Patent Grant
9040542
Bacterial resistance to antibiotics has long been recognized, and it is today considered to be a serious worldwide health problem. As a result of resistance, some bacterial infections are either difficult to treat with antibiotics or even untreatable. This problem has become especially serious with the recent development of multiple drug resistance in certain strains of bacteria, such as Streptococcus pneumoniae (SP), Mycobacterium tuberculosis, and Enterococcus. The appearance of vancomycin resistant enterococcus was particularly alarming because vancomycin was formerly the only effective antibiotic for treating this infection, and had been considered for many infections to be the drug of “last resort”. While many other drug-resistant bacteria do not cause life-threatening disease, such as enterococci, there is the fear that the genes which induce resistance might spread to more deadly organisms such as Staphylococcus aureus, where methicillin resistance is already prevalent (De Clerq, et al., Current Opinion in Anti-infective Investigational Drugs, 1999, 1, 1; Levy, “The Challenge of Antibiotic Resistance”, Scientific American, March, 1998).
Another concern is how quickly antibiotic resistance can spread. For example, until the 1960's SP was universally sensitive to penicillin, and in 1987 only 0.02% of the SP strains in the U.S. were resistant. However, by 1995 it was reported that SP resistance to penicillin was about seven percent and as high as 30% in some parts of the U.S. (Lewis, FDA Consumer magazine (September, 1995); Gershman in The Medical Reporter, 1997).
Hospitals, in particular, serve as centers for the formation and transmission of drug-resistant organisms. Infections occurring in hospitals, known as nosocomial infections, are becoming an increasingly serious problem. Of the two million Americans infected in hospitals each year, more than half of these infections resist at least one antibiotic. The Center for Disease Control reported that in 1992, over 13,000 hospital patients died of bacterial infections that were resistant to antibiotic treatment (Lewis, “The Rise of Antibiotic-Resistant Infections”, FDA Consumer magazine, September 1995).
As a result of the need to combat drug-resistant bacteria and the increasing failure of the available drugs, there has been a resurgent interest in discovering new antibiotics. One attractive strategy for developing new antibiotics is to inhibit DNA gyrase and/or topoisomerase IV, bacterial enzymes necessary for DNA replication, and therefore, necessary for bacterial cell growth and division. Gyrase and/or topoisomerase IV activity are also associated with events in DNA transcription, repair and recombination.
Gyrase is one of the topoisomerases, a group of enzymes which catalyze the interconversion of topological isomers of DNA (see generally, Kornberg and Baker, DNA Replication, 2d Ed., Chapter 12, 1992, W. H. Freeman and Co.; Drlica, Molecular Microbiology, 1992, 6, 425; Drlica and Zhao, Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews, 1997, 61, pp. 377-392). Gyrase itself controls DNA supercoiling and relieves topological stress that occurs when the DNA strands of a parental duplex are untwisted during the replication process. Gyrase also catalyzes the conversion of relaxed, closed circular duplex DNA to a negatively superhelical form which is more favorable for recombination. The mechanism of the supercoiling reaction involves the wrapping of gyrase around a region of the DNA, double strand breaking in that region, passing a second region of the DNA through the break, and rejoining the broken strands. Such a cleavage mechanism is characteristic of a type II topoisomerase. The supercoiling reaction is driven by the binding of ATP to gyrase. The ATP is then hydrolyzed during the reaction. This ATP binding and subsequent hydrolysis cause conformational changes in the DNA-bound gyrase that are necessary for its activity. It has also been found that the level of DNA supercoiling (or relaxation) is dependent on the ATP/ADP ratio. In the absence of ATP, gyrase is only capable of relaxing supercoiled DNA.
Bacterial DNA gyrase is a 400 kilodalton protein tetramer consisting of two A (GyrA) and two B subunits (GyrB). Binding and cleavage of the DNA is associated with GyrA, whereas ATP is bound and hydrolyzed by the GyrB protein. GyrB consists of an amino-terminal domain which has the ATPase activity, and a carboxy-terminal domain which interacts with GyrA and DNA. By contrast, eukaryotic type II topoisomerases are homodimers that can relax negative and positive supercoils, but cannot introduce negative supercoils. Ideally, an antibiotic based on the inhibition of bacterial DNA gyrase and/or topoisomerase IV would be selective for this enzyme and be relatively inactive against the eukaryotic type II topoisomerases.
Topoisomerase IV primarily resolves linked chromosome dimers at the conclusion of DNA replication.
The widely-used quinolone antibiotics inhibit bacterial DNA gyrase (GyrA) and/or Topoisomerase IV (ParC). Examples of the quinolones include the early compounds such as nalidixic acid and oxolinic acid, as well as the later, more potent fluoroquinolones such as norfloxacin, ciprofloxacin, and trovafloxacin. These compounds bind to GyrA and/or ParC and stabilize the cleaved complex, thus inhibiting overall gyrase function, leading to cell death. The fluoroquinolones inhibit the catalytic subunits of gyrase (GyrA) and/or Topoisomerase IV (Par C) (see Drlica and Zhao, Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews, 1997, 61, 377-392). However, drug resistance has also been recognized as a problem for this class of compounds (WHO Report, “Use of Quinolones in Food Animals and Potential Impact on Human Health”, 1998). With the quinolones, as with other classes of antibiotics, bacteria exposed to earlier compounds often quickly develop cross-resistance to more potent compounds in the same class.
The associated subunits responsible for supplying the energy necessary for catalytic turnover/resetting of the enzymes via ATP hydrolysis are GyrB (gyrase) and ParE (topoisomerase IV), respectively (see, Champoux, J. J., Annu. Rev. Biochem., 2001, 70, pp. 369-413). Compounds that target these same ATP binding sites in the GyrB and ParE subunits would be useful for treating various bacterial infections (see, Charifson et al., J. Med. Chem., 2008, 51, pp. 5243-5263).
There are fewer known inhibitors that bind to GyrB. Examples include the coumarins, novobiocin and coumermycin A1, cyclothialidine, cinodine, and clerocidin. The coumarins have been shown to bind to GyrB very tightly. For example, novobiocin makes a network of hydrogen bonds with the protein and several hydrophobic contacts. While novobiocin and ATP do appear to bind within the ATP binding site, there is minimal overlap in the bound orientation of the two compounds. The overlapping portions are the sugar unit of novobiocin and the ATP adenine (Maxwell, Trends in Microbiology, 1997, 5, 102).
For coumarin-resistant bacteria, the most prevalent point mutation is at a surface arginine residue that binds to the carbonyl of the coumarin ring (Arg136 in E. coli GyrB). While enzymes with this mutation show lower supercoiling and ATPase activity, they are also less sensitive to inhibition by coumarin drugs (Maxwell, Mol. Microbiol., 1993, 9, 681).
Despite being potent inhibitors of gyrase supercoiling, the coumarins have not been widely used as antibiotics. They are generally not suitable due to their low permeability in bacteria, eukaryotic toxicity, and poor water solubility (Maxwell, Trends in Microbiology, 1997, 5, 102). It would be desirable to have a new, effective GyrB and ParEinhibitor that overcomes these drawbacks and, preferably does not rely on binding to Arg136 for activity. Such an inhibitor would be an attractive antibiotic candidate, without a history of resistance problems that plague other classes of antibiotics.
As bacterial resistance to antibiotics has become an important public health problem, there is a continuing need to develop newer and more potent antibiotics. More particularly, there is a need for antibiotics that represent a new class of compounds not previously used to treat bacterial infection. Compounds that target the ATP binding sites in both the GyrB (gyrase) and ParE (topoisomerase IV) subunits would be useful for treating various bacterial infections. Such compounds would be particularly useful in treating nosocomial infections in hospitals where the formation and transmission of resistant bacteria are becoming increasingly prevalent.
The present application relates to solid forms of (R)-1-ethyl-3-[6-fluoro-5-[2-(1-hydroxy-1-methyl-ethyl)pyrimidin-5-yl]-7-(tetrahydrofuran-2-yl)-1H-benzimidazol-2-yl]urea (“the 6-fluoro benzimidazolyl urea compound”). In one embodiment, the present application provides solid Form I of the 6-fluoro benzimidazolyl urea compound, which is characterized by an X-ray powder diffraction pattern (XPRD) comprising at least three approximate peak positions (degrees 2θ±0.2) when measured using Cu Kα radiation, selected from the group consisting of 9.3, 11.7, 12.1, 12.4, 14.5, 15.9, 16.3, 16.6, 18.5, 19.4, 21.5, 22.3, 22.8, 23.8, 24.5, 25.7, 28.1, 28.4, 30.3, and 33.4, when the XPRD is collected from about 5 to about 38 degrees two theta (2θ). Solid Form I may also be characterized by an X-ray powder diffraction pattern, as measured using Cu Kα radiation, substantially similar to
Another embodiment of the application provides solid Form II of the hydrochloride salt of the 6-fluoro benzimidazolyl urea compound, characterized by an X-ray powder diffraction pattern (XPRD) comprising at least three approximate peak positions (degrees 2θ±0.2) when measured using Cu Kα radiation, selected from the group consisting of 6.7, 9.2, 16.7, 18.6, 19.5, 20.5, 25.6, and 27.5, when the XPRD is collected from about 5 to about 38 degrees 2θ. Solid Form II may also be characterized by an X-ray powder diffraction pattern, as measured using Cu Kα radiation, substantially similar to
A further embodiment of the present application is an amorphous Form III of the 6-fluoro benzimidazolyl urea compound (free base), characterized by an X-ray powder diffraction pattern (XPRD) using Cu Kα radiation, characterized by a broad halo with no discernable diffraction peak. A further embodiment of the present application is a method for preparing an amorphous Form III of the 6-fluoro benzimidazolyl urea compound (free base) comprising lyophilizing, spray drying, drum drying, or pulse conversion drying a solution of the 6-fluoro benzimidazolyl urea compound.
Yet another embodiment of the present application is an amorphous Form IV of the mesylate salt of the 6-fluoro benzimidazolyl urea compound characterized by an X-ray powder diffraction pattern (XPRD) using Cu Kα radiation, characterized by a broad halo with no discernable diffraction peak.
The present application is directed to novel, substantially pure solid forms of (R)-1-ethyl-3-[6-fluoro-5-[2-(1-hydroxy-1-methyl-ethyl)pyrimidin-5-yl]-7-(tetrahydrofuran-2-yl)-1H-benzimidazol-2-yl]urea (“the 6-fluoro benzimidazolyl urea compound”).
The inventors have discovered a free base crystalline form of the compound (Form I), a crystalline form of a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of the 6-fluoro benzimidazolyl urea compound (Form II, corresponding to a hydrochloride salt), an amorphous form of the free base (Form III) as well as an amorphous form of the mesylate salt of the compound (Form IV).
Thus, one aspect of the present application is a novel solid Form I of the 6-fluoro benzimidazolyl urea compound (free base). In one aspect, the present application provides a process for preparing solid Form I of the 6-fluoro benzimidazolyl urea compound.
A substantially pure solid Form I of the 6-fluoro benzimidazolyl urea compound may be prepared from amorphous or crystalline compound by contacting the compound with a solvent system comprising an alcohol and an ether and isolating the solid. The 6-fluoro benzimidazolyl urea compound may be contacted with the solvent either by saturating a solution of the 6-fluoro benzimidazolyl urea compound in the solvent at ambient temperature and allowing the mixture to stand for an extended period of time (for example, overnight). Alternatively, the 6-fluoro benzimidazolyl urea compound may be dissolved in the solvent at elevated temperature, for example, at reflux, followed by cooling the solution to room temperature or below and isolating solid Form I.
In one embodiment of the process, a substantially pure solid Form I of the 6-fluoro benzimidazolyl urea compound may be prepared from amorphous or crystalline form of the compound by preparing a saturated solution of the compound in a suitable solvent at room temperature and isolating Form I which results. In practice this can be accomplished by dissolving a sufficient amount of the 6-fluoro benzimidazolyl urea compound in the solvent at elevated temperature (up to reflux) such that when the solution is allowed to cool to room temperature a saturated solution is obtained, from which Form I precipitates and can be isolated. In other embodiments, the 6-fluoro benzimidazolyl urea compound may be isolated from a reaction mixture by modifying the solubility of the compound in the solvent. For example, removing some or all of the solvent or lowering the mixture temperature may reduce the solubility of the 6-fluoro benzimidazolyl urea compound and solid Form I may precipitate. Alternatively, adding a second solvent to the mixture may precipitate solid Form I of the compound.
In one embodiment, the solvent for the preparation of Form I is a mixture of ethanol and ethyl ether. Isolation of the resulting solid provides Form I.
Solid Form I of the 6-fluoro benzimidazolyl urea compound may be identified by the following characteristics: a broad endotherm at about 250° C., a melt endotherm with an extrapolated onset of about 318° C. as determined by differential scanning calorimetry using 10° C. per minute scan rate; and an X-ray powder diffraction pattern essentially as shown in Table 1 and
In one embodiment, the present invention provides a solid Form I of the compound of formula (I):
In another embodiment, the solid Form I is characterized by an X-ray powder diffraction pattern (XPRD) comprising at least three approximate peak positions (degrees 2θ±0.2) when measured using Cu Kα radiation, selected from the group consisting of 9.3, 11.7, 12.1, 12.4, 14.5, 15.9, 16.3, 16.6, 18.5, 19.4, 21.5, 22.3, 22.8, 23.8, 24.5, 25.7, 28.1, 28.4, 30.3, and 33.4, when the XPRD is collected from about 5 to about 38 degrees 2θ.
In another embodiment, the solid Form I is characterized by an X-ray powder diffraction pattern (XPRD) comprising at least three approximate peak positions (degrees 2θ±0.2) when measured using Cu Kα radiation, selected from the group consisting of 9.3, 16.6, 18.5, 19.4, 21.5, and 25.7, when the XPRD is collected from about 5 to about 38 degrees 2θ.
In another embodiment, the solid Form I is characterized by an X-ray powder diffraction pattern, as measured using Cu Kα radiation, substantially similar to
In another embodiment, the solid Form I is further characterized by an endothermic peak having an onset temperature at about 318° C. as measured by differential scanning calorimetry in which the temperature is scanned at about 10° C. per minute.
In another embodiment, the present invention provides a method for preparing crystal Form I of the compound of formula (I) comprising suspending a solid material of the free base in solvent system comprising an alcohol and an ether and isolating the solid.
In another embodiment, the solid Form I is stable for at least one month at 40° C. with relative humidity of up to 75%.
