Patent Application
20240113325
Embodiments of the subject matter disclosed herein relate to electrolytes for secondary batteries, such as secondary batteries including an aluminum metal electrode, and more particularly to solid-state electrolytes for use in secondary batteries and methods for making the solid-state electrolytes.
The current recharge, or secondary, battery market is dominated by lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). LIBs have been developed for several decades to achieve acceptable energy densities, cycle life, and rate performance, e.g., to achieve decarbonization. However, the current raw materials used to manufacture LIBs are nonuniformly distributed on a global scale. Considering deleterious impacts to the supply chain (e.g., such as caused by the COVID-19 pandemic), alternative options to lithium may be favored, especially for sociopolitical entities who have more abundant and evenly distributed raw materials than lithium. Dendric growth is also a big concern in LIBs, which can affect performance by puncturing cells. Usage of highly reactive lithium, rare-earth metals, and certain organic solvents may introduce environmental issues in end-of-life LIB disposal. As such, an environmentally benign energy storage approach which maintains cell performance and cell construction is in demand. In addition, current LIBs still cannot meet energy density demands for space- and weight-limited applications. Therefore, non-lithium chemistries may be desirable in energy storage.
Up to now, one focus of developing non-lithium chemistries is on alkali-ion batteries such as sodium-ion batteries (SIB s) and potassium-ion batteries (PIBs). As Li, Na, and K all belong to Group IA of the Periodic Table, their similarity stimulates development of SIBs and PIBs based on LIBs. Unfortunately, sodium metal and potassium metal are more reactive than lithium metal. Thus, stability and performance concerns of SIBs and PIBs may be exaggerated compared to LIBs. Moreover, the electrochemistry and battery architecture of SIBs and PIBs are directly transferred from LIBs, and the origins of performance concerns, environmental hazards, and low energy densities remain unresolved. Other emerging technologies include multivalent-ion batteries, like calcium, magnesium, and zinc ion batteries. However, research is still in early stages and restricted by a lack of high-performance electrodes or electrolytes.
Techniques described and suggested herein include at least one embodiment of a solid-state electrolyte composition, including: a mixture comprising urea, sodium chloride, sodium tetraborate, magnesium sulfate, and sodium silicate, wherein: a total amount of the urea and the sodium chloride may account for 50 wt % to 95 wt % of the mixture; a total amount of the sodium tetraborate may account for 0.1 wt % to 25 wt % of the mixture; a total amount of the magnesium sulfate may account for 0.1 wt % to 25 wt % of the mixture; a total amount of the sodium silicate may account for 0.1 wt % to 10 wt % of the mixture; and an atomic ratio of sodium chloride to urea may be equal to or greater than 1.
In at least one embodiment, a method for forming an aluminum-based secondary battery may include: forming a cathode by: applying a sulfur-based mixture to coat a current collector; pressing the coated current collector; and drying the pressed and coated current collector to form a sulfur-based cathode active material layer thereon; forming an anode by mechanically and chemically treating an aluminum foil; forming a suspension by combining urea, sodium chloride, sodium tetraborate, magnesium sulfate, and sodium silicate; forming a coated anode by: slot-die coating a first portion of the suspension onto the anode; and drying the slot-die coated anode; forming a solid-state electrolyte by: applying a second portion of the suspension to coat a cellulose membrane; and drying the coated cellulose membrane; combining and pressing the cathode, the coated anode, and the solid-state electrolyte; drying the pressed and combined cathode, coated anode, and solid-state electrolyte to form a cell stack; and sealing the cell stack in a pouch.
In at least one embodiment, an aluminum-based secondary battery system may include: a cell stack, including: an anode including aluminum foil; a cathode including a current collector having a sulfur-based cathode active material coated thereon; a solid-state electrolyte layer interposed between the anode and the cathode, the solid-state electrolyte layer including a cellulose membrane saturated with a solid-state electrolyte including a mixture of urea, sodium chloride, sodium borate, magnesium sulfate, and sodium silicate; and in situ solid-electrolyte interphase layers interposed between the cathode and the solid-state electrolyte layer and between the anode and the solid-state electrolyte layer; and a pouch enclosing the cell stack, wherein the aluminum-based secondary battery system may be configured to apply a current pulse to the cell stack.
