Patent Grant
10164192
The present invention relates to a solution or ink composition for fabricating high-performance thin-film transistors. The solution or ink comprises an organic semiconductor and a mediating polymer such as polyacrylonitrile, polystyrene, or the like or mixture thereof, in an organic solvent such as chlorobenzene or dichlorobenzene. The percentage ratio by weight of semiconductor: mediating polymer ranges from 5:95 to 95:5, and preferably from 20:80 to 80:20. The solution or ink is used to fabricate via solution coating or printing a semiconductor film, followed by drying and thermal annealing if necessary to provide a channel semiconductor for organic thin-film transistors (OTFTs). The resulting OTFT device with said channel semiconductor has afforded OTFT performance, particularly field-effect mobility and current on/off ratio that are superior to those OTFTs with channel semiconductors fabricated without a mediating polymer. In particular, devices made according to the present invention have a field-effect mobility of greater than or equal to 2 cm2V−1s−1 and a current on/off ratio greater than or equal to 105, while in some embodiments, field-effect mobility of greater than or equal to 5 cm2V−1s−1 and a current on/off ratio greater than or equal to 106 have been obtained.
Printed electronics represents a new generation of large-area, flexible, ultra-low-cost, and disposable electronics such as backplane electronics for flat-panel displays, biosensors and imagers, radio frequency identification tags, smart labels and packaging, to name a few. To enable substantially lowered manufacturing costs, the electronic arrays and circuitries for printed electronics are to be produced by low-cost manufacturing processes such as, for example, printing using graphic arts printing techniques instead of conventional costly photolithographic processes. Specifically, printing electronic arrays and circuitries in a roll-to-roll manner will greatly increase throughput and thus significantly reduce manufacturing costs owing to reduced process steps and economies of scale of production. Low-cost electronic arrays and circuitries can also be cost-effectively printed in large formats, thus making large-area electronic devices economical. In addition, printed electronics can be fabricated on flexible plastic substrates, rendering the resulting electronic devices structurally flexible and bendable as well as being mechanically robust.
The building blocks for printed electronic arrays and circuitries are organic thin-film transistors (OTFTs) whose channel semiconductors are based on organic semiconductors. For most high-value electronic applications (e.g., in flat-panel displays, RFID, etc.), the field-effect mobility and current on/off ratio of OTFTs of respectively at least about 2 cm2V−1s−1 and 105 and beyond would be highly desirable. Certain small molecular organic fused-ring aromatic compounds and organic conjugated polymers, particularly those with alternating electron donor and electron acceptor moieties on their backbones, have captured immense interest as semiconductors of choice for OTFTs as they have exhibited reasonably high field-effect mobility and current on/off ratio that appear to meet application requirements. Notwithstanding these remarkable achievements in materials performance, progress towards OTFT technology transition from laboratory to marketplace has lagged behind. One of the major stumbling blocks to practical adoption has been the complications associated with the solution processing of organic semiconductors. For organic small molecular fused-ring aromatic semiconductors, the properties of the resulting channel semiconductor films formed from these compounds via solution fabrication are particularly sensitive to the nature and manner of semiconductor deposition. This is because the crystallinity, which affects the field-effect properties of deposited semiconductor films, is dependent on the rate of solvent evaporation. Generally, slow evaporation leads to higher crystallinity in the semiconductor films and thus better OTFT performance characteristics, while fast evaporation yields poor and non-uniform semiconductor films of low crystallinity and poor OTFT properties. Accordingly, great variations in OTFT properties result when small molecular semiconductors are processed by solution deposition. For polymer semiconductors, the solution or ink preparation for coating or printing channel semiconductor layers requires the polymer semiconductor to have a good solubility in the processing solvent. Unfortunately, most high-mobility polymer semiconductors for OTFTs are polar polymers with relatively high molecular weights, and thus limited solubility in common processing solvents. While these polymers may be dissolved in the processing solvents with heating, their solutions tend to gel or exhibit solid precipitation or inhomogeneity when the solutions are cooled down to room temperature. This has caused severe complications in fabricating or printing the channel semiconductors for OTFTs. The use of lower-molecular weight polymer semiconductor materials, which possess reasonably good solubility in processing solvents, affords low mobility. This is because the charge transport efficacy of polymer semiconductors degrades rapidly with decreasing molecular weight. High molecular weights appear to facilitate molecular self-assembly of polymer semiconductors, leading to higher crystalline orders which are crucial to charge carrier transport efficiency and thus field-effect mobility of OTFTs.
