Patent Grant
8692053
Described herein are a soybean gene for resistance to Aphis glycines, soybean plants possessing this gene, which maps to a novel chromosomal locus, and methods for identifying and breeding these plants, the methods involving marker-assisted selection.
Soybeans (Glycine max L. Merr.) are a major cash crop and investment commodity in North America and elsewhere. Soybean oil is one of the most widely used edible oils, and soybeans are used worldwide both in animal feed and in human food production.
A native of Asia, the soybean aphid was first found in the Midwest in 2000 (Hartman, G. L. et al., “Occurrence and distribution of Aphis glycines on soybeans in Illinois in 2000 and its potential control,” (1 Feb. 2001 available at the “plantmanagementnetwork” org website). It rapidly spread throughout the region and into other parts of North America (Patterson, J. and Ragsdale, D., “Assessing and managing risk from soybean aphids in the North Central States,” (11 Apr. 2002) available at the planthealth.info website in subdirectory soyaphid and further subdirectory aphid02. High aphid populations can reduce crop production directly when their feeding causes severe damage such as stunting, leaf distortion, and reduced pod set (Sun, Z. et al., “Study on the uses of aphid-resistant character in wild soybean. I. Aphid-resistance performance of F2 generation from crosses between cultivated and wild soybeans,” (1990) Soybean Genet. News. 17:43-48). Yield losses attributed to the aphid in some fields in Minnesota during 2001, where several thousand aphids occurred on individual soybean plants, were >50% (Ostlie, K., “Managing soybean aphid,” 2 Oct. 2002) available at the soybeans University of Minnesota website under successive subdirectories crop, insects, aphid, aphid_publication_managingsba with an average loss of 101 to 202 kg ha−1 in those fields (Patterson and Ragsdale, supra). In earlier reports from China, soybean yields were reduced up to 52% when there was an average of about 220 aphids per plant (Wang, X. B. et al., “A study on the damage and economic threshold of the soybean aphid at the seedling stage,” (1994) Plant Prot. (China) 20:12-13) and plant height was decreased by about 210 mm after severe aphid infestation (Wang, X. B. et al., “Study on the effects of the population dynamics of soybean aphid (Aphis glycines) on both growth and yield of soybean,” (1996) Soybean Sci. 15:243-247). An additional threat posed by the aphid is its ability to transmit certain plant viruses to soybean such as Alfalfa mosaic virus, Soybean dwarf virus, and Soybean mosaic virus (Sama, S. et al., “Varietal screening for resistance to the aphid, Aphis glycines, in soybean,” (1974) Research Reports 1968-1974, pp. 171-172; Iwaki, M. et al., “A persistent aphid borne virus of soybean, Indonesian Soybean dwarf virus transmitted by Aphis glycines,” (1980) Plant Dis. 64:1027-1030; Hartman, G. L. et al., supra; Hill, J. H. et al., “First report of transmission of Soybean mosaic virus and Alfalfa mosaic virus by Aphis glycines in the New World,” (2001) Plant Dis. 561; Clark, A. J. and Perry, K. L., “Transmissibility of field isolates of soybean viruses by Aphis glycines,” (2002) Plant Dis. 86:1219-1222).
Because A. glycines is a recent pest in the USA, a comprehensive integrated management approach to control the aphid has yet to be developed. Research to evaluate the efficacy of currently-available insecticides and other control measures has just begun.
An integral component of an integrated pest management (IPM) program to control aphids is plant resistance (Auclair, J. L., “Host plant resistance,” pp. 225-265 In P. Harrewijn (ed.) Aphids: Their biology, natural enemies, and control, Vol. C., Elsevier, New York (1989); Harrewijn, P. and Minks, A. K., “Integrated aphid management: General aspects,” pp. 267-272, In A. K. Minks and P. Harrewijn (ed.) Aphids: Their biology, natural enemies, and control, Vol. C., Elsevier, New York (1989). Insect resistance can significantly reduce input costs for producers (Luginbill, J. P., “Developing resistant plants—The ideal method of controlling insects,” (1969) USDA, ARS. Prod. Res. Rep. 111, USGPO, Washington, D.C. Resistance was reported in G. soja (Sun, Z. et al., “Study on the uses of aphid-resistant character in wild soybean. I. Aphid-resistance performance of F2 generation from crosses between cultivated and wild soybeans,” (1990) Soybean Genet. News 17:43-48), a close relative of G. max (Hymowitz, T., “On the domestication of the soybean,” (1970) Econ. Bot. 24:408-421), and other wild relatives (Zhuang, B. et al., “A study on resistance to soybean mosaic virus and Aphis glycines of perennial wild soybean,” (1996) Soybean Genet. Newsl. 23:66-69). Prior to 2004, there were no reports of resistance in G. max. A report from Indonesia had indicated that there was no resistance in a test of 201 soybean cultivars and breeding lines (Sama, S. et al. (1974) Research Reports 1968-1974, p. 171-172. In Varietal screening for resistance to the aphid, Aphis glycines, in soybean. Agricultural Cooperation, Indonesia, the Netherlands).
There are numerous examples of the discovery and use of resistance genes to control aphids in crops other than soybean. Examples include Russian wheat aphid (Du Toit, F. (1987), “Resistance in wheat (Triticum aestivum) to Diuraphis noxia (Homoptera:Aphididae),” Cereal Res. Commun. 15:175-179; wheat greenbug (Tyler, J. M., et al. (1985), “Biotype E greenbug resistance in wheat streak mosaic virus-resistant wheat germplasm lines,” Crop Science 25:686-688), potato aphid on tomato (Kaloshian, I., et al. (1997), “The impact of Meu-1-mediated resistance in tomato on longevity, fecundity and behavior of the potato aphid,” Macrosiphum euphorbiae,” Entomol. Exp. Appl. 83:181-187), and cotton-melon aphid on melon (Klinger, J. et al. (2001), “Mapping of cotton-melon aphid resistance in melon,” J. Am. Soc. Hortic. Ci. 136:56-63).
A number of soybean markers have been mapped and linkage groups created, as described in Cregan, P. B., et al., “An Integrated Genetic Linkage Map of the Soybean Genome” (1999) Crop Science 39:1464-1490.
U.S. Patent Publication 2006/0014964, Hill, C. B., et al. (2006), “Soybean aphid resistance in soybean Jackson is controlled by a single dominant gene,” Crop Science 46:1606-1608, and Hill, C. B., et al. (2006), “A single dominant gene for resistance to the soybean aphid in the soybean cultivar Dowling,” Crop Science 46:1601-1605 disclose two previously-discovered soybean aphid resistance genes, Rag1 in Dowling and another gene in Jackson.
