This invention is related to treatment of polychlorinated biphenyl (“PCBs”) contaminated media and in particular to extraction of PCBs from contaminated soil into a fluid via sonication.
The existence of large numbers of sites, with soil or other media such as ballast pitch/tar residue, extensively contaminated by polychlorinated biphenyls, hereinafter referred to as “PCBs”, requires economical cost effective treatment methods. Although incineration has been shown capable of destroying PCBs, this form of PCB treatment has been implicated in chlorinated dioxin and dibenzofuran emissions and has been banned for use in certain countries such as Australia and Japan (Costner, Pat et al., 1998, “Technical Criteria for the Destruction of Stockpiled Persistent Organic Pollutants”, Third Meeting of the Intersessional Group Intergovernmental Forum on Chemical Safety, Yokohama, Japan, Dec. 1-4, 1998; see also “Survey of Currently Available Non-Incineration PCB Destruction Technologies”, United Nations Environment Programme, August 2000). There is a need for cost effective PCB decontamination methods for a variety of media, including soil and ballast residue, which do not involve PCB incineration.
PCBs, (approximate formula C12H5Cl5) were manufactured under various trade names (e.g. Arochlor 1254, CAS No. 11097-69-1) and extensively used in electrical equipment, particularly as a dielectric in transformers and capacitors.
Prior to recognition of their environmentally hazardous nature, PCBs were also used in unconfined applications such as pesticide extenders and fire retardants (see MSDS for Arochlor 1254). In the course of industrial operations, spillage has resulted in significant contamination of soils adjacent to facilities involved in the manufacture and repair of electrical equipment as well as other operations using PCBs.
Another significant source of PCB contaminated materials is fluorescent light ballasts manufactured before 1980. Ballasts are regulated in the US Code of Federal Regulations (CFR) Part 761. A summary is presented in a Minnesota Pollution Control Agency Publication (www.pca.state.mn.us/waste/pubs/4—48f.pdf). PCB ballasts can be processed for metal recovery leaving a concentrated PCB residue.
Currently, industrial materials such as transformer oils can be treated by commercial operation to chemically destroy PCBs by sodium reduction. This allows the valuable base transformer oil to be re-used. For solid wastes, however, the currently available options for management/disposal are principally permanent storage in a secure landfill (e.g. in the United States) or incineration in a suitably controlled, monitored and permitted waste incinerator. The former operation results in a permanent retained liability by the waste generator. Incineration is costly and entails risk of atmospheric emissions.
Regulations regarding classification and acceptable disposal of PCB solid wastes vary by jurisdiction. Some representative regulations for British Columbia, Canada are:
Getman et al. in U.S. Pat. No. 6,049,021 describe remediation of soil contaminated with PCBs. This patent describes the destruction of PCBs in soil using a variety of methods combining the following basic elements:
Although this technique clearly shows high destruction of PCB in soil it suffers from the following problems:
U.S. Pat. No. 5,228,921 issued to Peterson describes a method for extracting organohalogens from organohalogen contaminated solids such as PCBs from PCB contaminated soils. U.S. Pat. No. 5,376,182 issued to Everett et al. describes PCB extraction from PCB contaminated soil with ultrasound at 10 to 60 kilohertz frequency. Although these extraction methods successfully remove PCBs from soil, they do not destroy the PCBs.
PCT application WO 02/22252 of Collings describes ultrasonic destruction of PCBs in a one-step process. However, PCB destruction efficiency is low (e.g. 75% lines 20 to 25, page 10).
Eco Logic at web page www.eco-logic-intl.com in a brochure dated April 2001 and entitled “The TORBED/GPCR combination for Soil, Sediment and Sludge Treatment” describe a multi-step process for removal and destruction of PCBs in solids such as soils as follows:
Although the Eco Logic method clearly destroys PCBs in soils it suffers from the following problems:
U.S. Pat. No. 4,941,134 issued to Nyberg et al. describes a sonic generator for the transmission of energy into fluid mediums using a “resonating bar” or probe (see
U.S. Published Patent application No. 2003/0036672 and Canadian Patent application No. 2,316,409 to Sim et al. describes the destruction of PCBs in ballast tar/pitch using alkali dispersions of sodium, lithium or potassium. This technology suffers from the following serious disadvantages:
There is a need for a low temperature process, especially a process suitable for mobile processing of media at the site of contamination, which can quickly extract and efficiently destroy PCBs in a minimum number of processing steps to reduce the size of equipment and its cost.
