The present invention relates generally to a sorption pump, and, more particularly, to a sorption pump with an integrated thermal switch.
Sorption pumps are vacuum pumps that create a partial vacuum in a desired system by adsorbing molecules on a very porous molecular sieve material (i.e., sorbent material) that is cooled to a cryogenic temperature. Sorption pumps allow for pressure in a system to be lowered to about 10−7 mbar without many of the disadvantages associated with other types of pumping systems used to lower pressure. That is, sorption pumps provide the advantages of eliminating oil and other contaminants present in open system pumps and of providing low cost and vibration free operation because of the absence of moving parts therein.
A sorption pump is usually constructed as a stainless steel, aluminum, or borosilicate glass container that is filled with a sorbent material such as a synthetic zeolite or activated charcoal. The sorption pump is fluidly connected to a desired system by way of tubing and/or valves to allow for the transferring of molecules therebetween. Also present is a mechanism or means for cooling the sorption pump to a cryogenic temperature to allow for adsorption of molecules in the sorbent material. One way to lower the temperature of the sorbent material to a cryogenic temperature is by immersing it in a Dewar flask (i.e., vacuum flask) filled with liquid nitrogen. However, the cooling provided by liquid nitrogen is not always sufficient for adsorbing certain molecules. One example of this is when the system connected to the sorption pump (from which molecules are to be adsorbed) contains a liquid helium bath. Helium molecules do not sufficiently adsorb at liquid nitrogen temperatures, and as such, a better suited cooling mechanism that can produce lower temperatures is needed for such a system.
Another mechanism for cooling the sorbent material to a cryogenic temperature, and which is more suited to systems in which a sorption pump must adsorb helium molecules, is a closed cycle refrigerator. In such a configuration, the sorption pump is thermally connected to the refrigerator by way of, for example, a thermal buss. The thermal buss places the sorption pump in thermal contact with the refrigerator to cool the sorbent material to a suitably low cryogenic temperature. Regardless of the exact mechanism for cooling the sorbent material, it is necessary to alternate the cooling of the sorption pump with periods of re-heating the pump to a higher temperature (i.e., such as room temperature). That is, in order to operate efficiently, the sorption pump must be operated in a cyclical fashion. In one mode or phase, the pump operates in sorption mode where the sorbent material is cooled to a cryogenic temperature to adsorb molecules. In a desorption mode or phase (and optionally a regeneration phase), the sorbent material is allowed to warm up to room temperature to allow the molecules to escape therefrom.
As the sorbent material must be placed in alternating states of cooling and re-heating, it is necessary to provide a mechanism for switching the sorption pump into and out of thermal contact with the cooling source. In a configuration where the sorption pump is connected to a closed cycle refrigerator and thermal buss for cooling, a thermal switch is employed to selectively connect the refrigeration system to the sorption pump. In existing pump designs, this thermal switch is positioned externally from the sorption pump. This externally located thermal switch adds to the complexity of an overall system by adding an additional component thereto. The addition of a separate thermal switch component adds to the cost of the overall system and provides greater opportunity for electrical or mechanical malfunction. Additionally, the placement of the thermal switch external from the sorption pump increases the overall heat transfer path length between the refrigerator and the sorption pump, thus reducing overall thermal performance and adding still further costs for cooling the pump.
Thus, current thermal switches used to activate and deactivate a sorption pump to switch between sorption and desorption modes are inefficient and result in higher costs and a greater probability of malfunction. A need therefore exists for a sorption pump that can integrate the function of the thermal switch therein to minimize cost and inefficiencies associated with a separate, external thermal switch.
The present invention provides a sorption pumping apparatus with an integrated thermal switch that overcomes the aforementioned drawbacks. A gas chamber formed in a sorption pump acts as a thermal switch that selectively places the sorption pump in sorption and desorption modes.
According to one aspect of the present invention, a sorption pumping system includes an inner vessel having a sorbent material to adsorb gas molecules therein and an outer vessel positioned about the inner vessel. The sorption pumping system also includes a heat transfer flange connected to the outer vessel and a gas chamber formed between the inner vessel and the outer vessel, the gas chamber being constructed to sealably contain a thermally conductive gas therein.