These, as well as other aspects, advantages, and alternatives will become apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art by reading the following detailed description, with reference where appropriate to the accompanying drawings. Further, it should be understood that descriptions and figures provided herein are intended to illustrate the invention by way of example only and, as such, that numerous variations are possible.
For example, the following description relates to various embodiments of a solid-state electrolyte (SSE) for aluminum secondary batteries, which in some embodiments may eliminate usage of corrosive and/or expensive ionic liquid(s) which may be applied in (manufacture of) liquid aluminum-ion batteries. The SSE, in some examples, may include a mixture of salts including urea, sodium chloride, sodium borate (e.g., sodium tetraborate), magnesium sulfate, and/or sodium silicate. In additional or alternative examples, the mixture of salts may include potassium chloride. To address the difficulty of making dense disc-size SSE wafers for some examples, a slot-die process is described herein to make the SSE by slurry coating. In certain embodiments, the slot-die process may easily be scaled up to industrial mass production. In exemplary embodiments, a pulse of current may be applied to an as-assembled cell to create in situ solid electrolyte interphase layers to inhibit electrolyte decomposition and prevent cathode-reactive materials diffusing into the SSE.
Compared to alkali-metal-ion (Li+, Na+, and K+) batteries, various embodiments discussed herein may eliminate usage of flammable and/or toxic liquid electrolytes. Compared to multi-valent-ion batteries (Mg2+, Ca2+, and Al3+), various embodiments discussed herein adopt an SSE to avoid corrosive and/or moisture-sensitive ionic liquids. Contrary to some SSE-making processes, some embodiments include a slurry coating process by a slot-die coating method. To solve instability between the electrode and the electrolyte of some examples, various embodiments utilize a unique charging protocol to create a robust SEI by applying an electrical pulse.
Various embodiments include a SSE to replace ionic liquids as electrolytes for aluminum secondary batteries, such as aluminum-ion batteries (AIBs). For certain embodiments, raw materials of the SSE may be easily accessible at a low cost. The SSE in various examples may be compatible with commonly used battery parts including packaging materials, current collectors, and/or tabs.
Various embodiments can include one or more of the following innovations: SSE composition; a scalable process to make the SSE; or a charging protocol to create an in-situ SEI to stabilize the electrode/electrolyte interface.
Various embodiments include a composition that may be used as a basis for an aluminum-based SSE. In an exemplary embodiment, the composition may include a mixture including urea, magnesium sulfate (MgSO4), sodium chloride (NaCl), sodium tetraborate, sodium silicate, carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC), and/or water. Various embodiments may include a scalable method to make SSEs by slot-die coating. This coating method of various examples may be easily applied in industrial manufacturing. Various embodiments may include a cell-activating method by applying a high voltage or a large current to establish conduction pathways and forming a robust SEI. The cell-activating method may be applied in some examples to cells that have high impedance including but not limited to Al-based, Mg-based, and/or Ca-based solid-state cells. Accordingly, though methods and systems described herein are exemplified with Al-based solid-state cells, such methods and systems may be analogously applied to Mg-based and/or Ca-based solid state cells. For instance, for Mg-based and/or Ca-based solid state cells, the processes described in detail with reference to
An example as-built cell 2430 is shown in
In at least one embodiment, the process 100 may include forming the anode (e.g., the anode 2410) by mechanically treating 112 a metal foil (e.g., the metal foil 2412), chemically treating 114 the mechanically-treated foil, and drying 116 the chemically- and mechanically-treated foil.