In another aspect, the present application provides crystal Form II of the hydrochloric acid addition salt of the 6-fluoro benzimidazolyl urea compound. In one embodiment, the present application provides a process for preparing solid Form II of the 6-fluoro benzimidazolyl urea compound. The pharmaceutically acceptable hydrochloric acid addition salt of the 6-fluoro benzimidazolyl urea compound may be prepared by any method known to those skilled in the art.
In some embodiments, the hydrochloric acid addition salt of the 6-fluoro benzimidazolyl urea compound may precipitate out upon formation from addition of an acid to a solution of the compound. In other embodiments, the acid addition salt may be isolated from the reaction mixture by modifying the solubility of the salt in the solvent. For example, removing some or all of the solvent or lowering the mixture temperature may reduce the solubility of the hydrochloride salt of the 6-fluoro benzimidazolyl urea compound and the salt precipitate. Alternatively, adding a second solvent to the mixture may precipitate the salt.
In further embodiments, gaseous hydrochloric acid may be bubbled through a solution of the 6-fluoro benzimidazolyl urea compound until a mono acid addition salt of the compound is prepared. In certain embodiments, stoichiometric amounts of hydrochloric acid and the 6-fluoro benzimidazolyl urea compound may be mixed together to form a mono acid addition salt of the compound. For example, a solution of the 6-fluoro benzimidazolyl urea compound in a polar solvent may be mixed with a stoichiometric amount of an aqueous solution of hydrochloric acid. Examples of polar solvents that may be suitable for preparing the solid Form II of hydrochloride salt of 6-fluoro benzimidazolyl urea compound include ethers such as diethyl ether and tetrahydrofuran (THF).
In a particular embodiment, stoichiometric amounts of the 6-fluoro benzimidazolyl urea compound in THF and aqueous hydrochloric acid were mixed slowly and the mixture was stirred at room temperature overnight. A solid white hydrochloride salt of the 6-fluoro benzimidazolyl urea compound precipitated out. The solid was isolated, washed with water and dried under vacuum.
Solid Form II of the 6-fluoro benzimidazolyl urea compound may be identified by the following characteristics: a broad endotherm with a peak temperature of about 210° C., a melt endotherm with an extrapolated onset of about 252° C. as determined by differential scanning calorimetry using 10° C. per minute scan rate; and an X-ray powder diffraction pattern essentially as shown in Table 2 and
In one embodiment, the present invention provides a hydrochloric acid salt of the compound of formula (I):
In another embodiment, the hydrochloric acid salt is Form II solid form.
In another embodiment, the hydrochloric acid salt of Form II solid form is characterized by an X-ray powder diffraction pattern (XPRD) comprising at least three approximate peak positions (degrees 2θ±0.2) when measured using Cu Kα radiation, selected from the group consisting of 6.7, 9.2, 16.7, 18.6, 19.5, 20.5, 25.6, and 27.5, when the XPRD is collected from about 5 to about 38 degrees 2θ.
In another embodiment, the hydrochloric acid salt of Form II solid form is characterized by an X-ray powder diffraction pattern, as measured using Cu Kα radiation, substantially similar to
In another embodiment, the hydrochloric acid salt of Form II solid form is further characterized by an endothermic peak having an onset temperature at about 252° C. as measured by differential scanning calorimetry in which the temperature is scanned at about 10° C. per minute.
In yet another embodiment, the present invention provides a method for preparing solid Form II of the hydrochloride salt of the compound of formula (I) comprising suspending a free base of the 6-fluoro benzimidazolyl urea compound in an acidic solvent mixture comprising one or more ethereal solvents and water.
In another embodiment, the hydrochloric acid salt of Form II solid form is stable for at least one month at 40° C. with relative humidity of up to 75%.
Another aspect of the present application is providing a composition comprising an amorphous 6-fluoro benzimidazolyl urea compound (free base). The term “amorphous” as applied herein to 6-fluoro benzimidazolyl urea compound or its salts refers to a solid state form wherein the 6-fluoro benzimidazolyl urea molecules are generally present in a disordered arrangement and do not form a distinguishable crystal lattice or unit cell. When subjected to X-ray powder diffraction, a completely amorphous compound does not produce a diffraction pattern characteristic of a crystalline form. The X-ray powder diffraction of a partially amorphous material may still lack features characteristic of a crystal form because the diffraction peaks from the crystalline portion of the sample may be too weak to be observable over the noise.
In another embodiment, the present invention provides an amorphous Form III of the fluoro benzimidazolyl urea compound of formula I:
In another embodiment, the amorphous Form III of the fluoro benzimidazolyl urea compound is characterized by an X-ray powder diffraction pattern (XPRD) using Cu Ka radiation, characterized by a broad halo with no discernable diffraction peak.
In yet another embodiment, the present invention provides a method for preparing amorphous Form III of the 6-fluoro benzimidazolyl urea compound comprising lyophilizing, spray drying, drum drying, or pulse conversion drying a solution of the 6-fluoro benzimidazolyl urea compound.
In another aspect, the present application provides an amorphous solid phase Form IV of the mesylate salt of the 6-fluoro benzimidazolyl urea compound. In one embodiment, the present application provides a process for preparing solid Form IV of the mesylate salt of the 6-fluoro benzimidazolyl urea compound. A pharmaceutically acceptable methanesulphonic acid salt of the 6-fluoro benzimidazolyl urea compound may be prepared by any method known to those skilled in the art. For example, a solution of methanesulphonic acid may be added to a solution of the 6-fluoro benzimidazolyl urea compound until a mono acid addition salt of the compound is prepared. In one embodiment, the mesylate salt of the 6-fluoro benzimidazolyl urea compound may precipitate out upon addition of the acid to a solution of the 6-fluoro benzimidazolyl urea compound. In other embodiments, the acid addition salt may be isolated from the reaction mixture by modifying the solubility of the salt in the solvent. For example, removing some or all of the solvent or lowering the mixture temperature may reduce the solubility of the mesylate salt of the 6-fluoro benzimidazolyl urea compound and the salt precipitate. Thus, in some embodiments, the amorphous material is collected after being precipitated from a solvent or from a solution after concentrating the solution by evaporating some of the solvent, for example, using a rotator evaporator. Alternatively, adding a second solvent to the mixture may precipitate the salt.
The mesylate salt of the 6-fluoro benzimidazolyl urea compound may be converted to an amorphous solid form using any method known to those skilled in the art. The amorphous 6-fluoro benzimidazolyl urea compound mesylate salt may be characterized by the absence of a diffraction pattern characteristic of a crystalline form. The X-ray powder diffraction of a partially amorphous 6-fluoro benzimidazolyl urea compound mesylate salt may still lack features characteristic of a crystal form because the diffraction peaks from the crystalline portion of the sample may be too weak to be observable over the noise.
In one embodiment, the amorphous mesylate salt of the 6-fluoro benzimidazolyl urea compound may be prepared by spray drying a solution of the salt in appropriate solvent. Spray drying is well known in the art and is often used to dry thermally-sensitive materials such as pharmaceutical drugs. Spray drying also provides consistent particle distribution that can be reproduced fairly well. Any gas may be used to dry the powder although air is commonly used. If the material is sensitive to air, an inert gas, such nitrogen or argon, may be used. Any method that converts a solution, slurry, suspension or an emulsion of the salt to produce a solid powder may be suitable for preparing the solid amorphous Form IV of the mesylate salt of the 6-fluoro benzimidazolyl urea compound. For example, freeze drying, drum drying, or pulse conversion drying may be used to produce an amorphous mesylate salt of the 6-fluoro benzimidazolyl urea compound.
In one embodiment, a solution of the 6-fluoro benzimidazolyl urea compound in a polar solvent may be spray dried using a nanospray dryer equipped a condenser. The inlet temperature may be kept between 80-120° C.
In another embodiment, the present invention provides an amorphous Form IV of the mesylate salt of the 6-fluoro benzimidazolyl urea compound of formula I:
In another embodiment, the amorphous Form IV of the mesylate salt of the 6-fluorobenzimidazolyl urea compound is characterized by an X-ray powder diffraction pattern (XPRD) using Cu Kα radiation, characterized by a broad halo with no discernable diffraction peak
It is to be understood that solid Forms I and II and amorphous solid Forms III and IV of, respectively, free base and mesylate salt of the 6-fluoro benzimidazolyl urea compound, in addition to having the XRPD, DSC, TGA and other characteristics described herein, may also possess other characteristics not described, such as but not limited to the presence of water or one or more solvent molecules.
X-Ray Powder Diffraction (XRPD): The XRPD pattern of the crystalline forms were recorded at room temperature in reflection mode using a Bruker D8 Discover system equipped with a sealed tube source and a Hi-Star area detector (Bruker AXS, Madison, Wis.). The X-Ray generator was operating at a tension of 40 kV and a current of 35 mA. The powder sample was placed on a Si zero-background wafer. Two frames were registered with an exposure time of 120 s each. The data were subsequently integrated over the range of 3°-41° 2 with a step size of 0.02° and merged into one continuous pattern.
X-Ray Powder Diffraction (XRPD) for Amorphous Forms: The XRPD pattern of the amorphous solid form was recorded at room temperature in reflection mode using Bruker D8 Advance system equipped with Vantec-1 position sensitive detector (Bruker AXS, Madison, Wis.). The X-Ray generator was operating at a tension of 40 kV and a current of 45 mA. The powder sample was placed on a Si zero-background holder, spinning at 15 rpm during the experiment in a continuous mode using variable slit at the detector. Data was collected from 3 to 40 degrees with 0.0144653 degree increments (0.25 s/step).
Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC): DSC was performed on a sample of the material using a DSC Q2000 differential scanning calorimeter (TA Instruments, New Castle, Del.). The instrument was calibrated with indium. A sample of approximately 1-2 mg was weighed into an aluminum pan that was crimped using lids with either no pin-hole or pin-hole lids. The DSC samples were scanned from 30° C. to temperatures indicated in the plots at a heating rate of 10° C./min with 50 mL/min nitrogen flow. The samples run under modulated DSC (MDSC) were modulated + and −1° C. every 60 s with ramp rates of 2 or 3° C./min.
Data was collected by Thermal Advantage Q Series™ software and analyzed by Universal Analysis 2000 software (TA Instruments, New Castle, Del.).
Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA): A Model Q5000 Thermogravimetric Analyzer (TA Instruments, New Castle, Del.) was used for TGA measurement. A sample with weight of approximately 3-5 mg was scanned from 30° C. to temperatures indicated on the plots at a heating rate of 10° C./min. Data was collected by Thermal Advantage Q Series™ software and analyzed by Universal Analysis 2000 software (TA Instruments, New Castle, Del.).
The present invention also provides a pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound of formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, adjuvant, or vehicle.
The present invention also provides a method of controlling, treating or reducing the advancement, severity or effects of a nosocomial or a non-nosocomial bacterial infection in a patient, comprising administering to said patient a pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound of formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
In another embodiment, the present invention provides a method of controlling, treating or reducing the advancement, severity or effects of a nosocomial or a non-nosocomial bacterial infection in a patient, comprising administering to said patient a pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound of formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein the bacterial infection is characterized by the presence of one or more of Streptococcus pneumoniae, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Enterococcus faecalis, Staphylococcus aureus, Clostridium difficile, Moraxella catarrhalis, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Neisseria meningitidis, Mycobacterium avium complex, Mycobacterium abscessus, Mycobacterium kansasii, Mycobacterium ulcerans, Chlamydophila pneumoniae, Chlamydia trachomatis, Haemophilus influenzae, Streptococcus pyogenes or β-haemolytic streptococci.
In another embodiment, the present invention provides a method of controlling, treating or reducing the advancement, severity or effects of a nosocomial or a non-nosocomial bacterial infection in a patient, comprising administering to said patient a pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound of formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein the bacterial infectionis selected from one or more of the following: upper respiratory infections, lower respiratory infections, ear infections, pleuropulmonary and bronchial infections, complicated urinary tract infections, uncomplicated urinary tract infections, intra-abdominal infections, cardiovascular infections, a blood stream infection, sepsis, bacteremia, CNS infections, skin and soft tissue infections, GI infections, bone and joint infections, genital infections, eye infections, or granulomatous infections, uncomplicated skin and skin structure infections (uSSSI), complicated skin and skin structure infections (cSSSI), catheter infections, pharyngitis, sinusitis, otitis externa, otitis media, bronchitis, empyema, pneumonia, community-acquired bacterial pneumoniae (CABP), hospital-acquired pneumonia (HAP), hospital-acquired bacterial pneumonia, ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP), diabetic foot infections, vancomycin resistant enterococci infections, cystitis and pyelonephritis, renal calculi, prostatitis, peritonitis, complicated intra-abdominal infections (cIAI) and other inter-abdominal infections, dialysis-associated peritonitis, visceral abscesses, endocarditis, myocarditis, pericarditis, transfusion-associated sepsis, meningitis, encephalitis, brain abscess, osteomyelitis, arthritis, genital ulcers, urethritis, vaginitis, cervicitis, gingivitis, conjunctivitis, keratitis, endophthalmitisa, an infection in cystic fibrosis patients or an infection of febrile neutropenic patients.
In another embodiment, the bacterial infection is selected from one or more of the following: community-acquired bacterial pneumoniae (CABP), hospital-acquired pneumonia (HAP), hospital-acquired bacterial pneumonia, ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP), bacteremia, diabetic foot infections, catheter infections, uncomplicated skin and skin structure infections (uSSSI), complicated skin and skin structure infections (cSSSI), vancomycin resistant enterococci infections or osteomyelitis.
According to another embodiment, the invention provides a method of decreasing or inhibiting bacterial quantity in a biological sample. This method comprises contacting said biological sample with a compound of formula (I) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
The term “biological sample”, as used herein, includes cell cultures or extracts thereof; biopsied material obtained from a mammal or extracts thereof; and blood, saliva, urine, feces, semen, tears, or other body fluids or extracts thereof. The term “biological sample” also includes living organisms, in which case “contacting a compound of this invention with a biological sample” is synonymous with the term “administering said compound or composition comprising said compound) to a mammal”.
The gyrase and/or topoisomerase IV inhibitors of this invention, or pharmaceutical salts thereof, may be formulated into pharmaceutical compositions for administration to animals or humans. These pharmaceutical compositions effective to treat or prevent a bacterial infection which comprise the gyrase and/or topoisomerase IV inhibitor in an amount sufficient to measurably decrease bacterial quantity and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, are another embodiment of the present invention. The term “measurably decrease bacterial quantity”, as used herein means a measurable change in the number of bacteria between a sample containing said inhibitor and a sample containing only bacteria.
