allowing the components to interact. In a first embodiment, the pesticide composition may include needle form sodium lauryl sulfate and water. In an exemplary embodiment, a use solution of the pesticide composition includes between about 1% and about 10% by weight of a solid form of sodium lauryl sulfate and balance water.
In a second embodiment, the pesticide composition may include a solid form of sodium lauryl sulfate, water, attractant, humectant and foaming agent. In an exemplary embodiment, a use solution of the pesticide composition includes between about 1% and about 10% by weight active solid form sodium lauryl sulfate, between about 0.1% and about 5% by weight attractant, between about 0.5% and about 10% by weight humectant, between about 1% and about 10% by weight foaming agent and balance water.
The concentrate may be diluted with water at the location of use to provide the use solution. Once the pesticide composition has been thoroughly mixed to form a substantially homogeneous solution, the pesticide composition may be applied onto a surface as a spray or foam. The use solution is applied onto the surface for an amount of time sufficient to terminate the pests. The pesticide composition can be applied in and around areas such as apartment buildings, bakeries, beverage plants, bottling facilities, breweries, cafeterias, candy plants, canneries, cereal processing and manufacturing plants, cruise ships, dairy barns, poultry facilities, flour mills, food processing plants, frozen food plants, homes hospitals, hotels, houses, industrial buildings, kennels, kitchens, laboratories, manufacturing facilities, mausoleums, meat processing and packaging plants, meat and vegetable canneries, motels, nursing homes, office buildings, organic facilities, restaurants, schools, stores, supermarkets, warehouses and other public buildings and similar structures. In particular, the pesticide composition can be applied to surfaces, such as floors, where pests may harbor, including cracks, crevices, niches, dark areas, drains, and other harborage sites.
The present invention is more particularly described in the following examples that are intended as illustrations only, since numerous modifications and variations within the scope of the present invention will be apparent to those skilled in the art. Unless otherwise noted, all parts, percentages, and ratios reported in the following examples are on a weight basis, and all reagents used in the examples were obtained, or are available, from the chemical suppliers described below, or may be synthesized by conventional techniques.
Panel Exposure Test
6 inch by 6 inch stainless steel panels were sprayed with a test sample. Ten adult male cockroaches were placed onto the wet panels for about 1 minute. A 6 inch diameter greased PLEXIGLASS® ring was used to ensure that the insects remained on the panel for the desired amount of time. Once the cockroaches were removed, the cockroaches were transferred to pre-greased jars for observation of mortality data. During the data collection period, the cockroaches were provided with food and water. Mortality was tracked at 1, 2, 4, 24 and 48 hours post-exposure. This test was performed 6 times.
The compositions of Examples 1, 2 and 3 are compositions of the present invention using needle form sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS) as the active ingredient in a pesticide composition. The compositions of Examples 1, 2 and 3 were mixed with water to form, respectively, about 1 wt %, about 3 wt % and about 6 wt % solutions. To obtain the 3 wt % and 6 wt % solutions, heat was applied to the SLS and water combination until the SLS went into solution. The heat was applied using a microwave.
The compositions of Examples A, B and C are comparative compositions of the present invention using powder form SLS combined with water to form, respectively, about 1 wt %, about 3 wt % and about 6 wt % solutions. The compositions of Comparative D, E and F are comparative compositions using liquid form SLS combined with water to form, respectively, about 6 wt %, about 12 wt % and about 18 wt % solutions.
All forms of the sodium lauryl sulfate are commercially available from Stephan Company located in Northfield, Ill.
The various pesticide compositions were applied onto stainless steel panels as described in the panel exposure test method described above. For the compositions of Examples 1, 2 and 3 and Comparative Examples A, B, C and E, each of the tests was run a total of 6 times, with a total of 60 test cockroaches. For the compositions of Comparative Examples D and F, tests were performed less than 6 times and the mortality data was multiplied by the appropriate factor to obtain a comparable set of data. Table 1 provides the percent solution for the compositions of Examples 1, 2 and 3 and Comparative Examples A, B, C, D, E and F and the percent cockroach mortality after 48 hours.
As illustrated in Table 1, the needle form SLS in the compositions of Examples 1, 2 and 3 resulted in generally higher rates of mortality than the powder form SLS in the compositions of Comparative Examples A, B and C and the liquid form SLS in the compositions of Comparative Examples D, E and F. In particular, with a 1% solution, the composition of Example 1 killed about 6.67% of the cockroaches over 48 hours while the composition of Comparative Example A killed about 1.67% of the cockroach over the same period of time. With a 3% solution, the composition of Example 2 killed about 10% of the cockroaches over 48 hours while the composition of Comparative Example B killed about 11.67% of the cockroaches over the same period of time. With a 6% solution, the composition of Example 3 killed about 30% of the cockroaches over 48 hours. By comparison, the compositions of Comparative Example C and Comparative Example D killed about 6.67% and about 10% of the cockroaches, respectively, over the same period of time.