The metal foil, which in certain embodiments may be an aluminum (Al) foil, may have a thick surface oxide layer which may inhibit charge transfer of ions, incur overpotential, and reduce energy density. As shown in
In at least one embodiment, the process 100 may include forming the cathode (e.g., the cathode 2400) by mixing 102 one or more first ingredients (e.g., graphite, sulfur, polyvinyl acetate, and/or urethane) to form a mixture, applying 104 the mixture to a current collector (e.g., the current collector 2402), pressing 106 the coated current collector, and drying 108 the pressed and coated current collector (e.g., thereby forming a cathode active material layer, such as the cathode active material layer 2404, on the current collector via the applying 104, the pressing 106, and the drying 108).
In some embodiments, the cathode (e.g., produced via the process 100) may include a sulfur-based material (e.g., a sulfur-based cathode active material). In additional or alternative embodiments, the cathode may include a carbon-based cathode active material, such as graphite or another carbon-based material. In an exemplary embodiment, the cathode may include, consist essentially of, or consist of graphite, sulfur, polyvinyl acetate (PVA), and/or urethane. In at least one implementation, graphite may be obtained from a sugar and ammonium chloride reaction. In at least one implementation, PVA may be replaced by another binder, such as polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) and/or polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF). In at least one implementation, a minimal amount of binders (e.g., a relatively small amount of binders or no binders at all) may be present in the cathode, e.g., to improve electrochemical performance. In a specific experiment to make a cathode, a mixture of sugar and ammonium chloride (weight ratio of 1:1) was mixed in a crucible and calcined under a CO2 blanket by heating to 250° C. at 4° C./min and holding for 10 minutes. A resultant material was cooled to room temperature, then re-calcinated by heating to 800° C. at 20° C./min and holding for 1 hour. The XRD of the resultant synthesized graphite (C22-3.2-Full) is shown in
In at least one embodiment, the process 100 may include forming the SSE (e.g., the SSE 2420) by combining 122 one or more second ingredients (e.g., a mixture of salts, such as urea, sodium chloride, sodium borate, magnesium sulfate, and/or sodium silicate) in (aqueous) suspension, applying 124 the suspension to a cellulose membrane, and drying 126 the coated cellulose membrane.
The process of forming the SSE may also be realized, for example, by dry mixing, as shown in process 600 of
The SSE in various embodiments may include a mixture of salts including urea, sodium chloride, sodium borate, magnesium sulfate, and/or sodium silicate. In additional or alternative examples, the mixture of salts may include potassium chloride. As a proof-of-concept example, urea, sodium chloride, sodium borate, and magnesium sulfate were mixed with an equal, or substantially equal, mass amount of powders (when the term “substantially” is used herein, it is meant that the recited relationship, characteristic, parameter, or value need not be realized with exact precision, but that deviations or variations known to those of skill in the art may occur to an extent that does not preclude the effect the relationship, characteristic, parameter, or value was intended to provide). In certain embodiments, a concentration of each component may be varied. In certain embodiments, during charge/discharge, abundant chloride in the SSE may form Al—Cl compounds. In presence of urea, a localized ionic liquid could be formed to transfer ions such as Al2Cl7− and AlCl4−. Thus, a total amount of NaCl and urea in this example may account for 50 wt %-95 wt % of an (initial) SSE mixture with an atomic ratio of NaCl:urea equal to or greater than 1. In certain embodiments, the sodium borate may be an effective additive to form a robust SEI layer. The sodium borate in this example may account for 0.1 wt %-25 wt % of the (initial) SSE mixture. In certain embodiments, the magnesium sulfate may increase a viscosity of the localized ionic liquid to form a close-to-solid (e.g., a quasi-solid or semisolid) SSE. Thus, the MgSO4 in this example may be 0.1 wt %-25 wt % of the (initial) SSE mixture. In certain embodiments, the sodium silicate may be an additive, e.g., to disturb crystallization of the salts and increase ionic conductivity. The sodium silicate in this example may be in the range of 0.1 wt %-10 wt % of the (initial) SSE mixture. The mixing of the salts and/or other materials in the initial SSE mixture may be either dry mixing or wet mixing. In
In at least one embodiment, either the process 100 of
To make the cell by dry mixing (e.g., via the process 600 of
In an example implementation, an assembled cell, e.g., a cell assembled using the process 100 of