According to another embodiment, the methods of the present invention are useful to treat patients in the veterinarian field including, but not limited to, zoo, laboratory, human companion, and farm animals including primates, rodents, reptiles and birds. Examples of said animals include, but are not limited to, guinea pigs, hamsters, gerbils, rat, mice, rabbits, dogs, cats, horses, pigs, sheep, cows, goats, deer, rhesus monkeys, monkeys, tamarinds, apes, baboons, gorillas, chimpanzees, orangutans, gibbons, ostriches, chickens, turkeys, ducks, and geese.
The term “non-nosocomial infections” is also referred to as community acquired infections.
In another embodiment, the bacterial infection is characterized by the presence of one or more of Streptococcus pneumoniae, Enterococcus faecalis, or Staphylococcus aureus.
In another embodiment, the bacterial infection is characterized by the presence of one or more of E. coli, Moraxella catarrhalis, or Haemophilus influenzae.
In another embodiment, the bacterial infection is characterized by the presence of one or more of Clostridium difficile, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Neisseria meningitidis, Mycobacterium avium complex, Mycobacterium abscessus, Mycobacterium kansasii, Mycobacterium ulcerans, Chlamydophila pneumoniae and Chlamydia tracomatis.
In another embodiment, the bacterial infection is characterized by the presence of one or more of Streptococcus pneumoniae, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Enterococcus faecalis, Staphylococcus aureus, Clostridium difficile, Moraxella catarrhalis, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Neisseria meningitidis, Mycobacterium avium complex, Mycobacterium abscessus, Mycobacterium kansasii, Mycobacterium ulcerans, Chlamydophila pneumoniae, Chlamydia trachomatis, Haemophilus influenzae, Streptococcus pyogenes or β-haemolytic streptococci.
In some embodiments, the bacterial infection is characterized by the presence of one or more of Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus, Fluoroquinolone resistant Staphylococcus aureus, Vancomycin intermediate resistant Staphylococcus aureus, Linezolid resistant Staphylococcus aureus, Penicillin resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae, Macrolide resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae, Fluoroquinolone resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae, Vancomycin resistant Enterococcus faecalis, Linezolid resistant Enterococcus faecalis, Fluoroquinolone resistant Enterococcus faecalis, Vancomycin resistant Enterococcus faecium, Linezolid resistant Enterococcus faecium, Fluoroquinolone resistant Enterococcus faecium, Ampicillin resistant Enterococcus faecium, Macrolide resistant Haemophilus influenzae, β-lactam resistant Haemophilus influenzae, Fluoroquinolone resistant Haemophilus influenzae, β-lactam resistant Moraxella catarrhalis, Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus epidermidis, Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus epidermidis, Vancomycin resistant Staphylococcus epidermidis, Fluoroquinolone resistant Staphylococcus epidermidis, Macrolide resistant Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Isoniazid resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Rifampin resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Methicillin resistant Coagulase negative staphylococcus, Fluoroquinolone resistant Coagulase negative staphylococcus, Glycopeptide intermediate resistant Staphylococcus aureus, Vancomycin resistant Staphylococcus aureus, Hetero vancomycin intermediate resistant Staphylococcus aureus, Hetero vancomycin resistant Staphylococcus aureus, Macrolide-Lincosamide-Streptogramin resistant Staphylococcus, β-lactam resistant Enterococcus faecalis, β-lactam resistant Enterococcus faecium, Ketolide resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae, Ketolide resistant Streptococcus pyogenes, Macrolide resistant Streptococcus pyogenes, Vancomycin resistant staphylococcus epidermidis, Fluoroquinolone resistant Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Multidrug Resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa or Cephalosporin resistant Neisseria gonorrhoeae.
According to another embodiment, the Methicillin resistant Staphylococci are selected from Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus, Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus epidermidis, or Methicillin resistant Coagulase negative staphylococcus.
In some embodiments, a form of a compound of formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, is used to treat community acquired MRSA (i.e., cMRSA).
In other embodiments, a form of a compound of formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, is used to treat daptomycin resistant organism including, but not limited to, Daptomycin resistant Enterococcus faecium and Daptomycin resistant Staphylococcus aureus.
According to another embodiment, the Fluoroquinolone resistant Staphylococci are selected from Fluoroquinolone resistant Staphylococcus aureus, Fluoroquinolone resistant Staphylococcus epidermidis, or Fluoroquinolone resistant Coagulase negative staphylococcus.
According to another embodiment, the Glycopeptide resistant Staphylococci are selected from Glycopeptide intermediate resistant Staphylococcus aureus, Vancomycin resistant Staphylococcus aureus, Vancomycin intermediate resistant Staphylococcus aureus, Hetero vancomycin intermediate resistant Staphylococcus aureus, or Hetero vancomycin resistant Staphylococcus aureus.
According to another embodiment, the Macrolide-Lincosamide-Streptogramin resistant Staphylococci is Macrolide-Lincosamide-Streptogramin resistant Staphylococcus aureus.
According to another embodiment, the Linezolid resistant Enterococci are selected from Linezolid resistant Enterococcus faecalis, or Linezolid resistant Enterococcus faecium.
According to another embodiment, the Glycopeptide resistant Enterococci are selected from Vancomycin resistant Enterococcus faecium or Vancomycin resistant Enterococcus faecalis.
According to another embodiment, the β-lactam resistant Enterococcus faecalis is β-lactam resistant Enterococcus faecium.
According to another embodiment, the Penicillin resistant Streptococci is Penicillin resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae.
According to another embodiment, the Macrolide resistant Streptococci is Macrolide resistant Streptococcus pneumonia.
According to another embodiment, the Ketolide resistant Streptococci are selected from Macrolide resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae and Ketolide resistant Streptococcus pyogenes.
According to another embodiment, the Fluoroquinolone resistant Streptococci is Fluoroquinolone resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae.
According to another embodiment, the β-lactam resistant Haemophilus is β-lactam resistant Haemophilus influenzae.
According to another embodiment, the Fluoroquinolone resistant Haemophilus is Fluoroquinolone resistant Haemophilus influenzae.
According to another embodiment, the Macrolide resistant Haemophilus is Macrolide resistant Haemophilus influenzae.
According to another embodiment, the Macrolide resistant Mycoplasma is Macrolide resistant Mycoplasma pneumoniae.
According to another embodiment, the Isoniazid resistant Mycobacterium is Isoniazid resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
According to another embodiment, the Rifampin resistant Mycobacterium is Rifampin resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
According to another embodiment, the β-lactam resistant Moraxella is β-lactam resistant Moraxella catarrhalis.
According to another embodiment, the bacterial infection is characterized by the presence of one or more of the following: Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus, Fluoroquinolone resistant Staphylococcus aureus, Vancomycin intermediate resistant Staphylococcus aureus, Linezolid resistant Staphylococcus aureus, Penicillin resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae, Macrolide resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae, Fluoroquinolone resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae, Vancomycin resistant Enterococcus faecalis, Linezolid resistant Enterococcus faecalis, Fluoroquinolone resistant Enterococcus faecalis, Vancomycin resistant Enterococcus faecium, Linezolid resistant Enterococcus faecium, Fluoroquinolone resistant Enterococcus faecium, Ampicillin resistant Enterococcus faecium, Macrolide resistant Haemophilus influenzae, β-lactam resistant Haemophilus influenzae, Fluoroquinolone resistant Haemophilus influenzae, β-lactam resistant Moraxella catarrhalis, Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus epidermidis, Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus epidermidis, Vancomycin resistant Staphylococcus epidermidis, Fluoroquinolone resistant Staphylococcus epidermidis, Macrolide resistant Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Isoniazid resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Rifampin resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Fluoroquinolone resistant Neisseria gonorrhoeae or Cephalosporin resistant Neisseria gonorrhoeae.
According to another embodiment, the bacterial infection is characterized by the presence of one or more of the following: Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus, Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus epidermidis, Methicillin resistant Coagulase negative staphylococcus, Fluoroquinolone resistant Staphylococcus aureus, Fluoroquinolone resistant Staphylococcus epidermidis, Fluoroquinolone resistant Coagulase negative staphylococcus, Vancomycin resistant Staphylococcus aureus, Glycopeptide intermediate resistant Staphylococcus aureus, Vancomycin resistant Staphylococcus aureus, Vancomycin intermediate resistant Staphylococcus aureus, Hetero vancomycin intermediate resistant Staphylococcus aureus, Hetero vancomycin resistant Staphylococcus aureus, Vancomycin resistant Enterococcus faecium, Vancomycin resistant Enterococcus faecalis, Penicillin resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae, Macrolide resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae, Fluoroquinolone resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae, Macrolide resistant Streptococcus pyogenes, or β-lactam resistant Haemophilus influenzae.
According to another embodiment, the bacterial infection is characterized by the presence of one or more of the following: Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus, Vancomycin resistant Enterococcus faecium, Vancomycin resistant Enterococcus faecalis, Vancomycin resistant Staphylococcus aureus, Vancomycin intermediate resistant Staphylococcus aureus, Hetero vancomycin intermediate resistant Staphylococcus aureus, Hetero vancomycin resistant Staphylococcus aureus, Multidrug Resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Isoniazid resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis, and Rifampin resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
Pharmaceutically acceptable salts of the compounds of this invention include those derived from pharmaceutically acceptable inorganic and organic acids and bases. Examples of suitable acid salts include acetate, adipate, alginate, aspartate, benzoate, benzenesulfonate, bisulfate, butyrate, citrate, camphorate, camphorsulfonate, cyclopentanepropionate, digluconate, dodecylsulfate, ethanesulfonate, formate, fumarate, glucoheptanoate, glycerophosphate, glycolate, hemisulfate, heptanoate, hexanoate, hydrochloride, hydrobromide, hydroiodide, 2-hydroxyethanesulfonate, lactate, maleate, malonate, methanesulfonate, 2-naphthalenesulfonate, nicotinate, nitrate, palmoate, pectinate, persulfate, 3-phenylpropionate, phosphate, picrate, pivalate, propionate, salicylate, succinate, sulfate, tartrate, thiocyanate, tosylate and undecanoate. Other acids, such as oxalic, while not in themselves pharmaceutically acceptable, may be employed in the preparation of salts useful as intermediates in obtaining the compounds of the invention and their pharmaceutically acceptable acid addition salts.
Salts derived from appropriate bases include alkali metal (e.g., sodium and potassium), alkaline earth metal (e.g., magnesium), ammonium and N+(C1-4 alkyl)4 salts. This invention also envisions the quaternization of any basic nitrogen-containing groups of the compounds disclosed herein. Water or oil-soluble or dispersible products may be obtained by such quaternization.
Pharmaceutical compositions of this invention comprise a compound of formula (I) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. Such compositions may optionally comprise an additional therapeutic agent. Such agents include, but are not limited to, an antibiotic, an anti-inflammatory agent, a matrix metalloprotease inhibitor, a lipoxygenase inhibitor, a cytokine antagonist, an immunosuppressant, an anti-cancer agent, an anti-viral agent, a cytokine, a growth factor, an immunomodulator, a prostaglandin or an anti-vascular hyperproliferation compound.
The term “pharmaceutically acceptable carrier” refers to a non-toxic carrier that may be administered to a patient, together with a compound of this invention, and which does not destroy the pharmacological activity thereof.
Pharmaceutically acceptable carriers that may be used in the pharmaceutical compositions of this invention include, but are not limited to, ion exchangers, alumina, aluminum stearate, lecithin, serum proteins, such as human serum albumin, buffer substances such as phosphates, glycine, sorbic acid, potassium sorbate, partial glyceride mixtures of saturated vegetable fatty acids, water, salts or electrolytes, such as protamine sulfate, disodium hydrogen phosphate, potassium hydrogen phosphate, sodium chloride, zinc salts, colloidal silica, magnesium trisilicate, polyvinyl pyrrolidone, cellulose-based substances, polyethylene glycol, sodium carboxymethylcellulose, polyacrylates, waxes, polyethylene-polyoxypropylene-block polymers, wool fat and self-emulsifying drug delivery systems (SEDDS) such as alpha-tocopherol, polyethyleneglycol 1000 succinate, or other similar polymeric delivery matrices.
The term “pharmaceutically effective amount” refers to an amount effective in treating or ameliorating a bacterial infection in a patient. The term “prophylactically effective amount” refers to an amount effective in preventing or substantially lessening a bacterial infection in a patient.
Depending upon the particular condition, or disease state, to be treated or prevented, additional therapeutic agents, which are normally administered to treat or prevent that condition, may be administered together with the inhibitors of this invention. Such therapeutic agents include, but are not limited to, an antibiotic, an anti-inflammatory agent, a matrix metalloprotease inhibitor, a lipoxygenase inhibitor, a cytokine antagonist, an immunosuppressant, an anti-cancer agent, an anti-viral agent, a cytokine, a growth factor, an immunomodulator, a prostaglandin or an anti-vascular hyperproliferation compound.
The compounds of this invention may be employed in a conventional manner for controlling bacterial infections levels in vivo and for treating diseases or reducing the advancement or severity of effects which are mediated by bacteria. Such methods of treatment, their dosage levels and requirements may be selected by those of ordinary skill in the art from available methods and techniques.
For example, a compound of this invention may be combined with a pharmaceutically acceptable adjuvant for administration to a patient suffering from a bacterial infection or disease in a pharmaceutically acceptable manner and in an amount effective to lessen the severity of that infection or disease.
Alternatively, the compounds of this invention may be used in compositions and methods for treating or protecting individuals against bacterial infections or diseases over extended periods of time. In one embodiment, the compounds of this invention may be used in compositions and methods for treating or protecting individuals against bacterial infections or diseases over a 1-2 week period. In another embodiment, the compounds of this invention may be used in compositions and methods for treating or protecting individuals against bacterial infections or diseases over a 4-8 week period (for example, in the treatment of patients with or at risk for developing endocarditis or osteomyelitis). In another embodiment, the compounds of this invention may be used in compositions and methods for treating or protecting individuals against bacterial infections or diseases over an 8-12 week period. The compounds may be employed in such compositions either alone or together with other compounds of this invention in a manner consistent with the conventional utilization of enzyme inhibitors in pharmaceutical compositions. For example, a compound of this invention may be combined with pharmaceutically acceptable adjuvants conventionally employed in vaccines and administered in prophylactically effective amounts to protect individuals over an extended period of time against bacterial infections or diseases.