In accordance with another aspect of the present invention, an apparatus to lower pressure of a gas in an external system includes a thermally conductive inner vessel, a sorbent material contained in the inner vessel, and an outer vessel surrounding the inner vessel in a separated relation to form a vacuum sealed chamber therebetween. The apparatus also includes a conductive flange thermally connected to the outer vessel, wherein the vacuum sealed chamber is configured to selectively place the sorbent material and the conductive flange in thermal contact.
In accordance with yet another aspect of the present invention, a method for constructing a sorption pumping system includes the steps of filling a conductive inner vessel with a sorbent material and enclosing the inner vessel with an outer vessel, wherein an intermediate gas gap is formed between the inner vessel and the outer vessel. The method also includes the steps of positioning a conductive flange on the outer vessel, that is thermally connected thereto and fluidly connecting a gas line to the intermediate gas gap to add and remove a conductive gas therefrom to selectively place the conductive flange and the sorbent material in thermal contact with one another.
Various other features and advantages of the present invention will be made apparent from the following detailed description and the drawings.
The drawings illustrate an embodiment presently contemplated for carrying out the invention.
In the drawings:
Referring to
The substance or material to be polarized (e.g., 13C1-Pyruvate), hereafter referred to as sample 16, is positioned within vacuum chamber 12 for hyperpolarization. The sample 16 is attached to a mechanism for adding and removing the sample to the sorption pumping system 10. As shown in
To allow for hyperpolarization of the sample 16, the sample is placed in container 20 having a cryogenic refrigerant 22 therein, which typically is in the form of a liquid helium bath 22. Preferably, the sample 16 is positioned in a holding container 23 that is in thermal contact with liquid helium bath 22 of container 20. This placement of sample 16 into holding container 23 increases the longevity of the sorption pumping system 10 and improves system efficiency, as the sample loading inevitably introduces contamination into the sorption pumping system 10, and more particularly, to a sorption pump 26 in the system. The sorption pump 26 is sensitive to contamination and cannot easily be restored, and thus, placement of sample 16 in the holding container 23 helps to prevent these contaminants from entering into liquid helium bath 22. Container 20 is sealable and can be evacuated to low pressures (e.g. pressures of the order of 1 mbar or less) as will be explained in greater detail below. To allow for hyperpolarization of the sample 16, the temperature of liquid helium bath 22 is lowered to a suitable temperature, e.g. temperatures below 4.2 K and preferably below 1.5 K.
Positioned about container 20 and the liquid helium bath 22 is magnetic field producing device 24. In the embodiment of
As mentioned above, container 20 is sealable and can be evacuated to low pressures. Evacuation of container 20 to a low pressure in turn reduces the temperature of liquid helium bath 22 by vaporizing a portion of liquid helium and moving the state point down the helium saturation curve. That is, the boiling temperature of liquid helium (4.2 K) is a function of its vapor pressure. By reducing the pressure on the liquid helium bath 22, it is possible to cool it, and the sample 16 therein, to about 1 K without any further complications. This low temperature then allows for transformation of the sample 16 to a high fractional polarization state that is desired.
To achieve this reduction in pressure on liquid helium bath 22, an apparatus to lower pressure 26 (i.e., a sorption pump) is fluidly connected to container 20 by way of a pumping line 27. Sorption pump 26 is configured to lower pressure in container 20 by adsorbing molecules from liquid helium bath 22. Sorption pump 26 operates in this sorption mode (i.e., polarization/pumping phase) when the pump is lowered to a cryogenic temperature. That is, when sorption pump is cooled to a temperature of ˜10 K or below, helium gas will evaporate from liquid helium bath 22 and be adsorbed by sorption pump 26 forming a monolayer or two on a sorbent material therein.