As powder processing may not always result in a thin and dense film in some embodiments, other embodiments include a scalable process based on slot-die coating to make the SSE. An example process 1100 for slurry preparation is depicted in
In some embodiments of the slot-die process, the SSE components may first be dissolved/dispersed in a slurry with CMC as a thickener. The resultant slurry in various examples may still be flowable or below a maximal viscosity one or more instruments used during processing may handle. However, each component of the slurry may have a different effect on the viscosity (e.g., of the final SSE) in various embodiments. For example, in some implementations, certain saturated urea, sodium chloride, sodium borate, and magnesium sulfate slurries may display similar viscosities compared to water. A slurry in some implementations including saturated urea, sodium chloride, sodium borate, magnesium sulfate, and 1 wt % CMC displays a significantly higher viscosity than other solutions/dispersions/slurries (see, e.g.,
In one example implementation, a slurry, e.g., a slurry obtained via the mixing 1122, adding 1124, and adding 1126 of the process 1100 of
In one specific slot-die coating experiment, a pre-treated aluminum foil was coated using the following parameters and a slurry including 15.5 wt % urea, 15.5 wt % MgSO4, 15.5 wt % NaCl, 1 wt % sodium tetraborate, 1 wt % CMC, and 51.6 wt % water. The slurry in this example showed a viscosity similar to the saturated mixture solution (+1 wt % CMC) shown in
An example of a process 1500 of making a cell by slot-die coating an SSE is presented in
In at least one embodiment, the process 1500 may include forming the cathode (e.g., the cathode 2400 of
In at least one embodiment, the process 1500 may include forming the anode (e.g., the anode 2410 of
In at least one embodiment, the process 1500 may include forming a slurry including component(s) of the SSE by combining 1522 one or more second ingredients (e.g., a mixture of salts, such as urea, sodium chloride, sodium borate, magnesium sulfate, and/or sodium silicate) in aqueous suspension.
In at least one embodiment, the process 1500 may include forming the coated anode by receiving the anode formed by mechanically treating 1512 and chemically treating 1514 the metal foil, receiving a first portion of the suspension formed by combining 1522 the one or more second ingredients, slot-die coating 1516 the first portion of the suspension onto the anode to form a slurry-coated anode, and drying 1518 the slurry-coated anode to form the coated anode.
In at least one embodiment, the process 1500 may include forming the SSE (e.g., the SSE 2420 of
In at least one embodiment, the process 1500 may include forming the cell (e.g., the cell 2430 of
In some embodiments, the cathode (e.g., produced via the process 1500) may include a sulfur-based material. In an exemplary embodiment, the cathode may include, consist essentially of, or consist of graphite, sulfur, PVA, and/or urethane. The metal foil, which in certain embodiments may be an aluminum foil, may be abrased in some example implementations and then reacted with HCl solution in such example implementations. In one such example implementation, such as in the process 1500, the (mechanically and chemically) treated aluminum foil may be used as a substrate for slot-die coating. A slurry (e.g., for slot-die coating the treated aluminum foil) in this example implementation may include 15.5 wt % urea, 15.5 wt % MgSO4, 15.5 wt % NaCl, 1 wt % sodium tetraborate, 1 wt % CMC, and 51.6 wt % water. After coating the slurry on the treated Al foil, a sodium silicate solution, with sodium silicate accounting for less than 1 wt % of the slurry, may be added to a resultant film. In some embodiments, a solution, a suspension, or a slurry including 15.5 wt % urea, 15.5 wt % MgSO4, 15.5 wt % NaCl, 1 wt % sodium tetraborate, 1 wt % CMC, and 51.6 wt % water may be used to saturate a cellulose membrane with a porosity of 1.1 g/4″×4″. A composition, a thickness, and a porosity of the membrane may be varied in some embodiments. The composition of various embodiments may include any suitable material that is an electrical insulator including but not limited to cellulose. The thickness in some embodiments may be from 1 micron to 500 microns. The porosity may be varied from 10% to 90% by volume in various examples. The saturated membrane, in at least one such implementation, may be dried to create a SSE layer embedded in the cellulose membrane. In at least one such implementation, such as in the process 1500, the cathode, the dried and SSE-embedded cellulose membrane (also referred to as the SSE), and slot-die-coated Al foil (also referred to as the coated anode) may be stacked together. Once combined, in at least one such implementation, the coated anode, the SSE, and the cathode may be compressed using a hydraulic press, and then dried. Once dried, in at least one such implementation, the cell may be sealed into a pouch.