One of the possible approaches to circumventing the afore-mentioned fabrication complications for both small molecular and polymer semiconductors is to utilize a polymer to mediate molecular self-assembly of semiconductors. This method permits utilization of a lower concentration of semiconductor in the fabrication solution, thus yielding a more stable solution. The polymer-in-solution affords a fluid medium for the semiconductor molecules to move around and self-assemble to higher degrees of molecular ordering. Through this polymer-mediated molecular self-assembly, the dissolved small molecular or polymer semiconductors including low-molecular weight polymer semiconductors, may be processed into semiconductor films of higher molecular orders, affording significantly enhanced charge transport efficacy, and thus superior OTFT properties.
A prior-art example for the attainment of highly aligned crystalline films from small molecular semiconductor in a polystyrene blend has been reported in “Ultra-high mobility transparent organic thin film transistors grown by an off-centre spin-coating method”, Nature Communications, Vol 5:3005 (2014) DOI: 10.1038/ncomms4005 |www.nature.com/naturecommunications, the disclosure of which is hereby incorporated by reference. In this process, the small molecular semiconductor and polystyrene are dissolved in a solvent and fabricated into a polystyrene-semiconductor dual-layer film using an off-center spin-coating technique. The small semiconductor molecules phase separate from the polystyrene in a vertical manner and the centrifugal force exerted on the semiconductor in the off-center position forces the small semiconductor molecules to align into a highly crystalline film. Another prior art example involves a polymer material such as regioregular poly(3-hexythiophene) as described in “Organic Thin-film Transistors Based on Polythiophene Nanowires Embedded in Insulating Polymer”, Advanced Materials, Vol. 21, pp. 1349-1353 (2009), the disclosure of which is hereby incorporated by reference. Crystalline nanowires with improved charge transport properties have been grown from this polymer semiconductor at very low loadings in polystyrene blends with the help of a marginal solvent such as methylene chloride. Similarly, high-mobility, single-crystal nanowires of a polymer semiconductor has been produced from its dilute solution in a marginal solvent, see for example, “High Aspect Ratio Conjugated Polymer Nanowires for High Performance Field-Effect Transistors and Phototransistors”, American Chemical Society Nano, Vol. 9, pp. 5264-5274 (2015), the disclosure of which is hereby incorporated by reference. However, all these prior-art solution procedures for achieving high molecular orders to enhance charge transport properties are not amenable to conventional coating or printing processes, thus rendering their use in fabricating low-cost OTFTs for practical applications impractical. Achievement of high molecular orders for organic semiconductors via scalable solution processes to produce low-cost OTFTs with enhanced charge transport properties has not been reported.
Accordingly, it is an objective of the present invention to provide a solution or ink composition which permits fabrication of a channel semiconductor via scalable solution processes to enable OTFTs with enhanced transistor performance properties.
Another objective of the present invention is the provision of a scalable solution process for fabricating a channel semiconductor for high-performance OTFTs which are suitable for low-cost electronic applications.
A further objective of the present invention is to provide a stable solution or ink composition comprising a semiconductor and a mediating polymer or polymers in a suitable solvent, wherein said solution or ink can be utilized in the fabrication of a channel semiconductor via high-throughput processes for high-performance OTFTs.
The present invention relates to a solution or ink composition for fabricating high-performance thin-film transistors. The solution or ink comprises an organic semiconductor and a mediating polymer such as polyacrylonitrile, polystyrene, or the like or mixture thereof in an organic solvent such as chlorobenzene or dichlorobenzene. The percentage ratio by weight of semiconductor: mediating polymer ranges from 5:95 to 95:5, and preferably from 20:80 to 80:20. The solution or ink is used to fabricate via solution coating or printing a semiconductor film, followed by drying and thermal annealing if necessary to provide a channel semiconductor for OTFTs. The resulting OTFT device with said channel semiconductor has superior OTFT performance, particularly field-effect mobility and current on/off ratio compared to those OTFTs with channel semiconductors fabricated without a mediating polymer.
In a first aspect of the present invention these is provided a solution-based method of fabricating channel semiconductor for organic thin-film transistors (OTFTs) comprising dissolving an organic semiconductor in a solvent with a mediating polymer at a percentage ratio by weight of semiconductor:mediating polymer ranging from 5:95 to 95:5, to produce a solution; spin casting or printing said solution on a substrate to produce a channel semiconductor, and wherein the resulting OTFT with said channel semiconductor exhibits a field effect mobility of greater than or equal to 2 cm2V−1s−1 and a current on/off ratio of greater than or equal to 105.
