Patent Application
20140380522
The Sequence Listing, which is a part of the present disclosure, includes a computer readable form comprising nucleotide and/or amino acid sequences of the present invention. The subject matter of the Sequence Listing is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.
Soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) is a major crop that provides a sustainable source of protein and oil worldwide. Soybean cyst nematode (SCN), Heterodera glycines Ichinohe, is a major constraint to soybean production. This nematode causes more than $1 billion in yield losses annually in the United States alone, making it the most economically important pathogen of soybeans. Although planting of resistant cultivars forms the core management strategy for this pathogen, nothing is known about the nature of resistance. Moreover, the increase in virulent populations of this parasite on most known resistance sources necessitates the development of novel approaches for control.
Disclosed herein are methods of transforming a soybean plant using artificial DNA constructs to increase resistance to soybean cyst nematode (SCN).
One aspect provides a transgenic soybean resistant to SCN, or a seed, plant part, or progeny thereof. In some embodiments, the soybean plant can be transformed with an artificial DNA construct. In some embodiments, the DNA construct includes, as operably associated components in the 5′ to 3′ direction of transcription, a promoter that functions in a soybean. In some embodiments, the DNA construct also includes a transcribable nucleic acid molecule.
In some embodiments, the transcribable nucleic acid molecule includes a nucleotide sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 1 (Glyma18g02570), SEQ ID NO: 2 (Glyma18g02580), and SEQ ID NO: 3 (Glyma18g02590). In some embodiments, the transcribable nucleic acid molecule includes a nucleotide sequence at least 95% identical to a nucleotide sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 1, SEQ ID NO: 2, and SEQ ID NO: 3 encoding a polypeptide having Glyma18g02570, Glyma18g02580, or Glyma18g02590 activity, respectively.
In some embodiments, the transcribable nucleic acid molecule includes a nucleotide sequence encoding a polypeptide comprising SEQ ID NO: 4 (Glyma18g02570), SEQ ID NO: 5 (Glyma18g02580), SEQ ID NO: 6 (Glyma18g02590), and SEQ ID NO: 7 (Forrest SNAP A111D mutant). In some embodiments, the transcribable nucleic acid molecule includes a nucleotide sequence encoding a polypeptide having an amino acid sequence at least 95% identical a polypeptide comprising SEQ ID NO: 4, SEQ ID NO: 5, SEQ ID NO: 6, and SEQ ID NO: 7 having Glyma18g02570, Glyma18g02580, Glyma18g02590, or SNAP activity, respectively.
In some embodiments, the transcribable nucleic acid molecule includes a nucleotide sequence that hybridizes under stringent conditions to a nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1, SEQ ID NO: 2, or SEQ ID NO: 3. In some embodiments, the polynucleotide encodes a polypeptide having Glyma18g02570, Glyma18g02580, or Glyma18g02590 activity. In some embodiments, stringent conditions include incubation at 65° C. in a solution including 6×SSC (0.9 M sodium chloride and 0.09 M sodium citrate). In some embodiments, the transcribable nucleic acid molecule includes a nucleotide sequence which is the reverse complement of nucleotide sequences disclosed herein.
In some embodiments, the DNA construct also includes a transcriptional termination sequence. In some embodiments, the transgenic soybean exhibits increased SCN resistance compared to a control not expressing the transcribable nucleic acid molecule.
In some embodiments, the nucleotide sequence can be at least 95% identical to SEQ ID NO: 3 having one of more mutations selected from the group consisting of C163225G, G174968T, A164972AGGT, C164974A, C163208A, G164965C, G164968C, A164972AGGC, and C164974A. In some embodiments, the encoded polypeptide includes an amino acid sequence at least 95% identical to SEQ ID NO: 6 having one of more mutations selected from the group consisting of D208E, D286Y, D287E, -288V, L289I, Q203K, E285Q, D286H, D287E, -288A, L289I, and A111D.
In some embodiments, the encoded polypeptide includes an amino acid sequence at least 95% identical to SEQ ID NO: 6, a mutation of A111D, and Glyma18g02590 polypeptide activity. In some embodiments, the transcribable nucleic acid molecule is expressed in epidermis, vascular tissue, meristem, cambium, cortex, pith, leaf, sheath, root, flower, developing ovule or seed.
In some embodiments, the promoter includes an inducible promoter or a tissue-specific promoter. In some embodiments, the promoter includes a nematode-inducible promoter. In some embodiments, the promoter is selected from the group consisting of factor EF1α gene promoter; rice tungro bacilliform virus (RTBV) gene promoter; cestrum yellow leaf curling virus (CmYLCV) promoter; tCUP cryptic promoter system; T6P-3 promoter; S-adenosyl-L-methionine synthetase promoter; Raspberry E4 gene promoter; cauliflower mosaic virus 35S promoter; figwort mosaic virus promoter; conditional heat-shock promoter; promoter sub-fragments of sugar beet V-type H+-ATPase subunit c isoform; and beta-tubulin promoter.
In some embodiments, increased SCN resistance comprises at least about 20%, at least about 30%, at least about 40%, at least about 50%, at least about 60%, at least about 70%, at least about 80%, at least about 90%, at least about 100%, at least about 200%, at least about 300%, at least about 400%, at least about 500%, at least about 600%, at least about 700%, at least about 800%, at least about 900%, or at least about 1000% decrease in susceptibility to SCN as compared to a non-transformed control.
In some embodiments, the transcribable nucleic acid molecule includes a nucleotide sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 1, SEQ ID NO: 2, and SEQ ID NO: 3. In some embodiments, the transcribable nucleic acid molecule includes a nucleotide sequence at least 95% identical to SEQ ID NO: 1, SEQ ID NO: 2, or SEQ ID NO: 3, and encodes a polypeptide having Glyma18g02570, Glyma18g02580, or Glyma18g02590 activity, respectively. In some embodiments, the transcribable nucleic acid molecule encodes a polypeptide including SEQ ID NO: 4, SEQ ID NO: 5, SEQ ID NO: 6, or SEQ ID NO: 7. In some embodiments, the transcribable nucleic acid molecule encodes a polypeptide including an amino acid sequence at least 95% identical to SEQ ID NO: 4, SEQ ID NO: 5, SEQ ID NO: 6, or SEQ ID NO: 7 and having Glyma18g02570, Glyma18g02580, Glyma18g02590, or SNAP activity, respectively.
In some embodiments, the transgenic progeny, seed, or part comprises the transcribable nucleic acid molecule.
One aspect provides a soybean plant including in its genome at least one introgressed allele locus associated with an SCN resistant phenotype. In some embodiments, the locus can be in a genomic region flanked by at least two loci selected from TABLE 6. In some embodiments, the soybean plant also includes in its genome one or more polymorphic loci including alleles or combinations of alleles that are not found in an SCN resistant variety and that are linked to said locus associated with an SCN resistant phenotype, or a progeny plant therefrom. In some embodiments, the at least one allele locus is selected from the group consisting of Glyma18g02570, Glyma18g02580, and Glyma18g02590.
One aspect provides a method of producing a soybean plant as disclosed herein including crossing a first soybean plant lacking a locus associated with an SCN resistant phenotype with a second soybean plant. In some embodiments, the second soybean plant includes an allele of at least one polymorphic nucleic acid associated with an SCN resistant phenotype located in a genomic region flanked by at least two loci selected from TABLE 6. In some embodiments, the second soybean plant also includes at least one additional polymorphic locus located outside of said region that is not present in the first soybean plant, to obtain a population of soybean plants segregating for the polymorphic locus associated with an SCN resistant phenotype and said additional polymorphic locus.
In some embodiments, the method also includes detecting said polymorphic locus in at least one soybean plant from said population of soybean plants. In some embodiments, the method also includes selecting a soybean plant including the locus associated with an SCN resistant phenotype that lacks the additional polymorphic locus, thereby obtaining a soybean plant including in its genome at least one introgressed allele of a polymorphic nucleic acid associated with an SCN resistant phenotype. In some embodiments, the first soybean plant includes germplasm capable of conferring agronomically elite characteristics to a progeny plant of the first soybean plant and the second soybean plant.
One aspect provides an artificial DNA construct including, as operably associated components in the 5′ to 3′ direction of transcription, a promoter that functions in a soybean.
In some embodiments, the DNA construct also includes a transcribable nucleic acid molecule. In some embodiments, the transcribable nucleic acid molecule includes a nucleotide sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 1, SEQ ID NO: 2, and SEQ ID NO: 3, or a nucleotide sequence at least 95% identical thereto encoding a polypeptide having Glyma18g02570, Glyma18g02580, or Glyma18g02590 activity, respectively. In some embodiments, the transcribable nucleic acid molecule includes a nucleotide sequence encoding a polypeptide including SEQ ID NO: 4, SEQ ID NO: 5, SEQ ID NO: 6, or SEQ ID NO: 7, or an amino acid sequence at least 95% identical thereto having Glyma18g02570, Glyma18g02580, Glyma18g02590, or SNAP activity, respectively. In some embodiments, the transcribable nucleic acid molecule includes a nucleotide sequence that hybridizes under stringent conditions to a nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1, SEQ ID NO: 2, or SEQ ID NO: 3. In some embodiments, the polynucleotide encodes a polypeptide having Glyma18g02570, Glyma18g02580, or Glyma18g02590 activity. In some embodiments, said stringent conditions include incubation at 65° C. in a solution including 6×SSC (0.9 M sodium chloride and 0.09 M sodium citrate). In some embodiments, the transcribable nucleic acid molecule includes a nucleotide sequence which is the reverse complement of nucleotide sequences disclosed herein.