An as-built cell of one such example implementation exhibited high impedance. A total resistance in this example was 10,000 Ohms (see
In one example experiment, a unique charging protocol may be utilized to create an in situ SEI layer between an electrode and an electrolyte (e.g., a pair of in situ SEI layers, such as the in situ SEI layers 2440, 2442 of
In one example implementation, the cell was built as follows: a plurality of (SSE) ingredients, including urea, sodium chloride, sodium borate, and magnesium sulfate, were combined in equal mass ratios in a mortar and pestle to form a powder; the combined powder was placed, in a thin layer, between a previously treated anode (e.g., treated as described in detail above with reference to
After building the cell, in this example, 3 V was applied to the cell for ˜1 hour (see
In another example implementation, a cell was built using a slot-die process, such as the process 1500 of
In this example, the assembled cell displayed an open circuit voltage (OCV) of 0.01 V and infinite direct current (DC) resistance as measured by a multifunctional meter. As a SSE film made from a slot-die process may be thinner than a SSE layer obtained via powder mixing and pressing in some examples, a current pulse was applied instead of a constant voltage. In some examples, the pulse may be applied at 10-100 mA. In this example, the pulse was applied at 50 mA. After the pulse, in this example, the OCV increased to 0.62 V (see
Such data illustrate that embodiments of compositions of the SSE and methods associated therewith may be used for rechargeable Al batteries (e.g., secondary batteries including Al). In some embodiments, high impedance (e.g., >500 Ohms) may be mitigated by activation steps, such as applying a constant voltage and/or a current pulse prior to cycling. The activation step in various examples may promote formation of ionic conduction pathways to facilitate charge transfer.
The specification and drawings are to be regarded in an illustrative rather than a restrictive sense. It will, however, be evident that various modifications and changes may be made thereunto without departing from the broader spirit and scope of the invention as set forth in the claims. That is, the described embodiments are susceptible to various modifications and alternative forms, and specific examples thereof have been shown by way of example in the drawings and are herein described in detail.
Other variations are within the spirit of the present disclosure. Thus, while the disclosed techniques are susceptible to various modifications and alternative constructions, certain illustrated embodiments thereof are shown in the drawings and have been described above in detail. It should be understood, however, that there is no intention to limit the invention to the specific form or forms disclosed but, on the contrary, the intention is to cover all modifications, alternative constructions, and equivalents falling within the spirit and scope of the invention, as defined in the appended claims. Additionally, elements of a given embodiment should not be construed to be applicable to only that example embodiment and therefore elements of one example embodiment can be applicable to other embodiments. Additionally, in some embodiments, elements that are specifically shown in some embodiments can be explicitly absent from further embodiments. Accordingly, the recitation of an element being present in one example should be construed to support some embodiments where such an element is explicitly absent.
The use of the terms “a” and “an” and “the” and similar referents in the context of describing the disclosed embodiments (especially in the context of the following claims) are to be construed to cover both the singular and the plural, unless otherwise indicated herein or clearly contradicted by context. Similarly, use of the term “or” is to be construed to mean “and/or” unless contradicted explicitly or by context. The terms “comprising,” “having,” “including,” and “containing” are to be construed as open-ended terms (i.e., meaning “including, but not limited to,”) unless otherwise noted. The term “connected,” when unmodified and referring to physical connections, is to be construed as partly or wholly contained within, attached to, or joined together, even if there is something intervening. Recitation of ranges of values herein are merely intended to serve as a shorthand method of referring individually to each separate value falling within the range, unless otherwise indicated herein, and each separate value is incorporated into the specification as if it were individually recited herein. The use of the term “set” (e.g., “a set of items”) or “subset” unless otherwise noted or contradicted by context, is to be construed as a nonempty collection comprising one or more members. Further, unless otherwise noted or contradicted by context, the term “subset” of a corresponding set does not necessarily denote a proper subset of the corresponding set, but the subset and the corresponding set may be equal. The use of the phrase “based on,” unless otherwise explicitly stated or clear from context, means “based at least in part on” and is not limited to “based solely on.”