In a first embodiment of the first aspect of the present invention there is provided a solution-based method of fabricating channel semiconductor for organic thin-film transistors wherein the percentage ratio by weight of semiconductor: mediating polymer ranges from 20:80 to 80:20.
In a second embodiment of the first aspect of the present invention there is provided a solution-based method of fabricating channel semiconductor for organic thin-film transistors wherein the resulting OTFT device with said channel semiconductor has a field effect mobility of greater than or equal to 5 cm2V−1s−1 and a current on/off ratio of greater than or equal to 106.
In a third embodiment of the first aspect of the present invention there is provided a solution-based method of fabricating channel semiconductor for organic thin-film transistors wherein the resulting OTFT thin-film transistor with said channel semiconductor has a field effect mobility of greater than or equal to 8 cm2V−1s−1 and a current on/off ratio of greater than or equal to 106.
In a fourth embodiment of the first aspect of the present invention there is provided a solution-based method of fabricating channel semiconductor for organic thin-film transistors wherein the percentage ratio by weight of semiconductor: mediating polymer ranging from 30:70 to 70:30.
In a fifth embodiment of the first aspect of the present invention there is provided a solution-based method of fabricating channel semiconductor for organic thin-film transistors wherein the mediating polymer comprises polyacrylonitrile, polystyrene, poly(methyl methacrylate), poly(methyl methacrylate-alt-styrene), polyvinyl chloride, or mixtures thereof.
In a sixth embodiment of the first aspect of the present invention there is provided a solution-based method of fabricating channel semiconductor for organic thin-film transistors wherein the semiconductor comprises a polymer semiconductor including a diketopyrrolopyrrole-based polymer or regioregular poly(3-hexylthiophene), or a mixture thereof.
In a seventh embodiment of the first aspect of the present invention there is provided a solution-based method of fabricating channel semiconductor for organic thin-film transistors wherein the semiconductor comprises a polymer represented by the following formula:
In an eighth embodiment of the first aspect of the present invention there is provided a solution-based method of fabricating channel semiconductor for organic thin-film transistors wherein the semiconductor comprises one or more organic small molecular compound.
In a ninth embodiment of the first aspect of the present invention there is provided a solution-based method of fabricating channel semiconductor for organic thin-film transistors further comprising drying with thermal annealing after spin casting or printing of solution on a substrate.
In a tenth embodiment of the first aspect of the present invention there is provided a solution-based method of fabricating channel semiconductor for organic thin-film transistors wherein the substrate comprises a metalized plastic substrate coated with a thin layer of metal oxide.
In an eleventh embodiment of the first aspect of the present invention there is provided a solution-based method of fabricating channel semiconductor for organic thin-film transistors wherein the metal oxide is aluminum oxide or hafnium oxide.
In a second aspect of the present invention these is provided an organic thin film transistor device having an organic semiconductor-based channel, the OTFT device comprising: a channel comprising an organic semiconductor crystallized within a mediating polymer in the OTFT device on a substrate, the mediating polymer selected from polyacrylonitrile, polystyrene, poly(methyl methacrylate), poly(methyl methacrylate-alt-styrene), polyvinyl chloride, or a mixture thereof at a percentage ratio by weight of semiconductor:mediating polymer ranging from 5:95 to 95:5, and wherein the OTFT device has a field effect mobility of greater than or equal to 2 cm2V−1S−1 and a current on/off ratio of greater than or equal to 105.
In a first embodiment of the second aspect of the present invention these is provided an organic thin film transistor device having an organic semiconductor-based channel wherein the semiconductor is selected from a diketopyrrolopyrrole-based polymer or regioregular poly(3-hexylthiophene), or a mixture thereof.
In a second embodiment of the second aspect of the present invention these is provided an organic thin film transistor device having an organic semiconductor-based channel wherein the semiconductor comprises a polymer represented by the following formula:
In a third embodiment of the second aspect of the present invention these is provided an organic thin film transistor device having an organic semiconductor-based channel wherein the substrate comprises a metalized plastic coated with a thin layer of metal oxide.