A trait that maps to soybean Linkage Group F is root-knot nematode resistance. (Tamulonis, J. P., et al. (1997), “DNA marker analysis of loci conferring resistance to peanut root-knot nematode in soybean,” Theor. Appl. Genet. 95:664-670.) Jeong, S. C. et al., “Cloning And Characterization Of An Rga Family From The Soybean Molecular Linkage Group F,” in an Abstract published by Plant & Animal Genome VIII Conference, Town & Country Hotel, San Diego, Calif., Jan. 9-12, 2000 at a website address with the usual www prefix followed by intl-pag.org/8/abstracts/pag8255.html and in Yong G. Yu, Glenn R. Buss, and M. A. Saghai Maroof (1996), “Isolation of a superfamily of candidate disease-resistance genes in soybean based on a conserved nucleotide-binding site,” PNAS, 93:11751-11756, discloses that the soybean chromosomal region on linkage group F flanked by the markers K644 and B212 contains several virus, bacteria, fungus and nematode resistance genes.
Conventional plant breeding for insect resistance traditionally relied on screening whole plants for resistance directly with live insects and assessing insect population development or plant damage caused by insect feeding, or indirectly with techniques that measure insect feeding behavior, such as Electrical Penetration Graph (EPG). Implementation of these techniques requires a certain amount of time and specialized space, such as in a greenhouse or plant growth room. More efficient and cost-effective molecular genetic and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) techniques, with the development of DNA markers, enable breeders to significantly increase throughput and efficiency in screening plants for traits that are tightly linked to DNA markers, by screening genomic DNA of plants in the laboratory. There are numerous examples of the use of this technology to select plants with certain traits in breeding programs, including insect resistance. Other publications directed to marker-identification of soybean aphid resistance include Li, Y, et al., “Soybean aphid resistance genes in the soybean cultivars Dowling and Jackson map to linkage group M,” Molecular Breeding (in press); Hill, C. B., et al. (2006), “Soybean aphid resistance in soybean Jackson is controlled by a single dominant gene,” Crop Science 46:1606-1608; Hill, C. B., et al. (2006), “A single dominant gene for resistance to the soybean aphid in the soybean cultivar Dowling,” Crop Science 46:1601-1605; Li, Y., et al. (2004) “Effect of three resistant soybean genotypes on the fecundity, mortality, and maturation of soybean aphid (Homoptera:Aphididae),” Journal of Economic Entomology 97:1106-1111; Hill, C. B., et al. (2004) “Resistance to the soybean aphid in soybean germplasm and other legumes,” p. 179, World Soybean Research Conference, Foz do Iguassu, PR, Brazil; Hill, C. B., et al. (2004), “Resistance to the soybean aphid in soybean germplasm,” Crop Science 44:98-106; and Hill, C. B., et al. (2004), “Resistance of Glycine species and various cultivated legumes to the soybean aphid (Homoptera:Aphididae),” Journal of Economic Entomology 97:1071-1077). Additional methods and molecular tools are needed to allow breeding of A. glycines resistance into high-yielding G. max soybean varieties.
All publications referred to herein are incorporated herein by reference to the extent not inconsistent herewith.
A method is provided for determining the presence or absence in a soybean germplasm of a gene for resistance to the soybean aphid, Aphis glycines. The aphid resistance trait has been found to be closely linked to a number of molecular markers that map to linkage group F. The gene conferring the resistance trait is designated “Rag2” pending approval of the Soybean Genetics Committee. The Rag2 gene was originally discovered in the resistance source Sugao Zairai (PI200538). (“PI” stands for “plant introduction” and this PI number refers to the USDA depositary accession number.) The trait of resistance to Aphis glycines is also found in other varieties as described hereafter.
The Rag2 gene, is non-allelic with the Rag1 gene previously found in the soybean cultivar Dowling (Hill, C. B. et al., (2006), “A single dominant gene for resistance to the soybean aphid in the soybean cultivar Dowling,” Crop Science 46:1601-1605). Similar to Rag1, when present in soybean plants, the Rag2 gene conditions strong resistance to the soybean aphid by preventing aphid colonization on plants through reduced aphid multiplication, survival, lifespan, and development of nymphs to adults. Expression of resistance is dominant over susceptibility in heterozygous plants containing both forms of the gene. Resistance controlled by Rag2 is effective against all known soybean aphid biotypes.
The location of the Rag2 gene was mapped to linkage group F on the soybean genetic map and it is closely flanked by two DNA markers called simple sequence repeats (SSR), namely Soyhsp176 and Satt510, which are tightly linked to the gene. The tight linkage of the two DNA markers with Rag2 enables soybean breeders to efficiently identify plants that have the soybean aphid resistance gene in progeny of their crosses without having to inoculate plants with aphids.
Use of the technology to identify the presence of the Rag2 gene facilitates and expedites the development of new soybean aphid-resistant cultivars using conventional breeding methods without genetic engineering, by back crossing the Rag2 gene into current, adapted soybean cultivars, converting them to new soybean aphid resistant soybean cultivars. This technology, combined with the technology to identify Rag1 and the related gene covered in U.S. Patent Publication No. 20060015964 enables the development of soybean cultivars with more than one resistance gene to maximize resistance to the soybean aphid.
In accordance with the present method, the Rag2 gene for resistance to Aphis glycines co-segregates with molecular markers with which it is linked on linkage group F, most preferably, Satt510 and Soyhsp176. Additional markers that are also useful for identifying the presence of the Rag2 gene include Sat—120, Sat—234, and Sat—297. The Rag2 gene has been found to map to a locus that lies between the markers Satt510 and Soyhsp176. Other markers of linkage group F may also be used to identify the presence or absence of the gene. Preferably flanking markers are used for identifying the presence of the Rag2 gene for marker-assisted breeding. In one embodiment, the markers used map within about 20 cM, and preferably within about 3 cM to about 10 cM of the Rag2 gene locus (which contains the Rag2 gene), or within about 20 cM and preferably within about 3 cM to about 10 cM of Satt510 or Soyhsp176.
The information disclosed herein regarding Rag2 locus is used to aid in the selection of breeding plants, lines and populations containing Aphis glycines resistance for use in introgression of this trait into elite soybean germplasm, i.e., germplasm of proven genetic superiority suitable for cultivar release.
Also provided is a method for introgressing a soybean Aphis glycines resistance gene into non-resistant soybean germplasm or resistant soybean germplasm that is more or less resistant than that of PI200538. According to the method, nucleic acid markers linked to the Rag2 gene are used to select soybean plants containing a Rag2 locus. Plants so selected have a high probability of expressing the trait Aphis glycines resistance. Plants so selected can be used in a soybean breeding program. Through the process of introgression, the Rag2 gene locus is introduced from plants identified using marker-assisted selection into other plants. According to the method, agronomically desirable plants and seeds can be produced containing the Rag2 gene locus from germplasm containing the Rag2 gene.
The Rag2 gene locus is defined as the DNA between flanking markers Satt510 and Soyhsp176.
Particular examples of sources of Rag2 resistance (aphid resistance conferred by the Rag2 gene) are provided by soybean cultivar Sugao Zarai (PI200538) and progeny thereof carrying the Rag2 gene locus.