Conjunctive language, such as phrases of the form “at least one of A, B, and C,” or “at least one of A, B and C,” (i.e., the same phrase with or without the Oxford comma) unless specifically stated otherwise or otherwise clearly contradicted by context, is otherwise understood within the context as used in general to present that an item, term, etc., may be either A or B or C, any nonempty subset of the set of A and B and C, or any set not contradicted by context or otherwise excluded that contains at least one A, at least one B, or at least one C. For instance, in the illustrative example of a set having three members, the conjunctive phrases “at least one of A, B, and C” and “at least one of A, B and C” refer to any of the following sets: {A}, {B}, {C}, {A, B}, {A, C}, {B, C}, {A, B, C}, and, if not contradicted explicitly or by context, any set having {A}, {B}, and/or {C} as a subset (e.g., sets with multiple “A”). Thus, such conjunctive language is not generally intended to imply that certain embodiments require at least one of A, at least one of B and at least one of C each to be present. Similarly, phrases such as “at least one of A, B, or C” and “at least one of A, B or C” refer to the same as “at least one of A, B, and C” and “at least one of A, B and C” refer to any of the following sets: {A}, {B}, {C}, {A, B}, {A, C}, {B, C}, {A, B, C}, unless differing meaning is explicitly stated or clear from context. In addition, unless otherwise noted or contradicted by context, the term “plurality” indicates a state of being plural (e.g., “a plurality of items” indicates multiple items). The number of items in a plurality is at least two but can be more when so indicated either explicitly or by context.
Operations of processes described herein can be performed in any suitable order unless otherwise indicated herein or otherwise clearly contradicted by context. In an embodiment, a process such as those processes described herein (or variations and/or combinations thereof) is performed under the control of one or more computer systems configured with executable instructions and is implemented as code (e.g., executable instructions, one or more computer programs or one or more applications) executing collectively on one or more processors, by hardware or combinations thereof. In an embodiment, the code is stored on a computer-readable storage medium, for example, in the form of a computer program comprising a plurality of instructions executable by one or more processors. In an embodiment, a computer-readable storage medium is a non-transitory computer-readable storage medium that excludes transitory signals (e.g., a propagating transient electric or electromagnetic transmission) but includes non-transitory data storage circuitry (e.g., buffers, cache, and queues) within transceivers of transitory signals. In an embodiment, code (e.g., executable code or source code) is stored on a set of one or more non-transitory computer-readable storage media having stored thereon executable instructions that, when executed (i.e., as a result of being executed) by one or more processors of a computer system, cause the computer system to perform operations described herein. The set of non-transitory computer-readable storage media, in an embodiment, comprises multiple non-transitory computer-readable storage media, and one or more of individual non-transitory storage media of the multiple non-transitory computer-readable storage media lack all of the code while the multiple non-transitory computer-readable storage media collectively store all of the code. In an embodiment, the executable instructions are executed such that different instructions are executed by different processors—for example, in an embodiment, a non-transitory computer-readable storage medium stores instructions and a main CPU executes some of the instructions while a graphics processor unit executes other instructions. In another embodiment, different components of a computer system have separate processors and different processors execute different subsets of the instructions.
Accordingly, in an embodiment, computer systems are configured to implement one or more services that singly or collectively perform operations of processes described herein, and such computer systems are configured with applicable hardware and/or software that enable the performance of the operations. Further, a computer system, in an embodiment of the present disclosure, is a single device and, in another embodiment, is a distributed computer system comprising multiple devices that operate differently such that the distributed computer system performs the operations described herein and such that a single device does not perform all operations.