Because needle form and powder form SLS would not go into solution at 12% and 18%, only liquid SLS was tested. Even with a 12% solution and 18% solution, the compositions of Comparative Example E killed only 1 cockroach and Comparative Example F only killed 2 cockroaches. Thus, the mortality rate of a 12% and 18% solution of liquid SLS was lower than the mortality rate of a 1% solution of the needle form SLS.
The only difference in the compositions of Examples 1, 2 and 3, the compositions of Comparative Examples A, B and C and the compositions of Comparative Examples D, E and F was the form of SLS used. The results in Table 1 thus illustrates that compositions including needle form SLS and powder form SLS were the more effective in killing cockroaches than compositions including liquid form SLS.
After determining that needle form SLS was more efficient at killing cockroaches than either liquid form or powder form SLS, testing on the method of application of the SLS was performed. This included the amount of SLS applied onto the panels. The compositions of Examples 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11 and 12 are compositions of the present invention using needle form sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS) as the active ingredient in a pesticide composition. Each of Examples 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11 and 12 were mixed with water to form 1% solutions and applied onto the panels as described above. Example 4 applied about 0.74 grams of the pesticide composition, Example 5 applied about 0.89 grams of the pesticide composition, Example 6 applied about 1.12 grams of the pesticide composition, Example 7 applied about 1.55 grams of the pesticide composition, Example 8 applied about 2.11 grams of the pesticide composition, Example 9 applied about 2.12 grams of the pesticide composition, Example 10 applied about 2.65 grams of the pesticide composition, Example 11 applied about 2.92 grams of the pesticide composition and Example 12 applied about 4.92 grams of the pesticide composition.
Table 2 provides the grams of pesticide composition applied for Examples 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11 and 12 and the percent cockroach mortality after 48 hours.
As illustrated in Table 2, as the amount of needle form SLS applied onto the panels increased, the rate of cockroach mortality also increased. When the amount of needle form SLS applied onto the panels nearly doubled from about 0.74 grams (Example 4) to about 1.55 grams (Example 7), the percent mortality of cockroaches at 48 hours increased by about 85.42%. When the amount of needle form SLS applied onto the panels nearly doubled again from about 1.55 grams (Example 7) to about 2.92 grams (Example 11), the percent mortality of cockroaches at 48 hours increased by another about 36.84%. When the amount of needle form SLS applied onto the panels nearly doubled again from about 2.92 grams (Example 11) to about 4.92 grams (Example 12), the percent mortality of cockroaches at 48 hours increased by another about 1.3%. In all, as the amount of needle form SLS applied onto the panels increased from about 0.74 grams (Example 4) to about 4.92 grams (Example 12), the percent mortality of cockroaches at 48 hours increased by over 90%, from 8.75% to 96.25%.
Table 2 thus shows that the efficacy of sodium lauryl sulfate, and particularly needle form SLS, is related to the amount of SLS applied onto the surface of the panel.
Jar Exposure Test
The test samples were sprayed directly onto ten cockroaches that were placed into greased, 16 ounce jars. The jars were agitated to ensure that all of the cockroaches in the jar came into contact with the test sample. The cockroaches stayed in the treated jars for observation of mortality data. During the data collection period, the cockroaches were provided with food and water. Mortality was tracked at 1, 2, 4, 24 and 48 hours post-exposure. This test was performed 6 times. Generally, a cockroach mortality of about 70% or higher is considered acceptable. A cockroach mortality of about 90% or higher is considered excellent.
The compositions of Examples 13, 14 and 15 are compositions of the present invention using needle form sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS) as the active ingredient in a pesticide composition. The compositions were mixed with water to form about 1 wt %, about 3 wt % and about 6 wt % solutions, respectively.
The compositions of Comparative Examples G, H and I are comparative compositions of the present invention using powder form SLS. The compositions were mixed with water to form about 1 wt %, about 3 wt % and about 6 wt % solutions, respectively. The compositions of Comparative Examples J, K, L and M are also comparative compositions using liquid form SLS. The compositions were mixed with water to form about 6 wt %, about 12 wt % and about 18 wt % solutions, respectively.
The various exemplary compositions were sprayed into jars as described in the test method above. For the compositions of Examples 13, 14, and 15 and Comparative Examples G, H, I and J, each of the tests were run a total of 6 times, with a total of 60 test cockroaches. For the compositions of Comparative Examples K, L and M, tests were performed less than 6 times and the mortality data was multiplied by the appropriate factor to obtain a comparable set of data. Table 3 provides the percent solution for the compositions of Examples 13, 14 and 15 and the compositions of Comparative Examples G, H, I, J, K, L and M and the percent of cockroach mortality after 48 hours.