In some embodiments, compounds of formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, may be used prophylactically to prevent a bacterial infection. In some embodiments, compounds of formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, may be used before, during or after a dental or surgical procedure to prevent opportunistic infections such as those encountered in bacterial endocarditis. In other embodiments, compounds of formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, may be used prophylactically in dental procedures, including but not limited to extractions, periodontal procedures, dental implant placements and endodontic surgery. In other embodiments, compounds of formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, may be used prophylactically in surgical procedures including but not limited to general surgery, respiratory surgery (tonsillectomy/adenoidectomy), gastrointestinal surgery (upper GI and elective small bowel surgery, esophageal sclerotherapy and dilation, large bowel resections, acute appendectomy), trauma surgery (penetrating abdominal surgery), genito-urinary tract surgery (prostatectomy, urethral dilation, cystoscopy, vaginal or abdominal hysterectomy, cesarean section), transplant surgery (kidney, liver, pancreas or kidney transplantation), head and neck surgery (skin excisions, neck dissections, laryngectomy, head and neck cancer surgeries, mandibular fractures), orthopaedic surgery (total joint replacement, traumatic open fractures), vascular surgery (peripheral vascular procedures), cardiothoracic surgery, coronary bypass surgery, pulmonary resection and neurosurgery.
The term “prevent a bacterial infection” as used herein, unless otherwise indicated, means the prophylactic use of an antibiotic, such as a gyrase and/or topoisomerase IV inhibitor of the present invention, to prevent a bacterial infection. Treatment with a gyrase and/or topoisomerase IV inhibitor could be done prophylactically to prevent an infection caused by an organism that is susceptible to the gyrase and/or topoisomerase IV inhibitor. One general set of conditions where prophylactic treatment could be considered is when an individual is more vulnerable to infection due to, for example, weakened immunity, surgery, trauma, presence of an artificial device in the body (temporary or permanent), an anatomical defect, exposure to high levels of bacteria or possible exposure to a disease-causing pathogen. Examples of factors that could lead to weakened immunity include chemotherapy, radiation therapy, diabetes, advanced age, HIV infection, and transplantation. An example of an anatomical defect would be a defect in the heart valve that increases the risk of bacterial endocarditis. Examples of artificial devices include artificial joints, surgical pins, catheters, etc. Another set of situations where prophylactic use of a gyrase and/or topoisomerase IV inhibitor might be appropriate would be to prevent the spread of a pathogen between individuals (direct or indirect). A specific example of prophylactic use to prevent the spread of a pathogen is the use of a gyrase and/or topoisomerase IV inhibitor by individuals in a healthcare institution (for example a hospital or nursing home).
The compounds of formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, may also be co-administered with other antibiotics to increase the effect of therapy or prophylaxis against various bacterial infections. When the compounds of this invention are administered in combination therapies with other agents, they may be administered sequentially or concurrently to the patient. Alternatively, pharmaceutical or prophylactic compositions according to this invention comprise a combination of a compound of formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and another therapeutic or prophylactic agent.
In some embodiments, the additional therapeutic agent or agents is an antibiotic selected from a natural penicillin, a penicillinase-resistant penicillin, an antipseudomonal penicillin, an aminopenicillin, a first generation cephalosporin, a second generation cephalosporin, a third generation cephalosporin, a fourth generation cephalosporin, a carbapenem, a cephamycin, a quinolone, a fluoroquinolone, an aminoglycoside, a macrolide, a ketolide, a polymyxin, a tetracycline, a glycopeptide, a streptogramin, an oxazolidinone, a rifamycin, or a sulfonamide.
In some embodiments, the additional therapeutic agent or agents is an antibiotic selected from a penicillin, a cephalosporin, a quinolone, an aminoglycoside or an oxazolidinone.
In other embodiments, the additional therapeutic agents are selected from a natural penicillin including Benzathine penicillin G, Penicillin G and Penicillin V, from a penicillinase-resistant penicillin including Cloxacillin, Dicloxacillin, Nafcillin and Oxacillin, from a antipseudomonal penicillin including Carbenicillin, Mezlocillin, Pipercillin, Pipercillin/tazobactam, Ticaricillin and Ticaricillin/Clavulanate, from an aminopenicillin including Amoxicillin, Ampicillin and Ampicillin/Sulbactam, from a first generation cephalosporin including Cefazolin, Cefadroxil, Cephalexin and Cephadrine, from a second generation cephalosporin including Cefaclor, Cefaclor-CD, Cefamandole, Cefonacid, Cefprozil, Loracarbef and Cefuroxime, from a third generation cephalosporin including Cefdinir, Cefixime, Cefoperazone, Cefotaxime, Cefpodoxime, Ceftazidime, Ceftibuten, Ceftizoxme and Ceftriaxone, from a fourth generation cephalosporin including Cefepime, Ceftaroline and Ceftobiprole, from a Cephamycin including Cefotetan and Cefoxitin, from a carbapenem including Doripenem, Imipenem and Meropenem, from a monobactam including Aztreonam, from a quinolone including Cinoxacin, Nalidixic acid, Oxolininc acid and Pipemidic acid, from a fluoroquinolone including Besifloxacin, Ciprofloxacin, Enoxacin, Gatifloxacin, Grepafloxacin, Levofloxacin, Lomefloxacin, Moxifloxacin, Norfloxacin, Ofloxacin and Sparfloxacin, from an aminoglycoside including Amikacin, Gentamicin, Kanamycin, Neomycin, Netilmicin, Spectinomycin, Streptomycin and Tobramycin, from a macrolide including Azithromycin, Clarithromycin and Erythromycin, from a ketolide including Telithromycin, from a Tetracycline including Chlortetracycline, Demeclocycline, Doxycycline, Minocycline and Tetracycline, from a glycopeptide including Oritavancin, Dalbavancin, Telavancin, Teicoplanin and Vancomycin, from a streptogramin including Dalfopristin/quinupristin, from an oxazolidone including Linezolid, from a Rifamycin including Rifabutin and Rifampin and from other antibiotics including bactitracin, colistin, Tygacil, Daptomycin, chloramphenicol, clindamycin, isoniazid, metronidazole, mupirocin, polymyxin B, pyrazinamide, trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole and sulfisoxazole.
In other embodiments, the additional therapeutic agents are selected from a natural penicillin including Penicillin G, from a penicillinase-resistant penicillin including Nafcillin and Oxacillin, from an antipseudomonal penicillin including Pipercillin/tazobactam, from an aminopenicillin including Amoxicillin, from a first generation cephalosporin including Cephalexin, from a second generation cephalosporin including Cefaclor, Cefaclor-CD and Cefuroxime, from a third generation cephalosporin including Ceftazidime and Ceftriaxone, from a fourth generation cephalosporin including Cefepime, from a carbapenem including Imepenem, Meropenem, Ertapenem, Doripenem, Panipenem and Biapenem, a fluoroquinolone including Ciprofloxacin, Gatifloxacin, Levofloxacin and Moxifloxacin, from an aminoglycoside including Tobramycin, from a macrolide including Azithromycin and Clarithromycin, from a Tetracycline including Doxycycline, from a glycopeptide including Vancomycin, from a Rifamycin including Rifampin and from other antibiotics including isoniazid, pyrazinamide, Tygacil, Daptomycin or trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole.
In some embodiments, a solid form of a compound of formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, can be administered for the treatment of a gram positive infection. In some embodiments, the composition is a solid, liquid (e.g., a suspension), or an iv (e.g., a form of the formula (I) compound, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, is dissolved into a liquid and administered iv) composition. In some embodiments, the composition including a formula (I) compound, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, is administered in combination with an additional antibiotic agent, for example, a natural penicillin, a penicillinase-resistant penicillin, an antipseudomonal penicillin, an aminopenicillin, a first generation cephalosporin, a second generation cephalosporin, a third generation cephalosporin, a fourth generation cephalosporin, a carbapenem, a cephamycin, a quinolone, a fluoroquinolone, an aminoglycoside, a macrolide, a ketolide, a polymyxin, a tetracycline, a glycopeptide, a streptogramin, an oxazolidinone, a rifamycin, or a sulfonamide. In some embodiments, the composition including a solid form of a formula (I) compound, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, is administered orally, and the additional antibiotic agent, for example, a natural penicillin, a penicillinase-resistant penicillin, an antipseudomonal penicillin, an aminopenicillin, a first generation cephalosporin, a second generation cephalosporin, a third generation cephalosporin, a fourth generation cephalosporin, a carbapenem, a cephamycin, a quinolone, a fluoroquinolone, an aminoglycoside, a macrolide, a ketolide, a polymyxin, a tetracycline, a glycopeptide, a streptogramin, an oxazolidinone, a rifamycin, or a sulfonamide is administered iv.
In some embodiments, a solid form of a formula (I) compound, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, can be administered for the treatment of a gram negative infection. In some embodiments, the composition is a solid, liquid (e.g., a suspension), or an iv (e.g., a form of a formula (I) compound, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, is dissolved into a liquid and administered iv) composition. In some embodiments the composition including a formula (I) compound, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, is administered in combination with an additional antibiotic agent, selected from a: natural penicillin, a penicillinase-resistant penicillin, an antipseudomonal penicillin, an aminopenicillin, a first generation cephalosporin, a second generation cephalosporin, a third generation cephalosporin, a fourth generation cephalosporin, a carbapenem, a cephamycin, a monobactam, a quinolone, a fluoroquinolone, an aminoglycoside, a macrolide, a ketolide, a polymyxin, tetracycline or a sulfonamide. In some embodiments, the composition including a solid form of a formula (I) compound, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, is administered orally, and the additional antibiotic agent, for example, a natural penicillin, a penicillinase-resistant penicillin, an antipseudomonal penicillin, an aminopenicillin, a first generation cephalosporin, a second generation cephalosporin, a third generation cephalosporin, a fourth generation cephalosporin, a carbapenem, a cephamycin, a monobactam, a quinolone, a fluoroquinolone, an aminoglycoside, a macrolide, a ketolide, a polymyxin, tetracycline or a sulfonamide is administered orally. In some embodiments, the additional therapeutic agent is administered iv.
The additional therapeutic agents described above may be administered separately, as part of a multiple dosage regimen, from the inhibitor-containing composition. Alternatively, these agents may be part of a single dosage form, mixed together with the inhibitor in a single composition.
The pharmaceutical compositions of this invention may be administered orally, parenterally, by inhalation spray, topically, rectally, nasally, buccally, vaginally or via an implanted reservoir. The pharmaceutical compositions of this invention may contain any conventional non-toxic pharmaceutically-acceptable carriers, adjuvants or vehicles. In some cases, the pH of the formulation may be adjusted with pharmaceutically acceptable acids, bases or buffers to enhance the stability of the formulated compound or its delivery form. The term parenteral as used herein includes subcutaneous, intracutaneous, intravenous, intramuscular, intra-articular, intrasynovial, intrasternal, intrathecal, intralesional and intracranial injection or infusion techniques.
The pharmaceutical, compositions may be in the form of a sterile injectable preparation, for example, as a sterile injectable aqueous or oleaginous suspension. This suspension may be formulated according to techniques known in the art using suitable dispersing or wetting agents (such as, for example, Tween 80) and suspending agents. The sterile injectable preparation may also be a sterile injectable solution or suspension in a non-toxic parenterally-acceptable diluent or solvent, for example, as a solution in 1,3-butanediol. Among the acceptable vehicles and solvents that may be employed are mannitol, water, Ringer's solution and isotonic sodium chloride solution. In addition, sterile, fixed oils are conventionally employed as a solvent or suspending medium. For this purpose, any bland fixed oil may be employed including synthetic mono- or diglycerides. Fatty acids, such as oleic acid and its glyceride derivatives are useful in the preparation of injectables, as are natural pharmaceutically-acceptable oils, such as olive oil or castor oil, especially in their polyoxyethylated versions. These oil solutions or suspensions may also contain a long-chain alcohol diluent or dispersant, such as those described in Pharmacopeia Helvetica, or a similar alcohol.
The pharmaceutical compositions of this invention may be orally administered in any orally acceptable dosage form including, but not limited to, capsules, tablets, and aqueous suspensions and solutions. In the case of tablets for oral use, carriers which are commonly used include lactose and corn starch. Lubricating agents, such as magnesium stearate, are also typically added. For oral administration in a capsule form, useful diluents include lactose and dried corn starch. When aqueous suspensions and solutions and propylene glycol are administered orally, the active ingredient is combined with emulsifying and suspending agents. If desired, certain sweetening and/or flavoring and/or coloring agents may be added.
The pharmaceutical compositions of this invention may also be administered in the form of suppositories for rectal administration. These compositions can be prepared by mixing a compound of this invention with a suitable non-irritating excipient which is solid at room temperature but liquid at the rectal temperature and therefore will melt in the rectum to release the active components. Such materials include, but are not limited to, cocoa butter, beeswax and polyethylene glycols.
Topical administration of the pharmaceutical compositions of this invention is especially useful when the desired treatment involves areas or organs readily accessible by topical application. For application topically to the skin, the pharmaceutical composition should be formulated with a suitable ointment containing the active components suspended or dissolved in a carrier. Carriers for topical administration of the compounds of this invention include, but are not limited to, mineral oil, liquid petroleum, white petroleum, propylene glycol, polyoxyethylene, polyoxypropylene, emulsifying wax and water. Alternatively, the pharmaceutical composition can be formulated with a suitable lotion or cream containing the active compound suspended or dissolved in a carrier. Suitable carriers include, but are not limited to, mineral oil, sorbitan monostearate, polysorbate 60, cetyl esters wax, cetearyl alcohol, 2-octyldodecanol, benzyl alcohol and water. The pharmaceutical compositions of this invention may also be topically applied to the lower intestinal tract by rectal suppository formulation or in a suitable enema formulation. Topically-administered transdermal patches are also included in this invention.
The pharmaceutical compositions of this invention may be administered by nasal aerosol or inhalation. Such compositions are prepared according to techniques well-known in the art of pharmaceutical formulation and may be prepared as solutions in saline, employing benzyl alcohol or other suitable preservatives, absorption promoters to enhance bioavailability, fluorocarbons, and/or other solubilizing or dispersing agents known in the art.