The present invention provides a method for extraction and low temperature chemical destruction of PCBs from media, including solid wastes, such as soils, ballasts, and scrap from dismantling of PCB contaminated electrical equipment.
The treatment process for PCB contaminated solid wastes comprises the following key unit operations:
Within this sequence of operations, a key feature is use of audio frequency sonicators (such as in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,941,134 and 5,005,773) to extract the PCB from the solid media into the extraction fluid. These machines have demonstrated large-scale processing capabilities and have shown their potential in over a dozen commercial applications. The defining feature of the sonic generators is their ability to apply very intense audio frequency vibrational energy to chambers mounted on each end of the vibrating bar or to fluid materials in direct contact with the bar.
The invention itself both as to organization and method of operation, as well as additional objects and advantages thereof, will become readily apparent from the following detailed description when read in connection with the accompanying drawings:
The present invention provides a method for extraction and low temperature chemical destruction of PCBs from media, including solid wastes, such as soils, ballasts, and scrap from dismantling of PCB contaminated electrical equipment.
The treatment process for PCB contaminated solid wastes comprises the following key unit operations:
Such sonication devices come in two preferred types:
The core sonic generator technology involves the conversion of electric power, via sequentially activated magnets, to resonant vibrational energy in a steel bar. Vibrational energy from the bar is transmitted to the attached ‘cells’ through which fluid materials can be pumped and be subjected to very intense audio frequency agitation (“sonication”). The vigorous sonication is used in the current process to enhance PCB extraction and enhance the rates of chemical reaction of extracted PCBs with molten sodium containing alkali metal. The sonic generator machines are large (beyond bench and lab scale) low frequency sonic generators that have sufficient processing capacity for commercial applications. The sonic generators are readily transportable and require no anchoring once on site.
Heat generation testwork indicates specific energy inputs for the 20 kW generator ranging upwards from 90 kW/m3 of reactor volume (450 Horsepower/1,000 US gallons). This range of power input is at least an order of magnitude (10 times) greater than is achieved by energy intensive industrial mixing systems such as flotation cells. When the power input is as effective as in conventional mixing then the advantage of the generator is in proportion to the energy intensity. The high energy intensity is advantageous for chemical process operations where very intense mixing via sonication improves the selectivity or efficiency of the desired chemical reaction.
The sonic generators have demonstrated the ability to sonicate fluids and/or liquid-solids mixtures (slurries) at commercially acceptable flow rates. The current prototype machines generate in the low frequency range from 100 to 500 Hz. at power ratings of 75 and 20 kW (horizontal type as illustrated in
With reference to
Oversize material (14) may in some cases—for example coarse rock in soil—be clean enough for disposal (16) or may be size reduced (crushed) (18) and returned to the size classifier (12);
When the slurry is correctly heated and dried, sodium metal (24) is added as liquid or solid lumps that melt. The resulting 3 phase (liquid—molten metal—solids) mixture is pumped through the reaction chamber(s) of a sonic generator (26) where intense mixing facilitates extraction of PCBs and concurrent destruction by reaction of the organochlorine with sodium to form sodium chloride (Aromatic-Cl+Na→NaCl+Aromatic; Titration of water soluble NaCl is a standard method for PCB analysis after Na reduction).