In a forth embodiment of the second aspect of the present invention there is provided an organic thin film transistor (OTFT) device having an organic semiconductor-based channel comprises said channel semiconductor of an organic semiconductor crystallized in the mediating polymer has a field effect mobility of greater than or equal to 5 cm2V−1s−1 and a current on/off ratio of greater than or equal to 106.
In a fifth embodiment of the second aspect of the present invention these is provided an organic thin film transistor device having an organic semiconductor-based channel comprises said channel semiconductor of an organic semiconductor crystallized in the mediating polymer has a field effect mobility of greater than or equal to 8 cm2V−1s−1 and a current on/off ratio of greater than or equal to 106.
In a sixth embodiment of the second aspect of the present invention these is provided an organic thin film transistor device having an organic semiconductor-based channel wherein the percentage ratio by weight of semiconductor: mediating polymer ranges from 20:80 to 80:20.
Those skilled in the art will appreciate that the invention described herein is susceptible to variations and modifications other than those specifically described.
The invention includes all such variation and modifications. The invention also includes all of the steps and features referred to or indicated in the specification, individually or collectively, and any and all combinations or any two or more of the steps or features.
Other aspects and advantages of the invention will be apparent to those skilled in the art from a review of the ensuing description.
The above and other objects and features of the present invention will become apparent from the following description of the invention, when taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, in which:
The present invention is not to be limited in scope by any of the specific embodiments described herein. The following embodiments are presented for exemplification only.
Without wishing to be bound by theory, the present invention fabricates a channel semiconductor of high molecular orders or crystallinity for OTFTs via scalable solution processes to enable low-cost OTFTs with enhanced charge transport properties.
The invention relates to a novel scalable solution process of polymer-mediated molecular self-assembly of organic semiconductors into highly ordered semiconductor films for use as the channel semiconductors in high-performance OTFTs. The working examples demonstrate the present invention using several different polymer semiconductors including diketopyrrolopyrrole-based polymers (I) and (II), and regioregular poly(3-hexylthiophene) (III), the structures of which are depicted in
In another embodiment of the present invention, an organic semiconductor can be solution fabricated or printed into a channel semiconductor of high crystallinity to give high field-effect mobility and current on/off ratio in OTFTs. Typically, the process involves dissolution of an organic semiconductor in a solvent such as chlorobenzene or dichlorobenzene with a suitable mediating polymer such as polyacrylonitrile at an appropriate percentage ratio by weight of semiconductor:mediating polymer ranging from about 5:95 to 95:5. Preferably, the semiconductor:mediating polymer percentage ratio by weight ranges from 20:80 to 80:20. Specifically, an organic semiconductor such as (I), (II), or (III) of
Alternatively, a metalized plastic substrate coated with a thin layer of aluminum oxide, hafnium oxide, or the like, which has been oxygen plasma or UV/ozone treated, and subsequently modified with a silylating agent can also be utilized. The semiconductor solution is spin coated or printed onto the afore-mentioned substrate to form a semiconductor film after drying with optional thermal annealing at elevated temperatures. Facile molecular self-assembly of semiconductor molecules and in some embodiments, their eventual crystallization within the mediating polymer matrix occurs at room temperature. The extent of molecular ordering of the semiconductor increases with the mediating polymer concentration of up to about 70% to 80% by weight, and the process is greatly expedited by thermal treatment. Other polymers such as polystyrene, poly(methyl methacrylate), polyvinyl chloride, and the like or mixtures thereof may also be utilized as the mediating polymer to facilitate molecular self-assembly of polymer semiconductors in varying degrees of efficiency, thus the performance of the resulting OTFT devices.