As illustrated in Table 3, the needle form SLS in the compositions of Examples 13, 14 and 15 resulted in higher rates of mortality than the powder form SLS in the compositions of Comparative Examples G, H and I and the liquid form SLS in the compositions of Comparative Examples J, K, L and M. In particular, with a 1% solution, the composition of Example 13 killed about 91.7% of the cockroaches over 48 hours while the compositions of Comparative Example G and Comparative Example J killed about 11.67% and about 80% of the cockroaches, respectively, over the same period of time. With a 3% solution, the composition of Example 14 killed about 88.33% of the cockroaches over 48 hours while the composition of Comparative Example H killed about 46.67% of the cockroaches over the same period of time. With a 6% solution, the composition of Example 15 killed about 93.33% of the cockroaches over 48 hours. By comparison, the compositions of Comparative Example I and Comparative Example K killed about 53.33% and about 33.33% of the cockroaches, respectively, over the same period of time.
Because needle form and powder form SLS would not go into solution at 12% and 18%, only the liquid SLS was tested. Even with a 12% solution and 18% solution, the compositions of Comparatives Example L and M only killed about 55% and about 60% of the cockroaches, respectively. Thus, the mortality rate of 12% and 18% solutions including liquid SLS was lower than the mortality rate of a 1% solution including needle form SLS.
The only difference among the compositions of Examples 13, 14 and 15, the compositions of Comparative Examples G, H and I and the compositions of Comparative Examples J, K, L and M was the form of SLS used. The results in Table 3 illustrate that compositions including needle form SLS were more effective in killing cockroaches than compositions including powder and liquid form SLS. Pesticide compositions including solid form SLS may be effective at killing cockroaches, but would need to be applied at higher concentrations than pesticide compositions including powder form SLS.
It should be noted that, as used in this specification and the appended claims, the singular forms “a,” “an,” and “the” include plural referents unless the content clearly dictates otherwise. Thus, for example, reference to a composition containing “a compound” includes a mixture of two or more compounds. It should also be noted that the term “or” is generally employed in its sense including “and/or” unless the content clearly dictates otherwise.
All publications and patent applications in this specification are indicative of the level of ordinary skill in the art to which this invention pertains. All publications and patent applications are herein incorporated by reference to the same extent as if each individual publication or patent application was specifically and individually indicated by reference.
The invention has been described with reference to various specific and preferred embodiments and techniques. However, it should be understood that many variations and modifications may be made while remaining within the spirit and scope of the invention
This application is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No. 13/340,239, filed Dec. 29, 2011 which is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No. 12/477,640, filed Jun. 3, 2009, both entitled “Solid Form Sodium Lauryl Sulfate (SLS) Pesticide Composition,” issued as U.S. Pat. No. 8,110,608, which claims the benefit under 35 U.S.C. §119 of U.S. Provisional Application No. 61/059,168, filed on Jun. 5, 2008, entitled “Solid Form Sodium Lauryl Sulfate (SLS) Pesticide Composition,” both of which are herein incorporated by reference in their entirety.