Embodiments of the present disclosure can be described in view of the following clauses:
1. A solid-state electrolyte composition, comprising:
2. The solid-state electrolyte composition of clause 1, wherein the solid-state electrolyte composition is an aqueous slurry.
3. The solid-state electrolyte composition of any one of clauses 1 or 2, wherein a total amount of the sodium silicate accounts for less than 1 wt % of the aqueous slurry.
4. The solid-state electrolyte composition of any one of clauses 1-3, further comprising carboxymethyl cellulose, wherein a total amount of the carboxymethyl cellulose accounts for 0.5 wt % to 2 wt % of the aqueous slurry.
5. The solid-state electrolyte composition of any one of clauses 1-4, wherein:
6. A method for forming an aluminum-based secondary battery, the method comprising:
7. The method of clause 6, wherein the urea, the sodium chloride, the sodium tetraborate, the magnesium sulfate, and the sodium silicate are combined as a mixture prior to forming the suspension, wherein:
8. The method of any one of clauses 6 or 7, wherein forming the suspension comprises:
9. The method of any one of clauses 6-8, wherein a total amount of the carboxymethyl cellulose accounts for 0.5 wt % to 2 wt % of the suspension.
10. The method of any of clauses 6-9, wherein:
11. The method of any one of clauses 6-10, wherein:
12. The method of any one of clauses 6-11, wherein the coated cellulose membrane is wet with a 1 mol/L NaOH solution.
13. An aluminum-based secondary battery system, comprising:
14. The aluminum-based secondary battery system of clause 13, wherein the sulfur-based cathode active material comprises graphite, sulfur, polyvinyl acetate, and urethane.
15. The aluminum-based secondary battery system of clause 14, wherein the graphite is obtained from a sugar and ammonium chloride reaction.
16. The aluminum-based secondary battery system of any one of clauses 13-15, wherein:
17. The aluminum-based secondary battery system of any one of clauses 13-16, wherein the solid-state electrolyte further comprises carboxymethyl cellulose in a total amount of 0.5 wt % to 2 wt % of the solid-state electrolyte.
18. The aluminum-based secondary battery system of any one of clauses 13-17, wherein:
19. The aluminum-based secondary battery system of any one of clauses 13-18, wherein the aluminum foil is coated with a solid-state electrolyte slurry-based layer having a same composition as the solid-state electrolyte.
20. The aluminum-based secondary battery system of any one of clauses 13-19, wherein the aluminum-based secondary battery system is configured to apply the current pulse at 50 mA.
The use of any and all examples or exemplary language (e.g., “such as”) provided herein is intended merely to better illuminate embodiments of the invention and does not pose a limitation on the scope of the invention unless otherwise claimed. No language in the specification should be construed as indicating any non-claimed element as essential to the practice of the invention.
Embodiments of this disclosure are described herein, including the best mode known to the inventors for carrying out the invention. Variations of those embodiments may become apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art upon reading the foregoing description. The inventors expect skilled artisans to employ such variations as appropriate, and the inventors intend for embodiments of the present disclosure to be practiced otherwise than as specifically described herein. Accordingly, the scope of the present disclosure includes all modifications and equivalents of the subject matter recited in the claims appended hereto as permitted by applicable law. Moreover, any combination of the above-described elements in all possible variations thereof is encompassed by the scope of the present disclosure unless otherwise indicated herein or otherwise clearly contradicted by context.
All references including publications, patent applications, and patents cited herein are hereby incorporated by reference to the same extent as if each reference were individually and specifically indicated to be incorporated by reference and were set forth in its entirety herein.
The present application claims priority to U.S. Provisional Application No. 63/412,984, entitled “SOLID-STATE ELECTROLYTES FOR ALUMINUM METAL BATTERIES AND METHODS OF MAKING THE SAME” and filed on Oct. 4, 2022. The entire contents of the above-identified application are hereby incorporated by reference for all purposes.
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 63412984 | Oct 2022 | US |