According to another embodiment, compounds of formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, may also be delivered by implantation (e.g., surgically), such as with an implantable or indwelling device. An implantable or indwelling device may be designed to reside either permanently or temporarily in a subject. Examples of implantable and indwelling devices include, but are not limited to, contact lenses, central venous catheters and needleless connectors, endotracheal tubes, intrauterine devices, mechanical heart valves, pacemakers, peritoneal dialysis catheters, prosthetic joints, such as hip and knee replacements, tympanostomy tubes, urinary catheters, voice prostheses, stents, delivery pumps, vascular filters and implantable control release compositions. Biofilms can be detrimental to the health of patients with an implantable or indwelling medical device because they introduce an artificial substratum into the body and can cause persistent infections. Thus, providing compounds of formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, in or on the implantable or indwelling device can prevent or reduce the production of a biofilm. In addition, implantable or indwelling devices may be used as a depot or reservoir of compounds of formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. Any implantable or indwelling device can be used to deliver compounds of formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, provided that a) the device, compounds of formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and any pharmaceutical composition including compounds of formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, are biocompatible, and b) that the device can deliver or release an effective amount of compounds of formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, to confer a therapeutic effect on the treated patient.
Delivery of therapeutic agents via implantable or indwelling devices is known in the art. See for example, “Recent Developments in Coated Stents” by Hofma et al. published in Current Interventional Cardiology Reports 2001, 3:28-36, the entire contents of which, including references cited therein, incorporated herein by reference. Other descriptions of implantable devices can be found in U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,569,195 and 6,322,847; and U.S. Patent Application No. 2004/0044405, 2004/0018228, 2003/0229390, 2003/0225450, 2003/0216699 and 2003/0204168, each of which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.
In some embodiments, the implantable device is a stent. In one specific embodiment, a stent can include interlocked meshed cables. Each cable can include metal wires for structural support and polymeric wires for delivering the therapeutic agent. The polymeric wire can be dosed by immersing the polymer in a solution of the therapeutic agent. Alternatively, the therapeutic agent can be embedded in the polymeric wire during the formation of the wire from polymeric precursor solutions.
In other embodiments, implantable or indwelling devices can be coated with polymeric coatings that include the therapeutic agent. The polymeric coating can be designed to control the release rate of the therapeutic agent. Controlled release of therapeutic agents can utilize various technologies. Devices are known that have a monolithic layer or coating incorporating a heterogeneous solution and/or dispersion of an active agent in a polymeric substance, where the diffusion of the agent is rate limiting, as the agent diffuses through the polymer to the polymer-fluid interface and is released into the surrounding fluid. In some devices, a soluble substance is also dissolved or dispersed in the polymeric material, such that additional pores or channels are left after the material dissolves. A matrix device is generally diffusion limited as well, but with the channels or other internal geometry of the device also playing a role in releasing the agent to the fluid. The channels can be pre-existing channels or channels left behind by released agent or other soluble substances.
Erodible or degradable devices typically have the active agent physically immobilized in the polymer. The active agent can be dissolved and/or dispersed throughout the polymeric material. The polymeric material is often hydrolytically degraded over time through hydrolysis of labile bonds, allowing the polymer to erode into the fluid, releasing the active agent into the fluid. Hydrophilic polymers have a generally faster rate of erosion relative to hydrophobic polymers. Hydrophobic polymers are believed to have almost purely surface diffusion of active agent, having erosion from the surface inwards. Hydrophilic polymers are believed to allow water to penetrate the surface of the polymer, allowing hydrolysis of labile bonds beneath the surface, which can lead to homogeneous or bulk erosion of polymer.
The implantable or indwelling device coating can include a blend of polymers each having a different release rate of the therapeutic agent. For instance, the coating can include a polylactic acid/polyethylene oxide (PLA-PEO) copolymer and a polylactic acid/polycaprolactone (PLA-PCL) copolymer. The polylactic acid/polyethylene oxide (PLA-PEO) copolymer can exhibit a higher release rate of therapeutic agent relative to the polylactic acid/polycaprolactone (PLA-PCL) copolymer. The relative amounts and dosage rates of therapeutic agent delivered over time can be controlled by controlling the relative amounts of the faster releasing polymers relative to the slower releasing polymers. For higher initial release rates the proportion of faster releasing polymer can be increased relative to the slower releasing polymer. If most of the dosage is desired to be released over a long time period, most of the polymer can be the slower releasing polymer. The device can be coated by spraying the device with a solution or dispersion of polymer, active agent, and solvent. The solvent can be evaporated, leaving a coating of polymer and active agent. The active agent can be dissolved and/or dispersed in the polymer. In some embodiments, the co-polymers can be extruded over the device.
Dosage levels of between about 0.01 and about 100 mg/kg body weight per day, preferably between 0.5 and about 75 mg/kg body weight per day and most preferably between about 1 and 50 mg/kg body weight per day of the active ingredient compound are useful in a monotherapy for the prevention and treatment of bacterial infections.
Typically, the pharmaceutical compositions of this invention will be administered from about 1 to 5 times per day or alternatively, as a continuous infusion. Alternatively, the compositions of the present invention may be administered in a pulsatile formulation. Such administration can be used as a chronic or acute therapy. The amount of active ingredient that may be combined with the carrier materials to produce a single dosage form will vary depending upon the host treated and the particular mode of administration. A typical preparation will contain from about 5% to about 95% active compound (w/w). Preferably, such preparations contain from about 20% to about 80% active compound.
When the compositions of this invention comprise a combination of a compound of formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and one or more additional therapeutic or prophylactic agents, both the compound and the additional agent should be present at dosage levels of between about 10% to 80% of the dosage normally administered in a monotherapy regime.
Upon improvement of a patient's condition, a maintenance dose of a compound, composition or combination of this invention may be administered, if necessary. Subsequently, the dosage or frequency of administration, or both, may be reduced, as a function of the symptoms, to a level at which the improved condition is retained when the symptoms have been alleviated to the desired level, treatment should cease. Patients may, however, require intermittent treatment on a long-term basis upon any recurrence or disease symptoms.
As the skilled artisan will appreciate, lower or higher doses than those recited above may be required. Specific dosage and treatment regimens for any particular patient will depend upon a variety of factors, including the activity of the specific compound employed, the age, body weight, general health status, sex, diet, time of administration, rate of excretion, drug combination, the severity and course of the disease, and the patient's disposition to the disease and the judgment of the treating physician.
According to another embodiment, the invention provides methods for treating or preventing a bacterial infection, or disease state, comprising the step of administering to a patient any compound, pharmaceutical composition, or combination described herein. The term “patient”, as used herein, means an animal, preferably a mammal, and most preferably a human.
The compounds of this invention are also useful as commercial reagents which effectively bind to the gyrase B and/or topoisomerase IV enzymes. As commercial reagents, the compounds of this invention, and their derivatives, may be used to block gyrase B and/or topoisomerase IV activity in biochemical or cellular assays for bacterial gyrase B and/or topoisomerase IV or their homologs or may be derivatized to bind to a stable resin as a tethered substrate for affinity chromatography applications. These and other uses which characterize commercial gyrase B and/or topoisomerase IV inhibitors will be evident to those of ordinary skill in the art.
In order that this invention be more fully understood, the following schemes and examples are set forth. These examples are for the purpose of illustration only and are not to be construed as limiting the scope of the invention in any way.
The following definitions describe terms and abbreviations used herein:
Scheme 3 provides a method for preparing the 6-fluoro benzoimidazolyl urea compound.
2-Bromo-1-fluoro-3-nitro-benzene (14) (200.3 g, 98%, 892.3 mmol, Bosche F6657), 1,4-dioxane (981.5 mL, Sigma-Aldrich 360481), and 2,3-dihydrofuran (2) (341.1 mL, 99%, 4.462 mol, Aldrich 200018) were charged in a reaction flask, followed by N,N-diisopropylethylamine (155.4 mL, 892.3 mmol, Sigma-Aldrich 550043) and bromo(tri-tert-butylphosphine)palladium(I) dimer (6.936 g, 8.923 mmol, Johnson Matthey C4099). The mixture was stirred at reflux for 2 hrs (HPLC showed 98% consumption of starting arylbromide). The reaction mixture was allowed to cool; the precipitate was removed by filtration, rinsed with EtOAc, and the filtrate concentrated in vacuo to a dark reddish brown semi-solid oil. The semi-solid oil was dissolved in CH2Cl2, eluted through a plug of silica with CH2Cl2, and concentrated in vacuo giving a mixture of 15A and 15B as a dark amber oil (291.3 g). The crude product was carried forward without further purification. The major product was 2-(2-fluoro-6-nitro-phenyl)-2,3-dihydrofuran (15A) (96%): LCMS (C18 column eluting with 10-90% CH3CN/water gradient over 5 minutes with formic acid modifier) M+1: 210.23 (3.13 min); 1H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl3) δ 7.54 (dt, J=8.0, 1.2 Hz, 1H), 7.43 (td, J=8.2, 5.2 Hz, 1H), 7.32 (ddd, J=9.7, 8.3, 1.3 Hz, 1H), 6.33 (dd, J=4.9, 2.4 Hz, 1H), 5.80 (t, J=10.9 Hz, 1H), 5.06 (q, J=2.4 Hz, 1H), 3.18-3.07 (m, 1H), 2.94-2.82 (m, 1H) ppm. The minor product was 2-(2-fluoro-6-nitro-phenyl)-2,5-dihydrofuran (15B) (4%): GCMS (Agilent HP-5MS 30 m×250 μm×0.25 μm column heating at 60° C. for 2 min to 300° C. over 15 min with a 1 mL/min flow rate) M+1: 210 (11.95 min). 1H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl3) δ 7.47 (d, J=8.0 Hz, 1H), 7.43-7.34 (m, 1H), 7.30-7.23 (m, 1H), 6.21-6.15 (m, 1H), 6.11-6.06 (m, 1H), 5.97-5.91 (m, 1H), 4.89-4.73 (m, 2H) ppm.
5% Palladium on carbon (37.3 g, 50% wet, 8.76 mmol, Aldrich 330116) was placed in a Parr bottle under nitrogen, followed by MeOH (70 mL, JT-Baker 909333). The crude mixture of 2-(2-fluoro-6-nitro-phenyl)-2,3-dihydrofuran and 2-(2-fluoro-6-nitro-phenyl)-2,5-dihydrofuran (15A&15B) (186.6 g, 892.1 mmol) dissolved in MeOH (117 mL) was added to the Parr bottle, followed by NEt3 (124.3 mL, 892.1 mmol, Sigma-Aldrich 471283). The bottle was placed on a Parr shaker and saturated with H2. After adding 45 psi H2, the reaction mixture was shaken until consumption of the starting material was complete (HPLC and LCMS showed complete reaction). The reaction mixture was purged with nitrogen, filtered through Celite™ and rinsed with EtOAc. The filtrate was concentrated on a rotary evaporator giving brown oil, which was dissolved in Et2O and washed with water (2×). The ether phase was extracted with aqueous 1 N HCl (5×250 mL), which was washed with Et2O (3×) and then basified with aqueous 6 N NaOH to pH 12-14. The basic aqueous phase was extracted with dichloromethane (CH2Cl2, 4×), and the combined organic extract was washed with saturated aqueous NH4Cl, dried over MgSO4, and filtered through a pad of silica eluting with CH2Cl2 to 25% EtOAc/hexane. The desired filtrate was concentrated under reduced pressure giving 16 as a light brown oil (121.8 g, 84% GCMS plus NMR purity). GCMS (Agilent HP-5MS 30 m×250 μm×0.25 μm column heating at 60° C. for 2 min to 300° C. over 15 min with a 1 mL/min flow rate) M+1: 182.0 (11.44 min). LCMS (C18 column eluting with 10-90% CH3CN/water gradient over 5 minutes with formic acid modifier) M+1: 182.10 (2.61 min). 1H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl3) δ 6.97 (td, J=8.1, 6.3 Hz, 1H), 6.43-6.35 (m, 2H), 5.21-5.13 (m, 1H), 4.54 (s, 2H), 4.16-4.07 (m, 1H), 3.90-3.81 (m, 1H), 2.23-2.00 (m, 4H) ppm. Additional crops were obtained as follows: the combined ether phase was washed with saturated aqueous NaHCO3, brine, dried over Na2SO4, decanted, and concentrated under reduced pressure. The oil was vacuum distilled (ca. 15 ton) collecting the distillate at 101-108° C. To a stirring solution of the distilled oil in EtOH (1 volume) at 2° C. was slowly added 5 M HCl (1 eq) in iPrOH. The resulting suspension was brought to room temperature, diluted with EtOAc (3 volumes, vol/vol), and stirred for 2 hrs. A white solid was collected by filtration, washed with EtOAc, and dried under reduced pressure giving a second crop of product as the HCl salt. The mother liquor was concentrated to a slurry, diluted with EtOAc and the solid collected by filtration, washed with EtOAc, and dried in vacuo giving the HCl salt as a third crop of the product. LCMS (C18 column eluting with 10-90% CH3CN/water gradient over 5 minutes with formic acid modifier) M+1: 182.10 (2.58 min). 1H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl3) δ 10.73 (br.s, 3H), 7.66 (d, J=8.1 Hz, 1H), 7.33 (td, J=8.2, 5.9 Hz, 1H), 7.13-7.05 (m, 1H), 5.26 (dd, J=9.0, 6.5 Hz, 1H), 4.38-4.28 (m, 1H), 4.00-3.91 (m, 1H), 2.59-2.46 (m, 1H), 2.30-1.95 (m, 3H) ppm. The overall yield from the three crops was 76%.
To a stirring solution of 3-fluoro-2-tetrahydrofuran-2-yl-aniline (16) (131.9 g, 92%, 669.7 mmol) in methyl tert-butyl ether (1.456 L) and acetonitrile (485 mL) cooled to −20° C. was added N-bromosuccinimide (120.4 g, 99%, 669.7 mmol, Aldrich B81255) in 3 portions maintaining a reaction temperature below about −15° C. After complete addition, stirring was continued at −15 to −10° C. for 30 minutes. 1H NMR of a worked-up aliquot showed 96% consumption of starting aniline. Another 4.82 g NBS was added to the reaction mixture and stirred at −10° C. for additional 30 minutes. Aqueous 1 N Na2S2O3 (670 mL) was added to the reaction mixture. The cold bath was removed, the mixture stirred for 20 minutes, then diluted with EtOAc. The layers were separated. The organic phase was washed with saturated aqueous NaHCO3 (2×), water, and brine, dried over Na2SO4, decanted, and concentrated under reduced pressure giving a dark amber oil. The residue was diluted with hexane and eluted through a short plug of silica with 25% EtOAc/hexane to 50% EtOAc/hexane. The desired filtrate was concentrated in vacuo giving 17 as a dark amber oil (182.9 g, 90% yield; 86% NMR purity). LCMS (C18 column eluting with 10-90% AcN/water gradient over 5 minutes with formic acid modifier) M+1: 260.12 (3.20 min). 1H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl3) δ 7.15 (dd, J=8.6, 7.6 Hz, 1H), 6.30 (dd, J=8.7, 1.3 Hz, 1H), 5.19-5.12 (m, 1H), 4.58 (s, 2H), 4.16-4.07 (m, 1H), 3.90-3.81 (m, 1H), 2.23-1.99 (m, 4H) ppm.