| Number | Name | Date | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| 3274052 | Yaffe | Sep 1966 | A |
| 3808339 | Bordenca | Apr 1974 | A |
| 3873725 | Skinner et al. | Mar 1975 | A |
| 3920442 | Albert et al. | Nov 1975 | A |
| 4181734 | D'Silva | Jan 1980 | A |
| 4191773 | Dorn | Mar 1980 | A |
| 4194001 | Ruscoe et al. | Mar 1980 | A |
| 4195080 | Herrera et al. | Mar 1980 | A |
| 4198397 | Gillings et al. | Apr 1980 | A |
| 4198782 | Kydonieus et al. | Apr 1980 | A |
| 4200644 | Engel | Apr 1980 | A |
| 4206230 | Paul | Jun 1980 | A |
| 4215138 | Ozawa et al. | Jul 1980 | A |
| 4218468 | Paul | Aug 1980 | A |
| 4226881 | Barer | Oct 1980 | A |
| 4235872 | Tocker | Nov 1980 | A |
| 4235927 | Engel | Nov 1980 | A |
| 4237168 | Reifschneider | Dec 1980 | A |
| 4243677 | Engel | Jan 1981 | A |
| 4255435 | Watkins et al. | Mar 1981 | A |
| 4263287 | Dennis | Apr 1981 | A |
| 4264606 | Ozawa et al. | Apr 1981 | A |
| 4265906 | Kasamatsu et al. | May 1981 | A |
| 4265907 | Paul | May 1981 | A |
| 4268520 | Grantham | May 1981 | A |
| 4268521 | Knabke | May 1981 | A |
| 4268525 | Paul | May 1981 | A |
| 4271181 | Eastburg | Jun 1981 | A |
| 4279895 | Carle | Jul 1981 | A |
| 4291055 | Chen | Sep 1981 | A |
| 4291058 | Suchy | Sep 1981 | A |
| 4299258 | Brite | Nov 1981 | A |
| 4303640 | Fuyama et al. | Dec 1981 | A |
| 4308279 | Smeltz | Dec 1981 | A |
| 4313941 | Duinker et al. | Feb 1982 | A |
| 4320139 | Takei et al. | Mar 1982 | A |
| 4320140 | Crounse et al. | Mar 1982 | A |
| 4335118 | Fischer et al. | Jun 1982 | A |
| 4335252 | Engel | Jun 1982 | A |
| 4342778 | Drabek et al. | Aug 1982 | A |
| 4346091 | Sanborn | Aug 1982 | A |
| 4346092 | Sanborn | Aug 1982 | A |
| 4357348 | Kasamatsu et al. | Nov 1982 | A |
| 4359580 | Grasso | Nov 1982 | A |
| 4361554 | Saunders | Nov 1982 | A |
| 4370346 | Punja | Jan 1983 | A |
| 4375476 | Cardis | Mar 1983 | A |
| 4376785 | Matsuo et al. | Mar 1983 | A |
| 4380537 | Monroe | Apr 1983 | A |
| 4382927 | Sherman | May 1983 | A |
| 4386071 | Carle | May 1983 | A |
| 4391820 | Holan et al. | Jul 1983 | A |
| 4391823 | Boxler et al. | Jul 1983 | A |
| 4393074 | Middleton | Jul 1983 | A |
| 4399152 | Brouwer et al. | Aug 1983 | A |
| 4405353 | Angyan et al. | Sep 1983 | A |
| 4415748 | Scharpf et al. | Nov 1983 | A |
| 4419350 | Letchworth et al. | Dec 1983 | A |
| 4423028 | Walker et al. | Dec 1983 | A |
| 4423042 | Dorn et al. | Dec 1983 | A |
| 4426379 | Edwards | Jan 1984 | A |
| 4436719 | Lindaberry | Mar 1984 | A |
| 4438137 | Allan | Mar 1984 | A |
| 4439430 | Reifschneider | Mar 1984 | A |
| 4447413 | Rippstein, Jr. | May 1984 | A |
| 4450169 | Nezot et al. | May 1984 | A |
| 4457923 | Fahmy | Jul 1984 | A |
| 4461758 | Brite | Jul 1984 | A |
| 4461764 | Magee | Jul 1984 | A |
| 4470966 | Costanza et al. | Sep 1984 | A |
| 4481215 | Tocker | Nov 1984 | A |
| 4490380 | Redemann | Dec 1984 | A |
| 4490390 | Priester et al. | Dec 1984 | A |
| 4496586 | Matsui et al. | Jan 1985 | A |
| 4501742 | Harris | Feb 1985 | A |
| 4504483 | Ozawa et al. | Mar 1985 | A |
| 4510133 | Evans | Apr 1985 | A |
| 4518593 | Juvin et al. | May 1985 | A |
| 4536506 | Marcoux et al. | Aug 1985 | A |
| 4540710 | Holan et al. | Sep 1985 | A |
| 4551546 | Punja | Nov 1985 | A |
| 4562062 | Shinjo et al. | Dec 1985 | A |
| 4564631 | Elbert et al. | Jan 1986 | A |
| 4564639 | Nagase et al. | Jan 1986 | A |
| 4567199 | Crowley | Jan 1986 | A |
| 4568541 | Dorn et al. | Feb 1986 | A |
| 4568670 | Reifschneider et al. | Feb 1986 | A |
