The presently-disclosed invention relates generally to systems and methods of use thereof for controlling reactor power levels in nuclear thermal propulsion space reactors and, more specifically, to systems and methods of use thereof for control rod drive mechanisms for nuclear thermal propulsion space reactors.
In terrestrial pressurized water reactors (PWRs) 10, which constitute the majority of the world's nuclear power plants, the PWR 10 is primarily controlled by the insertion of internal control rods 12 that are located above the reactor core 14, as shown in
The neutron poison in the control rods 12 absorbs the neutrons that are used to provide criticality in nuclear reactors. The poison material in the control rods 12, when placed within the reactor core 14, absorbs enough neutrons to shut down the PWR 10. To control the PWR's power, the control rods 12 are removed axially in incremental steps in order to absorb only enough neutrons to maintain the PWR's criticality. During certain upset conditions, the PWR 10 performs an emergency shutdown, or SCRAM. During a SCRAM, the neutron-absorbing control rods 12 are inserted quickly into the reactor core 14. As stated above, in PWRs 10 the CRDMs 16 are located above the reactor core 14. During a SCRAM, the roller nuts 18 that secure to the threaded drive shafts 20 to the CRDMs 16 are mechanically or magnetically decoupled from the CRDMs 16, as shown in
In terrestrial boiling water reactors (BWRs) 22, the second most common type of reactor in nuclear power plants, the reactor power is controlled by either changing the water flow through the BWR 22, changing neutron absorbing chemistry in the coolant water, or inserting or withdrawing control rods 24. For both BWRs 22 and PWRs 10, coolant water enters the core 26 and 14, respectively, from the bottom and exits from the top of the core. BWR control rods 24, located below the reactor core 26, are inserted from below, as shown in
The reactivity of a nuclear space reactor 30 (
There at least remains a need, therefore, for systems and methods for controlling reactor power levels in nuclear space reactors.
One embodiment of the present invention provides a control rod assembly for a nuclear reactor having a reactor core and a pressurized fluid source, including a control rod disposed within a control rod sleeve, a lead screw that is selectively secured to the control rod, a trip latch that is secured to a bottom end of the lead screw, the trip latch being selectively securable to a top end of the control rod, a control rod drive motor that is operably connected to the lead screw, and a valve that is in fluid communication with the pressurized fluid source of the nuclear reactor and is movable between a first position in which the pressurized fluid source is isolated from the control rod sleeve and a second position in which the pressurized fluid source is in fluid communication with the control rod sleeve, wherein in the first position of the gas valve the trip latch is in a closed position and in the second position of the gas valve the trip latch is in an open position.
Another embodiment of the present invention provides a nuclear reactor having a reactor core, a pressurized fluid source, and a control rod assembly including a control rod disposed within a control rod sleeve, a lead screw, a trip latch that is secured to a bottom end of the lead screw, the trip latch being selectively securable to a top end of the control rod, a control rod drive motor that is operably connected to the lead screw, and a valve that is in fluid communication with the pressurized fluid source of the nuclear reactor and is movable between a first position in which the pressurized fluid source is isolated from the control rod sleeve and a second position in which the pressurized fluid source is in fluid communication with the control rod sleeve, wherein in the first position of the gas valve the trip latch is in a closed position and in the second position of the gas valve the trip latch is in an open position.
The accompanying drawings, which are incorporated in and constitute a part of this specification, illustrate one or more embodiments of the invention and, together with the description, serve to explain the principles of the invention.
The invention now will be described more fully hereinafter with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which some, but not, all embodiments of the invention are shown. Indeed, this invention may be embodied in many different forms and should not be construed as limited to the embodiments set forth herein; rather, these embodiments are provided so that this disclosure will satisfy applicable legal requirements.
Repeat use of reference characters in the present specification and drawings is intended to represent same or analogous features or elements of the invention according to the disclosure.
Reference will now be made to presently preferred embodiments of the invention, one or more examples of which are illustrated in the accompanying drawings. Each example is provided by way of explanation, not limitation of the invention. In fact, it will be apparent to those skilled in the art that modifications and variations can be made in the present invention without departing from the scope and spirit thereof. For instance, features illustrated or described as part of one embodiment may be used on another embodiment to yield a still further embodiment. Thus, it is intended that the present invention covers such modifications and variations as come within the scope of the appended claims and their equivalents.