In yet another aspect of the present invention there is provided a solution process which transforms a lower-mobility semiconductor (I) (
Materials. Polymer semiconductors (I) and (II) having the molecular structure depicted in
Film Deposition and Characterization. The polymer films for characterization and for OTFT fabrication were prepared as follows. The surface of a heavily doped p-Si wafer substrate with a 350-nm thick thermally grown SiO2 surface layer was first modified with OTS-18 according to previously published procedure except that OTS-18 was utilized instead of octyltrichlorosilane. The solutions of polymer semiconductor (I) and an illustrative mediating polymer such as polystyrene or polyacrylonitrile were prepared by dissolution of (I) and mediating polymer in 1,2-dichlorobenzene at a concentration of 4.0 mg/ml. The solutions for the (I)/mediating polymer blends of various weight percentages (wt %) were then prepared by combining the solutions of (I) and mediating polymer in appropriate volume ratios. The resulting (I)/mediating polymer solutions were stirred at 60° C. for 12 h before use. The solutions were spin coated on OTS-18-modified silicon wafer substrates at 1500 rpm for 150 s under ambient conditions. The resulting films were left to dry in a glove box overnight at room temperature before characterization. UV-vis absorption spectra of the films were recorded on a HP 8453 UV-vis spectrophotometer. AFM (Veeco Digital instruments) and SEM (LEO 1530 Field Emission) instruments were used to characterize the morphology and topography of the films. AFM measurement was performed in the tapping mode under ambient conditions. Element distributions in the films were analyzed by XPS depth profile (PHI Model 5802). Out-of-plane GIXRD data were recorded using a Bruker D8 Advance system (Cu X-ray source, 45 kV and 30 mA). Grazing incidence angle was fixed at 0.2° and detector was scanned from 2° to 30°. Crystallinity and elementary analysis of nanowires of (I) were carried out using TEM (TecnaiG2 20 S-TWIN integrated with EDX).
OTFT Fabrication and Characterization. Bottom-gate, top-contact OTFTs (
The fabrication process involved dissolution of polymer semiconductor (I) (˜199 kg mol−1) and a mediating polymer such as polystyrene, polyacrylonitrile, or the like in dichlorobenzene at a mediating polymer loading of from 20 to 80 percent by weight (wt %). The resulting solution was spin cast on octadecyltrichlorosilane (OTS-18)-modified silicon wafer (SiO2/Si) substrates to form a polymer thin film, air-dried, and optionally thermally annealed at 200° C. for 5 min. Unlike earlier reported vertical phase separation of semiconductor/polymer blends which separated into two layers, polymer semiconductor (I) in mediating polymer blend underwent segregation and self-assembly into higher crystalline orders and crystallized out within the mediating polymer matrix. The mediating polymer in the blend helped promote molecular self-assembly and crystallization of (I), and the achievement of long-range, high crystalline orders was greatly facilitated through thermal treatment above the glass transition temperature (Tg) of mediating polymer. This was fundamentally different from the attainment of higher crystalline orders of polymer semiconductors in a marginal solvent or with the aid of a high-boiling solvent in the coating solution. In the present case, the mediating polymer remained in the system after deposition, and permitted further molecular organization of (I) during subsequent thermal annealing, leading to a much higher crystallinity and longer-range orders.
Spectroscopic and Microscopic Characterizations
The high degrees of molecular orderings in the (I)/mediating polymer (such as polystyrene) films were reflected spectroscopically in their absorption spectral behaviors (
To understand in greater detail the mediating polymer-assisted structural ordering and crystallization of (I), atomic force microscopic (AFM) studies of the semiconductor films fabricated from the solutions of (I) and (I)/polystyrene in dichlorobenzene were conducted. In AFM topographic images, the neat (I) film displayed mostly grainy, defused nanodomain features without any long-range orders (
X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) depth profiling analysis revealed a relatively uniform distribution of (I) in the (I)/polystyrene blend film.
Transmission electron microscopic (TEM) analysis of nanowire network of polymer semiconductor (I) was carried out to gain an insight into the nanowire structure of (I). The thermally annealed (I)/polystyrene (40/60 wt %) film on OTS-18-modified silicon wafer substrate was first soaked in toluene for 2 min to remove the polystyrene. The remaining nanowire network film of (I) was carefully removed and placed on a lacey carbon coated Cu grid and subject to TEM examination.
X-Ray Diffraction Measurements
Out-of-plane grazing incidence X-ray diffraction (GIXRD) measurements (
OTFT Performance Characteristics
The electrical performance characteristics of the polymer semiconductor (I)/polystyrene films as channel semiconductors in OTFTs were investigated using a bottom gate-top contact transistor configuration (
The effect of mediating polymer-assisted structural ordering of polymer semiconductor and thus the transistor performance was even more pronounced and impressive when polyacrylonitrile was used as the mediating polymer.