| 4582825 | Baumann et al. | Apr 1986 | A |
| 4595679 | Broadbent | Jun 1986 | A |
| 4596890 | Kisida et al. | Jun 1986 | A |
| 4596892 | Plummer | Jun 1986 | A |
| 4602945 | Graber et al. | Jul 1986 | A |
| 4604971 | Baker et al. | Aug 1986 | A |
| 4617316 | Plummer | Oct 1986 | A |
| 4632936 | Boase et al. | Dec 1986 | A |
| 4636523 | Plummer | Jan 1987 | A |
| 4650792 | Underwood | Mar 1987 | A |
| 4659703 | Chavdarian | Apr 1987 | A |
| 4662103 | Cheng | May 1987 | A |
| 4666747 | Quinn | May 1987 | A |
| 4680294 | Shiokawa et al. | Jul 1987 | A |
| 4685423 | Baker et al. | Aug 1987 | A |
| 4688349 | Renth | Aug 1987 | A |
| 4696822 | Matsumura et al. | Sep 1987 | A |
| 4709068 | Sieburth | Nov 1987 | A |
| 4725589 | Tsuboi et al. | Feb 1988 | A |
| 4737509 | Plummer | Apr 1988 | A |
| 4767773 | Ayad | Aug 1988 | A |
| 4780457 | Tsuboi et al. | Oct 1988 | A |
| 4786650 | Drabek | Nov 1988 | A |
| 4796381 | Kauth et al. | Jan 1989 | A |
| 4798839 | Ayad | Jan 1989 | A |
| 4803956 | Corrigan et al. | Feb 1989 | A |
| 4805341 | Maeda | Feb 1989 | A |
| 4808762 | Meier et al. | Feb 1989 | A |
| 4818525 | Kamada | Apr 1989 | A |
| 4822613 | Rodero | Apr 1989 | A |
| 4826682 | Sakharova | May 1989 | A |
| 4833159 | Bushell et al. | May 1989 | A |
| 4837209 | Chavdarian | Jun 1989 | A |
| 4851438 | Flashinski | Jul 1989 | A |
| 4860488 | Shigetoyo | Aug 1989 | A |
| 4861762 | Puritch et al. | Aug 1989 | A |
| 4863718 | Bernardo | Sep 1989 | A |
| 4867972 | Girardeau et al. | Sep 1989 | A |
| 4868209 | Punja | Sep 1989 | A |
| 4873264 | Chou et al. | Oct 1989 | A |
| 4879117 | Rombi | Nov 1989 | A |
| 4888174 | Farquharson et al. | Dec 1989 | A |
| 4888340 | Neh et al. | Dec 1989 | A |
| 4889719 | Ohtsubo et al. | Dec 1989 | A |
| 4889872 | Naumann et al. | Dec 1989 | A |
| 4892732 | Parconagian et al. | Jan 1990 | A |
| 4895871 | Lutomski et al. | Jan 1990 | A |
| 4900758 | Fisher | Feb 1990 | A |
| 4904464 | Albanese | Feb 1990 | A |
| 4904696 | Sakamoto et al. | Feb 1990 | A |
| 4911913 | Hostetter et al. | Mar 1990 | A |
| 4913893 | Varco | Apr 1990 | A |
| 4925657 | Den Braber et al. | May 1990 | A |
| 4933181 | Brown et al. | Jun 1990 | A |
| 4936901 | Surgant, Sr. et al. | Jun 1990 | A |
| 4944950 | Sakharova | Jul 1990 | A |
| 4945088 | Okamoto et al. | Jul 1990 | A |
| 4945107 | Minetti | Jul 1990 | A |
| 4956353 | Dowd | Sep 1990 | A |
| 4963584 | Hidasi et al. | Oct 1990 | A |
| 4975425 | Barnett, Jr. | Dec 1990 | A |
| 4975451 | Cullen et al. | Dec 1990 | A |
| 4980373 | Kisida et al. | Dec 1990 | A |
| 4983391 | Muneyuki et al. | Jan 1991 | A |
| 4988516 | Herring | Jan 1991 | A |
| 4992275 | Lush | Feb 1991 | A |
| 4997592 | Woogerd | Mar 1991 | A |
| 5017615 | Workman | May 1991 | A |
| 5026727 | Bushnell | Jun 1991 | A |
| 5034404 | Uneme et al. | Jul 1991 | A |
| 5049585 | Robson et al. | Sep 1991 | A |
| 5061489 | Bernier et al. | Oct 1991 | A |
| 5068229 | Benoit et al. | Nov 1991 | A |
| 5091416 | Bushell | Feb 1992 | A |
| 5100667 | Chan et al. | Mar 1992 | A |
| 5106872 | Alder et al. | Apr 1992 | A |
| 5110594 | Morita | May 1992 | A |
| 5122364 | Portas | Jun 1992 | A |
| 5122518 | Vrba | Jun 1992 | A |
| 5128329 | Minagawa et al. | Jul 1992 | A |
| 5152096 | Rudolph | Oct 1992 | A |
| 5153182 | Tozzi | Oct 1992 | A |
| 5166425 | Tsushima et al. | Nov 1992 | A |
| 5223270 | Jones | Jun 1993 | A |
| 5225443 | Murphy et al. | Jul 1993 | A |
| 5238949 | Shiokawa et al. | Aug 1993 | A |
| 5250575 | Wilson et al. | Oct 1993 | A |
| 5262323 | Baird et al. | Nov 1993 | A |
| 5266324 | Stendel et al. | Nov 1993 | A |
| 5300503 | Peake et al. | Apr 1994 | A |