To trifluoroacetic anhydride (565.3 mL, 4.067 mol, Sigma-Aldrich 106232) stirring at 2° C. was slowly added neat 4-bromo-3-fluoro-2-tetrahydrofuran-2-yl-aniline (17) (123.0 g, 86%, 406.7 mmol) as a thick oil via addition funnel over about 20 minutes (reaction temperature rose to 13° C.). The remaining oil was rinsed into the reaction mixture with anhydrous THF (35 mL). The cold bath was removed and the reaction was heated to 35° C., followed by portion-wise addition of NH4NO3 (4.88 g×20 portions, 1.22 mol, Sigma-Aldrich A7455) over 2.5 hrs maintaining the reaction temperature between 30 and 41° C. using an ice-water bath only as needed to control the exotherm. After complete addition the reaction mixture was stirred for another 10 minutes (HPLC showed reaction 99% complete). It was slowly poured into crushed ice (1.23 kg) and stirred for 1 hr to allow formation of a filterable solid precipitate, which was collected and washed with water, sparingly with saturated aqueous NaHCO3, and water again (to pH 7). The product was dried in a convection oven overnight at 40° C. and then under reduced pressure in an oven at 50° C. overnight giving 18 as a beige solid (152.5 g, 90% yield; 96% HPLC purity). LCMS (C18 column eluting with 10-90% CH3CN/water gradient over 5 minutes with formic acid modifier) M+1: 401.30 (3.41 min). 1H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl3) δ 10.56 (s, 1H), 8.19 (d, J=6.6 Hz, 1H), 5.22 (dd, J=10.3, 6.4 Hz, 1H), 4.22 (dd, J=15.8, 7.2 Hz, 1H), 3.99 (dd, J=16.1, 7.5 Hz, 1H), 2.50-2.38 (m, 1H), 2.22-2.11 (m, 2H), 1.86-1.71 (m, 1H) ppm.
A reaction flask was charged with N-(4-bromo-3-fluoro-6-nitro-2-tetrahydrofuran-2-yl-phenyl)-2,2,2-trifluoro-acetamide (18) (242.3 g, 604.1 mmol), 1,4-dioxane (1.212 L), and aqueous 2 M sulfuric acid (362.4 mL, 724.9 mmol), and stirred at reflux for 5 days (HPLC showed 98% conversion). The reaction mixture was allowed to cool, diluted with EtOAc, neutralized with saturated aqueous NaHCO3, separated the layers, and re-extracted the aqueous phase with EtOAc (2×). The combined organic phase was washed with brine (2×), dried over MgSO4, filtered and concentrated in vacuo giving 19 as a greenish brown solid (181.7 g, 94% yield; 95% HPLC purity). The product was carried to the next step without further purification. LCMS (C18 column eluting with 10-90% CH3CN/water gradient over 5 minutes with formic acid modifier) M+1: 305.20 (3.63 min). 1H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl3) δ 8.35 (d, J=7.3 Hz, 1H), 7.45 (s, 2H), 5.23-5.16 (m, 1H), 4.23-4.14 (m, 1H), 3.93-3.84 (m, 1H), 2.31-1.96 (m, 4H) ppm.
To a stirring solution of 4-bromo-3-fluoro-6-nitro-2-tetrahydrofuran-2-yl-aniline (19) (525.0 g, 1.721 mol, Bridge Organics Co.) in 1,4-dioxane (4.20 L, Sigma-Aldrich 360481) was added a 1.2 M aqueous solution of NaHCO3 (4.302 L, 5.163 mol). A stream of nitrogen was bubbled through the stirring mixture for 2 hrs, followed by addition of 2-[5-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)pyrimidin-2-yl]propan-2-ol (7) (545.4 g, 2.065 mol, Bridge Organics Co.) and 1,1′-bis(diphenylphosphino)ferrocene dichloropalladium dichloromethane adduct (42.16 g, 51.63 mmol, Strem 460450). The reaction mixture was stirred at reflux overnight, allowed to cool, diluted with EtOAc (8.4 L), and the layers were separated. The organic phase was washed with saturated aqueous NH4Cl and then brine. The aqueous phase was re-extracted with EtOAc (4 L) and washed this organic extract with brine. The combined organic phase was dried over MgSO4, filtered through a short plug of Florisil®, eluted with EtOAc, and the filtrate concentrated on a rotary evaporator giving a dark brown wet solid. This was dissolved in CH2Cl2, loaded on a pad of silica gel, eluted with hexane, then 25% EtOAc/hexane, and then 50% EtOAc/hexane. The desired filtrate was concentrated on a rotary evaporator to a thick suspension, and the solid was collected by filtration, triturated with MTBE, and dried in vacuo giving 20 as a bright yellow solid (55.8% yield, 90-97% HPLC purity). The filtrate was concentrated and the above purification was repeated giving a second crop of 20 as a bright yellow solid (19.7% yield). The filtrate was again concentrated giving a dark brown oil and this was loaded on a silica column with toluene and minimal CH2Cl2. It was eluted with EtOAc/hexane (0% to 50%). The desired fractions were concentrated to a slurry and diluted with MTBE/hexane. The solid was collected by filtration and washed with minimal MTBE giving a third crop of 20 as a bright yellow solid (4.9% yield) with an overall yield of 80% from the three crops. LCMS (C18 column eluting with 10-90% CH3CN/water gradient over 5 minutes with formic acid modifier) M+1: 363.48 (2.95 min). 1H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl3) δ 8.84 (d, J=1.6 Hz, 2H), 8.27 (d, J=8.0 Hz, 1H), 7.62 (s, 2H), 5.31-5.24 (m, 1H), 4.63 (s, 1H), 4.27-4.18 (m, 1H), 3.97-3.87 (m, 1H), 2.33-2.05 (m, 4H), 1.64 (s, 6H) ppm.
5% Palladium on carbon (14.21 g, 50% wet, 3.339 mmol, Aldrich 330116) was placed in a Parr bottle under nitrogen, followed by MeOH (242 mL, JT-Baker 909333) and NEt3 (46.54 mL, 333.9 mmol, Sigma-Aldrich 471283). 2-[5-(4-Amino-2-fluoro-5-nitro-3-tetrahydrofuran-2-yl-phenyl)pyrimidin-2-yl]propan-2-ol (20) (121.0 g, 333.9 mmol) was dissolved in hot THF (360 mL), allowed to cool, added to the reaction mixture, and rinsed the residual amount of 20 with another portion of THF (124 mL). The bottle was placed on a Parr shaker and saturated with H2. After adding 45 psi H2, the bottle was shaken until consumption of 20 was complete (HPLC and LCMS showed complete reaction). The reaction mixture was purged with nitrogen, filtered through Celite™ and rinsed with EtOAc. It was re-filtered through paper (glass microfibre) and the filtrate concentrated in vacuo. The reaction was repeated three more times on the same scale and the batches were combined giving 21 as a brown solid (447 g, 99% yield; 93% HPLC purity). LCMS (C18 column eluting with 10-90% CH3CN/water gradient over 5 minutes with formic acid modifier) M+1: 333.46 (1.79 min). 1H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl3) δ 8.81 (d, J=1.4 Hz, 2H), 6.69 (d, J=7.3 Hz, 1H), 5.27-5.20 (m, 1H), 4.73 (s, 1H), 4.70 (s, 2H), 4.23-4.14 (m, 1H), 3.94-3.86 (m, 1H), 3.22 (s, 2H), 2.32-2.22 (m, 1H), 2.18-1.99 (m, 3H), 1.63 (s, 6H) ppm.
To a stirring suspension of 2-[5-(4,5-diamino-2-fluoro-3-tetrahydrofuran-2-yl-phenyl)pyrimidin-2-yl]propan-2-ol (21) (111.3 g, 334.9 mmol) and 1,4-dioxane (556.5 mL, Sigma-Aldrich 360481) was added 1-ethyl-3-(N-(ethylcarbamoyl)-C-methylsulfanyl-carbonimidoyl)urea (10) (93.36 g, 401.9 mmol, CB Research and Development) followed by a pH 3.5 buffer (1.113 L), prepared by dissolving NaOAc trihydrate (158.1 g) in 1N aqueous H2SO4 (1.100 L). The reaction mixture was stirred at reflux overnight (HPLC showed complete conversion), cooled to room temperature, and poured portion-wise (to minimize frothing) into a stirring solution of aqueous saturated NaHCO3 (2.23 L) giving pH 8-9. The resulting mixture was stirred for 30 minutes, the solid was collected by filtration, washed copiously with water to neutral pH, and then more sparingly with EtOH. The solid was dried under reduced pressure giving 22 as an off-white yellowish solid (135.2 g, 94% yield; 99% HPLC purity). LCMS (C18 column eluting with 10-90% CH3CN/water gradient over 5 minutes with formic acid modifier) M+1: 429.58 (2.03 min). 1H NMR (300 MHz, MeOD) δ 8.95 (d, J=1.6 Hz, 2H), 7.45 (d, J=6.5 Hz, 1H), 5.38 (br.s, 1H), 4.27 (dd, J=14.9, 7.1 Hz, 1H), 4.01 (dd, J=15.1, 7.0 Hz, 1H), 3.37-3.29 (m, 2H), 2.55 (br.s, 1H), 2.19-2.07 (m, 2H), 2.02-1.82 (br.s, 1H), 1.63 (s, 6H), 1.21 (t, J=7.2 Hz, 3H) ppm.
A racemic sample of 1-ethyl-3-[6-fluoro-5-[2-(1-hydroxy-1-methyl-ethyl)pyrimidin-5-yl]-7-tetrahydrofuran-2-yl-1H-benzimidazol-2-yl]urea (22) (133.60 g) was resolved on a CHIRALPAK® IC® column (by Chiral Technologies) eluting with CH2Cl2/MeOH/TEA (60/40/0.1) at 25° C. giving the desired enantiomer 23 as an off-white solid (66.8 g, 45% yield; 99.8% HPLC purity, 99+% ee). Analytical chiral HPLC retention time was 7.7 min (CHIRALPAK® IC® 4.6×250 mm column, 1 mL/min flow rate, 30° C.). The solid was suspended in 2:1 EtOH/Et2O (5 volumes), stirred for 10 minutes, collected by filtration, washed with 2:1 EtOH/Et2O, and dried under reduced pressure giving a white solid (60.6 g).
The structure and absolute stereochemistry of 23 were confirmed by single-crystal x-ray diffraction analysis. Single crystal diffraction data was acquired on a Bruker Apex II diffractometer equipped with sealed tube Cu K-alpha source (Cu Kα radiation, γ=1.54178 Å) and an Apex II CCD detector. A crystal with dimensions of 0.15×0.15×0.10 mm was selected, cleaned using mineral oil, mounted on a MicroMount and centered on a Bruker APEXII system. Three batches of 40 frames separated in reciprocal space were obtained to provide an orientation matrix and initial cell parameters. Final cell parameters were obtained and refined after data collection was completed based on the full data set. Based on systematic absences and intensities statistics the structure was solved and refined in acentric P21 space group.
A diffraction data set of reciprocal space was obtained to a resolution of 0.85 Å using 0.5° steps using 30 s exposures for each frame. Data were collected at 100 (2) K. Integration of intensities and refinement of cell parameters were accomplished using APEXII software. Observation of the crystal after data collection showed no signs of decomposition. As shown in
The data was collected, refined and reduced using the Apex II software. The structure was solved using the SHELXS97 (Sheldrick, 1990); program(s) and the structure refined using the SHELXL97 (Sheldrick, 1997) program. The crystal shows monoclinic cell with P21 space group. The lattice parameters are a=9.9016(2) Å, b=10.9184(2) Å, c=19.2975(4) Å, β=102.826(1)°. Volume=2034.19(7) Å3.
To a stirring suspension of 1-ethyl-3-[6-fluoro-5-[2-(1-hydroxy-1-methyl-ethyl)pyrimidin-5-yl]-7-[(2R)-tetrahydrofuran-2-yl]-1H-benzimidazol-2-yl]urea (23) (15.05 g, 35.13 mmol) in dichloromethane (60 mL, J. T. Baker 931533) and absolute ethanol (15 mL, Pharmco-AAPER 111000200) was added methanesulfonic acid (2.392 mL, 36.89 mmol, Sigma-Aldrich 471356). Stirred at room temperature until a clear solution was observed. Added heptane (300 mL) slowly over about 1 hr and collected the solid precipitate by filtration (using a Whatman qualitative #3 paper on top of a Whatman GF/F glass microfibre paper). Dried under reduced pressure in a vacuum oven (desiccated with calcium sulfate and potassium hydroxide) overnight at 40° C. giving 24 as a white solid (13.46 g, 99+% HPLC purity, 99+% ee). Analytical chiral HPLC shows one enantiomer with retention time of 8.6 min eluting with CH2Cl2/MeOH/TEA (60/40/0.1) on a CHIRALPAK® IC® 4.6×250 mm column with 1 mL/min flow rate at 30° C. A second crop of white solid product 24 (4.36 g, 98% HPLC purity, 99+% ee) was obtained from the filtrate. LCMS (C18 column eluting with 10-90% CH3CN/water gradient over 5 minutes with formic acid modifier) M+1: 429.58 (2.03 min). 1H NMR (300 MHz, MeOD) δ 9.00 (d, J=1.6 Hz, 2H), 7.67 (d, J=6.1 Hz, 1H), 5.39 (t, J=7.7 Hz, 1H), 4.30 (dd, J=14.9, 6.9 Hz, 1H), 4.03 (dd, J=14.8, 7.7 Hz, 1H), 3.40-3.31 (m, 2H), 2.72 (s, 3H), 2.70-2.60 (m, 1H), 2.21-2.08 (m, 2H), 1.98-1.84 (m, 1H), 1.65 (s, 6H), 1.22 (t, J=7.2 Hz, 3H) ppm.