In some embodiments, DNA construct also includes a transcriptional termination sequence.
One aspect provides a method of increasing SCN resistance of a soybean including transforming a soybean plant with an artificial DNA construct disclosed herein.
Those of skill in the art will understand that the drawings, described below, are for illustrative purposes only. The drawings are not intended to limit the scope of the present teachings in any way.
The present disclosure is based, at least in part, on the discovery that three genes mapped to the Rhg1 (for resistance to Heterodera glycines 1) locus confer resistance to SCN.
Reported herein is the map-based cloning of three genes at the Rhg1 locus, a major quantitative trait locus conferring resistance to this pathogen. Results herein indicate that three genes that can confer SCN-resistance at the Rhg1 locus include Glyma18g02570 (an armadillo/beta-catenin-like repeat), Glyma18g02580 (an amino acid transporter), or Glyma18g02590 (a SNAP-like protein).
According to the approach described herein, a soybean cell or plant can be transformed so as to provide for SCN resistance. In some embodiments, a soybean host cell or plant can be transformed with a nucleic acid molecule encoding a polypeptide having activity of Glyma18g02570, Glyma18g02580, or Glyma18g02590. A nucleic acid encoding a polypeptide having Glyma18g02570, Glyma18g02580, or Glyma18g02590 activity can confer SCN resistance.
Since the discovery of the genes involved in resistance to SCN, others have published data providing confirmation that the three genes are involved in the resistance to SCN. Proof of principle data includes the following additional evidence that the Rhg1 locus confers SCN-resistance in soybean. It has since been shown that upregulation of genes at nematode feeding sites in near-isogenic lines of resistant and susceptible soybean cultivars differ at the Rhg1 locus (Kandoth et al., Plant Physiology, 155:1960-1975, 2011). These results show that expression of Glyma18g02580 and Glyma18g02590 increased in resistant cells as described herein (see e.g., TABLE 1). The effect of copy number variation of multiple genes at the Rhg1 locus was shown for nematode resistance in soybean (Cook et al., Science, 338(6111):1206-1209, 2012).
Provided herein is a soybean plant genetically engineered to be SCN-resistant. The host genetically engineered to resist SCN can be any soybean plant or cell.
Assays to assess SCN resistance are well known in the art (see e.g., Examples). Therefore, except as otherwise noted herein, plant SCN resistance can be carried out in accordance with such assays.
One aspect of the current invention is therefore directed to the aforementioned plants, and parts thereof, and methods for using these plants and plant parts. Plant parts include, but are not limited to, pollen, an ovule, and a cell. The invention further provides tissue cultures of regenerable cells of these plants, which cultures regenerate soybean plants capable of expressing all the physiological and morphological characteristics of the starting variety. Such regenerable cells may include embryos, meristematic cells, pollen, leaves, roots, root tips or flowers, or protoplasts or callus derived therefrom. Also provided by the invention are soybean plants regenerated from such a tissue culture, wherein the plants are capable of expressing all the physiological and morphological characteristics of the starting plant variety from which the regenerable cells were obtained.
Such SCN-resistant plants can have a commercially significant yield, for example, a yield of at least 90% to at least 110% (e.g., at least 95%, 100%, 105%) of a soybean check line. Plants are provided comprising the Glyma18g02570, Glyma18g02580, or Glyma18g02590 alleles and SCN resistance and a grain yield of at least about 90%, 94%, 98%, 100%, 105% or about 110% of these lines.
In various embodiments, a nucleic acid sequence encoding a polypeptide having Glyma18g02570, Glyma18g02580, or Glyma18g02590 activity is engineered in a host plant (e.g., a soybean plant) so as to result in an SCN-resistant phenotype. A nucleic acid sequence encoding a polypeptide having Glyma18g02570, Glyma18g02580, or Glyma18g02590 activity can be endogenous or exogenous to the host plant. Transformation of a plant to express a polypeptide having Glyma18g02570, Glyma18g02580, or Glyma18g02590 activity can convey SCN resistance to a host lacking such phenotype. Transformation of a plant to express a polypeptide having Glyma18g02570, Glyma18g02580, or Glyma18g02590 activity can increase SCN resistance to a host already possessing such phenotype.
In some embodiments, a host plant transformed to express a polypeptide having Glyma18g02570, Glyma18g02580, or Glyma18g02590 activity can exhibit at least about 10% decrease in susceptibility to SCN. For example, a host plant transformed to express a polypeptide having Glyma18g02570, Glyma18g02580, or Glyma18g02590 activity can exhibit at least about 20%, at least about 30%, at least about 40%, at least about 50%, at least about 60%, at least about 70%, at least about 80%, at least about 90%, or at least about 100% decrease in susceptibility to SCN as compared to a non-transformed control. As another example, a host plant transformed to express a polypeptide having Glyma18g02570, Glyma18g02580, or Glyma18g02590 activity can exhibit at least about 100%, at least about 200%, at least about 300%, at least about 400%, at least about 500%, at least about 600%, at least about 700%, at least about 800%, at least about 900%, or at least about 1000% decrease in susceptibility to SCN as compared to a non-transformed control.
Genes of particular interest for engineering a soybean plant to exhibit SCN resistance include Glyma18g02570 (SEQ ID NO: 1), Glyma18g02580 (SEQ ID NO: 2), or Glyma18g02590 (SEQ ID NO: 3). As described herein, Glyma18g02570, Glyma18g02580, or Glyma18g02590 have been mapped to the Rhg1 locus and can confer SCN-resistance.
A transformed host soybean plant can comprise a nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1 (Glyma18g02570), SEQ ID NO: 2 (Glyma18g02580), or SEQ ID NO: 3 (Glyma18g02590). A transformed host soybean plant can comprise a nucleotide sequence having at least about 80% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 1 (Glyma18g02570), SEQ ID NO: 2 (Glyma18g02580), or SEQ ID NO: 3 (Glyma18g02590), wherein the nucleotide sequence encodes a polypeptide having Glyma18g02570, Glyma18g02580, or Glyma18g02590 activity, respectively, or the transformed soybean exhibits SCN resistance. For example, a transformed host soybean plant can comprise a nucleotide sequence having at least about 85%, at least about 90%, at least about 95%, or at least about 99% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 1 (Glyma18g02570), SEQ ID NO: 2 (Glyma18g02580), or SEQ ID NO: 3 (Glyma18g02590), wherein the nucleotide sequence encodes a polypeptide having Glyma18g02570, Glyma18g02580, or Glyma18g02590 activity, respectively, or the transformed soybean exhibits SCN resistance.
A nucleotide sequence described herein can include one or mutations affecting the activity of a Glyma18g02570, Glyma18g02580, or Glyma18g02590 polypeptide or host SCN resistance. For example, a nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1 (Glyma18g02570), SEQ ID NO: 2 (Glyma18g02580), or SEQ ID NO: 3 (Glyma18g02590) can have one or more mutations affecting the activity of a Glyma18g02570, Glyma18g02580, or Glyma18g02590 polypeptide or host SCN resistance. For example, a nucleotide sequence variant (e.g., at least 80%, 85%, 90%, 95, or 99% identity) of SEQ ID NO: 3 (Glyma18g02590) can have one or more of the following mutations: C163225G, G174968T, A164972AGGT, C164974A, C163208A, G164965C, G164968C, A164972AGGC, or C164974A. As another example, the SNAP gene (Glyma18g02590; e.g., SEQ ID NO: 3) in Forrest or Peking backgrounds can include one or more of the following mutations: C163225G, G174968T, A164972AGGT, or C164974A. As another example, the SNAP gene (Glyma18g02590; e.g., SEQ ID NO: 3) in a PI88788 background can include one or more of the following mutations: C163208A, G164965C, G164968C, A164972AGGC, or C164974A.
A transformed host soybean plant can comprise a nucleotide sequence encoding a polypeptide of SEQ ID NO: 4 (Glyma18g02570), SEQ ID NO: 5 (Glyma18g02580), SEQ ID NO: 6 (Glyma18g02590), or SEQ ID NO: 7 (Forrest SNAP A111D mutant). A transformed host soybean plant can comprise a nucleotide sequence encoding a polypeptide having at least about 80% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 4 (Glyma18g02570), SEQ ID NO: 5 (Glyma18g02580), SEQ ID NO: 6 (Glyma18g02590), or SEQ ID NO: 7 (Forrest SNAP A111D mutant), wherein the polypeptide has Glyma18g02570, Glyma18g02580, Glyma18g02590, or SNAP activity, respectively, or the transformed soybean exhibits SCN resistance. For example, a transformed host soybean plant can comprise a nucleotide sequence encoding a polypeptide having at least about 85%, at least about 90%, at least about 95%, or at least about 99% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 4 (Glyma18g02570), SEQ ID NO: 5 (Glyma18g02580), SEQ ID NO: 6 (Glyma18g02590), or SEQ ID NO: 7 (Forrest SNAP A111D mutant), wherein the nucleotide sequence encodes a polypeptide having Glyma18g02570, Glyma18g02580, Glyma18g02590, or SNAP activity, respectively, or the transformed soybean exhibits SCN resistance.