| 5320855 | Roche et al. | Jun 1994 | A |
| 5326560 | Henderson | Jul 1994 | A |
| 5338544 | Donovan | Aug 1994 | A |
| 5352674 | Cummings | Oct 1994 | A |
| 5369027 | Lambert et al. | Nov 1994 | A |
| 5389662 | Pap et al. | Feb 1995 | A |
| 5401771 | Demassey et al. | Mar 1995 | A |
| 5427794 | Miles | Jun 1995 | A |
| 5446019 | Ely et al. | Aug 1995 | A |
| 5455256 | Kamochi et al. | Oct 1995 | A |
| 5457178 | Jackson et al. | Oct 1995 | A |
| 5476869 | Murai et al. | Dec 1995 | A |
| 5510363 | Thirugnanam | Apr 1996 | A |
| 5516747 | Lachut | May 1996 | A |
| 5521192 | Henrie, II et al. | May 1996 | A |
| 5531981 | Kuwazuru et al. | Jul 1996 | A |
| 5571829 | Thirugnanam | Nov 1996 | A |
| 5578250 | Thomas et al. | Nov 1996 | A |
| 5595749 | Rascher et al. | Jan 1997 | A |
| 5614558 | James et al. | Mar 1997 | A |
| 5620678 | Burke | Apr 1997 | A |
| 5631276 | Kern | May 1997 | A |
| 5641499 | Bencsits | Jun 1997 | A |
| 5646133 | Sanders | Jul 1997 | A |
| 5663117 | Warner | Sep 1997 | A |
| 5674846 | Johnson et al. | Oct 1997 | A |
| 5676959 | Heitz et al. | Oct 1997 | A |
| 5683971 | Rose et al. | Nov 1997 | A |
| 5702703 | Schnepf et al. | Dec 1997 | A |
| 5705193 | Bourgogne et al. | Jan 1998 | A |
| 5709890 | Sanders et al. | Jan 1998 | A |
| 5712281 | Cullen et al. | Jan 1998 | A |
| 5712295 | Mencke et al. | Jan 1998 | A |
| 5756459 | Jackson et al. | May 1998 | A |
| 5773016 | Nelson | Jun 1998 | A |
| 5783203 | Schütte et al. | Jul 1998 | A |
| 5792755 | Sagenmüller et al. | Aug 1998 | A |
| 5849870 | Warren et al. | Dec 1998 | A |
| 5860266 | Martinet et al. | Jan 1999 | A |
| 5885598 | Knauf et al. | Mar 1999 | A |
| 5888989 | Kern | Mar 1999 | A |
| 5910323 | Lajoie et al. | Jun 1999 | A |
| 5925670 | Silverman et al. | Jul 1999 | A |
| 5935943 | Asai et al. | Aug 1999 | A |
| 5939438 | Yeager et al. | Aug 1999 | A |
| 5942542 | Killick et al. | Aug 1999 | A |
| 5945114 | Ogawa et al. | Aug 1999 | A |
| 5977186 | Franklin | Nov 1999 | A |
| 5994331 | Erdelen et al. | Nov 1999 | A |
| 5998330 | Felton | Dec 1999 | A |
| 5998475 | James et al. | Dec 1999 | A |
| 5998484 | Zobitne et al. | Dec 1999 | A |
| 6022881 | Asai et al. | Feb 2000 | A |
| 6060489 | Erdelen et al. | May 2000 | A |
| 6074656 | Katsuda et al. | Jun 2000 | A |
| 6077860 | Meunier et al. | Jun 2000 | A |
| 6090398 | Schroder et al. | Jul 2000 | A |
| 6093413 | Matson | Jul 2000 | A |
| 6103763 | Horst | Aug 2000 | A |
| 6110866 | Walker | Aug 2000 | A |
| 6153181 | Nelson et al. | Nov 2000 | A |
| 6162825 | Silverman et al. | Dec 2000 | A |
| 6218407 | Erdelen et al. | Apr 2001 | B1 |
| 6258369 | Pullen | Jul 2001 | B1 |
| 6265384 | Pearlman | Jul 2001 | B1 |
| 6277389 | Pullen | Aug 2001 | B1 |
| 6296865 | Dujardin et al. | Oct 2001 | B1 |
| 6429180 | Wisniewski et al. | Aug 2002 | B1 |
| 6444690 | Erdelen et al. | Sep 2002 | B2 |
| 6482863 | Munagavalasa et al. | Nov 2002 | B2 |
| 6492357 | Nakakura et al. | Dec 2002 | B1 |
| 6531163 | Bessette | Mar 2003 | B1 |
| 6534529 | Uhr et al. | Mar 2003 | B2 |
| 6541448 | Isaac et al. | Apr 2003 | B2 |
| 6544538 | Caine | Apr 2003 | B1 |
| 6548085 | Zobitne et al. | Apr 2003 | B1 |
| 6564502 | Barcay et al. | May 2003 | B2 |
| 6576661 | Brück et al. | Jun 2003 | B1 |
| 6582712 | Pullen | Jun 2003 | B2 |
| 6582732 | Bender et al. | Jun 2003 | B1 |
| 6585990 | Huang | Jul 2003 | B1 |
| 6588374 | Cottrell et al. | Jul 2003 | B1 |
| 6593293 | Baum et al. | Jul 2003 | B1 |
| 6596271 | Hammock et al. | Jul 2003 | B2 |
| 6662491 | Flinn et al. | Dec 2003 | B2 |
| 6814030 | Cottrell et al. | Nov 2004 | B2 |
| 6849633 | Okui et al. | Feb 2005 | B2 |