On completion of the PCB extraction and PCB destruction reactions, the slurry is treated to separate the hydrocarbon containing fluid extractant from the cleaned soil. This is achieved by combination of decantation (28, 30) and froth flotation (32). Froth flotation is a widely practiced mineral processing technique (e.g. Taggart, Arthur F., “Handbook of Mineral Dressing”, John Wiley and Sons Inc. (New York), 1945 or Gaudin, A. M., “Flotation”, McGraw-Hill Book Co. Inc. (New York), 1957) in which oleophilic (oil or hydrocarbon wettable materials and oil or hydrocarbon containing fluid) materials are extracted by passage of air bubbles through a fluid mixture (slurry). The flotation process is typically optimized for a particular feed material by adjustment of solution conditions (pH, temperature) and addition of small quantities of chemicals such as frothers, which generate a stable froth layer for removal of oleophilic materials.
A process option, also shown in
A further option, not shown in
A similar alternative method is shown in
The key differences between this approach and that of
Typically, the flotation stage (32) is required for recovery of hydrocarbon containing liquid from the extracted solids.
Use of water/hydrocarbon containing liquid extraction may be favoured when the contaminated solids include a significant proportion of fine grained materials such as silt or clay which may be difficult to separate from an oil phase once oil wetting occurs. Use of a water/hydrocarbon containing liquid mixture for PCB extraction largely avoids wetting of naturally hydrophilic solids by the hydrocarbon containing liquid portion of the fluid. This can be optimized by adjustment of the aqueous phase pH.
The following non-limiting examples illustrate the effectiveness of the invention:
One-Stage Batch Treatment of Soil in Single Vessel with Axial Sonication
A sample of PCB contaminated soil was obtained from a secure landfill at a Greater Vancouver, B.C., Canada location. This fill was constructed for the sole purpose of containing high level (>50 ppm) PCB contaminated soil and debris from demolition and cleanup of an electrical manufacturing plant site. Excavated material was sampled for analysis and all material containing>50 mg/Kg (ppm) of PCBs was placed in the double lined, covered fill. The sample of approximately 20 Kg was processed initially over a −6 mesh shaking screen to separate the sieved soil from coarse cobble rock, concrete, steel, and debris.
The soil (−6 mesh) was air dried, and then split using a riffle splitter (a device for obtaining representative subsamples of solid materials, see Taggart) to provide representative samples for testwork and analysis.
A 2-kilogram sub-sample of the soil was then mixed with 0.8 L of kerosene and placed in a cylindrical steel reaction chamber. Sodium metal in the form of a 10 g block was added to the chamber prior to closure and the chamber was then mounted on the 20 kW sonic generator. The chamber incorporated a heating jacket which was partially filled with ethylene glycol antifreeze to facilitate heat transfer. The mounted chamber was then heated with a propane torch until a charge temperature (thermocouple measured) reached 100° C.
The vent valve on the chamber was then closed and the generator was run at 60% power, 430 Hz resonant frequency for two five-minute periods. After each interval, the vent valve was opened to release accumulated pressure. Temperature was maintained at >102° C. After 10 minutes of sonic mixing the chamber was dismounted, opened and the contents tested for residual sodium. There was none found, so a further 10 g of sodium was added and the test sequence repeated. Product samples were then taken for analysis as follows:
Results of PCB analyses were as follows:
The treated soil contained 15.5% hydrocarbon containing liquid by weight.
The results indicate the feasibility of soil contained PCBs destruction to <2 ppm by treatment with sodium in hydrocarbon containing liquid slurry under sonication.
For the GC-ECD analytical method on heterogeneous samples such as soil, the practical detection limit is 2 mg/Kg (ppm). To quantify the extent of the PCB removal in this initial successful test, the final treated soil was reanalyzed by:
Batch Treatment of Soil in Single Vessel with Axial Sonication
PCB-contaminated soil was air-dried and sieved to −6 mesh. Two kilograms of soil was combined with 0.6 litres kerosene and 45 grams of solid sodium metal in a 3.2 litre sonication vessel axially mounted to a 20 kilowatt (kW) sonic driver. The sealed sonication chamber was heated to 115° C. using heat from a propane torch to melt the sodium metal. The sonic chamber heating jacket was filled half-way with ethylene glycol antifreeze to aid in heat transfer to the sonication chamber ingredients. The sonication chamber was opened to sample soil after interval sonic mixing times of 1, 2, and 5 minutes. The presence of sodium was determined by addition of a few drops of water to the analytical sample and observation of effervescence from hydrogen produced by water reaction with residual sodium. The following table illustrates PCB destruction as a function of time using the above approach on a soil with an initial PCB content of 424 ppm (micrograms/gram):
These results indicate that initially the rate of PCB destruction is extremely high, but extended time at temperature with excess sodium is required to achieve low soil residual PCB values.