A polypeptide sequence described herein can include one or mutations affecting the activity of a Glyma18g02570, Glyma18g02580, or Glyma18g02590 polypeptide or host SCN resistance. For example, an encoded or expressed polypeptide of SEQ ID NO: 4 (Glyma18g02570), SEQ ID NO: 5 (Glyma18g02580), SEQ ID NO: 6 (Glyma18g02590), or SEQ ID NO: 7 (Forrest SNAP A111D mutant) can have one or more mutations affecting the activity of the polypeptide or host SCN resistance. For example, an encoded or expressed polypeptide variant (e.g., at least 80%, 85%, 90%, 95, or 99% identity) of SEQ ID NO: 3 (Glyma18g02590) can have one or more of the following mutations: D208E, D286Y, D287E, -288V, L289I, Q203K, E285Q, D286H, D287E, -288A, L289I, or A111D. As another example, the SNAP-like protein (SEQ ID NO: 6, encoded by, e.g., Glyma18g02590, SEQ ID NO: 3) in Forrest or Peking backgrounds can include one or more of the following mutations: D208E, D286Y, D287E, -288V, L289I, or A111D. As another example, the SNAP-like protein (SEQ ID NO: 6, encoded by, e.g., Glyma18g02590, SEQ ID NO: 3) in a PI88788 background can include one or more of the following mutations: Q203K, E285Q, D286H, D287E, -288A, L289I, or A111D.
As another example, a transformed soybean can comprise a nucleotide sequence that hybridizes under stringent conditions to a Glyma18g02570, Glyma18g02580, or Glyma18g02590 polynucleotide (e.g., SEQ ID NO: 1, SEQ ID NO: 2, or SEQ ID NO: 3, respectively) over the entire length thereof, and which encodes a polypeptide having Glyma18g02570, Glyma18g02580, Glyma18g02590, or SNAP A111D mutant (e.g., SEQ ID NO: 4, SEQ ID NO: 5, SEQ ID NO: 6, or SEQ ID NO: 7, respectively) activity.
As a further example, a transformed soybean can comprise the complement to any of the above sequences.
Variant Sequences
As describe above, a plant can be transformed with a variant of a Glyma18g02570, Glyma18g02580, or Glyma18g02590 polynucleotide (e.g., SEQ ID NO: 1, SEQ ID NO: 2, or SEQ ID NO: 3) or with a polynucleotide encoding a variant of a Glyma18g02570, Glyma18g02580, Glyma18g02590, SNAP A111D mutant (e.g., SEQ ID NO: 4, SEQ ID NO: 5, SEQ ID NO: 6, or SEQ ID NO: 7, respectively) polypeptide. These species SEQ ID NO: 1, SEQ ID NO: 2, or SEQ ID NO: 3, and their corresponding encoded polypeptides, are representative of the genus of variant nucleic acid and polypeptides, respectively, because all variants must possess the specified catalytic activity (e.g., Glyma18g02570, Glyma18g02580, or Glyma18g02590 activity) and must have the percent identity required above to the reference sequence.
Promoters
One or more of the nucleotide sequences discussed above (e.g., Glyma18g02570, Glyma18g02580, or Glyma18g02590 or a variant thereof) can be operably linked to a promoter that can function in a plant, such as soybean. Promoter selection can allow expression of a desired gene product under a variety of conditions.
Promoters can be selected for optimal function in a soybean host cell into which the vector construct will be inserted. Promoters can also be selected on the basis of their regulatory features. Examples of such features include enhancement of transcriptional activity and inducibility.
Numerous promoters functional in a soybean plant will be known to one of skill in the art (see, e.g., Weise et al., Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, 70(3):337-345, 2006; Saidi et al., Plant Molecular Biology, 59(5):697-711, 2005; Horstmann et al., BMC Biotechnology, 4, 2004; Holtorf et al., Plant Cell Reports, 21(4):341-346, 2002; Zeidler et al., Plant Molecular Biology, 30(1):199-205, 1996). Except as otherwise noted herein, therefore, the processes and compositions of the present disclosure can be carried out in accordance with such known promoters. Examples of promoters than can be used in accord with methods and compositions described herein include, but are not limited to, factor EF1α gene promoter (US App Pub No. 2008/0313776); rice tungro bacilliform virus (RTBV) gene promoter (US App Pub No. 2008/0282431); cestrum yellow leaf curling virus (CmYLCV) promoter (Stavolone et al., Plant Molecular Biology, 53(5):663-673, 2003); tCUP cryptic promoter system (Malik et al., Theoretical and Applied Genetics, 105(4):505-514, 2002); T6P-3 promoter (JP2002238564); S-adenosyl-L-methionine synthetase promoter (WO/2000/037662); Raspberry E4 gene promoter (U.S. Pat. No. 6,054,635); cauliflower mosaic virus 35S promoter (Benfey et al., Science, 250(4983):959-966, 1990); figwort mosaic virus promoter (U.S. Pat. No. 5,378,619); conditional heat-shock promoter (Saidi et al., Plant Molecular Biology, 59(5):697-711, 2005); promoter sub-fragments of the sugar beet V-type H+-ATPase subunit c isoform (Holtorf et al., Plant Cell Reports, 21(4):341-346, 2002); beta-tubulin promoter (Jost et al., Current Genetics, 47(2):111-120, 2005); and bacterial quorum-sensing components (You et al., Plant Physiology, 140(4):1205-1212, 2006).
The promoter can be an inducible promoter. For example, the promoter can be induced according to temperature, pH, a hormone, a metabolite (e.g., lactose, mannitol, an amino acid), light (e.g., wavelength specific), osmotic potential (e.g., salt induced), a heavy metal, or an antibiotic. As another example, the promoter can be a nematode-inducible promoter, such as pZF (Kandoth et al. Plant Physiol. 155:1960-1975 (2011)). Numerous standard inducible promoters will be known to one of skill in the art.
The term “chimeric” is understood to refer to the product of the fusion of portions of two or more different polynucleotide molecules. “Chimeric promoter” is understood to refer to a promoter produced through the manipulation of known promoters or other polynucleotide molecules. Such chimeric promoters can combine enhancer domains that can confer or modulate gene expression from one or more promoters or regulatory elements, for example, by fusing a heterologous enhancer domain from a first promoter to a second promoter with its own partial or complete regulatory elements. Thus, the design, construction, and use of chimeric promoters according to the methods disclosed herein for modulating the expression of operably linked polynucleotide sequences are encompassed by the present invention.
Novel chimeric promoters can be designed or engineered by a number of methods. For example, a chimeric promoter may be produced by fusing an enhancer domain from a first promoter to a second promoter. The resultant chimeric promoter may have novel expression properties relative to the first or second promoters. Novel chimeric promoters can be constructed such that the enhancer domain from a first promoter is fused at the 5′ end, at the 3′ end, or at any position internal to the second promoter.
Constructs
Any of the transcribable polynucleotide molecule sequences described above can be provided in a construct. Constructs of the present invention generally include a promoter functional in the host plant, such as soybean, operably linked to a transcribable polynucleotide molecule encoding a polypeptide with Glyma18g02570, Glyma18g02580, or Glyma18g02590 activity, such as provided in SEQ ID NO: 1, SEQ ID NO: 2, or SEQ ID NO: 3, or variants thereof as discussed above.
Exemplary promoters are discussed above. One or more additional promoters may also be provided in the recombinant construct. These promoters can be operably linked to any of the transcribable polynucleotide molecule sequences described above.
The term “construct” is understood to refer to any recombinant polynucleotide molecule such as a plasmid, cosmid, virus, autonomously replicating polynucleotide molecule, phage, or linear or circular single-stranded or double-stranded DNA or RNA polynucleotide molecule, derived from any source, capable of genomic integration or autonomous replication, comprising a polynucleotide molecule where one or more polynucleotide molecule has been linked in a functionally operative manner, i.e. operably linked. The term “vector” or “vector construct” is understood to refer to any recombinant polynucleotide construct that may be used for the purpose of transformation, i.e., the introduction of heterologous DNA into a host plant, such as a soybean.
In addition, constructs may include, but are not limited to, additional polynucleotide molecules from an untranslated region of the gene of interest. These additional polynucleotide molecules can be derived from a source that is native or heterologous with respect to the other elements present in the construct.
Host cells developed according to the approaches described herein can be evaluated by a number of means known in the art (see, e.g., Studier, Protein Expr Purif, 41(1):207-234, 2005; Gellissen, ed., (2005) Production of Recombinant Proteins: Novel Microbial and Eukaryotic Expression Systems, Wiley-VCH, ISBN-10:3527310363; Baneyx, (2004) Protein Expression Technologies, Taylor & Francis, ISBN-10:0954523253).
Molecular Engineering
The following definitions and methods are provided to better define the present invention and to guide those of ordinary skill in the art in the practice of the present invention. Unless otherwise noted, terms are to be understood according to conventional usage by those of ordinary skill in the relevant art.