An embodiment of sorption pump 26 is shown in
A first end 31 of main pumping line 27 is connected to inner vessel 28 and a second end 33 of pumping line 27 is connected to container 20. Main pumping line 27 thus fluidly connects the sorbent material 30 and liquid helium bath 22 (shown in
Surrounding the inner vessel 10 is outer vessel 32. Outer vessel 32 is composed of a thermally conductive material and is thermally connected with a thermally conductive flange 34 (i.e., heat transfer flange) attached thereto. The conductive flange 34 functions to cool the sorption pump 26 to a cryogenic temperature when in sorption mode by thermally connecting the pump to refrigerator 12, as shown in
Referring back to
The controlled state of conductivity of the intermediate gas chamber 36 forms a thermal switch that selectively connects the conductive flange 34 and outer vessel 32 to the inner vessel 28 and the sorbent material 30 therein. When a conductive gas fills the gas chamber 36 and forms a conductive medium, the sorbent material 30 is cooled to a cryogenic temperature and the sorption pump 26 operates in a sorption mode. When the gas chamber 36 is evacuated of the conductive gas to form a vacuum, the gas chamber 36 thermally disconnects the conductive flange 34 and outer vessel 32 from the inner vessel 28 and the sorbent material 30 therein. In this state, the sorption pump 26 operates in a desorption mode in which the sorbent material 30 is allowed to raise in temperature to allow for gas molecules adsorbed in the sorbent material 30 to escape (i.e., desorb).
The selective thermal conductivity of the gas chamber 36, and its functioning as a thermal switch to operate sorption pump 26 in sorption and desorption mode, eliminates the need for a separate external thermal switch connected to sorption pump 26. The thermal performance of sorption pump 26 is thus increased by the integration of the “thermal switch” in the form of gas chamber 36.
Referring back to
After sorption pump 26 has adsorbed a sufficient number of molecules so as to reduce the temperature of liquid helium bath 22 to a desired temperature for hyperpolarization of the sample 16, the sorption pump switches its mode of operation. That is, sorption pump 26 switches to a desorption mode (i.e., reheating/recondensing phase) to allow for the helium molecules adsorbed therein to recondense and transfer back to container 20 to refill the liquid helium bath 22. In desorption mode, the temperature of sorption pump 26 is raised to a temperature such that helium molecules are desorbed from the sorbent material 30 and released therefrom. To achieve this higher temperature, conductive gas is removed from gas chamber 36 to create a vacuum to isolate sorbent material 30 from thermal contact with conductive flange 34 and refrigerator 12. When thermally disconnected from refrigerator 12, sorbent material 30 slowly rises in temperature and enters desorption phase upon reaching a temperature of, for example, 30-40 K.
As mentioned above, helium gas molecules that had previously been vaporized are allowed to recondense in the desorption phase. This recondensing is achieved by way of a helium condenser 42 that is connected to sorption pump 26 by way of pumping line 27. Helium gas released from sorbent material 30 during the desorption phase exits sorption pump 26 by way of the pumping line 27 and is carried to helium condenser 42. Helium condenser 42 functions to cool the helium gas to a temperature necessary to place the helium in a liquid state. Once the helium has been recondensed into a liquid state, it re-enters container 20 and liquid helium bath 22 is refilled. Helium condenser 42 is cooled by refrigerator 12 through connection thereto formed by common thermal buss 44. As shown in
Therefore, according to one embodiment of the present invention, a sorption pumping system includes an inner vessel having a sorbent material to adsorb gas molecules therein and an outer vessel positioned about the inner vessel. The sorption pumping system also includes a heat transfer flange connected to the outer vessel and a gas chamber formed between the inner vessel and the outer vessel, the gas chamber being constructed to sealably contain a thermally conductive gas therein.
In accordance with another embodiment of the present invention, an apparatus to lower pressure of a gas in an external system includes a thermally conductive inner vessel, a sorbent material contained in the inner vessel, and an outer vessel surrounding the inner vessel in a separated relation to form a vacuum sealed chamber therebetween. The apparatus also includes a conductive flange thermally connected to the outer vessel, wherein the vacuum sealed chamber is configured to selectively place the sorbent material and the conductive flange in thermal contact.
In accordance with yet another embodiment of the present invention, a method for constructing a sorption pumping system includes the steps of filling a conductive inner vessel with a sorbent material and enclosing the inner vessel with an outer vessel, wherein an intermediate gas gap is formed between the inner vessel and the outer vessel. The method also includes the steps of positioning a conductive flange on the outer vessel, that is thermally connected thereto and fluidly connecting a gas line to the intermediate gas gap to add and remove a conductive gas therefrom to selectively place the conductive flange and the sorbent material in thermal contact with one another.
The present invention has been described in terms of the preferred embodiment, and it is recognized that equivalents, alternatives, and modifications, aside from those expressly stated, are possible and within the scope of the appending claims.