To a solution of 2-[5-(4,5-diamino-2-fluoro-3-tetrahydrofuran-2-yl-phenyl)pyrimidin-2-yl]propan-2-ol (7.220 g, 21.72 mmol) and 1-ethyl-3-(N-(ethylcarbamoyl)-C-methylsulfanyl-carbonimidoyl)urea (6.054 g, 26.06 mmol, CB Research and Development) in 1,4-dioxane (36.1 mL, Sigma-Aldrich 360481) was added a pH 3.5 buffer (72.2 mL), prepared by dissolving NaOAc trihydrate (5.32 g) in 1N aqueous H2SO4 (37 mL). The reaction mixture was stirred at reflux overnight (HPLC showed complete conversion), cooled to room temperature, and poured portion-wise (frothing) into a stirring solution of aqueous saturated NaHCO3 (144 mL) giving pH 8-9. This was stirred for 20 minutes, the solid was collected by filtration, washed copiously with water to neutral pH, and then more sparingly with EtOH. The solid was dried under reduced pressure giving a beige solid (7.90 g, 99% HPLC purity). LCMS (C18 column eluting with 10-90% CH3CN/water gradient over 5 minutes with formic acid modifier) M+1: 429.45 (2.03 min). HPLC retention time was 3.89 min (YMC ODS-AQ 150×3.0 mm column eluting with 10-90% CH3CN/water gradient over 8 minutes with 0.1% TFA modifier and 1 mL/min flow rate).
A racemic sample of 1-ethyl-3-[6-fluoro-5-[2-(1-hydroxy-1-methyl-ethyl)pyrimidin-5-yl]-7-tetrahydrofuran-2-yl-1H-benzimidazol-2-yl]urea (133.60 g) was resolved on a CHIRALPAK® IC® column (by Chiral Technologies) eluting with DCM/MeOH/TEA (60/40/0.1) at 25° C. giving the desired enantiomer as an off-white solid (66.8 g, 99.8% HPLC purity, 99+% ee). Analytical chiral HPLC retention time was 7.7 min (CHIRALPAK® IC® 4.6×250 mm column, 1 mL/min flow rate, 30° C.). The solid was suspended in 2:1 EtOH/Et2O (5 volumes), stirred for 10 minutes, collected by filtration, washed with 2:1 EtOH/Et2O, and dried under reduced pressure giving a white solid (60.6 g). 1H NMR (300 MHz, MeOD) δ 8.95 (d, J=1.6 Hz, 2H), 7.45 (d, J=6.5 Hz, 1H), 5.38 (br.s, 1H), 4.27 (dd, J=14.9, 7.1 Hz, 1H), 4.01 (dd, J=15.1, 7.0 Hz, 1H), 3.37-3.29 (m, 2H), 2.55 (br.s, 1H), 2.19-2.07 (m, 2H), 2.02-1.82 (br.s, 1H), 1.63 (s, 6H), 1.21 (t, J=7.2 Hz, 3H) ppm.
To 100 mg of the 6-fluoro benzimidazolyl urea compound I ml of THF was added. A stoichiometric amount of HCl was added as a 12M aqueous solution. Then 4 mL of MTBE was added and the suspension was allowed to equilibrate overnight with stirring at room temperature. It was then filtered, and the white solid was dried under vacuum for several hours.
100 mg of 6-fluoro benzimidazolyl urea compound was weighed out and dissolved in 200 mL dichloromethane/methanol 1:1 (v:v) mixture. This solution was spray dried on the Buchi B-90 Nano spray dryer (pump program 2) with a condenser attached at spray rates of 100%. Inlet temperature of 101° C. was used with a nitrogen flow of 10 L/min, a nitrogen maximum pressure of 10 psi and a maximum CO2 pressure of 15 psi. 55 mg of white powder was recovered.
Spray drying was performed on the Buchi B-90 Nano spray dryer with a condenser attached. A solution of the 6-fluoro benzimidazolyl urea compound was prepared in a solvent system comprised of CH2Cl2:Methanol (1:1) and sprayed according to the parameters listed below.
A stirring suspension of (R)-1-ethyl-3-[6-fluoro-5-[2-(1-hydroxy-1-methyl-ethyl)pyrimidin-5-yl]-7-(tetrahydrofuran-2-yl)-1H-benzimidazol-2-yl]urea (2.530 g, 5.905 mmol) in dichloromethane (22.8 mL, Sigma-Aldrich 270997) and absolute ethanol (2.5 mL) was cooled with an ice-water bath. Methanesulfonic acid (0.402 mL, 6.20 mmol, Sigma-Aldrich 471356) was added, removed the cold bath, and stirred at room temperature for 10 minutes. The mixture was concentrated on a rotary evaporator at 30° C. to a thick oil, then added slowly to stirring Et2O, and rinsed the residual product with CH2Cl2 into the ether. The gummy precipitate was stirred until it broke up into a pasty solid, which was collected by filtration, washed with Et2O, and dried under reduced pressure giving an off-white solid (2.85 g, 99% HPLC purity, 99+% ee). LCMS (C18 column eluting with 10-90% CH3CN/water gradient over 5 minutes with formic acid modifier) M+1: 429.51 (2.49 min). HPLC retention time was 3.86 min (YMC ODS-AQ 150×3.0 mm column eluting with 10-90% CH3CN/water gradient over 8 minutes with 0.1% TFA modifier and 1 mL/min flow rate). Analytical chiral HPLC shows one enantiomer with retention time of 7.8 min eluting with DCM/MeOH/TEA (60/40/0.1) on a CHIRALPAK® IC® 4.6×250 mm column with 1 mL/min flow rate at 30° C. 1H NMR (300 MHz, MeOD) δ 8.99 (d, J=1.6 Hz, 2H), 7.67 (d, J=6.1 Hz, 1H), 5.38 (t, J=7.7 Hz, 1H), 4.30 (dd, J=15.0, 6.9 Hz, 1H), 4.02 (dd, J=14.8, 7.6 Hz, 1H), 3.38-3.30 (m, 2H), 2.73 (s, 3H), 2.70-2.60 (m, 1H), 2.20-2.07 (m, 2H), 1.99-1.84 (m, 1H), 1.64 (s, 6H), 1.22 (t, J=7.2 Hz, 3H) ppm.
The mesylate salt of the 6-fluorobenzimidazolyl urea compound was found to be chemically and physically unstable at 25° C./60% RH at the one week time point, and chemically unstable at t=2 weeks when stored at 40° C./ambient.
The free base 6-fluoro benzimidazolyl urea compound was chemically and physically stable under all storage conditions (25° C./60% RH, 40° C./ambient, and 40° C./75% RH) at the 1 month timepoint. Small changes were observed in the XRPD pattern, but all wereconsidered to be the same form as at time zero (t=0).
The hydrochloride salt of the 6-fluoro benzimidazolyl urea compound was chemically and physically stable under all storage conditions (25° C./60% RH, 40° C./ambient, and 40° C./75% RH) at the 1 month timepoint.
Enzymology Studies
The enzyme inhibition activities of compounds of this invention may be determined in the experiments described below:
DNA Gyrase ATPase Assay
The ATP hydrolysis activity of S. aureus DNA gyrase is measured by coupling the production of ADP through pyruvate kinase/lactate dehydrogenase to the oxidation of NADH. This method has been described previously (Tamura and Gellert, 1990, J. Biol. Chem., 265, 21342).
ATPase assays are carried out at 30° C. in buffered solutions containing 100 mM TRIS pH 7.6, 1.5 mM MgCl2, 150 mM KCl. The coupling system contains final concentrations of 2.5 mM phosphoenol pyruvate, 200 μM nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH), 1 mM DTT, 30 ug/ml pyruvate kinase, and 10 ug/ml lactate dehydrogenase. The enzyme (90 nM final concentration) and a DMSO solution (3% final concentration) of a compound is added. The reaction mixture is allowed to incubate for 10 minutes at 30° C. The reaction is initiated by the addition of ATP to a final concentration of 0.9 mM, and the rate of NADH disappearance is monitored at 340 nanometers over the course of 10 minutes. The Ki and IC50 values are determined from rate versus concentration profiles.
DNA Topo IV ATPase Assay
The conversion of ATP to ADP by S. aureus TopoIV enzyme is coupled to the conversion of NADH to NAD+, and the progress of the reaction is measured by the change in absorbance at 340 nm. TopoIV (64 nM) is incubated with the selected compound (3% DMSO final) in buffer for 10 minutes at 30° C. The buffer consists of 100 mM Tris 7.5, 1.5 mM MgCl2, 200 mM K•Glutamate, 2.5 mM phosphoenol pyruvate, 0.2 mM NADH, 1 mM DTT, 5 μg/mL linearized DNA, 50 μg/mL BSA, 30 μg/mL pyruvate kinase, and 10 μg/mL lactate dehyrodgenase (LDH). The reaction is initiated with ATP, and rates are monitored continuously for 20 minutes at 30° C. on a Molecular Devices SpectraMAX plate reader. The inhibition constant, Ki, and the IC50 are determined from plots of rate vs. concentration of selected compound fit to the Morrison Equation for tight binding inhibitors.
Susceptibility Testing in Liquid Media
Compounds of this invention were tested for antimicrobial activity by susceptibility testing in liquid media. Such assays can be performed within the guidelines of the latest CLSI document governing such practices: “M07-A8 Methods for Dilution Antimicrobial Susceptibility Tests for Bacteria that Grow Aerobically; Approved Standard—Eighth Edition (2009)”. Other publications such as “Antibiotics in Laboratory Medicine” (Edited by V. Lorian, Publishers Williams and Wilkins, 1996) provide essential practical techniques in laboratory antibiotic testing. The specific protocols used were as follows:
Protocol #1: Gyrase MIC Determination of Compounds Using Microdilution Broth Method
Materials:
Strains (Media, Broth and Agar):
Inoculum Prep (for all Strains Other than S. aureus +50% Sera):
Drug Dilutions, Inoculation, MIC Determination:
If starting concentration of MICs was 8 μg/mL final concentration, then required 6.25 μL of stock +43.75 μL DMSO. Each 200× stock was placed in a separate row of column 1 of a new 96 well microtiter plate.
Preparation of S. aureus +50% Human Serum, S. aureus +50% Rat Serum or S. aureus +50% Mouse Serum.
Protocol 2: Gyrase MIC Determination of Compounds Against Gram Negatives Using Microdilution Broth Method
Materials:
Strains (MHII Media for all; Broth and Agar):
Inoculum Prep:
Drug dilutions, inoculation, MIC determination:
Protocol #3: Gyrase MIC Determination of Compounds Using Agar Dilution Method
Materials:
Strains:
Media Preparation and Growth Conditions:
Growth medium recommended for each microbial species was prepared according to the CLSI publication ‘M11-A7 Methods for Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing of Anaerobic Bacteria; Approved Standard—Seventh Edition (2007)’ with the exception of N. gonorrhoeae and N. meningitidis for which media was prepared according to “M07-A8 Methods for Dilution Antimicrobial Susceptibility Tests for Bacteria that Grow Aerobically; Approved Standard—Eighth Edition (2009)”.
Plate Pouring:
Growth of Cells Requiring the Maintenance of an Anaerobic Environment:
Plate Inoculation (Performed in Biosafety Cabinet):
MIC Determination:
Examined the test plates after the correct incubation time and read the MIC endpoint at the concentration where a marked reduction occurred in the appearance of growth on the test plate as compared to that of growth on the positive control plates.
Protocol #4. MIC Determination Procedure for Mycobacterium Species
Materials
Inoculum Preparation for M. tuberculosis:
Inoculum Preparation for M. kansasii, M. avium, M. abscessus and Nocardia spc.:
Plate Preparation:
Protocol #5. Protocol for Mycobacterium tuberculosis Serum Shift MIC Assay
Materials and Reagents:
Media Prep:
Inoculum Prep:
Drug Dilutions, Inoculation, MIC Determination:
Staphylococcus aureus
Staphylococcus aureus ATCC
Staphylococcus aureus
Staphylococcus aureus
Staphylococcus aureus
Enterococcus faecalis ATCC
Enterococcus faecium ATCC
Enterococcus faecium ATCC
Streptococcus pneumoniae
Bacillus cereus ATCC 10987
Bacillus cereus ATCC 14579
Bacillus subtilis ATCC 6638
Bacillus subtilis (168) ATCC
Clostridium difficile ATCC
Haemophilus influenzae
Haemophilus influenzae (Rd1
Haemophilus influenzae
Moraxella catarrhalis ATCC
Moraxella catarrhalis ATCC
Neisseria gonorrhoeae ATCC
Neisseria gonorrhoeae
Escherichia coli AG100 WT
Escherichia coli AG100 tolC
Escherichia coli ATCC
Escherichia coli CHE30
Escherichia coli CHE30 tolC
Escherichia coli MC4100
Escherichia coli MC4100
Klebsiella pneumoniae
Klebsiella pneumoniae
Acinetobacter baumannii
Acinetobacter baumannii
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Stenotrophomonas
maltophilia ATCC BAA-84
Stenotrophomonas
maltophilia ATCC13637
Mycobacterium avium 103
M. avium Far
M. avium 3404.4
Nocardia caviae 2497
N. asteroids 2039
N. nova 10
M. kansasii 303
M. kansasii 316
M. kansasii 379
M. tuberculosis H37Rv
M. tuberculosis Erdman
M. tuberculosis Erdman
M. tuberculosis Erdman
M. abscessus BB2
M. abscessus MC 6005
M. abscessus MC 5931
M. abscessus MC 5605
M. abscessus MC 6025
M. abscessus MC 5908
M. abscessus BB3
M. abscessus BB4
M. abscessus BB5
M. abscessus MC 5922
M. abscessus MC 5960
M. abscessus BB1
M. abscessus MC 5812
M. abscessus MC 5901
M. abscessus BB6
M. abscessus BB8
M. abscessus MC 5908
M. abscessus LT 949
M. abscessus BB10
M. abscessus MC 6142
M. abscessus MC 6136
M. abscessus MC 6111
M. abscessus MC 6153
Table 7 shows the results of the MIC90 assay for selected compounds of this invention.
Staphylococcus aureus
Staphlococcus epidermidis
Enterococcus faecalis
Enterococcus faecium
Streptococcus pneumoniae
Haemophilus influenzae
Moraxella catarrhalis
Acinetobacter baumannii
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Escherichia coli
Klebsiella pneumoniae
Proteus mirabilis
Enterobacter cloacae
Neisseria gonorrhoeae
Neisseria meningitidis
Bacteroides and Parabacter
Bacteroides fragilis
Clostridium difficile
Clostridium perfringens
Fusobacterium spp.
Peptostreptococcus spp.
Prevotella spp.