Compositions and methods described herein utilizing molecular biology protocols can be according to a variety of standard techniques known to the art (see, e.g., Sambrook and Russel (2006) Condensed Protocols from Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, ISBN-10: 0879697717; Ausubel et al. (2002) Short Protocols in Molecular Biology, 5th ed., Current Protocols, ISBN-10: 0471250929; Sambrook and Russel (2001) Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual, 3d ed., Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, ISBN-10: 0879695773; Green and Sambrook 2012 Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual, 4th ed., Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, ISBN-10: 1605500569; Elhai, J. and Wolk, C. P. 1988. Methods in Enzymology 167, 747-754; Studier (2005) Protein Expr Purif. 41(1), 207-234; Gellissen, ed. (2005) Production of Recombinant Proteins: Novel Microbial and Eukaryotic Expression Systems, Wiley-VCH, ISBN-10: 3527310363; Baneyx (2004) Protein Expression Technologies, Taylor & Francis, ISBN-10: 0954523253).
The terms “heterologous DNA sequence”, “exogenous DNA segment” or “heterologous nucleic acid,” as used herein, each refer to a sequence that originates from a source foreign to the particular host cell or, if from the same source, is modified from its original form. Thus, a heterologous gene in a host cell includes a gene that is endogenous to the particular host cell but has been modified through, for example, the use of DNA shuffling. The terms also include non-naturally occurring multiple copies of a naturally occurring DNA sequence. Thus, the terms refer to a DNA segment that is foreign or heterologous to the cell, or homologous to the cell but in a position within the host cell nucleic acid in which the element is not ordinarily found. Exogenous DNA segments are expressed to yield exogenous polypeptides. A “homologous” DNA sequence is a DNA sequence that is naturally associated with a host cell into which it is introduced.
Expression vector, expression construct, plasmid, or recombinant DNA construct is generally understood to refer to a nucleic acid that has been generated via human intervention, including by recombinant means or direct chemical synthesis, with a series of specified nucleic acid elements that permit transcription or translation of a particular nucleic acid in, for example, a host cell. The expression vector can be part of a plasmid, virus, or nucleic acid fragment. Typically, the expression vector can include a nucleic acid to be transcribed operably linked to a promoter.
A “promoter” is generally understood as a nucleic acid control sequence that directs transcription of a nucleic acid. An inducible promoter is generally understood as a promoter that mediates transcription of an operably linked gene in response to a particular stimulus. A promoter can include necessary nucleic acid sequences near the start site of transcription, such as, in the case of a polymerase II type promoter, a TATA element. A promoter can optionally include distal enhancer or repressor elements, which can be located as much as several thousand base pairs from the start site of transcription.
A “transcribable nucleic acid molecule” as used herein refers to any nucleic acid molecule capable of being transcribed into a RNA molecule. Methods are known for introducing constructs into a cell in such a manner that the transcribable nucleic acid molecule is transcribed into a functional mRNA molecule that is translated and therefore expressed as a protein product. Constructs may also be constructed to be capable of expressing antisense RNA molecules, in order to inhibit translation of a specific RNA molecule of interest. For the practice of the present disclosure, conventional compositions and methods for preparing and using constructs and host cells are well known to one skilled in the art (see, e.g., Sambrook and Russell, (2006) Condensed Protocols from Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, ISBN-10:0879697717; Ausubel et al., (2002) Short Protocols in Molecular Biology, 5th ed., Current Protocols, ISBN-10:0471250929; Sambrook and Russell, (2001) Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual, 3d ed., Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, ISBN-10:0879695773; Elhai, J. and Wolk, C. P., Methods in Enzymology, 167:747-754, 1988).
The “transcription start site” or “initiation site” is the position surrounding the first nucleotide that is part of the transcribed sequence, which is also defined as position +1. With respect to this site all other sequences of the gene and its controlling regions can be numbered. Downstream sequences (i.e., further protein encoding sequences in the 3′ direction) can be denominated positive, while upstream sequences (mostly of the controlling regions in the 5′ direction) are denominated negative.
“Operably-linked” or “functionally linked” refers preferably to the association of nucleic acid sequences on a single nucleic acid fragment so that the function of one is affected by the other. For example, a regulatory DNA sequence is said to be “operably linked to” or “associated with” a DNA sequence that codes for an RNA or a polypeptide if the two sequences are situated such that the regulatory DNA sequence affects expression of the coding DNA sequence (i.e., that the coding sequence or functional RNA is under the transcriptional control of the promoter). Coding sequences can be operably-linked to regulatory sequences in sense or antisense orientation. The two nucleic acid molecules may be part of a single contiguous nucleic acid molecule and may be adjacent. For example, a promoter is operably linked to a gene of interest if the promoter regulates or mediates transcription of the gene of interest in a cell.
A “construct” is generally understood as any recombinant nucleic acid molecule such as a plasmid, cosmid, virus, autonomously replicating nucleic acid molecule, phage, or linear or circular single-stranded or double-stranded DNA or RNA nucleic acid molecule, derived from any source, capable of genomic integration or autonomous replication, comprising a nucleic acid molecule where one or more nucleic acid molecule has been operably linked.
A constructs of the present disclosure can contain a promoter operably linked to a transcribable nucleic acid molecule operably linked to a 3′ transcription termination nucleic acid molecule. In addition, constructs can include but are not limited to additional regulatory nucleic acid molecules from, e.g., the 3′-untranslated region (3′ UTR). Constructs can include but are not limited to the 5′ untranslated regions (5′ UTR) of an mRNA nucleic acid molecule which can play an important role in translation initiation and can also be a genetic component in an expression construct. These additional upstream and downstream regulatory nucleic acid molecules may be derived from a source that is native or heterologous with respect to the other elements present on the promoter construct.
The term “transformation” refers to the transfer of a nucleic acid fragment into the genome of a host cell, resulting in genetically stable inheritance. Host cells containing the transformed nucleic acid fragments are referred to as “transgenic” cells, and organisms comprising transgenic cells are referred to as “transgenic organisms”.
“Transformed,” “transgenic,” and “recombinant” refer to a host cell or organism such as a bacterium, cyanobacterium, animal or a plant into which a heterologous nucleic acid molecule has been introduced. The nucleic acid molecule can be stably integrated into the genome as generally known in the art. Known methods of PCR include, but are not limited to, methods using paired primers, nested primers, single specific primers, degenerate primers, gene-specific primers, vector-specific primers, partially mismatched primers, and the like. The term “untransformed” refers to normal cells that have not been through the transformation process.
“Wild-type” refers to a virus or organism found in nature without any known mutation.
Design, generation, and testing of the variant nucleotides, and their encoded polypeptides, having the above required percent identities and retaining a required activity of the expressed protein is within the skill of the art. For example, directed evolution and rapid isolation of mutants can be according to methods described in references including, but not limited to, Link et al., Nature Reviews, 5(9):680-688, 2007; Sanger et al., Gene, 97(1):119-123, 1991; and Ghadessy et al., Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 98(8):4552-4557, 2001. Thus, one skilled in the art could generate a large number of nucleotide and/or polypeptide variants having, for example, at least 95-99% identity to the reference sequence described herein and screen such for desired phenotypes according to methods routine in the art.
Nucleotide and/or amino acid sequence identity percent (%) is understood as the percentage of nucleotide or amino acid residues that are identical with nucleotide or amino acid residues in a candidate sequence in comparison to a reference sequence when the two sequences are aligned. To determine percent identity, sequences are aligned and if necessary, gaps are introduced to achieve the maximum percent sequence identity. Sequence alignment procedures to determine percent identity are well known to those of skill in the art. Often publicly available computer software such as BLAST, BLAST2, ALIGN2 or Megalign (DNASTAR) software is used to align sequences. Those skilled in the art can determine appropriate parameters for measuring alignment, including any algorithms needed to achieve maximal alignment over the full-length of the sequences being compared. When sequences are aligned, the percent sequence identity of a given sequence A to, with, or against a given sequence B (which can alternatively be phrased as a given sequence A that has or comprises a certain percent sequence identity to, with, or against a given sequence B) can be calculated as: percent sequence identity=X/Y100, where X is the number of residues scored as identical matches by the sequence alignment program's or algorithm's alignment of A and B and Y is the total number of residues in B. If the length of sequence A is not equal to the length of sequence B, the percent sequence identity of A to B will not equal the percent sequence identity of B to A.
Generally, conservative substitutions can be made at any position so long as the required activity is retained. So-called conservative exchanges can be carried out in which the amino acid which is replaced has a similar property as the original amino acid, for example the exchange of Glu by Asp, Gln by Asn, Val by Ile, Leu by Ile, and Ser by Thr. Deletion is the replacement of an amino acid by a direct bond. Positions for deletions include the termini of a polypeptide and linkages between individual protein domains. Insertions are introductions of amino acids into the polypeptide chain, a direct bond formally being replaced by one or more amino acids. Amino acid sequence can be modulated with the help of art-known computer simulation programs that can produce a polypeptide with, for example, improved activity or altered regulation. On the basis of this artificially generated polypeptide sequences, a corresponding nucleic acid molecule coding for such a modulated polypeptide can be synthesized in-vitro using the specific codon-usage of the desired host cell.