Also provided herein is a method for producing an inbred soybean plant adapted for conferring, in hybrid combination, Aphis glycines resistance. First, donor soybean plants for a parental line containing the Rag2 gene are selected. According to the method, selection can be accomplished via nucleic acid marker-associated selection as explained herein. Selected plant material may come from, among others, an inbred line, a hybrid, a heterogeneous population of soybean plants, or simply an individual plant. According to techniques well known in the art of plant breeding, this donor parental line is crossed with a second parental line. Preferably, the second parental line is high yielding. This cross produces a segregating plant population composed of genetically heterogeneous plants. Plants of the segregating plant population are screened for the Rag2 gene locus. Those plants having the Rag2 gene locus are selected for further breeding until a line is obtained that is homozygous for resistance to Aphis glycines at the Rag2 locus. This further breeding may include, among other techniques, additional crosses with other lines, hybrids, backcrossing, or self-crossing. The result is an inbred line of soybean plants that are resistant to Aphis glycines and also have other desirable traits from one or more other inbred lines.
The method can also include producing inbred lines having both Rag trait resistance from Rag trait loci on linkage group M as described in U.S. Patent Publication No. 20060015964 (including Rag1 aphid resistance) and Rag2 aphid resistance from linkage group F, as well as traits derived from elite soybean lines. This method comprises crossing soybean plants having Rag2 resistance with soybean plants having Rag1 gene resistance and additional Rag gene resistance conferred by a gene or gene found on linkage group M, and testing for the presence of the aphid resistance traits from both linkage groups F and M using marker-assisted selection, and then making additional crosses with elite lines. As is known in the art, the aphid resistance traits from linkage groups F and M can be stacked in this manner, along with other desirable traits from the elite line(s), into a new soybean cultivar with the intention to increase the durability and effective lifetime of the aphid resistance trait by increasing the difficulty and time for the soybean aphid to produce genetic variants that can overcome both resistance genes.
Soybean plants, seeds, tissue cultures, variants and mutants having Aphis glycines resistance produced by the foregoing methods are also provided herein.
“Allele” is any of one or more alternative forms of a gene, all of which alleles relate to one trait or characteristic. In a diploid cell or organism, the two alleles of a given gene occupy corresponding loci on a pair of homologous chromosomes.
“Backcrossing” is a process through which a breeder repeatedly crosses hybrid progeny back to one of the parents (recurrent parent), for example, a first generation hybrid F1 with one of the parental genotypes of the F1 hybrid.
“Cultivar” and “cultivar” are used synonymously and mean a group of plants within a species (e.g., Glycine max) that share certain genetic traits that separate them from the typical form and from other possible varieties within that species. Soybean cultivars are inbred lines produced after several generations of self-pollination. Individuals within a soybean cultivar are homogeneous, nearly genetically identical, with most loci in the homozygous state.
“Gene” means a specific sequence of nucleotides in DNA that is located in the germplasm, usually on a chromosome, and that is the functional unit of inheritance controlling the transmission and expression of one or more traits by specifying the structure of a particular polypeptide or controlling the function of other genetic material. In the present instance, the Rag2 gene for resistance to Aphis glycines has been found on major soybean linkage group F flanked by markers Satt510 and Soyhsp176. The Rag2 gene may be isolated by one skilled in the art of genetic manipulation without undue experiments by means known to this art including PCR cloning utilizing the adjacent Satt510 and Soyhsp176 primer sequences, or primer sequences from other markers flanking the gene as described herein, by positional cloning using BACs (bacterial artificial chromosomes), or other methods. See, e.g., Wu, et al., “A BAC and BIBAC-based Physical Map of the Soybean Genome” (2004) Genome Res. February; 14(2):319-26, which describes the use of BACs in mapping the soybean genome. Contiguous BACs lying between Soyhsp176 and Satt510, and in which the Rag2 gene is present, may be found in BAC libraries known to the art, such as The Soybean GBrowse Database.
“Germplasm” means the genetic material with its specific molecular and chemical makeup that comprises the physical foundation of the hereditary qualities of an organism. As used herein, germplasm includes seeds and living tissue from which new plants may be grown; or, another plant part, such as leaf, stem, pollen, or cells, that may be cultured into a whole plant. Germplasm resources provide sources of genetic traits used by plant breeders to improve commercial cultivars.
“Hybrid plant” means a plant offspring produced by crossing two genetically dissimilar parent plants.
“Inbred plant” means a member of an inbred plant strain that has been highly inbred so that all members of the strain are nearly genetically identical.
“Introgression” means the entry or introduction by hybridization of a gene or trait locus from the genome of one plant into the genome of another plant that lacks such gene or trait locus.
“Molecular marker” is a term used to denote a nucleic acid or amino acid sequence that is sufficiently unique to characterize a specific locus on the genome. Examples include restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs) and simple sequence repeats (SSRs). RFLP polymorphisms are found when base substitutions, additions, deletions or sequence rearrangements occur between restriction endonuclease recognition sequences. The size and number of fragments generated by one such enzyme is therefore altered. A probe that hybridizes specifically to DNA in the region of such an alteration can be used to rapidly and specifically identify a region of DNA that displays allelic variation between two plant varieties. SSR markers occur where a short sequence displays allelic variation in the number of repeats of that sequence. Sequences flanking the repeated sequence can serve as polymerase chain reaction (PCR) primers. Depending on the number of repeats at a given allele of the locus, the length of the DNA segment generated by PCR will be different in different alleles. The differences in PCR-generated fragment size can be detected by gel electrophoresis. Other types of molecular markers are known. All are used to define a specific locus on the soybean genome. Large numbers of these have been mapped. Each marker is therefore an indicator of a specific segment of DNA, having a unique nucleotide sequence. The map positions provide a measure of the relative positions of particular markers with respect to one another. When a trait is stated to be linked to a given marker it will be understood that the actual DNA segment whose sequence affects the trait generally co-segregates with the marker. More precise and definite localization of a trait can be obtained if markers are identified on both sides of the trait. By measuring the appearance of the marker(s) in progeny of crosses, the existence of the trait can be detected by relatively simple molecular tests without actually evaluating the appearance of the trait itself, which can be difficult and time-consuming, requiring growing up of plants to a stage where the trait can be expressed.
Another type of molecular marker is the random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) marker. Chance pairs of sites complementary to single octa- or decanucleotides may exist in the correct orientation and close enough to one another for PCR amplification. With some randomly chosen decanucleotides no sequences are amplified. With others, the same length products are generated from DNAs of different individuals. With still others, patterns of bands are not the same for every individual in a population. The variable bands are commonly called random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) bands.
Another type of molecular marker is the target region amplification polymorphism (TRAP) marker. The TRAP technique employs one fixed primer of known sequence in combination with a random primer to amplify genomic fragments.
A further type of molecular marker is the single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) marker, in which DNA sequence variations that occur when a single nucleotide (A, T, C, or G) in the genome sequence is altered are mapped to sites on the soybean genome.
Other molecular markers known to the art, as well as phenotypic traits may be used as markers in the methods described herein.
“Linkage” is defined by classical genetics to describe the relationship of traits that co-segregate through a number of generations of crosses. Markers on the same chromosome are linked to one another, meaning that they are inherited as a unit unless there is recombination between markers. Genetic recombination occurs with an assumed random frequency over the entire genome. Genetic maps are constructed by measuring the frequency of recombination between pairs of traits or markers. The closer the traits or markers lie to each other on the chromosome, the lower the frequency of recombination, the greater the degree of linkage. Traits or markers are considered herein to be linked if they generally co-segregate. A 1/100 probability of recombination per generation is defined as a map distance of 1.0 centimorgan (1.0 cM). Preferably, markers useful for screening for the presence of Rag2 Aphis glycines resistance map to within 20 cM of the trait, and more preferably within 10 cM of the trait.