Further support for mediating polymer such as polystyrene as a medium of crystallization for (I) came from the dependence of mobility of (I)/polystyrene semiconductor on polystyrene molecular weight. The molecular orders of (I) in (I)/polystyrene film and thus the mobility would be expected to decrease as the viscosity of the medium or molecular weight of polystyrene goes up since higher viscosity would hamper the movement of (I), thus inhibiting its self-assembly into higher crystalline orders. For the present invention, monodispersed polystyrenes of weight average molecular weight (Mw) ranging from 2.2 to 300 kg mol−1 at a polystyrene loading of 60 wt % were used. AFM topographic images of thermally annealed films of (I)/polystyrene showed presence of nanowire network features in the film with polystyrene Mw of 2.2 kg mol−1 (
Hydrocarbon Binder
For low-cost manufacturing of OTFTs, it is highly desirable to engage a high-speed roll-to-roll process such that the throughput can be greatly enhanced to drive down the production costs. To enable low-cost manufacturing, it is also desirable that the production be carried out in ambient conditions without an added, often costly thermal annealing step. Accordingly, a channel semiconductor process that can be carried out at room temperature without the need for post-coating/printing high-temperature thermal treatments would be ideally suited for low-cost OTFT production. Most current fabrications of OTFT channel semiconductors, particularly those utilizing organic polymer semiconductors often involve a thermal annealing step for channel semiconductors to improve their performance. Thermal annealing may take as much as 30 minutes to over several hours in some cases, and drastically slow down manufacturing speeds, leading to reduced production throughputs. In addition, the processing and fabrication of many organic semiconductors require a dry and inert atmosphere, and this would incur additional costs for implementing the precautionary protective measures. Accordingly, it is highly desirable that the OTFT channel semiconductors be fabricated at room temperature in ambient conditions without having to insulate their fabrication from atmospheric oxygen, moisture, and ambient light, or the need for thermal annealing. It is also a mandatory requirement that the resulting OTFT devices are able to deliver performance functionalities such as field-effect mobility and current on/off ratio, etc. that meet application requirements.
It has been determined that many or all of the above-mentioned complications can be satisfactorily circumvented if a hydrocarbon binder material is incorporated in the semiconductor solution or ink. Specifically, the incorporation of a hydrocarbon binder or mixture of hydrocarbon compounds into the semiconductor solution or ink has been found to be advantageous as this enables fabrication of a channel semiconductor at lower temperatures such as, for example, room temperature without having to thermally anneal the semiconductor after deposition. As a consequence, the present invention has effectively made possible fabrication of a channel semiconductor for OTFTs at room temperature without the need for thermal annealing as commonly practiced in many semiconductor processes. This new solution process of the present invention also permits utilization of a lower concentration of semiconductor in the solution, yielding a more stable and fluidic solution or ink, thus enabling facile coating or printing of semiconductors. The solution or ink comprising a hydrocarbon binder or hydrocarbon compounds and an organic semiconductor in a suitable solvent affords a fluidic medium for the semiconductor molecules to self-assemble to higher degrees of molecular ordering. Through incorporation of a hydrocarbon binder in the coating solution or ink, the dissolved organic semiconductor can be processed into semiconductor films of higher molecular orders, resulting in significantly enhanced charge transport efficacy, and superior OTFT properties without a high-temperature thermal annealing step. The hydrocarbon binder that can be utilized in the present invention is preferably a mixture of hydrocarbon compounds represented by, but not limiting to, the general formula, CmH2m+2, where m is a positive integer ranging preferably from 10 to over 100. The hydrocarbons may be straight-chain aliphatic hydrocarbons or optionally be aliphatic hydrocarbons containing aromatic substituents such as for example, a phenyl, tolyl, or their derivatives such as C6H5—R—CH3, CH3—C6H5—R—CH3, and wherein R is a hydrocarbon chain including branched hydrocarbon chain represented by CnH2n. It is understood that other additives such as other hydrocarbon derivatives, aromatic compounds, or polymer additives can be incorporated in conjunction with the hydrocarbon binders.
Illustrative examples of hydrocarbon binders or hydrocarbon compounds which are of interest to the present invention include the following:
CH3—(CH2)x—CH3 (IV)
CH3—CxH2x—CH3 (V)
where x is a positive integer ranging from about 8 to over 100.
The hydrocarbon binders that are of interest may be a mixture of hydrocarbon compounds such as (IV) or (V) with x varying from for example about 8 to over 100. What is practically important is that the melting point of the hydrocarbon compounds or binder can be above room temperature. A desirable melting point generally ranges from 30° C. to over 100° C. Illustrative specific examples of hydrocarbon binders include paraffin wax, household candle wax, polyethylene wax, Parafilm® wax, and the like.