“Highly stringent hybridization conditions” are defined as hybridization at 65° C. in a 6×SSC buffer (i.e., 0.9 M sodium chloride and 0.09 M sodium citrate). Given these conditions, a determination can be made as to whether a given set of sequences will hybridize by calculating the melting temperature (Tm) of a DNA duplex between the two sequences. If a particular duplex has a melting temperature lower than 65° C. in the salt conditions of a 6×SSC, then the two sequences will not hybridize. On the other hand, if the melting temperature is above 65° C. in the same salt conditions, then the sequences will hybridize. In general, the melting temperature for any hybridized DNA:DNA sequence can be determined using the following formula: Tm=81.5° C.+16.6(log10[Na+])+0.41(fraction G/C content)−0.63(% formamide)−(600/1). Furthermore, the Tm of a DNA:DNA hybrid is decreased by 1-1.5° C. for every 1% decrease in nucleotide identity (see, e.g., Sambrook and Russell, (2006)).
Host cells can be transformed using a variety of standard techniques known to the art (see, e.g., Sambrook and Russell (2006); Ausubel et al. (2002); Sambrook and Russell, (2001); Elhai, J. and Wolk, C. P., 1988). Such techniques include, but are not limited to, viral infection, calcium phosphate transfection, liposome-mediated transfection, microprojectile-mediated delivery, receptor-mediated uptake, cell fusion, electroporation, and the like. The transfected cells can be selected and propagated to provide recombinant host cells that comprise the expression vector stably integrated in the host cell genome.
Exemplary nucleic acids which may be introduced to a host cell include, for example, DNA sequences or genes from another species, or even genes or sequences which originate with or are present in the same species, but are incorporated into recipient cells by genetic engineering methods. The term “exogenous” is also intended to refer to genes that are not normally present in the cell being transformed, or perhaps simply not present in the form, structure, etc., as found in the transforming DNA segment or gene, or genes which are normally present and that one desires to express in a manner that differs from the natural expression pattern, e.g., to over-express. Thus, the term “exogenous” gene or DNA is intended to refer to any gene or DNA segment that is introduced into a recipient cell, regardless of whether a similar gene may already be present in such a cell. The type of DNA included in the exogenous DNA can include DNA which is already present in the cell, DNA from another individual of the same type of organism, DNA from a different organism, or a DNA generated externally, such as a DNA sequence containing an antisense message of a gene, or a DNA sequence encoding a synthetic or modified version of a gene.
Host strains developed according to the approaches described herein can be evaluated by a number of means known in the art (see, e.g., Studier, 2005; Gellissen, ed. (2005) Production of Recombinant Proteins: Novel Microbial and Eukaryotic Expression Systems, Wiley-VCH, ISBN-10: 3527310363; Baneyx (2004) Protein Expression Technologies, Taylor & Francis, ISBN-10: 0954523253).
Methods of down-regulation or silencing genes are known in the art. For example, expressed protein activity can be down-regulated or eliminated using antisense oligonucleotides, protein aptamers, nucleotide aptamers, and RNA interference (RNAi) (e.g., small interfering RNAs (sRNA), short hairpin RNA (shRNA), and micro RNAs (miRNA) (see, e.g., Fanning and Symonds, Handb Exp Pharmacol., 173:289-303G, 2006, describing hammerhead ribozymes and small hairpin RNA; Helene, C., et al., Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci., 660:27-36, 1992; Maher, Bioassays 14(12):807-15, 1992, describing targeting deoxyribonucleotide sequences; Lee et al., Curr Opin Chem Biol., 10:1-8, 2006, describing aptamers; Reynolds et al., Nature Biotechnology, 22(3):326-330, 2004, describing RNAi; Pushparaj and Melendez, Clin. and Exp. Pharm. and Phys., 33(5-6):504-510, 2006, describing RNAi; Dillon et al., Annual Review of Physiology, 67:147-173, 2005, describing RNAi; Dykxhoorn and Lieberman, Annual Review of Medicine, 56:401-423, 2005, describing RNAi). RNAi molecules are commercially available from a variety of sources (e.g., Ambion, TX; Sigma Aldrich, MO; Invitrogen). Several siRNA molecule design programs using a variety of algorithms are known to the art (see, e.g., Cenix algorithm, Ambion; BLOCK-iT™ RNAi Designer, Invitrogen; siRNA Whitehead Institute Design Tools, Bioinformatics & Research Computing). Traits influential in defining optimal siRNA sequences include G/C content at the termini of the siRNAs, Tm of specific internal domains of the siRNA, siRNA length, position of the target sequence within the CDS (coding region), and nucleotide content of the 3′ overhangs.
Breeding
It is disclosed herein that a quantitative trait locus (QTL) with major effects for SCN resistance and single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers in the proximity of this locus have been identified that can be used for the introgression of this genomic region to desirable germplasm, such as by marker-assisted selection and/or marker-assisted backcrossing.
The present disclosure provides genetic markers and methods for the introduction of Glyma18g02570, Glyma18g02580, or Glyma18g02590 alleles into agronomically elite soybean plants. The invention therefore allows the creation of plants that combine these Glyma18g02570, Glyma18g02580, or Glyma18g02590 alleles that confer SCN resistance with a commercially significant yield and an agronomically elite genetic background. Using the methods of the invention, loci conferring the SCN phenotype may be introduced into a desired soybean genetic background, for example, in the production of new varieties with commercially significant yield and SCN resistance.
As used herein, the term “population” means a genetically heterogenous collection of plants that share a common parental derivation.
As used herein, the terms “variety” and “cultivar” mean a group of similar plants that by their genetic pedigrees and performance can be identified from other varieties within the same species.
As used herein, an “allele” refers to one of two or more alternative forms of a genomic sequence at a given locus on a chromosome.
A “Quantitative Trait Locus (QTL)” is a chromosomal location that encodes for alleles that affect the expressivity of a phenotype.
As used herein, a “marker” means a detectable characteristic that can be used to discriminate between organisms. Examples of such characteristics include, but are not limited to, genetic markers, biochemical markers, metabolites, morphological characteristics, and agronomic characteristics.
As used herein, the term “phenotype” means the detectable characteristics of a cell or organism that can be influenced by gene expression.
As used herein, the term “genotype” means the specific allelic makeup of a plant.
“Agronomically elite” refers to a genotype that has a culmination of many distinguishable traits such as emergence, vigor, vegetative vigor, disease resistance, seed set, standability, and threshability, which allows a producer to harvest a product of commercial significance.
As used herein, the term “introgressed,” when used in reference to a genetic locus, refers to a genetic locus that has been introduced into a new genetic background. Introgression of a genetic locus can thus be achieved through plant breeding methods and/or by molecular genetic methods. Such molecular genetic methods include, but are not limited to, various plant transformation techniques and/or methods that provide for homologous recombination, non-homologous recombination, site-specific recombination, and/or genomic modifications that provide for locus substitution or locus conversion.
As used herein, the term “linked,” when used in the context of nucleic acid markers and/or genomic regions, means that the markers and/or genomic regions are located on the same linkage group or chromosome.
As used herein, the term “denoting” when used in reference to a plant genotype refers to any method whereby a plant is indicated to have a certain genotype. This includes any means of identification of a plant having a certain genotype. Indication of a certain genotype may include, but is not limited to, any entry into any type of written or electronic medium or database whereby the plant's genotype is provided. Indications of a certain genotype may also include, but are not limited to, any method where a plant is physically marked or tagged. Illustrative examples of physical marking or tags useful in the invention include, but are not limited to, a barcode, a radio-frequency identification (RFID), a label, or the like.
Marker assisted introgression involves the transfer of a chromosome region defined by one or more markers from one germplasm to a second germplasm. The initial step in that process is the localization of the trait by gene mapping, which is the process of determining the position of a gene relative to other genes and genetic markers through linkage analysis. The basic principle for linkage mapping is that the closer together two genes are on the chromosome, the more likely they are to be inherited together. Briefly, a cross is generally made between two genetically compatible but divergent parents relative to traits under study. Genetic markers can then be used to follow the segregation of traits under study in the progeny from the cross, often a backcross (BC1), F2, or recombinant inbred population.
The term quantitative trait loci, or QTL, is used to describe regions of a genome showing quantitative or additive effects upon a phenotype. The Rhg1 loci, containing Glyma18g02570, Glyma18g02580, or Glyma18g02590 alleles, represent exemplary QTL because Glyma18g02570, Glyma18g02580, or Glyma18g02590 alleles result in SCN resistance. Herein identified are genetic markers for non-transgenic, Glyma18g02570, Glyma18g02580, or Glyma18g02590 alleles that enable breeding of soybean plants comprising the Glyma18g02570, Glyma18g02580, or Glyma18g02590 alleles with agronomically superior plants, and selection of progeny that inherited the mutant Glyma18g02570, Glyma18g02580, or Glyma18g02590 alleles. Thus, the invention allows the use of molecular tools to combine these QTLs with desired agronomic characteristics.
Various embodiments of the present disclosure utilize a QTL or polymorphic nucleic acid marker or allele located in this genomic region. Subregions of this genomic region associated with SCN resistant phenotype can be described as being flanked by markers shown in TABLE 6. Such markers are believed to be associated with the SCN resistant phenotype because of their location and proximity to the major QTL. One or more polymorphic nucleic acids can be used from TABLE 6. For example, at least two, three, four, five, six, seven, eight, nine, ten, or more of such markers can used.
It can be useful to detect in, or determine whether, a soybean plant has an allelic state that is associated with or not associated with an SCN resistant phenotype.