A second marker that maps to within 20 cM of a first marker that co-segregates with the Rag2 trait and generally co-segregates with the Rag2 trait is considered equivalent to the first marker. Any marker that maps within 20 cM and more preferably 10 cM of the Rag2 trait belongs to the class of preferred markers for use in screening and selection of soybean germplasm having the Rag2 Aphis glycines resistance trait. A number of markers are known to the art to belong to linkage group F on which the Rag trait is found. A number of markers are proprietary markers known only to certain of those skilled in the art of soybean plant breeding. A proprietary marker mapping within 20 cM, and preferably within 10 cM, of any publicly known marker specified herein is considered equivalent to that publicly-known marker.
“Linkage group” refers to traits or markers that generally co-segregate. A linkage group generally corresponds to a chromosomal region containing genetic material that encodes the traits or markers.
“Locus” means a chromosomal region where a polymorphic nucleic acid or trait determinant or gene is located.
“Polymorphism” means a change or difference between two related nucleic acids. A “nucleotide polymorphism” refers to a nucleotide that is different in one sequence when compared to a related sequence when the two nucleic acids are aligned for maximal correspondence. A “genetic nucleotide polymorphism” refers to a nucleotide that is different in one sequence when compared to a related sequence when the two nucleic acids are aligned for maximal correspondence, where the two nucleic acids are genetically related, i.e., homologous, for example, where the nucleic acids are isolated from different strains of a soybean plant, or from different alleles of a single strain, or the like.
“Marker assisted selection” means the process of selecting a desired trait or desired traits in a plant or plants by detecting one or more nucleic acid polymorphisms from the plant, where the nucleic acid polymorphism is linked to the desired trait.
“Plant” means plant cells, plant protoplast, plant cell or tissue culture from which soybean plants can be regenerated, plant calli, plant clumps and plant cells that are intact in plants or parts of plants, such as seeds, pods, flowers, cotyledons, leaves, stems, buds, roots, root tips and the like.
“Probe” means an oligonucleotide or short fragment of DNA designed to be sufficiently complementary to a sequence in a denatured nucleic acid to be probed and to be bound under selected stringency conditions.
“Rag2-derived resistance” means resistance in a soybean germplasm to Aphis glycines that is provided by the heterozygous or homozygous expression of the Rag2 gene within the Rag2 locus mapped between the SSR markers Satt510 and Soyhsp176
“Rag phenotype” means resistance to Aphis glycines by soybean germplasm, as demonstrated by resistance to Aphis glycines after inoculation with same according to the methods described herein. Rag2 phenotype means such aphid resistance conferred by the Rag2 gene.
“Rag soybean plant” means a plant having resistance to Aphis glycines that is derived from the presence and expression of at least one Rag gene, or that is shown to have a Rag gene. Rag2 soybean plant means a plant having such aphid resistance conferred by the Rag2 gene.
“Self-crossing or self-pollination” is a process through which a breeder crosses hybrid progeny with itself, for example, a second generation hybrid F2 with itself to yield progeny designated F2:3, meaning the progeny from an individual F2 generation plant.
As used herein, the terms “segregate,” “segregants,” “co-segregate,” “hybrid,” “crossing,” and “selfing” refer to their conventional meanings as understood in the art (see, for instance, Briggs, F. N. and Knowles, P. F. and, Introduction to Plant Breeding (Reinhold Publication Corp., New York, N.Y., 1967).
Markers that “flank” the Rag2 gene are markers that occur one to either side of the Rag2 gene. Flanking marker DNA sequences may be part of the gene or may be separate from the gene.
The method for determining the presence or absence of the Rag2 gene, which confers resistance to the soybean aphid Aphis glycines in soybean germplasm, comprises analyzing genomic DNA from a soybean germplasm for the presence of at least one molecular marker, wherein at least one molecular marker is linked to the Rag2 trait locus, and wherein the Rag2 trait locus maps to soybean major linkage group F and is associated with resistance to the soybean aphid Aphis glycines. The term “is associated with” in this context means that the Rag2 locus containing the Rag2 gene has been found, using marker-assisted analysis, to be present in soybean plants that show or are capable of showing resistance to Aphis glycines in live aphid bioassays as described herein.
Aphis glycines resistance associated with the Rag2 gene was found in PI200538 and can also occur in the following soybean germplasm accessions that are resistant to all known soybean aphid biotypes: PI71506; PI88508, Showa No. 1-4; PI230977; PI437696, San-haj-hun-mao-huan-dou; PI499955, PI507298, Sokoshin (Kamigoumura); PI518726, Bao jiao huang; PI548237, T260H; PI548409, Sato; PI567391, Jiang se huang dou; PI567541B; PI567598B; 587552, Nan jing da ping ding huang yi 1; PI587617, Jin tan qing zi; PI587656, Huang dou; PI587663, Zhong chun huang dou; PI587666, Er dao zao; PI587669, Zan zi bai; PI587677, Xiao li huang; PI587685, Da li huang 2; PI587693, Yu shan dou; PI587702, Qing pi dou; PI587717, Xiang yang ba yue zha; PI587732, Ying shan ji mu wo; PI587759, Song zi ba yue cha; PI587763, Jing huang 36; PI587775, Tong shan si ji dou; PI587800, Ying shan da li huang; PI587816, Bai mao dou; PI587824, Ying shan qing pi cao; PI587840, Du wo dou; PI587861, Da qing dou; PI587870, Huang pi dou; PI587871, Bao mao dou; PI587873, Feng wo dou; PI587876, Xi mao dou; PI587897, Qing pi dou; PI587899, Ba yue bai; PI587905, Xiao huang dou; PI587972, Chang zi dou; PI588000, Shi yue huang; PI588040, Shan xing dou; PI594421, Da du huang dou; PI594425, Xiao cao huang dou; PI594431, Chang pu qing dou; PI594499, Luo ma aluo; PI594503, Mu gu hei chi huang dou; PI594514, Hua lian dou, PI594554, Huang pi tian dou; PI594573, Lu pi dou; PI594592, Shi yue xiao huang dou; PI594595, Ba yue da huang dou (jia); PI594703, Qing pi dou −1; PI594707, Da hei dou; PI594822, Xi huang dou; PI594868, Huang dou; and PI594879, Huo shao dou. The Rag2 gene can also be found in progeny of the foregoing varieties and in other varieties by methods set forth herein.