For example, when (I) was fabricated into a channel semiconductor for OTFTs from its solution in dichlorobenzene at room temperature, it provided a field-effect mobility of only about 0.6 cm2V−1s−1 and current on/off ratio of about 105. The OTFTs with (I) as channel semiconductor only achieved a higher mobility of about 1.5 cm2V−1s−1 and on/off ratio of over 106 after thermally annealed at 200° C. for 10 min. In contrast, when OTFTs with channel semiconductor (I) fabricated from solutions or inks of (I) and a hydrocarbon binder in a suitable solvent such as dichlorobenzene at room temperature, field-effect mobility of 1 to over 5 cm2V−1s−1 and on/off ratio in excess of 105 were obtained without the need for high-temperature thermal annealing. The process of this invention thus provides a viable and practical approach through which an organic semiconductor can be readily solution fabricated or printed at room temperature into a channel semiconductor for OTFTs to provide useful semiconductor functionalities for practical application in electronic devices. This would greatly simplify the manufacturing processes, thus enabling low-cost electronic device production. Typically, the process involves dissolution of a semiconductor and a hydrocarbon binder in a solvent such as chlorobenzene or dichlorobenzene followed by solution coating or printing to form a channel semiconductor for OTFTs. In general, the hydrocarbon binder loading in the channel semiconductor composition ranges from about 10 percent to 90 percent by weight.
Preferably, the said hydrocarbon binder loading in the resulting channel semiconductor composition ranges from 45 percent to 65 percent by weight. Specifically, a semiconductor such as (I), (II) or the like and a hydrocarbon binder of general formula, CmH2m+2 and the like such as paraffin wax, household candle wax, polyethylene wax or Parafilm® wax at appropriate weight percentages are dissolved in a suitable processing solvent such as dichlorobenzene, with optional heating to dissolve the materials if necessary, to form a solution or ink. Other optional binder materials may also be added to the solution or ink, provided that the objectives of the invention are satisfied. The solution may be filtered through a syringe filter and then spin cast or printed onto a suitable substrate to form a thin semiconductor film after drying. Facile molecular self-assembly of semiconductor molecules and their eventual crystallization into highly crystalline orders occurs at room temperature. The degree of semiconductor molecular ordering, thus field-effect mobility of the resulting OTFTs, increases with the hydrocarbon binder loading in the channel semiconductor composition of up to about 70% by weight.
The following examples are provided to illustrate the invention, which by no means are exhaustive. These are intended to be illustrative only and are not intended to limit the scope of the invention. The following specific examples are provided to illustrate the invention, which by no means are exhaustive. They are intended to be illustrative only and are not intended to limit the scope of the invention.
A comparative control device was first fabricated as follows: A top-contact, bottom-gate OTFT test device with the structure configuration as illustrated in
Another series of devices were fabricated using dichlorobenzene solutions of semiconductor (I) and polyacrylonitrile (PAN) at percentage ratios by weight of (I):PAN ranging from 80:20 to 20:80 with the solution concentration maintained at 4 mg solid/mL. The fabrication was carried in accordance to the procedure for the control device and thermally annealed as before. The following Table 1 summarizes the field-effect properties of the OTFT devices:
The above results clearly show that the performance of the OTFT devices fabricated with a mediating polymer, PAN (devices 2 through 5) were superior, in both field-effect mobility and current on/off ratio, to those of control device 1 without a mediating polymer.
A series of polymer-mediated devices using semiconductor (I) and polystyrene (PS) were fabricated in accordance with the procedure of Example 1 except that PS was used in place of PAN. The following Table 2 summarizes the results of electrical evaluation:
Once again, the above results show that the performance of the OTFT devices fabricated with a mediating polymer, PS (devices 2 through 5) were superior, in both field-effect mobility and current on/off ratio, to those of control device 1 without a mediating polymer.
A polymer-mediated device using semiconductor (II) and PAN was fabricated in accordance with the procedures of Example 1 except that (II) was used in place of (I). The following Table 3 summarizes the results of electrical evaluation:
The above results demonstrate that device 2, which has incorporated a mediating polymer, PAN, in its channel semiconductor layer, was superior in performance, in both field-effect mobility and current on/off ratio, to the corresponding control device 1 without a mediating polymer.
A polymer-mediated device using semiconductor (III) and PAN were fabricated in accordance with the procedures of Example 3 except that (III) was used in place of (II). The following Table 4 summarizes the results of electrical evaluation:
The above results demonstrate that device 2, which has incorporated a mediating polymer, PAN, in its channel semiconductor layer, was superior in performance, in both field-effect mobility and current on/off ratio, to the corresponding control device 1 without a mediating polymer.