A plant can be identified in which at least one allele at a polymorphic locus associated with an SCN resistant phenotype is detected. For example, a diploid plant in which the allelic state at a polymorphic locus comprises one allele associated with an SCN resistant phenotype and one allele that is not associated with an SCN resistant phenotype (i.e., heterozygous at that locus). In certain embodiments of the invention, it may be useful to cross a plant that is heterozygous at a locus associated with an SCN resistant phenotype with a plant that is similarly heterozygous or that does not contain any allele associated with an SCN resistant phenotype at the locus, to produce progeny a certain percentage of plants that are heterozygous at that locus. Plants homozygous at the locus may then be produced by various breeding methods, such as by self-crossing or dihaploidization.
One of skill in the art will also recognize that it can be useful to identify at a genetic locus a polymorphic nucleic acid marker that is not associated with an SCN resistant phenotype in a plant, such as when introgressing a QTL associated with an SCN resistant phenotype into a genetic background not associated with such a phenotype.
Markers and allelic states disclosed herein are exemplary. From Table 6, one of skill in the art would recognize how to identify soybean plants with other polymorphic nucleic acid markers and allelic states thereof related to SCN resistance consistent with the present disclosure. One of skill the art would also know how to identify the allelic state of other polymorphic nucleic acid markers located in the genomic region(s) or linked to the QTL or other markers identified herein, to determine their association with SCN resistance.
Provided herein are unique soybean germplasms or soybean plants comprising an introgressed genomic region that is associated with an SCR resistant phenotype and method of obtaining the same. Marker-assisted introgression involves the transfer of a chromosomal region, defined by one or more markers, from one germplasm to a second germplasm. Offspring of a cross that contain the introgressed genomic region can be identified by the combination of markers characteristic of the desired introgressed genomic region from a first germplasm (e.g., an SCN resistant phenotype germplasm) and both linked and unlinked markers characteristic of the desired genetic background of a second germplasm. Flanking markers that identify a genomic region associated with an SCN resistant phenotype include those in TABLE 6.
Flanking markers that fall on both the telomere proximal end and the centromere proximal end of any of these genomic intervals may be useful in a variety of breeding efforts that include, but are not limited to, introgression of genomic regions associated with an SCN resistant phenotype into a genetic background comprising markers associated with germplasm that ordinarily contains a genotype associated with a non-SCN resistant phenotype. Markers that are linked and either immediately adjacent or adjacent to the identified SCN resistant phenotype QTL that permit introgression of the QTL in the absence of extraneous linked DNA from the source germplasm containing the QTL are provided herewith. Those of skill in the art will appreciate that when seeking to introgress a smaller genomic region comprising a QTL associated with an SCN resistant phenotype described herein, that any of the telomere proximal or centromere proximal markers that are immediately adjacent to a larger genomic region comprising the QTL can be used to introgress that smaller genomic region.
Soybean plants or germplasm comprising an introgressed region that is associated with an SCN resistant phenotype wherein at least 10%, 25%, 50%, 75%, 90%, or 99% of the remaining genomic sequences carry markers characteristic of plant or germplasm that otherwise or ordinarily comprise a genomic region associated with an non-SCN resistant phenotype, are thus provided. Furthermore, soybean plants comprising an introgressed region where closely linked regions adjacent or immediately adjacent to the genomic regions, QTL, and markers provided herewith that comprise genomic sequences carrying markers characteristic of soybean plants or germplasm that otherwise or ordinarily comprise a genomic region associated with the phenotype are also provided.
Genetic markers that can be used in the practice of the present disclosure include, but are not limited to, Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphisms (RFLP), Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphisms (AFLP), Simple Sequence Repeats (SSR), Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNP), Insertion/Deletion Polymorphisms (Indels), Variable Number Tandem Repeats (VNTR), and Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPD), and others known to those skilled in the art. Marker discovery and development in crops provides the initial framework for applications to marker-assisted breeding activities (U.S. Patent Pub. Nos.: 2005/0204780, 2005/0216545, 2005/0218305, and 2006/00504538). The resulting “genetic map” is the representation of the relative position of characterized loci (polymorphic nucleic acid markers or any other locus for which alleles can be identified) to each other.
As a set, polymorphic markers serve as a useful tool for fingerprinting plants to inform the degree of identity of lines or varieties (U.S. Pat. No. 6,207,367). These markers form the basis for determining associations with phenotypes and can be used to drive genetic gain. In certain embodiments of the present disclosure, polymorphic nucleic acids can be used to detect in a soybean plant a genotype associated with an SCN resistant phenotype, identify a soybean plant with a genotype associated with an SCN resistant phenotype, or to select a soybean plant with a genotype associated with an SCN resistant phenotype. In certain embodiments of methods of the present disclosure, polymorphic nucleic acids can be used to produce a soybean plant that comprises in its genome an introgressed locus associated with an SCN resistant phenotype. In certain embodiments of the invention, polymorphic nucleic acids can be used to breed progeny soybean plants comprising a locus associated with an SCN resistant phenotype.
Certain genetic markers useful in the present invention include “dominant” or “codominant” markers. “Codominant” markers reveal the presence of two or more alleles (two per diploid individual). “Dominant” markers reveal the presence of only a single allele. The presence of the dominant marker phenotype (e.g., a band of DNA) is an indication that one allele is present in either the homozygous or heterozygous condition. The absence of the dominant marker phenotype (e.g., absence of a DNA band) is merely evidence that “some other” undefined allele is present. In the case of populations where individuals are predominantly homozygous and loci are predominantly dimorphic, dominant and codominant markers can be equally valuable. As populations become more heterozygous and multiallelic, codominant markers often become more informative of the genotype than dominant markers.
Nucleic acid-based analyses for determining the presence or absence of the genetic polymorphism (i.e. for genotyping) can be used in breeding programs for identification, selection, introgression, or the like. A wide variety of genetic markers for the analysis of genetic polymorphisms are available and known to those of skill in the art. The analysis may be used to select for genes, portions of genes, QTL, alleles, or genomic regions that comprise or are linked to a genetic marker that is linked to or associated with an SCN resistant phenotype.
As used herein, nucleic acid analysis methods include, but are not limited to, PCR-based detection methods (for example, TaqMan assays), microarray methods, mass spectrometry-based methods and/or nucleic acid sequencing methods, including whole genome sequencing. In certain embodiments, the detection of polymorphic sites in a sample of DNA, RNA, or cDNA may be facilitated through the use of nucleic acid amplification methods. Such methods specifically increase the concentration of polynucleotides that span the polymorphic site, or include that site and sequences located either distal or proximal to it. Such amplified molecules can be readily detected by gel electrophoresis, fluorescence detection methods, or other means.
One method of achieving such amplification employs the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) (Mullis et al. 1986 Cold Spring Harbor Symp. Quant. Biol. 51:263-273; European Patent 50,424; European Patent 84,796; European Patent 258,017; European Patent 237,362; European Patent 201,184; U.S. Pat. No. 4,683,202; U.S. Pat. No. 4,582,788; and U.S. Pat. No. 4,683,194), using primer pairs that are capable of hybridizing to the proximal sequences that define a polymorphism in its double-stranded form. Methods for typing DNA based on mass spectrometry can also be used. Such methods are disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,613,509 and 6,503,710, and references found therein.
Polymorphisms in DNA sequences can be detected or typed by a variety of effective methods well known in the art including, but not limited to, those disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,468,613, 5,217,863; 5,210,015; 5,876,930; 6,030,787; 6,004,744; 6,013,431; 5,595,890; 5,762,876; 5,945,283; 5,468,613; 6,090,558; 5,800,944; 5,616,464; 7,312,039; 7,238,476; 7,297,485; 7,282,355; 7,270,981 and 7,250,252 all of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entireties. However, the compositions and methods of the present disclosure can be used in conjunction with any polymorphism typing method to type polymorphisms in genomic DNA samples. These genomic DNA samples used include but are not limited to genomic DNA isolated directly from a plant, cloned genomic DNA, or amplified genomic DNA.
For example, polymorphisms in DNA sequences can be detected by hybridization to allele-specific oligonucleotide (ASO) probes as disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,468,613 and 5,217,863. U.S. Pat. No. 5,468,613 discloses allele specific oligonucleotide hybridizations where single or multiple nucleotide variations in nucleic acid sequence can be detected in nucleic acids by a process in which the sequence containing the nucleotide variation is amplified, spotted on a membrane and treated with a labeled sequence-specific oligonucleotide probe.
Target nucleic acid sequence can also be detected by probe ligation methods as disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,800,944 where sequence of interest is amplified and hybridized to probes followed by ligation to detect a labeled part of the probe.
Microarrays can also be used for polymorphism detection, wherein oligonucleotide probe sets are assembled in an overlapping fashion to represent a single sequence such that a difference in the target sequence at one point would result in partial probe hybridization (Borevitz et al., Genome Res. 13:513-523 (2003); Cui et al., Bioinformatics 21:3852-3858 (2005). On any one microarray, it is expected there will be a plurality of target sequences, which may represent genes or non-coding regions wherein each target sequence is represented by a series of overlapping oligonucleotides, rather than by a single probe. This platform provides for high throughput screening of a plurality of polymorphisms. Typing of target sequences by microarray-based methods is disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,799,122; 6,913,879; and 6,996,476.
Target nucleic acid sequence can also be detected by probe linking methods as disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,616,464, employing at least one pair of probes having sequences homologous to adjacent portions of the target nucleic acid sequence and having side chains which non-covalently bind to form a stem upon base pairing of the probes to the target nucleic acid sequence. At least one of the side chains has a photoactivatable group which can form a covalent cross-link with the other side chain member of the stem.