Other sources of A. glycines resistance include the G. max varieties: PI87059, Moyashimame; PI417084A, Kumaji 1; PI508294; PI548445, CNS; PI548480, Palmetto; PI548657, Jackson; PI548663, Dowling; PI567543C; PI567597C; PI587553A; PI587559B, Dan to he shang tou jia; PI587664B, Shan zi bai; PI587668A, Hui mei dou; PI587674A, Ba yue bai; PI587682A, Da li huang 1; PI587684A, Ai jiao huang; PI587686A, Xi li huang 1; PI587687A Xiao li dou 1; PI587700A, Da qing dou; PI587723A, Ying shan ji mu wo; PI587844C, Tong cheng hei se dou; PI587863B, Liu yue bai; PI587877A, Jiu yue zao; PI587891A, Qi yue ba; PI594426A, Tie jiao huang; PI594426B, Tie jiao huang; PI594427A, Ba yuemang; PI594557B, Lao shu dou; PI594560B, Xia shui huang; PI594586A; PI594666B, Liu yue mang 5; PI594711B, Qing huang za dou 3; PI594751A, Long zhou dong feng dou; PI594864, Yang yan dou; PI603521; PI603530A; PI603538A; PI603640; PI603644; PI603655; PI603650; PI605771; PI605823; PI605855; and PI605902, and progeny thereof. G. soja varieties: G3; JS1; L4; PI518282, S12 Taichung 38; PI518281, Taichung 37; PI573059, and PI573071 and progeny of these varieties, are also sources of A. glycines resistance. These varieties may contain the Rag1 and related aphid resistance gene on linkage group M, and/or can contain the Rag2 gene, or different soybean aphid resistance genes. Resistance that is controlled by Rag1 or Rag2 in these and other varieties can be confirmed by marker-assisted selection as described herein.
Any one of the foregoing varieties or their progeny bearing a Rag gene may be used in the methods described herein, and any combination thereof is considered to be a class of varieties useful in the methods provided herein.
Preferably a marker used to determine the presence or absence of a Rag gene is selected from the group consisting of Satt510, Soyhsp176, Sat—234, Sat—297, and any marker that maps to within at least about 10 to about 20 cM of any of said markers.
Any marker assigned to soybean linkage group F may be useful for this purpose. Exemplary markers of linkage group F include: Satt510, R045—1, Rsv1, Sat—154, BLT053—7, B212—1, Rpv1, Soyhsp176 and L28831, and markers that map within about 3 to about 10 cM, or in another embodiment, within about 10 to about 20 cM, of any of the foregoing.
A further class of markers useful in the present methods include: Ubiquitin, BLT025—1, P157—1, Mng157—1, A757—1, Sat—229, Satt114, L063—1, A186—1, Rpg1, Sat—234, K644—1, L28831, Soyhsp176, Rpv1, B212—1, BLT053—7, Sat—154, Rsv1, R045—1, L050—14, Satt510, Sat—317, K007—2, Rps3, cr321—2, Sct033, Sat—120, Satt335, and Satt334, and markers that map within about 10 to about 20 cM of any of the foregoing.
A further class of markers useful in the present methods include: A401—1, A806—1, K390—1, Sat—309, Satt374, Satt516, Satt425, Mng228—1, Gy5, G248—2, Bng075—1, K002—1, Satt595, B202—1, Sat—133, K265—1, K314—1, Bng004—1, HSP—2, Satt663, Sat 103, Bng118—1, Sat—297, Ubiquitin, BLT025—1, P157—1, Mng157—1, A757—1, Sat—229, Satt114, L063—1, A186—1, Rpg1, Sat—234, K644—1, L28831, Soyhsp176, Rpv1, B212—1, BLT053—7, Sat—154, Rsv1, R045—1, L050—14, Satt510, Sat—317, K007—2, Rps3, cr321—2, Sct033, Sat—120, Satt335, and Satt334, A245—1, Satt362, B174—3, A708—1, Sct—188, Pa2, Sat—375, Satt072, B1, Sat—313, Bng190—1, cr207—2, E049—2, and Satt490, and markers that map within about 10 to about 20 cM of any of the foregoing.
A further class of markers useful in the present methods include: GMRUBP_SSR, Satt325, Sat—390, M8E6mr1, Satt146, Satt586, Satt569, Satt343, DOP_A04, Sat—387, Satt193, G214—13, Satt030, K250—1, Satt649, j11—1, Sat—262, BLT030—1, Satt145, 0PAN06, Satt269, Satt346, Satt252, Satt149, BLT010—1, AW186493, Satt423, BE806387, Sat—240, Satt206, Satt659, Sat—039, W1, BLT057—1, Sat—298, DUBC767, C0L2-1, Satt160, A401—1, A806—1, K390—1, Sat—309, Satt374, Satt516, Satt425, Mng228—1, Gy5, G248—2, Bng075—1, K002—1, Satt595, B202—1, Sat—133, K265—1, K314—1, Bng004—1, HSP—2, Satt663, Sat—103, Bng118—1, Sat—297 Ubiquitin, BLT025—1, P157—1, Mng157—1, A757—1, Sat—229, Satt114, L063—1, A186—1, Rpg1, Sat—234, K644—1, L28831, Soyhsp176, Rpv1, B212—1, BLT053—7, Sat—154, Rsv1, R045—1, L050—14, Satt510, Sat—317, K007—2, Rps3, cr321—2, Sct033, Sat—120, Satt335, and Satt334, A245—1, Satt362, B174—3, A708—1, Sct—188, Pa2, Sat—375, Satt072, B1, Sat—313, Bng190—1, cr207—2, E049—2, SATT490, Shr, L195—2, Satt144, cr409—1, Sat—197, K014—2, B148—1, Sat554, A566—1, Ngm26b, Satt657, Cgy1, Ngm22, Satt218, Satt522, AW756935, T092—1, Sat—090, Bng172—1, Satt656, A083—3, Sat—417, K102—2, Sat—074, Ngm23b, Ngm44b, Satt395, and 0PAV06b, and markers that map within about 10 to about 20 cM of any of the foregoing.
Updated information regarding markers assigned to soybean linkage group F may be found on the USDA's Soybase website. Table 1 provides current information on the Genbank location, location in Linkage Group F, and Accession Nos. of markers useful in the methods disclosed herein. Sequence information pertaining to the markers can be found on Genbank using the gi#. Table 2 provides upper and lower primer sequences for these markers. Note that
Other types of markers such as SNP markers, for example, as described in Jeong, S. C. and Saghai Maroof, M. A. (2004), “Detection and genotyping of SNPs tightly linked to two disease resistance loci, Rsv1 and Rsv3, of soybean,” Plant Breeding 123:305-310, mapping close to Rag2 on linkage group F are also useful in the methods described herein.
Sequences for specific markers useful in the present methods are provided below (taken from the USDA Cregan Soymap website):
Markers that map closer to the Rag2 locus are preferred over markers that map farther from the Rag2 locus for use in the present methods. The markers may be any type of mapped molecular marker or phenotypic trait known to the art, including restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) markers, target region amplification polymorphism (TRAP) markers, random amplified polymorphic (RAPD) markers, simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers, single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers, and isozyme markers.