The present invention is related to the use of interior control rods in nuclear space reactors as either the primary control system and/or only as the reactor shutdown system. Interior control rods may also be used as an independent, alternative shutdown system separate from the primary control drum (barrel) control system. As a secondary shutdown system, the backup control rods could be inserted into the reactor core during launch of the space vehicle for additional shutdown capability in case of a launch failure in which the core becomes submerged in water. After a successful launch and obtaining a safe orbit, the secondary interior control rods would be driven from the reactor core and the reactor startup/control would be governed entirely by the exterior rotating control drums. As the secondary shutdown system, the interior control rods would only be used to shut down the reactor if the primary control system fail. Of note for the present invention, when a nuclear space reactor is in space, gravity cannot assist in re-inserting interior control rods as with the previously discussed PWRs.
Various advantages of a space reactor gas assist control rod release mechanism (CRRM) are as follows: the disclosed CRRM allows the control rods to be rapidly inserted into the core without the assistance of gravity; no additional high pressurant is required beyond the normal nuclear thermal reactor space craft pressurized gas; there is no affect with regard to changing the control rod arrangement within the reactor core; valves within the system may be arranged to allow for multiple control rods to be activated from a single gas valve; and the system may be used for terrestrial gas reactors. Before discussing a preferred embodiment of a space reactor gas assist CRRM in accordance with the present invention, a discussion of the basic principles of nuclear thermal propulsion space reactors is presented.
Referring now to
In space, at initial startup of liquid fueled rockets, the fuel or coolant that is stored within a fuel tank can have a sloshing effect within the tank due to the zero-gravity environment. This sloshing fuel can disrupt the required supply of fuel to the compressor resulting in compressor damage. A method to eliminate fuel sloshing is placing a diaphragm 21 within the fuel tank 23 so that it is disposed between a pressurization gas 25 and the fuel 27, as shown in
Referring now to
Referring now to
Referring now to
Various gas delivery systems may be used to supply the high-pressure gas to the space reactor gas assist CRRM 40. For example, pressurized gas sources may include, but are not limited to, a dedicated control rod shutdown gas supply tank, high pressure thrust exhaust gas exiting the nuclear thermal rocket nozzle, fuel tank pressurant gas, high-pressure gas from the turbo-compressor system, and high-pressure hydraulic supply systems may be used.
While one or more preferred embodiments of the invention are described above, it should be appreciated by those skilled in the art that various modifications and variations can be made in the present invention without departing from the scope and spirit thereof. It is intended that the present invention cover such modifications and variations as come within the scope and spirit of the appended claims and their equivalents.
This application claims priority to U.S. Provisional Application No. 62/852,720, filed May 24, 2019, the entire disclosure of which is incorporated by reference herein.
Number | Name | Date | Kind |
---|---|---|---|
3038846 | Yeomans | Jun 1962 | A |
3108054 | Blackman, Jr. | Oct 1963 | A |
3124513 | Hawke | Mar 1964 | A |
3378455 | Rom | Apr 1968 | A |
3383858 | Willinski | May 1968 | A |
3733251 | Gilbertson | May 1973 | A |
3741867 | Fortescue | Jun 1973 | A |
3775247 | Ode et al. | Nov 1973 | A |
3822185 | Wetch | Jul 1974 | A |
3905634 | Johnson | Sep 1975 | A |
3933581 | McKeehan | Jan 1976 | A |
4030972 | Groves | Jun 1977 | A |
4139414 | Giuggio | Feb 1979 | A |
4863673 | Carruth | Sep 1989 | A |
20100067642 | Maruyama et al. | Mar 2010 | A1 |
Number | Date | Country |
---|---|---|
2020242880 | Dec 2020 | WO |
Entry |
---|
International Search Report and Written Opinion, PCT/US2020/033988, dated Oct. 8, 2020, 7 pages. |
Number | Date | Country | |
---|---|---|---|
20200373028 A1 | Nov 2020 | US |
Number | Date | Country | |
---|---|---|---|
62852720 | May 2019 | US |