One-Stage Flow-through Treatment of Soil in Two Vessels with Probe Sonication
To investigate scale-up of the technology, a test system was constructed as follows (shown in
This system illustrated in
A new bulk sample from the fill described in Example 1 was obtained and processed in the same manner to prepare 33 Kg of soil for testing.
The test was then concluded as follows:
Results of soil analyses were as follows:
*approximately 90 minutes of circulation during heating
Excess sodium remained in the slurry at the end of the 105 minute test. The new bulk untreated soil PCB content of 1043 ppm illustrates the heterogeneous nature of the landfill (compare to the previous sample containing 430-470 ppm) and the desirability of a blended feed for commercial operation.
The final soil PCB content<2 ppm confirms the practicality of treatment at a larger scale.
One-Stage Flow-through Treatment of Soil in Two Vessels with Axial Sonication
Following the successful flow-through test using the 5 kW generator, it was determined that commercial feasibility would be favored by use of the largest and highest powered Sonic Generator manufactured to date, the 75 kW horizontal unit. This unit also has the advantage of proven reliability, having operated for 6 months in a mine environment with minimal maintenance.
With reference to
A new bulk 0.8 ton sample was also obtained from the site described in Example 1 and processed in the same manner to provide a uniform feed for tests to investigate a variety of operating parameters. After shakedown tests to confirm mechanical operability, the initial test on the 75 kW generator was performed as follows:
Add 125 g sodium metal (1 block) to pump tank
Add 250 g sodium (2 blocks)
Results of hydrocarbon containing liquid phase analysis were as follows:
These results indicate the feasibility of PCB reduction by sodium addition to slurry using the 75 kW generator. The results also indicate that the chemical efficiency of the sodium destruction of PCBs decreases as the hydrocarbon containing liquid phase PCB concentration is decreased below (about) 125 mg/L.
Sonicated Hydrocarbon Containing Liquid-Soil Separation
As previously noted, clean soil recovered by decantation of hydrocarbon containing liquid after extraction and PCB destruction contains 15-17 wt % of hydrocarbon containing liquid phase. Recovery of this hydrocarbon containing liquid is important in relation to both process economics (cost of hydrocarbon containing extractant) and final disposal of the clean soil.
To investigate recovery of hydrocarbon containing liquid from treated soil (Example 4, Sample #10), an initial froth flotation test was conducted as follows:
Sample wet soil for analysis
These results indicate that froth flotation, a commonly practiced industrial process, is effective for recovery of hydrocarbon containing liquid from cleaned soil. It is of interest to note to that the residual PCB content of the cleaned soil, although low enough to meet stringent disposal criteria, is higher than can be accounted for by its residual oil and grease content if it is assumed that the residual hydrocarbon containing liquid contains the same (39 mg/L) PCB content as the bulk hydrocarbon containing liquid separated from the solids at the end of the extraction/destruction test (Example 4, Sample 10).
These data also demonstrate that complete destruction of PCBs in the hydrocarbon containing liquid phase is not necessary in order to produce acceptably low PCBs content in cleaned soil for disposal. This is an important factor for process economics, since the results of the Example 4 indicate that the chemical efficiency of sodium destruction of PCBs decreases as the residual PCBs concentration is lowered and becomes prohibitively inefficient below (about) 60 ppm PCB.
Sonicated Hydrocarbon Containing Liquid-Soil Separation with Additives
The procedure followed in Example 5 was repeated with the following modifications:
Analysis of clean soil from this test indicated:
These data confirm the utility of froth flotation for hydrocarbon containing liquid-soil separation and indicate that manipulation of conditions such as pH and frother dosage can be used to optimize the process.