In one embodiment of the methods described herein, markers flanking the Rag2 locus are used in the marker-assisted selection processes as described herein. The genomic DNA of soybean germplasm is preferably tested for the presence of at least two of the foregoing molecular markers, one on each side of the Rag2 locus. Most preferably, the two markers are Soyhsp176 and Satt510. Markers that map close to Soyhsp176 and Satt510 can also be used, provided they fall to either side of the Rag2 locus. Preferably, one of said at least two molecular markers is within at least about 3 to about 10 cM, or about 10 to about 20 cM of Satt510, and another of said at least two molecular markers is within at least about 3 to about 10 cM or about 10 to about 20 cM of Soyhsp176, and to ensure that the markers used flank the Rag2 locus, one of said at least two molecular markers within at least about to 3 about 10 cM or about 10 to about 20 cM of Satt510 should be farther than that distance from Soyhsp176, and another of said at least two molecular markers within at least about 3 to about 10 cM or about 10 to about 20 cM of Satt510 should be farther than that distance from Soyhsp176.
A method described herein for reliably and predictably introgressing soybean Aphis glycines resistance into non-resistant soybean germplasm or into less or differently-resistant soybean germplasm comprises: providing a first soybean germplasm that has Rag2-gene-derived resistance to Aphis glycines; providing a second soybean germplasm that lacks Rag2-gene-derived resistance to Aphis glycines; crossing the first soybean germplasm with the second soybean germplasm to provide progeny soybean germplasm; screening said progeny germplasm to determine the presence of Rag2-gene-derived resistance to Aphis glycines; and selecting progeny that tests positive for the presence of Rag2-gene-derived resistance to Aphis glycines as being soybean germplasm into which germplasm having Rag2-gene-derived resistance to Aphis glycines has been introgressed.
The second soybean germplasm that lacks Rag2-gene-derived resistance to Aphis glycines can be germplasm that lacks resistance to Aphis glycines entirely, or can be germplasm that has Aphis glycines resistance derived from another source, such as a Rag1 or related gene as described in U.S. Patent Publication No. 2006/0014964.
Preferably, the screening and selection are performed by using marker-assisted selection using a marker on major linkage group F as described above.
The screening and selection can also be performed by exposing plants containing said progeny germplasm to aphids of the species Aphis glycines in a live aphid bioassay and selecting those plants showing resistance to aphids (or if the second germplasm already carries Aphis glycines resistance from a different gene, selecting those plants showing resistance to an Aphis glycines biotype that can overcome resistance that is present in the second germplasm) as containing soybean germplasm into which germplasm having Rag2-gene-derived resistance to Aphis glycines has been introgressed. The live aphid assay may be any such assay known to the art, e.g., as described in Hill, C. B., et al., “Resistance to the soybean aphid in soybean germplasm” (2004) Crop Science 44:98-106, Hill, C. B., et al., “Resistance of Glycine species and various cultivated legumes to the soybean aphid (Homoptera:Aphididae)” (2004) J. Economic Entomology 97(3)1071-1077, “Li, Y. et al., “Effect of three resistant soybean genotypes on the fecundity, mortality, and maturation of soybean aphid (Homoptera:Aphididae)” (2004) J. Economic Entomology 97(3):1106-1111, Hill, C. B., et al., “A single dominant gene for resistance to the soybean aphid in the soybean cultivar Dowling” (2006) Crop Science 46: 1601-1605, or Hill, C. B., et al. “Soybean aphid resistance in soybean Jackson is controlled by a single dominant gene” (2006) Crop Science 46: 1606-1608, or as described in the Examples hereof. A preferred method includes placing aphid-infested plant parts on vegetative cotyledon (VC) stage plants and rating aphid population and plant damage weekly. As described herein, a 0 to 4 scale, where 0=no aphids present, 1=few solitary live or dead aphids (dead aphid bodies) present, 2=several transient aphids (aphids possibly probing for a suitable feeding site) present with some viviparous aptera surrounded by a few nymphs, 3=dense colonies, and 4=dense colonies accompanied by plant damage, including leaf distortion and stunting, may be used.
The screening and selection may also be done by methods including hybridizing nucleic acid from plants containing progeny germplasm to a nucleic acid fragment comprising a Rag2 gene, and selecting those plants having germplasm that hybridizes to the nucleic acid fragment as having resistance to Aphis glycines.
A method described herein for breeding a soybean plant homozygous for the Rag2 Aphis glycines resistance gene that is a cultivar adapted for conferring, in hybrid combination with a suitable second inbred, Rag2 resistance to Aphis glycines, comprises selecting a first donor parental line possessing the desired Rag2 Aphis glycines resistance, said first donor parental line comprising a Rag2 Aphis glycines resistance gene located on major linkage group F; crossing the first donor parental line with a second parental line that is generally high yielding in hybrid combination to produce a segregating plant population of genetically heterogenous plants; screening the plants of the segregating plant population for the Rag2 gene; selecting plants from the population having the gene; and breeding by self-crossing the plants containing the gene until a line is obtained that is homozygous for the locus containing the Rag2 gene and adapted for conferring, in hybrid combination with a suitable second inbred, Rag2 resistance to Aphis glycines.
The screening and selection are preferably performed by using marker-assisted selection as described above, but may also be performed by live aphid bioassay as described above, selecting those plants showing resistance to aphids as containing soybean germplasm having a Rag gene. When it is known that the only source of aphid resistance in the plant material comes from a plant having Rag2 resistance, it can be concluded that the resistance shown in live aphid bioassays is Rag2 resistance. The screening and selection may also be done by hybridizing nucleic acid from plants containing said progeny germplasm to a nucleic acid fragment comprising the Rag2 gene and selecting those plants whose germplasm hybridizes to the nucleic acid fragment as having an aphid resistance gene.
As the parental line having Rag2 soybean aphid resistance, any soybean line known to the art or disclosed herein as having Rag2 soybean aphid resistance, as described above, may be used. In addition, without undue experimentation, varieties set forth in Table 10 known to have soybean aphid resistance can be tested using marker-assisted analysis as described herein for the presence of the Rag2 gene, thus identifying additional lines for use in the breeding methods described herein.
Also provided herein are soybean plants produced by any of the foregoing methods:
Isolated nucleic acid fragments comprising a Rag2 gene are also provided herein. The nucleic acid fragments comprise at least a portion of nucleic acid belonging to linkage group F, and further comprise nucleotide sequences falling between molecular markers Satt510 and Soyhsp176. They are capable of hybridizing under stringent conditions to nucleic acid of a soybean cultivar having Rag2 resistance to Aphis glycines.
Vectors comprising such nucleic acid fragments, expression products of such vectors expressed in a host compatible therewith, antibodies to the expression product (both polyclonal and monoclonal), and antisense nucleic acid to the nucleic acid fragment are also provided herein.
Also provided herein are soybean plants having Rag2 resistance to Aphis glycines comprising a Rag2 gene and produced by introgression of DNA containing the gene into a soybean germplasm lacking the gene in its genome, and progeny of said soybean plants.
Seed of a soybean germplasm produced by crossing a soybean cultivar having Rag2 Aphis glycines resistance in its genome with a soybean cultivar lacking the Rag2 gene in its genome, and progeny thereof, is also provided herein. Such seed, from BC3 or BC4 generations derived from crosses with aphid resistant Sugao Zairai (PI200538)×Ina or ×Williams 82 F2 plants, is made available through the University of Illinois.