| 6855330 | Sirinyan et al. | Feb 2005 | B2 |
| 6855348 | Ahn et al. | Feb 2005 | B2 |
| 6867223 | Cottrell et al. | Mar 2005 | B2 |
| 6900190 | Fischer et al. | May 2005 | B2 |
| 6919090 | Fischer et al. | Jul 2005 | B2 |
| 6984662 | Cottrell et al. | Jan 2006 | B2 |
| 6986898 | Bessette | Jan 2006 | B1 |
| 7019036 | Hiromoto | Mar 2006 | B2 |
| 7084138 | Fischer et al. | Aug 2006 | B2 |
| 7091233 | Fischer et al. | Aug 2006 | B2 |
| 7125565 | Sugishita et al. | Oct 2006 | B2 |
| 7132448 | Cottrell et al. | Nov 2006 | B2 |
| 7192600 | Barcay et al. | Mar 2007 | B2 |
| 7201926 | Fried et al. | Apr 2007 | B2 |
| 7205289 | Fischer et al. | Apr 2007 | B2 |
| 7208474 | Bermudez et al. | Apr 2007 | B2 |
| 7214788 | Guzov et al. | May 2007 | B2 |
| 7232845 | Fischer et al. | Jun 2007 | B2 |
| 7247756 | Theodoridis et al. | Jul 2007 | B2 |
| 7282492 | Wengel et al. | Oct 2007 | B2 |
| 7288572 | Konze et al. | Oct 2007 | B2 |
| 7297351 | Hiromoto | Nov 2007 | B2 |
| 7312204 | Erdelen et al. | Dec 2007 | B2 |
| 7326704 | Selby | Feb 2008 | B2 |
| 7341735 | Pullen | Mar 2008 | B2 |
| 7341736 | Flashinski | Mar 2008 | B2 |
| 7345092 | Cottrell et al. | Mar 2008 | B2 |
| 7354595 | Cottrell et al. | Apr 2008 | B2 |
| 7371768 | Okui et al. | May 2008 | B2 |
| 7384647 | Ferko, IV | Jun 2008 | B2 |
| 7384927 | Iori | Jun 2008 | B2 |
| 7416880 | Park et al. | Aug 2008 | B2 |
| 7423062 | Tsushima | Sep 2008 | B2 |
| 7435411 | Park et al. | Oct 2008 | B2 |
| 7439280 | Lu et al. | Oct 2008 | B2 |
| 8110608 | Herrera et al. | Feb 2012 | B2 |
| 8877219 | Bessette | Nov 2014 | B2 |
| 8968757 | Man et al. | Mar 2015 | B2 |
| 20010014654 | Davister et al. | Aug 2001 | A1 |
| 20030073667 | Endris et al. | Apr 2003 | A1 |
| 20030092710 | Nakakura et al. | May 2003 | A1 |
| 20030152603 | Johnson | Aug 2003 | A1 |
| 20030170341 | Goodman et al. | Sep 2003 | A1 |
| 20040175405 | Mohamed Mahgoub et al. | Sep 2004 | A1 |
| 20050003001 | Yamaguchi et al. | Jan 2005 | A1 |
| 20050038094 | Warrington | Feb 2005 | A1 |
| 20050058681 | Johnson | Mar 2005 | A1 |
| 20050112165 | Taylor | May 2005 | A1 |
| 20050152937 | Lin | Jul 2005 | A1 |
| 20050169954 | Cottrell et al. | Aug 2005 | A1 |
| 20050196416 | Kipp et al. | Sep 2005 | A1 |
| 20050233986 | Clough | Oct 2005 | A1 |
| 20050244387 | Grewal | Nov 2005 | A1 |
| 20050244445 | Anderson | Nov 2005 | A1 |
| 20050266036 | Awada et al. | Dec 2005 | A1 |
| 20060034898 | Amodt et al. | Feb 2006 | A1 |
| 20060063829 | Andersch et al. | Mar 2006 | A1 |
| 20060083764 | Hernandez et al. | Apr 2006 | A1 |
| 20060093637 | Stock et al. | May 2006 | A1 |
| 20060115506 | Harmer et al. | Jun 2006 | A1 |
| 20060135564 | Kim et al. | Jun 2006 | A1 |
| 20060257440 | Asai et al. | Nov 2006 | A1 |
| 20070003586 | Homoelle, Jr. et al. | Jan 2007 | A1 |
| 20070009563 | Hataipitisuk | Jan 2007 | A1 |
| 20070048346 | Ido | Mar 2007 | A1 |
| 20070065476 | Sexton | Mar 2007 | A1 |
| 20070071785 | Craven et al. | Mar 2007 | A1 |
| 20070178128 | Bessette | Aug 2007 | A1 |
| 20070202089 | Bermudez et al. | Aug 2007 | A1 |
| 20070254927 | Cottrell et al. | Nov 2007 | A1 |
| 20070254951 | Cottrell et al. | Nov 2007 | A1 |
| 20070259015 | Patterson et al. | Nov 2007 | A1 |
| 20070264297 | Scialdone et al. | Nov 2007 | A1 |
| 20070275971 | Erdelen et al. | Nov 2007 | A1 |
| 20070276014 | Cottrell et al. | Nov 2007 | A1 |
| 20080003185 | Valpey et al. | Jan 2008 | A1 |
| 20080038214 | Cottrell et al. | Feb 2008 | A1 |
| 20080038383 | Bessette et al. | Feb 2008 | A1 |
| 20080064603 | Pullen | Mar 2008 | A1 |
| 20080070787 | Pullen | Mar 2008 | A1 |
| 20080112992 | Mohamed Mahgoub et al. | May 2008 | A1 |