A control device and a polymer-mediated device using semiconductor (I) and poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) were fabricated in accordance with the procedures of Example 1. The following Table 5 summarizes the field-effect mobility and current on/off ratio obtained after annealing at 200° C.:
A control device and a polymer-mediated device using semiconductor (I) and polyvinyl chloride (PVC) were fabricated in accordance with the procedures of Example 1. The following Table 6 summarizes the field-effect mobility and current on/off ratio obtained after annealing at 200° C.:
EXAMPLE 5 and EXAMPLE 6 show that the performance properties with other mediating polymers (PMMA and PVC) are mixed, i.e., the field-effect mobility is poorer while the current on/off ratio is better than those without a mediating polymer.
A comparative control OTFT device was first fabricated as follows: A top-contact, bottom-gate OTFT test device with the device configuration as illustrated in
Another series of OTFT devices were fabricated with dichlorobenzene solutions of semiconductor (I) and Parafilm® wax at (I):Parafilm® wax weight percent ratios ranging from 20:80 to 80:20 at a solution concentration of 4 mg solid/mL. The fabrication was carried in accordance with the procedure for the control device. The following Table 7 summarizes the field-effect properties of the OTFT devices:
The above results clearly show that the performance of OTFT devices with polymer semiconductor (I) fabricated with Parafilm® wax was superior in performance over the corresponding control device 1 without Parafilm® wax.
A comparative control OTFT device and a hydrocarbon binder-incorporated OTFT device using semiconductor (II) and Parafilm® wax at a (II):Parafilm® wax weight percent ratio of 40:60 were fabricated in accordance with the procedure of Example 7 except that (II) was used instead of (I). The following Table 8 summarizes the results of electrical evaluation:
The above results again clearly show that the performance of OTFT device 2 with polymer semiconductor (II) fabricated with Parafilm® wax was superior in performance over the corresponding control device 1 without Parafilm® wax.
A comparative control OTFT device and a hydrocarbon binder-incorporated OTFT device using semiconductor (I) and a household candle wax were fabricated in accordance with the procedures of Example 7 except that candle wax was utilized in place of Parafilm® wax. The following Table 9 summarizes the results of electrical evaluation:
The above results again clearly show that the performance of OTFT device 2 with polymer semiconductor (I) fabricated with candle wax was superior in performance over the corresponding control device 1 without candle wax.
A comparative control device and a hydrocarbon binder-incorporated OTFT device using semiconductor (I) and polyethylene wax were fabricated in accordance with the procedures of Example 7 except that polyethylene wax was utilized in place of Parafilm® wax. The following Table 10 summarizes the results of electrical evaluation:
The above results again clearly show that the performance of OTFT device 2 with polymer semiconductor (I) fabricated with polyethylene wax was superior in performance over the corresponding control device 1 without polyethylene wax.
The present invention relates to a semiconductor solution or ink composition for fabricating high-performance organic thin-film transistors (OTFTs). The solution or ink comprises an organic semiconductor and a mediating polymer such as polyacrylonitrile, polystyrene, or the like in an organic solvent such as dichlorobenzene. The percentage ratio by weight of semiconductor: mediating polymer ranges from 5:95 to 95:5, and preferably from 20:80 to 80:20. The solution or ink is used to fabricate via solution coating or printing a semiconductor film, followed by drying and thermal annealing if necessary to provide a channel semiconductor for OTFT devices. The resulting OTFT devices with said channel semiconductor have afforded excellent OTFT performance characteristics, and can be utilized in fabricating electronic arrays and circuitries for application in modern and emerging microelectronics including flat-panel displays, radio-frequency identification tags, sensors and imagers, smart labels and packaging, etc.
Those skilled in the art will appreciate from the foregoing description that the broad techniques of the embodiments can be implemented in a variety of forms. Therefore, while the embodiments have been described in connection with particular examples thereof, the true scope of the embodiments should not be so limited since other modifications will become apparent to the skilled practitioner upon a study of the drawings, specification, and following claims.
This application claims priority from and the benefit of U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 62/276,321 filed on Jan. 8, 2016, the disclosure of which is hereby incorporated by reference.
| Number | Name | Date | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| 20030102472 | Kelley | Jun 2003 | A1 |
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| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 20170200895 A1 | Jul 2017 | US |
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 62276321 | Jan 2016 | US |