Crosses were made between PI200538 and two susceptible soybean cultivars, Ina and Williams 82. The parents, F1 and F2 plants were tested in a choice test in the greenhouse using the methods described in Hill, C. B., Y. Li, and G. Hartman (2006), “A single dominant gene for resistance to the soybean aphid in the soybean cultivar Dowling,” Crop Science 46:1601-1605. Three weeks after infestation, aphid colonization was visually rated using the following scale: 0=no aphids present, 1=few solitary live or dead aphids (dead aphid bodies present), 2=several transient aphids present with some viviparous aptera surrounded by a few nymphs, 3=dense colonies, and 4=dense colonies accompanied by plant damage.
PI200538 plants had ratings of 0, I, or 2 with a rating of 1 being most frequent. Ina and Williams 82 plants had ratings of 3 or 4. Progeny from crosses between PI200538 and the susceptible parents were considered to be resistant with ratings of 0 to 2 and susceptible with ratings of 3 or 4. F1 plants were all resistant to the soybean aphid, indicating that resistance was dominant over susceptibility. X2 analyses on the segregation of F2 plants (Table 3) indicated that a single dominant gene conditioned resistance.
F2:3 progeny from F2 plants derived from plants in two Ina×PI200538 (Table 5) and three Williams 82×PI200538 (Table 6) F2 populations were evaluated for resistance to the soybean aphid. To have high confidence that all possible susceptible segregants were detected, only F2:3 families that had a minimum of 11 viable plants were included in the genetic analysis of F2 plant soybean aphid resistance genotypes. A maximum of 20 F3 plants from an F2 plant were included in the genetic analyses.
Results of the F2 genetic analyses indicated that there was a single, dominant gene in PI200538 that conditioned resistance to the soybean aphid. The results of the F3 genetic analyses for the Ina×PI200538 and Williams×PI200538 crosses supported the single, dominant gene hypothesis.
Crosses were made between the cultivars Dowling, possessing Rag1, and Jackson, that likely also possess Rag1, and PI200538, and their F2 progeny were evaluated for soybean aphid resistance to determine if Rag1 and the gene in PI200538 were allelic or the same gene. Segregation of resistant and susceptible F2 plants significantly fit a 15:1 pattern, expected for the segregation of two different, non-allelic dominant genes (Table 6). The results indicated that the gene in PI200538, tentatively called Rag2, is non-allelic and unique from Rag1.
Subsets of 90 F2 plants were randomly selected from the combined F2 populations of each of the crosses Ina×PI200538 and Williams 82×PI200538 for mapping the location of Rag2 in the soybean genetic map. DNA was extracted from each of the plants in each of the two subsets and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was carried out using simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers developed by Dr. Perry Cregan, USDA-ARS. The PCR products were evaluated on gels as previously described in: Wang, D. J., et al., (2003), “A low-cost, high-throughput polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis system for genotyping with micro satellite DNA markers,” Crop Science 43:1828-1832.
Initial SSR marker screening to identify markers that were polymorphic between the parents of the crosses and that could be associated with the soybean aphid resistance gene was done with genomic DNA extracted from the parents and separate DNA samples from 10 randomly selected susceptible F2 plants that were bulked from each cross subset. In order to minimize the number of soybean SSR markers to screen for polymorphisms and association with resistance, knowledge of the potential association between resistance to aphids and root knot nematodes, as put forward in Hill, C. B., Y. Li, and G. L. Hartman, (2004), “Resistance to the soybean aphid in soybean germplasm,” Crop Science 44:98-106 was exploited to select markers from soybean linkage groups (LG) E and F. Genes for resistance to peanut root knot nematode, found in PI200538, were mapped to LGs E and F (Tamulonis, J. P., et al. (1997), “DNA marker analysis of loci conferring resistance to peanut root-knot nematode in soybean,” Theoretical and Applied Genetics 95:664-670). Two LG M SSR markers, Satt435 and Satt463, tightly linked to Rag1 (U.S. Patent Publication No. 20060015964), were also included in the screen as a check for genetic allelism between Rag1 and Rag2.
Six LG F SSR markers were found to be polymorphic between Ina and PI200538, associated with soybean aphid resistance, and linked to Rag2. The location of Rag2 in relation to the six SSR markers was generated with Joinmap 3.0, a genetic mapping software application, after entering the genotype data for the six LG F SSR markers, the F2 resistance phenotype data, and available F2 genotype data for each of the 90 F2 plants in the Ina×PI200538 F2 mapping population. Tight linkage of Soyhsp176 and Satt510, both within 5 centimorgans (cM) on opposite sides of Rag2, was shown. With the location of Sat—297 taken as zero, and Rag2 at 18 cM, the additional markers were: Sat—234 at 5 cM, Soyhsp176 at 23 cM; Satt510 at 13 cM; Sat—120 at 26 cM and Sat—375 at 40 cM.
Subsequently, genotype data from 45 F2 plants from a cross between Ina×PI200538 was analyzed. Segregation of markers Sat—120 and Sat—375 did not fit the expected F2 1:2:1 ratio for a co-dominant gene, and therefore were dropped from the linkage data described above. The linkage map resulting from this analysis is shown in
A soybean aphid population was found in Ohio that could colonize soybean plants possessing the resistance gene Rag1. Subsequent tests demonstrated that an isolate from the Ohio soybean aphid population was a biotype that could overcome the resistance expressed by Rag1 in soybean plants, distinguishing it from other soybean aphid isolates. Identification of a soybean aphid biotype that can overcome the resistance gene Rag1. In non-choice tests (Table 7) and choice tests (Table 8), resistance expressed by Rag2 in PI200538 was as effective against the Ohio biotype as an isolate from Illinois.
†Means followed by the same letters in the 10 d after infestation columns or the 15 d after infestation columns are not significantly different by the least significant different test (P = 0.05).
†Means followed by the same letters in a column are not significantly different by the least significant different test (P = 0.05).
Results of a preliminary, un-replicated, non-choice test of 11 soybean aphid isolates collected from their primary hosts, Rhamnus cathartica and R. frangula, at different locations in the central USA, indicated that Rag2 provided effective resistance against all of them in PI200538 (Table 9).
A set of 80 soybean germplasm accessions that were resistant to an Illinois soybean aphid isolate were challenged with the Ohio soybean aphid biotype that can overcome Rag1. The accessions listed in Table 3 had resistance not significantly different from PI200538. It is can therefore be deduced that these accessions also possess Rag2 (or possibly another gene effective against the Ohio biotype but not Rag1.)
Although methods and cultivars have been described in detail for purposes of clarity and understanding, it will be clear to those skilled in the art that equivalent cultivars, markers, and methods may be practiced within the scope of the claims hereof.