Two-Stage Flow-through Treatment of Soil in Two Vessels with Hydrocarbon Containing Liquid Extractant
Soils contain varying quantities of organic matter and other materials which may compete with PCBs for reaction with sodium containing alkali. To investigate the effect of separating the PCB extraction and destruction operations, the following test sequence was conducted:
Hydrocarbon containing liquid phase samples from this test were analyzed, indicating:
Since the precision of PCB analytical results is typically +/−10%, these data indicate substantially complete reaction within 45 minutes and >90% extraction within the heating time+15 minutes of sonication.
The reacted slurry was drained from the circulation tank and primary hydrocarbon containing liquid-soil separation was performed by manual decantation. Recovered hydrocarbon containing liquid, 140 L, was returned to the circulation tank along with 60 L of used hydrocarbon containing liquid accumulated from other tests. The combined hydrocarbon containing liquid sample was then heated to 110° C. under a nitrogen purge gas flow and pumped through the generator chamber (10-11 kW, 105 Hz) while adding increments of sodium metal.
Test analytical results were as follows:
These data show the same trend as results from Example 4, i.e. the chemical efficiency of sodium reduction of PCBs decreases as the residual PCB decreases, particularly below 100 ppm. However, the overall sodium efficiency for this test is approximately 28% improved relative to results of Example 4.
Since the cost of sodium metal (Canadian Dollars $3/lb in bulk) is estimated to be the largest single component of treatment operating cost, hydrocarbon containing liquid—soil separation before sodium treatment may thus be a preferred option for process operation on soils with a high parasitic sodium consumption.
Two-Stage Flow-through Treatment of Soil in Two Vessels with Hydrocarbon Containing Liquid/Water Extractant
Since the sodium containing alkali efficiency is better at higher PCB concentrations in the hydrocarbon containing liquid extractant, consideration was given to conducting the sonic extraction with a fluid mixture of water and hydrocarbon containing liquid to achieve a higher PCB concentration in the hydrocarbon containing liquid phase. It was also hypothesized that water soluble and more hydrophilic components of the soil (probable contributors to parasitic sodium consumption) might be retained in the aqueous phase.
A laboratory scale scoping test provided encouraging results (1700 mg/L PCB in the hydrocarbon containing liquid phase), so a pilot scale test was conducted as follows:
Results of hydrocarbon containing liquid phase analyses were as follows:
These results confirm the practicality of obtaining a high hydrocarbon containing liquid phase PCB content by extraction of soil with a water-hydrocarbon containing liquid fluid mixture.
To assess final soil cleanup, the 120 minute slurry sample was treated as follows:
Cleaned soil parameters were as follows:
These results demonstrate the practicality of recovering>90% of soil PCB content in a single stage of water-hydrocarbon containing liquid extraction to produce hydrocarbon containing liquid phase PCB contents in the 1750 mg range. The PCB content of the cleaned soil was marginal with respect to applicable disposal criteria (maximum 50 ppm PCBs for secure landfill disposal vs. incineration or other PCB destruction technology required for waste>50 ppm PCB). Thus a second counter-current stage of extraction with low PCB hydrocarbon containing liquid will be required with the water-hydrocarbon containing liquid sonication.
Hydrocarbon containing liquid phase from the water-hydrocarbon containing liquid decantation was transferred to a laboratory (low intensity) mixing system, heated to 110-115° C. and treated with incremental doses of granular (3×0.1 mm) sodium to investigate the efficiency of sodium PCB reaction using the high PCB hydrocarbon containing liquid extract, with the following results:
These data indicate a significant improvement in sodium efficiency compared to the results of Example 7. For PCB reduction from 1832 to 126 mg/L (93% destruction) the sodium consumption was only 5 times the stoichiometric requirement, compared to 30 times to reach 45 mg/Kg in Example 7. For reduction of PCB from 126 to 34 mg/L, the stoichiometric excess sodium requirement increases to about 87 times, which clearly indicates the desirability (in terms of sodium efficiency) of high PCB content hydrocarbon containing liquid phase extract. However, the overall efficiency in this example (from 1832 to 34 mg/L) is about 10× stoichiometric, which is a very significant improvement over the 30× stoichiometric requirement in Example 7.