In Table 8 below, the term “CMI” stands for The Clinical Microbiology Institute located in Wilsonville, Oreg.
B. fragilis
B. fragilis
B. fragilis
B. fragilis
B. fragilis
B. fragilis
B. fragilis
B. fragilis
B. fragilis
B. fragilis
B. fragilis
B. fragilis
B. fragilis
B. fragilis
B. fragilis
B. fragilis
B. fragilis
B. fragilis
B. fragilis
B. fragilis
B. fragilis
B. fragilis
B. fragilis
B. thetaiotaomicron
B. thetaiotaomicron
B. thetaiotaomicron
B. thetaiotaomicron
B. thetaiotaomicron
B. uniformis
B. vulgatus
B. vulgatus
B. ovatus
B. ovatus
Bacteroides tectum
B. ureolyticus
Bacteroides capillosus
B. ureolyticus
Parabacter distasonis
B. ovatus
B. uniformis
B. uniformis
B. vulgatus
B. vulgatus
B. ovatus
B. thetaiotaomicron
Parabacter distasonis
B. thetaiotaomicron
C. difficile
C. difficile
C. difficile
C. difficile
C. difficile
C. difficile
C. difficile
C. difficile
C. difficile
C. difficile
C. difficile
C. difficile
C. difficile
C. difficile
C. perfringens
C. perfringens
C. perfringens
C. perfringens
C. perfringens
C. perfringens
C. perfringens
C. perfringens
C. perfringens
C. perfringens
C. perfringens
C. perfringens
F. necrophorum
F. nucleatum
F. necrophorum
F. necrophorum
F. nucleatum
Fusobacterium species
Fusobacterium species
Fusobacterium species
Fusobacterium species
Fusobacterium species
Fusobacterium species
Fusobacterium species
Fusobacterium species
Fusobacterium species
Fusobacterium species
Fusobacterium species
Peptostreptococcus anaerobius
Peptostreptococcus magnus
Peptostreptococcus anaerobius
Peptostreptococcus magnus
Peptostreptococcus magnus
Peptostreptococcus spp.
Peptostreptococcus asaccharolyticus
Peptostreptococcus asaccharolyticus
Peptostreptococcus asaccharolyticus
Peptostreptococcus asaccharolyticus
Peptostreptococcus spp.
Prevotella denticola
Prevotella bivia
Prevotella intermedia
Prevotella intermedia
Prevotella bivia
Prevotella bivia
Prevotella denticola
Prevotella intermedia
Prevotella melaninogenica
Prevotella melaninogenica
Prevotella melaninogenica
Prevotella bivia
Prevotella bivia
B. fragilis
B. thetaiotaomicron
C. difficile
B. fragilis
B. thetaiotaomicron
C. difficile
In Table 9 below, the term “JMI” stands for The Jones Microbiology Institute located in North Liberty, Iowa.
Acinetobacter baumannii
Acinetobacter baumannii
Acinetobacter baumannii
Acinetobacter baumannii
Acinetobacter baumannii
Acinetobacter baumannii
Acinetobacter baumannii
Acinetobacter baumannii
Acinetobacter baumannii
Acinetobacter baumannii
Acinetobacter baumannii
Acinetobacter baumannii
Enterobacter cloacae
Enterobacter cloacae
Enterobacter cloacae
Enterobacter cloacae
Enterobacter cloacae
Enterobacter cloacae
Enterobacter cloacae
Enterobacter cloacae
Enterobacter cloacae
Enterobacter cloacae
Enterobacter cloacae
Enterobacter cloacae
Enterococcus faecalis
Enterococcus faecalis
Enterococcus faecalis
Enterococcus faecalis
Enterococcus faecalis
Enterococcus faecalis
Enterococcus faecalis
Enterococcus faecalis
Enterococcus faecalis
Enterococcus faecalis
Enterococcus faecalis
Enterococcus faecalis
Enterococcus faecalis
Enterococcus faecalis
Enterococcus faecalis
Enterococcus faecalis
Enterococcus faecalis
Enterococcus faecalis
Enterococcus faecalis
Enterococcus faecalis
Enterococcus faecalis
Enterococcus faecalis
Enterococcus faecalis
Enterococcus faecalis
Enterococcus faecalis
Enterococcus faecalis
Enterococcus faecalis
Enterococcus faecalis
Enterococcus faecalis
Enterococcus faecalis
Enterococcus faecalis
Enterococcus faecalis
Enterococcus faecalis
Enterococcus faecalis
Enterococcus faecium
Enterococcus faecium
Enterococcus faecium
Enterococcus faecium
Enterococcus faecium
Enterococcus faecium
Enterococcus faecium
Enterococcus faecium
Enterococcus faecium
Enterococcus faecium
Enterococcus faecium
Enterococcus faecium
Enterococcus faecium
Enterococcus faecium
Enterococcus faecium
Enterococcus faecium
Enterococcus faecium
Enterococcus faecium
Enterococcus faecium
Enterococcus faecium
Enterococcus faecium
Enterococcus faecium
Enterococcus faecium
Enterococcus faecium
Enterococcus faecium
Enterococcus faecium
Enterococcus faecium
Enterococcus faecium
Enterococcus faecium
Enterococcus faecium
Enterococcus faecium
Enterococcus faecium
Enterococcus faecium
Escherichia coli
Escherichia coli
Escherichia coli
Escherichia coli
Escherichia coli
Escherichia coli
Escherichia coli
Escherichia coli
Escherichia coli
Escherichia coli
Escherichia coli
Escherichia coli
Haemophilus influenzae
Haemophilus influenzae
Haemophilus influenzae
Haemophilus influenzae
Haemophilus influenzae
Haemophilus influenzae
Haemophilus influenzae
Haemophilus influenzae
Haemophilus influenzae
Haemophilus influenzae
Haemophilus influenzae
Haemophilus influenzae
Haemophilus influenzae
Haemophilus influenzae
Haemophilus influenzae
Haemophilus influenzae
Haemophilus influenzae
Haemophilus influenzae
Haemophilus influenzae
Haemophilus influenzae
Haemophilus influenzae
Haemophilus influenzae
Haemophilus influenzae
Haemophilus influenzae
Haemophilus influenzae
Haemophilus influenzae
Haemophilus influenzae
Haemophilus influenzae
Haemophilus influenzae
Haemophilus influenzae
Haemophilus influenzae
Haemophilus influenzae
Haemophilus influenzae
Haemophilus influenzae
Haemophilus influenzae
Haemophilus influenzae
Haemophilus influenzae
Haemophilus influenzae
Haemophilus influenzae
Haemophilus influenzae
Haemophilus influenzae
Haemophilus influenzae
Haemophilus influenzae
Haemophilus influenzae
Haemophilus influenzae
Haemophilus influenzae
Haemophilus influenzae
Haemophilus influenzae
Haemophilus influenzae
Haemophilus influenzae
Haemophilus influenzae
Haemophilus influenzae
Haemophilus influenzae
Haemophilus influenzae
Haemophilus influenzae
Klebsiella pneumoniae
Klebsiella pneumoniae
Klebsiella pneumoniae
Klebsiella pneumoniae
Klebsiella pneumoniae
Klebsiella pneumoniae
Klebsiella pneumoniae
Klebsiella pneumoniae
Klebsiella pneumoniae
Klebsiella pneumoniae
Klebsiella pneumoniae
Klebsiella pneumoniae
Moraxella catarrhalis
Moraxella catarrhalis
Moraxella catarrhalis
Moraxella catarrhalis
Moraxella catarrhalis
Moraxella catarrhalis
Moraxella catarrhalis
Moraxella catarrhalis
Moraxella catarrhalis
Moraxella catarrhalis
Moraxella catarrhalis
Moraxella catarrhalis
Moraxella catarrhalis
Moraxella catarrhalis
Moraxella catarrhalis
Moraxella catarrhalis
Moraxella catarrhalis
Moraxella catarrhalis
Moraxella catarrhalis
Moraxella catarrhalis
Moraxella catarrhalis
Moraxella catarrhalis
Moraxella catarrhalis
Moraxella catarrhalis
Moraxella catarrhalis
Moraxella catarrhalis
Neisseria gonorrhoeae
Neisseria gonorrhoeae
Neisseria gonorrhoeae
Neisseria gonorrhoeae
Neisseria gonorrhoeae
Neisseria gonorrhoeae
Neisseria gonorrhoeae
Neisseria gonorrhoeae
Neisseria gonorrhoeae
Neisseria gonorrhoeae
Neisseria gonorrhoeae
Neisseria gonorrhoeae
Neisseria gonorrhoeae
Neisseria meningitidis
Neisseria meningitidis
Neisseria meningitidis
Neisseria meningitidis
Neisseria meningitidis
Neisseria meningitidis
Neisseria meningitidis
Neisseria meningitidis
Neisseria meningitidis
Neisseria meningitidis
Neisseria meningitidis
Neisseria meningitidis
Proteus mirabilis
Proteus mirabilis
Proteus mirabilis
Proteus mirabilis
Proteus mirabilis
Proteus mirabilis
Proteus mirabilis
Proteus mirabilis
Proteus mirabilis
Proteus mirabilis
Proteus mirabilis
Proteus mirabilis
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Staphylococcus aureus
Staphylococcus aureus
Staphylococcus aureus
Staphylococcus aureus
Staphylococcus aureus
Staphylococcus aureus
Staphylococcus aureus
Staphylococcus aureus
Staphylococcus aureus
Staphylococcus aureus
Staphylococcus aureus
Staphylococcus aureus
Staphylococcus aureus
Staphylococcus aureus
Staphylococcus aureus
Staphylococcus aureus
Staphylococcus aureus
Staphylococcus aureus
Staphylococcus aureus
Staphylococcus aureus
Staphylococcus aureus
Staphylococcus aureus
Staphylococcus aureus
Staphylococcus aureus
Staphylococcus aureus
Staphylococcus aureus
Staphylococcus aureus
Staphylococcus aureus
Staphylococcus aureus
Staphylococcus aureus
Staphylococcus aureus
Staphylococcus aureus
Staphylococcus aureus
Staphylococcus aureus
Staphylococcus aureus
Staphylococcus aureus
Staphylococcus aureus
Staphylococcus aureus
Staphylococcus aureus
Staphylococcus aureus
Staphylococcus aureus
Staphylococcus aureus
Staphylococcus aureus
Staphylococcus aureus
Staphylococcus aureus
Staphylococcus aureus
Staphylococcus aureus
Staphylococcus aureus
Staphylococcus aureus
Staphylococcus aureus
Staphylococcus aureus
Staphylococcus aureus
Staphylococcus aureus
Staphylococcus aureus
Staphylococcus aureus
Staphylococcus aureus
Staphylococcus aureus
Staphylococcus aureus
Staphylococcus aureus
Staphylococcus aureus
Staphylococcus aureus
Staphylococcus aureus
Staphylococcus aureus
Staphylococcus aureus
Staphylococcus aureus
Staphylococcus aureus
Staphylococcus aureus
Staphylococcus epidermidis
Staphylococcus epidermidis
Staphylococcus epidermidis
Staphylococcus epidermidis
Staphylococcus epidermidis
Staphylococcus epidermidis
Staphylococcus epidermidis
Staphylococcus epidermidis
Staphylococcus epidermidis
Staphylococcus epidermidis
Staphylococcus epidermidis
Staphylococcus epidermidis
Staphylococcus epidermidis
Staphylococcus epidermidis
Staphylococcus epidermidis
Staphylococcus epidermidis
Staphylococcus epidermidis
Staphylococcus epidermidis
Staphylococcus epidermidis
Staphylococcus epidermidis
Staphylococcus epidermidis
Staphylococcus epidermidis
Staphylococcus epidermidis
Staphylococcus epidermidis
Staphylococcus epidermidis
Staphylococcus epidermidis
Staphylococcus epidermidis
Staphylococcus epidermidis
Staphylococcus epidermidis
Staphylococcus epidermidis
Staphylococcus epidermidis
Staphylococcus epidermidis
Staphylococcus epidermidis
Staphylococcus epidermidis
Staphylococcus epidermidis
Streptococcus pneumoniae
Streptococcus pneumoniae
Streptococcus pneumoniae
Streptococcus pneumoniae
Streptococcus pneumoniae
Streptococcus pneumoniae
Streptococcus pneumoniae
Streptococcus pneumoniae
Streptococcus pneumoniae
Streptococcus pneumoniae
Streptococcus pneumoniae
Streptococcus pneumoniae
Streptococcus pneumoniae
Streptococcus pneumoniae
Streptococcus pneumoniae
Streptococcus pneumoniae
Streptococcus pneumoniae
Streptococcus pneumoniae
Streptococcus pneumoniae
Streptococcus pneumoniae
Streptococcus pneumoniae
Streptococcus pneumoniae
Streptococcus pneumoniae
Streptococcus pneumoniae
Streptococcus pneumoniae
Streptococcus pneumoniae
Streptococcus pneumoniae
Streptococcus pneumoniae
Streptococcus pneumoniae
Streptococcus pneumoniae
Streptococcus pneumoniae
Streptococcus pneumoniae
Streptococcus pneumoniae
Streptococcus pneumoniae
Streptococcus pneumoniae
Streptococcus pneumoniae
Streptococcus pneumoniae
Streptococcus pneumoniae
Streptococcus pneumoniae
Streptococcus pneumoniae
Streptococcus pneumoniae
Streptococcus pneumoniae
Streptococcus pneumoniae
Streptococcus pneumoniae
Streptococcus pneumoniae
Streptococcus pneumoniae
Streptococcus pneumoniae
Streptococcus pneumoniae
Streptococcus pneumoniae
Streptococcus pneumoniae
Streptococcus pneumoniae
Streptococcus pneumoniae
Streptococcus pneumoniae
Streptococcus pneumoniae
Streptococcus pneumoniae
Streptococcus pneumoniae
Streptococcus pneumoniae
Streptococcus pneumoniae
Streptococcus pneumoniae
Streptococcus pneumoniae
Streptococcus pneumoniae
Streptococcus pneumoniae
Streptococcus pneumoniae
Streptococcus pneumoniae
Streptococcus pneumoniae
Streptococcus pneumoniae
Streptococcus pneumoniae
This application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/349,984, filed on Jan. 13, 2012, now U.S. Pat. No. 8,476,281, which claims the benefit under 35 U.S.C. §119 of U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 61/433,169 filed Jan. 14, 2011, the entire contents of which is incorporated herein by reference.
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| Parent | 13349984 | Jan 2012 | US |
| Child | 13908483 | US |