This application is a divisional application of U.S. Ser. No. 11/869,500 filed Oct. 9, 2007, now U.S. Pat. No. 7,928,286 issued Apr. 19, 2011, which claims priority to U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 60/829,123, filed Oct. 11, 2006, both of which prior applications are incorporated herein by reference to the extent not inconsistent herewith.
| Number | Name | Date | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| 7928286 | Hill et al. | Apr 2011 | B2 |
| 20040261144 | Martin et al. | Dec 2004 | A1 |
| 20060014964 | Duncia et al. | Jan 2006 | A1 |
| 20060015964 | Hill et al. | Jan 2006 | A1 |
| 20090241214 | Wang et al. | Sep 2009 | A1 |
| Entry |
|---|
| Hill, C.B., et al. (2005) “Resistance to the soybean aphid in soybean germplasm and other legumes,” p. 179, World Soybean Research Conference, Foz do Iguassu, PR, Brazil. |
| Luginbill, J.P., “Developing resistent plants—The ideal method of controlling insects,” (1969). |
| Patterson, J. and Ragsdale, D., “Assessing and managing risk from soybean aphids in the North Central States,” (Apr. 11, 2002). |
| Sama, S. et al., “Varietal screening for resistance to the aphid, Aphis glycines, in soybean,” (1974) Research Reports 1968-1974, pp. 171-172. |
| Wang et al. (1996) “Study on the effects of the population dynamics of soybean aphid (Aphid glycines) on both growth and yield of soybean,” Soybean Sci. 15:243-247 (Abstract only). |
| Narvel et al (2001) “A Retrospective DNA Marker Assessment of the Development of Insect Resistant Soybean,” Crop. Sci., vol. 17, No. 5, pp. 1931-1939. |
| Auclair, J.L. (1989) “Host plant resistance,” In; Aphids: Their biology, natural enemies, and control, vol. C. P. Harrewijn ed., Elsevier, New York, pp. 225-265. |
| Clark et al. (2002) “Transmissibility of Field Isolates of Soybean Viruses by Aphis glycines,” Plant Dis. 86:1219-1222. |
| Cregan, P.B., et al., “An Integrated Genetic Linkage Map of the Soybean Genome” (1999) Crop Sci. 39:1464-1490. |
| Du Toit, F. (1987), “Resistance in wheat (Triticum aestivum) to Diuraphis noxia (Homoptera: Aphididae),” Cereal Res. Commun. 15:175-179. |
| Harrewijn, P. and Minks, A.K., “Integrated aphid management: General aspects,” pp. 267-272, In A.K. Minks and P Harrewijn (ed.) Aphids: Their biology, natural enemies, and control. vol. C., Elsevier, New York (1989). |
| Hartman, G.L. et al., “Occurrence and distribution of Aphis glycines on soybeans in Illinois in 2000 and its potential control,” (Feb. 1, 2001 availabe at the “plantmanagementnetwork” org website). |
| Hill, J.H. et al., “First report of transmission of Soybean mosaic virus and Alfalfa Mosaic virus by Aphis glycines in the New World,” (2001) Plant Dis. 561. |
| Hill, C.B., et al. (2006), “A single dominant gene for resistance to the soybean aphid in the soybean cultivar Dowling,” Crop Sci. 46:1601-1605. |
| Hill, C.B., et al. (2006), “Soybean aphid resistance in soybean Jackson is controlled by a single dominant gene,” Crop Science 46:1606-1608. |
| Hill, C.B., et al. (2004), “Resistance of Glycine species and various cultivated legumes to the soybean aphid (Homoptera : Aphididae),” J Econ. Entomol. 97:1071-1077. |
| Hill, C.B., et al. (2004), “Resistance to the soybean aphid in soybean germplasm,” Crop Sci. 44:98-106. |
| Hymowitz, T., “On the domestication of the soybean,” (1970) Econ. Bot. 24:408-421. |
| Iwaki, M. et al., “A persistent aphid borne virus of soybean, Indonesian Soybean dwarf virus transmitted by Aphis glycines,” (1980) Plant Dis. 64:1027-1030. |
| Jeong, S.C. et al., “Cloning and Characterization of an Rga Family From The Soybean Molecular Linkage Group F,” in an Abstract published by Plant & Animal Genome VIII Conference, Town & Country Hotel, San Diego, CA, Jan. 9-12, 2000 at a website address with the usual www prefix followed by intl-pag.org/8/abstracts/pag8255.html. |
| Jeong, S.C. and Saghai Maroof, M.A. (2004), “Detection and genotyping of SNPs tightly linked to two disease resistance loci, Rsv1 and Rsv3, of soybean,” Plant Breeding 123:305-310. |
| Kaloshian, I., et al. (1997), “The impace of Meu-1-mediated resistance in tomato on lengevity, fecundity and behavior of the potato aphid,” Macrosiphum euphorbiae, Entomol. Exp. Appl. 83:181-187. |
| Klinger, J. et al. (2001), “Mapping of cotton-melon aphid resistance in melon,” J. Am. Soc. Hortic. Sci. 136:56-63. |
| Li, Y., et al., “Soybean aphid resistance genes in the soybean cultivars Dowling and Jackson map to linkage group M,” Mol. Breed. 19(1):25-39. |
| Li, Y., et al. (2004) “Effect of three resistant soybean genotypes on the fecundity mortality, and maturation of soybean aphid (Homoptera : Aphididae),” J. Econ. Entomol. 97:1106-1111. |
| Ostlie, K., “Managing soybean aphid,” Oct. 2, 2002. |
| Sun, Z. et al., “Study on the uses of aphid-resistant character in wild soybean. I. Aphid-resistance performance of F2 generation from crosses between cultivated and wild soybeans,” (1990) Soybean Genet. News. 17:43-48. |
| Tamulonis et al. (1997) “DNA marker analysis of loci conferring resistance to peanut root-knot nematode in soybean,” Theor. Appl. Genet. 95:664-670. |
| Tyler et al. (1985) “Biotype E greenbug resistance in wheat streak mosaic virus-resistant wheat germplasm lines,” Crop Sci. 25:686-688. |
| Wang et al. (2003), “A low-cost, high-throughput polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis system for genotyping with micro satellite DNA markers,” Crop Sci. 43:1828-1832. |
| Wu, et al. (Feb. 2004) “A BAC and BIBAC-based physical map of the soybean genome” Genome Res. 14(2):319-26. |
| Yong et al. (1996), “Isolation of a superfamily of candidate disease-resistance genes in soybean based on a conserved nucleotide-binding side,” Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA 93:11751-11756. |
| Zhuang et al. (1996) “A Study on resistance to soybean mosaic virus and Aphis glycines of perennial wild soybean,” Soybean Genet. Newsl. 23:66-69. |
| Jun T, et al. (2012), Theor Appl Genet 124:13-22. |
| Kang S, et al. (2008), Crop Sci 48:1744-1748. |
| Mensah C, et al. (2008), Crop Sci 48:1759-1763. |
| Mian et al. (2008), Crop Sci 48:1055-1061. |
| Mian et al. (2008), Theor Appl Genet 117:955-962. |
| Kim et al, (2010),Theor. Appl. Genet. 121:599-610. |
| Hill, et al. (2009), Crop Science 49:1193-1200. |
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 20110154527 A1 | Jun 2011 | US |
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 60829123 | Oct 2006 | US |
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Parent | 11869500 | Oct 2007 | US |
| Child | 13005372 | US |