Extraction and Destruction of PCBs from Electrical Ballasts
A sample of concentrated ballast tar was obtained from Contech Ltd.Richmond, BC. Contech is a firm, which uses proprietary technology (low temperature attrition scrubbing) to recover metal components from scrap PCB ballasts. The metal fraction, containing typically<40 mg/Kg of PCBs is sold to a copper recycling operation. The separated tarry (high PCB) fraction, with residual metallics, paper, and debris, is shipped to licensed hazardous waste incinerator operators in Alberta for destruction.
The ballast tar sample provided (11.1 Kg, approx. 18 L volume, i.e. low bulk density) was processed initially in the pilot system as follows:
The initial phase of the test was shut down after 165 minutes of sonication for two reasons: high sodium demand and visual observation of relatively large undispersed tar particles. A review of literature on ballast components was undertaken and this revealed that the air-blown asphalt component contains a high proportion of phenolic (effectively acidic) materials.
The test system was then re-started and 150 g each of coarse and fine quick lime (calcium oxide) was added to neutralize acidic (sodium consuming) components of the mixture. The sample was then treated for a further 270 minutes with sonication and incremental sodium addition.
Test data are summarized as follows:
These data confirm the practicality of treating ballast tar in kerosene by sonication and sodium PCB reduction, as well as indicating a favourable effect of quicklime addition in relation to sodium efficiency.
The time (270 minutes) of hot sonication required to achieve 43 ppm residue PCB content indicates the difficult (relative to soil) extraction behaviour of ballast tar. However, this could be mitigated by comminution of the feed material, which was relatively coarse (˜10%+{fraction (1/4)}″).
Confirmation Test—Sodium Efficiency Improved by Lime Addition
A further test was done according to the procedure of Example 9 with the following adjustments:
Analytical results are summarized as follows:
The initial hydrocarbon extract PCB content in the test was higher than for Example 9 due to the higher ratio (29 Kg/100 L vs. 11.1 Kg in Example 9) and also to the higher PCB content (1760 mg/Kg) of the new sample.
The effect of the lime addition on the initial sodium efficiency in this test is illustrated by comparing the change in hydrocarbon PCB content for Example 9 between Sample #1 and #5 (PCB reduced from 112 to 92 mg/L after addition of 275 g sodium/100 L of extract) with the 510 to 180 mg/L PCB reduction after addition of 100 g sodium/100 L in the current test with lime added before any sodium addition. The initial sodium efficiency in this test is approximately 60 times greater than in Example 9 (before lime addition).
For the second sodium treatment in the current example, the reduction in PCB content (Sample 3−2; 150−57=123 mg/L for a 100 g/100 L sodium addition) compares favourably to the second phase of Example 9 (Sample 2A vs. 1A; 106-9=97 mg/L for a 125 g/100 L sodium addition). However, the sodium efficiency ratio between this example (samples 2 and 3) and Example 9 (samples 1A and 2A) is only 1.6. Considering the previously noted trend to lower sodium efficiency at lower PCB concentrations, these results are considered to be equivalent.
Overall, results of this example confirm the favourable effect of lime addition on sodium efficiency on treatment of ballast tar by hydrocarbon PCB extraction/sodium PCB destruction.
Accordingly, while this invention has been described with reference to illustrative embodiments, this description is not intended to be construed in a limiting sense. Various modifications of the illustrative embodiments, as well as other embodiments of the invention, will be apparent to persons skilled in the art upon reference to this description. It is therefore contemplated that the appended claims will cover any such modifications or embodiments as fall within the scope of the invention.
Filing Document | Filing Date | Country | Kind |
---|---|---|---|
PCT/CA03/00593 | 4/23/2003 | WO |
Number | Date | Country | |
---|---|---|---|
60374512 | Apr 2002 | US |