| 20080118461 | Boucher, Jr. et al. | May 2008 | A1 |
| 20080214400 | Pullen | Sep 2008 | A1 |
| 20080214502 | Smogoleski et al. | Sep 2008 | A1 |
| 20080214634 | Konze et al. | Sep 2008 | A1 |
| 20080233159 | Katsuda et al. | Sep 2008 | A1 |
| 20080257075 | Ropiak | Oct 2008 | A1 |
| 20080300225 | Marrone | Dec 2008 | A1 |
| 20090057442 | Nguyen | Mar 2009 | A1 |
| 20090082204 | Royalty et al. | Mar 2009 | A1 |
| 20100227010 | Jones | Sep 2010 | A1 |
| 20110054026 | Doyle | Mar 2011 | A1 |
| 20120087964 | Man et al. | Apr 2012 | A1 |
| 20120087987 | Man et al. | Apr 2012 | A1 |
| 20120088828 | Man et al. | Apr 2012 | A1 |
| 20150140056 | Man et al. | May 2015 | A1 |
| Number | Date | Country |
|---|---|---|
| 101326918 | Dec 2008 | CN |
| 0 008 880 | Mar 1980 | EP |
| 0008880 | Mar 1980 | EP |
| 0 582 065 | Feb 1994 | EP |
| 0 936 859 | Aug 2002 | EP |
| 1 158 964 | Apr 2004 | EP |
| 1 490 025 | Feb 2008 | EP |
| 1 572 357 | Jul 1980 | GB |
| 1572357 | Jul 1980 | GB |
| 1 604 860 | Dec 1981 | GB |
| 1604860 | Dec 1981 | GB |
| 2 144 994 | Mar 1985 | GB |
| 2 145 086 | Mar 1985 | GB |
| 2144994 | Mar 1985 | GB |
| 2145086 | Mar 1985 | GB |
| 2 150 565 | Jul 1985 | GB |
| 9322915 | Nov 1993 | WO |
| WO 9322915 | Nov 1993 | WO |
| WO 9422311 | Oct 1994 | WO |
| WO 9702748 | Jan 1997 | WO |
| WO 0195726 | Dec 2001 | WO |
| WO 2008032328 | Mar 2008 | WO |
| WO 2009147648 | Dec 2009 | WO |
| WO2010037503 | Apr 2010 | WO |
| Entry |
|---|
| Stepanol Needle—form SDS Product Bulletin, Jan. 2008. |
| Scrinivas et al., J Dispersion Sci Tech 28: 477-484 (2007). |
| Jakasa, I. et al., “Increased permeability for polyethylene glycols through skin compromised by sodium lauryl sulphate,” Experimental Dermatology, vol. 15, pp. 801-807 (2006). |
| Longman, G.F., “The analysis of detergents,” Talanta, vol. 22, pp. 621-636 (1975). |
| Sinniah, B., “Insecticidal effect of aliphatic alcohols against aquatic stages of Aedes mosquitoes,” Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, vol. 77, No. 1, pp. 35-38 (1983). |
| Sodium Lauryl Sulfate; Exemption From the Requirement of a Tolerance, Federal Register, vol. 74, No. 154, pp. 40503-40509 (Aug. 12, 2009). |
| van der Merwe, D. et al., “Effect of vehicles and sodium lauryl sulphate on xenobiotic permeability and stratum corneum partitioning in porcine skin,” Toxicology, vol. 206, pp. 325-335 (2005). |
| Wadaan, M. et al., “Skin Lesions Induced by Sodium Lauryl Sulfate (SLS) in Rabbits,” J. Med. Sci., vol. 5, No. 4, pp. 320-323 (Oct.-Dec. 2005). |
| International Search Report and Written Opinion cited in International Application No. PCT/US2011/055999 mailed May 18, 2012. |
| Merck Index, entry 8392, for sodium lauryl sulfate, Martha Windholz, Editor (1976), p. 1116. |
| Wege, P. J., et al. “A microencapsulated formulation of lambda-cyhalothrin.” Proceedings of the 3rd international conference on urban pests. 1999. |
| EcoEXEMP IC2, “Insecticide Concentrate” Copyright 2005 EcoSMART Technologies, Inc., p. 1-2. |
| Healthy-Communications, “Sodium Lauryl Sulfate and Sodium Laureth Sulfate,” <http://healthy-communications.com/slsmostdangerousirritant.html>, published Feb. 7, 2009, p. 1-2. |
| Agilent Technologies, Inc., “Fatty alcohol, C20-C28, Analysis of Fatty Alcohol in Olive Oil,” (2011). |
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 20150098923 A1 | Apr 2015 | US |
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 61059168 | Jun 2008 | US |
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Parent | 13340239 | Dec 2011 | US |
| Child | 14569439 | US | |
| Parent | 12477640 | Jun 2009 | US |
| Child | 13340239 | US |