Other methods for detecting SNPs and Indels include single base extension (SBE) methods. Examples of SBE methods include, but are not limited, to those disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,004,744; 6,013,431; 5,595,890; 5,762,876; and 5,945,283. SBE methods are based on extension of a nucleotide primer that is adjacent to a polymorphism to incorporate a detectable nucleotide residue upon extension of the primer. In certain embodiments, the SBE method uses three synthetic oligonucleotides. Two of the oligonucleotides serve as PCR primers and are complementary to sequence of the locus of genomic DNA which flanks a region containing the polymorphism to be assayed. Following amplification of the region of the genome containing the polymorphism, the PCR product is mixed with the third oligonucleotide (called an extension primer) which is designed to hybridize to the amplified DNA adjacent to the polymorphism in the presence of DNA polymerase and two differentially labeled dideoxynucleosidetriphosphates. If the polymorphism is present on the template, one of the labeled dideoxynucleosidetriphosphates can be added to the primer in a single base chain extension. The allele present is then inferred by determining which of the two differential labels was added to the extension primer. Homozygous samples will result in only one of the two labeled bases being incorporated and thus only one of the two labels will be detected. Heterozygous samples have both alleles present, and will thus direct incorporation of both labels (into different molecules of the extension primer) and thus both labels will be detected.
In another method for detecting polymorphisms, SNPs and Indels can be detected by methods disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,210,015; 5,876,930; and 6,030,787 in which an oligonucleotide probe having a 5′ fluorescent reporter dye and a 3′ quencher dye covalently linked to the 5′ and 3′ ends of the probe. When the probe is intact, the proximity of the reporter dye to the quencher dye results in the suppression of the reporter dye fluorescence, e.g. by Forster-type energy transfer. During PCR forward and reverse primers hybridize to a specific sequence of the target DNA flanking a polymorphism while the hybridization probe hybridizes to polymorphism-containing sequence within the amplified PCR product. In the subsequent PCR cycle DNA polymerase with 5′ to 3′ exonuclease activity cleaves the probe and separates the reporter dye from the quencher dye resulting in increased fluorescence of the reporter.
In another embodiment, the locus or loci of interest can be directly sequenced using nucleic acid sequencing technologies. Methods for nucleic acid sequencing are known in the art and include technologies provided by 454 Life Sciences (Branford, Conn.), Agencourt Bioscience (Beverly, Mass.), Applied Biosystems (Foster City, Calif.), LI-COR Biosciences (Lincoln, Nebr.), NimbleGen Systems (Madison, Wis.), Illumina (San Diego, Calif.), and VisiGen Biotechnologies (Houston, Tex.). Such nucleic acid sequencing technologies comprise formats such as parallel bead arrays, sequencing by ligation, capillary electrophoresis, electronic microchips, “biochips,” microarrays, parallel microchips, and single-molecule arrays, as reviewed by R.F. Service Science 2006 311:1544-1546.
The markers to be used in the methods of the present disclosure can be diagnostic of origin in order for inferences to be made about subsequent populations. Experience to date suggests that SNP markers may be ideal for mapping because the likelihood that a particular SNP allele is derived from independent origins in the extant populations of a particular species is very low. As such, SNP markers (see e.g., TABLE 6) appear to be useful for tracking and assisting introgression of QTLs.
Research Tools
The Glyma18g02570, Glyma18g02580, or Glyma18g02590 genes can be used to find or characterize related (interactive) genes or identify or further characterize the cascade for SCN resistance. The discovery of a Glyma18g02570, Glyma18g02580, or Glyma18g02590 as part of the resistance signaling pathway against SCN provides novel insight into this complex host-pathogen interaction. Insights reported herein can be used to discern the relationship between Glyma18g02570, Glyma18g02580, or Glyma18g02590 and metabolism.
In some embodiments, the Glyma18g02570, Glyma18g02580, or Glyma18g02590 genes can be used in a genomics, proteomics, bioinformatics, or statistical modeling approach to fish or isolate candidate genes or encoded proteins or other molecules with a direct or indirect function in mediating disease resistance to SCN in soybeans. In some embodiments, the Glyma18g02570, Glyma18g02580, or Glyma18g02590 genes can be used in a genomics, proteomics, bioinformatics, or statistical modeling approach to fish or isolate candidate genes or encoded proteins or other molecules with a direct or indirect function in mediating compatible or incompatible responses of soybeans to SCN (e.g., to a nematode or any intermediate). Thus is provided various methods to find or characterize related (interactive) genes involved with SCN resistance.
Targeting-Induced Local Lesions in Genomes (TILLING) is a method permitting identification of gene-specific mutations. In particular, this process uses traditional mutagenesis and SNP discovery methods for a reverse genetic strategy that takes advantage of a mismatch endonuclease to locate and detect induced mutations in a high-throughput and low cost manner. EcoTILLING, which is a variant of TILLING, examines natural genetic variation in populations to discover SNPs (reviewed in Barkley and Wang, Curr Genomics, 9(4):212-26, 2008).
Kits
Also provided are kits. Such kits can include an agent or composition described herein and, in certain embodiments, instructions for administration. Such kits can facilitate performance of the methods described herein. When supplied as a kit, the different components of the composition can be packaged in separate containers and admixed immediately before use. Components include, but are not limited to an antibody (e.g., a monoclonal antibody) specific for a transcribable nucleic acid molecule described herein (e.g., SEQ ID NOS: 1-3, or variants thereof) or encoded polypeptides disclosed herein (e.g., SEQ ID NOS: 4-6, or variants thereof). Methods for generating such a monoclonal antibody are known in the art and can be adapted to the methods or compositions described herein. Such packaging of the components separately can, if desired, be presented in a pack or dispenser device which may contain one or more unit dosage forms containing the composition. The pack may, for example, comprise metal or plastic foil such as a blister pack. Such packaging of the components separately can also, in certain instances, permit long-term storage without losing activity of the components.
Kits may also include reagents in separate containers such as, for example, sterile water or saline to be added to a lyophilized active component packaged separately. For example, sealed glass ampules may contain a lyophilized component and in a separate ampule, sterile water, sterile saline or sterile each of which has been packaged under a neutral non-reacting gas, such as nitrogen. Ampules may consist of any suitable material, such as glass, organic polymers, such as polycarbonate, polystyrene, ceramic, metal or any other material typically employed to hold reagents. Other examples of suitable containers include bottles that may be fabricated from similar substances as ampules, and envelopes that may consist of foil-lined interiors, such as aluminum or an alloy. Other containers include test tubes, vials, flasks, bottles, syringes, and the like. Containers may have a sterile access port, such as a bottle having a stopper that can be pierced by a hypodermic injection needle. Other containers may have two compartments that are separated by a readily removable membrane that upon removal permits the components to mix. Removable membranes may be glass, plastic, rubber, and the like.
In certain embodiments, kits can be supplied with instructional materials. Instructions may be printed on paper or other substrate, and/or may be supplied as an electronic-readable medium, such as a floppy disc, mini-CD-ROM, CD-ROM, DVD-ROM, Zip disc, videotape, audio tape, and the like. Detailed instructions may not be physically associated with the kit; instead, a user may be directed to an Internet web site specified by the manufacturer or distributor of the kit.
Definitions and methods described herein are provided to better define the present disclosure and to guide those of ordinary skill in the art in the practice of the present disclosure. Unless otherwise noted, terms are to be understood according to conventional usage by those of ordinary skill in the relevant art.
In some embodiments, numbers expressing quantities of ingredients, properties such as molecular weight, reaction conditions, and so forth, used to describe and claim certain embodiments of the present disclosure are to be understood as being modified in some instances by the term “about.” In some embodiments, the term “about” is used to indicate that a value includes the standard deviation of the mean for the device or method being employed to determine the value. In some embodiments, the numerical parameters set forth in the written description and attached claims are approximations that can vary depending upon the desired properties sought to be obtained by a particular embodiment. In some embodiments, the numerical parameters should be construed in light of the number of reported significant digits and by applying ordinary rounding techniques. Notwithstanding that the numerical ranges and parameters setting forth the broad scope of some embodiments of the present disclosure are approximations, the numerical values set forth in the specific examples are reported as precisely as practicable. The numerical values presented in some embodiments of the present disclosure may contain certain errors necessarily resulting from the standard deviation found in their respective testing measurements. The recitation of ranges of values herein is merely intended to serve as a shorthand method of referring individually to each separate value falling within the range. Unless otherwise indicated herein, each individual value is incorporated into the specification as if it were individually recited herein.
In some embodiments, the terms “a” and “an” and “the” and similar references used in the context of describing a particular embodiment (especially in the context of certain of the following claims) can be construed to cover both the singular and the plural, unless specifically noted otherwise. In some embodiments, the term “or” as used herein, including the claims, is used to mean “and/or” unless explicitly indicated to refer to alternatives only or the alternatives are mutually exclusive.
The terms “comprise,” “have” and “include” are open-ended linking verbs. Any forms or tenses of one or more of these verbs, such as “comprises,” “comprising,” “has,” “having,” “includes” and “including,” are also open-ended. For example, any method that “comprises,” “has” or “includes” one or more steps is not limited to possessing only those one or more steps and can also cover other unlisted steps. Similarly, any composition or device that “comprises,” “has” or “includes” one or more features is not limited to possessing only those one or more features and can cover other unlisted features.
All methods described herein can be performed in any suitable order unless otherwise indicated herein or otherwise clearly contradicted by context. The use of any and all examples, or exemplary language (e.g., “such as”) provided with respect to certain embodiments herein is intended merely to better illuminate the present disclosure and does not pose a limitation on the scope of the present disclosure otherwise claimed. No language in the specification should be construed as indicating any non-claimed element essential to the practice of the present disclosure.
Groupings of alternative elements or embodiments of the present disclosure disclosed herein are not to be construed as limitations. Each group member can be referred to and claimed individually or in any combination with other members of the group or other elements found herein. One or more members of a group can be included in, or deleted from, a group for reasons of convenience or patentability. When any such inclusion or deletion occurs, the specification is herein deemed to contain the group as modified thus fulfilling the written description of all Markush groups used in the appended claims.
Citation of a reference herein shall not be construed as an admission that such is prior art to the present disclosure.
Having described the present disclosure in detail, it will be apparent that modifications, variations, and equivalent embodiments are possible without departing the scope of the present disclosure defined in the appended claims. Furthermore, it should be appreciated that all examples in the present disclosure are provided as non-limiting examples.
The following non-limiting examples are provided to further illustrate the present disclosure. It should be appreciated by those of skill in the art that the techniques disclosed in the examples that follow represent approaches the inventors have found function well in the practice of the present disclosure, and thus can be considered to constitute examples of modes for its practice. However, those of skill in the art should, in light of the present disclosure, appreciate that many changes can be made in the specific embodiments that are disclosed and still obtain a like or similar result without departing from the spirit and scope of the present disclosure.
The following example describes the positional cloning of the Rhg1 gene. Three genetic populations segregating for resistance to SCN PA3 (Hgtype 0) were used for mapping. These included an F2:6 recombinant inbred line (RIL) population from a cross between Forrest and Essex (98 individuals; Meksem et al., 2001), and two large F2 populations generated from crosses between Forrest and either Essex (1,755 lines) or Williams 82 (2,060 lines).
To enrich the chromosomal interval carrying the Rhg1 locus with recombinants, SCN phenotyping was conducted according to Brown et al. (2010). Because Forrest SCN-resistance requires both the Rhg1 and Rhg4 loci (Meksem et al., 2001), genotyping was conducted using DNA markers flanking both loci to detect informative recombinants at the Rhg1 locus. The SSR markers, Sat—210 and Satt309 (see, e.g., SoyBase and the Soybean Breeder's Toolbox at soybase.org), and SIUC-SAT143 were used to identify chromosomal breakpoints at the Rhg1 locus and the Rhg1 genotype of each recombinant. PCR amplifications were performed using DNA from individuals from each of the three genetic populations. To enrich the chromosomal regions carrying the Rhg1 locus with DNA markers, the GenBank published Williams 82 sequences were used to design PCR primers every 5 to 10 kbp of the 370 kbp carrying the Rhg1 locus. DNA from Forrest and Essex were tested with each primer using a modified EcoTILLING protocol to find and map polymorphic sequences at the Rhg1 locus (Meksem et al., 2008; Liu et al., 2011). The identified SNP and InDel DNA markers were integrated into the informative recombinants to identify chromosomal breakpoints and the interval that carried the Rhg1 locus. A high density genetic map was developed for the Rhg1 locus (see e.g.,
The following example shows the relationship between the Glyma18g02570 (armadillo/beta-catenin-like repeat), Glyma18g02580 (amino acid transporter) and Glyma18g02590 (SNAP) genes and resistance to SCN. A haplotype map was developed using 4 DNA markers (560, 570, 590 and Satt309) at the Rhg1 locus and 1 DNA marker (Sat—162) plus the Rhg4 GmSHMT gene at the Rhg4 locus, respectively The Forrest genotype was classified resistant (R) and the Essex genotype was classified susceptible (S). Lines were classified resistant (R) to SCN if female index (FI)≦10% and susceptible (S) if FI>10% (see e.g., TABLE 2).
In addition, a detailed haplotype analysis was conducted for the SNAP gene. The SNAP coding region from 11 soybean lines was sequenced, representing the SCN-resistance variability in soybean germplasm. The amino acid differences in the predicted protein sequences of SNAP from the 11 soybean lines are shown with the number indicating the amino acid position in the predicted protein (see e.g.,
The following example describes VIGS in soybean. Bean pod mottle virus (BPMV) VIGS vectors, pBPMV IA-R1M, and pBPMV-IA-D35 were used in this example (Zhang et. al., 2010). pBPMV-IA-D35 is a derivative of pBPMV-IA-R2 containing BamHI and KpnI restriction sites between the cistrons encoding the movement protein and the large coat protein 15 subunit. Briefly, a 328 bp fragment of the SNAP cDNA sequence was amplified from soybean (cv. Forrest) root cDNA by RT-PCR. PCR products were digested with BamHI and KpnI and ligated into pBPMV-IA-D35 digested with the same enzymes to generate pBPMV-IA-SNAP. Gold particles coated with plasmid DNA corresponding to pBPMV-IA-R1M and pBPMV-IA-SNAP were co-bombarded into soybean leaf tissue (Zhang et al., 2010). At 3-4 weeks post-inoculation, BPMV-infected leaves were collected, lyophilized, and stored at −20° C. for future experiments. Infected soybean leaf tissues were ground with a mortar and pestle in 0.05 M potassium phosphate buffer (pH 7.0) and used as virus inoculum for VIGS assays.
The SCN-resistant RIL ExF67 was inoculated with pBPMV-IA-SNAP (Glyma18g02590). Control plants were infected with BPMV only. Each treatment consisted of at least 12 plants. Unifoliate leaves of 9-day-old plants were rub-inoculated with virus using carborundum (Zhang et al., 2010). Plants were grown in a growth chamber set to the following conditions: 20-21° C., 16 h light/8 h dark, and 100 mE m-2s-1 light intensity. A strong hypersensitive cell death-like response was observed in the leaves of infected pBPMV-IA-SNAP plants (see e.g.,
Plants silenced for Glyma18g02590.1 in soybean leaves caused a strong hypersensitive cell death response (necrotic lesions) and compromised root growth. Consequently, the plants were not phenotyped against SCN (see e.g.,
SCN-resistance can be manifested at the site of nematode feeding as a strong hypersensitive response (HR) that leads to death of the feeding cell and nematode. Thus, these data indicate that interference in SNAP gene function in the resistant cultivar can mediate the SCN-resistance response.
The following example describes additional evidence from Near Isogenic Lines (NILs). NILs that differ in SCN-resistance because of variations at the Rhg1 locus, but not the Rhg4 locus, were analyzed by genome resequencing and GoldenGate SNP analysis. SNPs in and around the three additional genes were found to be polymorphic (see e.g., TABLE 3) and therefore were identified as conferring SCN-resistance.
The following example describes additional evidence from sequencing recombinant Inbred lines (RILs). RILs that differ in SCN-resistance because of variations at the Rhg1 locus, but not the Rhg4 locus, were analyzed by genome resequencing. SNPs in and around the three additional genes were found to be polymorphic (see e.g., TABLE 4) and therefore conferring SCN-resistance.
The following example describes additional evidence for the identification of Rhg1 gene, Glyma18g02590 (SNAP), conferring resistance to SCN, by next-generation sequencing of a targeted 300 kb region of Gm18 in soybean.
127 SNPs (FP88-S127, light-grey), 21 insertions (FP88-121, light-grey), and 27 deletions (FP88-D27, light-grey), possessed by Forrest, Peking, and PI88788, but not by Essex, confer resistance of Rhg1 to SCN (see e.g.,
The following example describes additional evidence for the identification of a missense Forrest SNAP Type III mutation of A111D in SEQ ID NO: 7.
Forrest SNAP Type III missense mutant A111D was screened by TILLING from the newly developed, chemically mutagenized SCN-resistant soybean Forrest population. SNAP in the A111D mutant was sequenced to characterize the identified allele and its subsequent amino acid changes within the predicted protein sequence. SIFT predictions were performed on the identified mutation. SIFT predicts whether an amino acid substitution affects protein function based on sequence homology and the physical properties of amino acids (reviewed in Henikoff and Comai, Annu Rev Plant Biol., 54:375-401, 2003). SIFT predictions with MC<3.25 are considered confident. Changes within a SIFT score<0.05 are predicted to be damaging to the protein.
As shown in TABLE 8, the A111D SIFT score (0.03) is <0.05. This mutation is predicted to damage the SNAP protein. The A111D mutation identified had MC value (3.00)<3.25, thus the SIFT prediction of the A111D mutant can be considered confident.
SCN susceptibility of Forrest SNAP Type III mutant A111D, as compared to SCN-resistant wild-type Forrest, indicates functionality of SNAP A111D mutation in soybean resistance to SCN (see e.g.,
The present application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 61/799,912 filed 15 Mar. 2013, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.
This invention was made with government support under grant number 0820642 awarded by National Science Foundation Plant Genome Research Program and DBI-0845196 awarded by National Science Foundation. The government has certain rights in the invention.
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 61799912 | Mar 2013 | US |
