Space solar cell

Abstract

Disclosed is a solar cell for use in space, comprising compound semiconductors used as photovoltaic conversion material. The solar cell comprises a cover glass used for improving the radiation tolerance as a substrate for thin film deposition. The solar cell further comprises a crystalline thin film of the compound semiconductors directly formed on a surface of the cover glass for acting as the photovoltaic conversion material. The crystalline thin film of compound semiconductors is formed using a metal organic chemical vapor deposition system.

Description

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

[0002] 1. Field of the Invention

[0003] The present invention relates to solar cells for use in space comprising compound semiconductors. More specifically, the invention relates to the improvement in performance and reduction in manufacturing cost for such solar cells.

[0004] 2. Prior Art

[0005] A solar cell or solar array has commonly been used as the main power source in a man-made satellite in space. The solar cell dedicated for use in space is produced using compound semiconductors of Group III-V compounds, for example, GaAs. For such solar cells, a crystalline thin film formed on a single-crystalline semiconductor substrate such as GaAs using a metal organic vapor phase deposition system is commonly used. Furthermore, in order to suppress any degradation in performance of the solar cell due to the presence of high energy cosmic rays such as electrons, protons, etc., in space, a high energy particle protection plate of glass, called “a cover glass”, is usually attached to a surface of the solar cells with an adhesive for improving the radiation tolerance of the solar cells.

[0006] In such compound semiconductor type solar cells the single-crystalline semiconductor substrate occupies the major part of the weight of the solar cells, but it does not contribute to photovoltaic conversion performance of the solar cells because of the high absorption coefficient of III-V materials. In such sense, the semiconductor substrate in the prior art solar cell is functionally useless, which is a major factor to impede realization of thinner and lighter solar cells. On the other hand, the single-crystalline semiconductor substrate is expensive, which adds to manufacturing cost of the solar cells. In addition, because of a step for attaching the cover glass involved in the assembly process for the solar cell arrays, such step obstructs reduction in manufacturing cost of the solar cell arrays. Furthermore, the adhesive for the cover glass is defective in that it increases the weight of the solar cell arrays.

[0007] In view of the above, an object of the present invention is to provide a compound semiconductor solar cells for space that has lighter weight, requires lower manufacturing cost and improves the radiation tolerance.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

[0008] To attain such object the present invention provides a compound semiconductor type solar cell for use in space, comprising a cover glass used as a substrate, and crystalline thin films of compound semiconductor directly formed on a cover glass.

[0009] In one embodiment of the present invention said crystalline thin film of a compound semiconductor is formed using a metal organic chemical vapor deposition system. The term “crystalline” is used herein to mean either “single-crystal” or “polycrystalline”.

[0010] Preferably said crystalline thin film of compound semiconductors is formed from Group III-V elements using a metal organic chemical vapor deposition system.

[0011] In another embodiment said crystalline thin films of the compound semiconductor is formed at the temperature range of approx. 400° C. to 600° C.

[0012] Preferably said crystalline thin films of the compound semiconductor are formed at the temperature range of approx. 450° C. to 550° C.

[0013] In the manufacturing process of the solar cell according to the present invention a cover glass is provided, instead of the conventional semiconductor substrate. Then, a thin film of semiconductor acting as a photovoltaic conversion element is formed on a surface of the cover glass using a metal organic chemical vapor deposition system (MOCVD). In this connection the cover glass acting as the substrate is required to be heated for thermally decomposable thin film growth materials of semiconductors. To avoid deterioration or softening of the glass occurred if the temperature is too high it is necessary to precisely control the substrate temperature in a MOCVD system. In general the glass starts to soften when the temperature exceeds approx. 600° C., therefore, the temperature of the substrate in a MOCVD system is required to be kept less than approx. 600° C., and more preferably, less than approx. 550° C. On the other hand, if the temperature is too low, decomposition of the semiconductor crystal growth material is impeded, therefore, the substrate temperature is required to be kept over at least approx. 400° C., and more preferably, over 450° C. This temperature range is relatively lower, as compared to the conventional process where the thin film is formed on the semiconductor substrate at the temperature ranging from approx. 600° C. to approx. 800° C.

[0014] In such manner, the cover glass is used, in place of the conventional semiconductor substrate, which can dispense with the single-crystal semiconductor substrate and the adhesive for the cover glass used in the prior art. Accordingly the weight and manufacturing cost of the solar cell can be significantly reduced. According to the present invention the semiconductor thin film is formed with the cover glass, which completely eliminates the step for attaching cover glass in the prior art. This can further reduce the manufacturing cost of the solar cell.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0015] The invention is better understood by reading the following Detailed Description of the Preferred Embodiments with reference to the accompanying drawing figures, in which like reference numerals refer to like elements throughout, and in which:

[0016] FIG. 1 is a cross section view illustrating the construction of a compound semiconductor type solar cell for use in space constructed according to one embodiment of the present invention;

[0017] FIG. 2 is a graph showing an X-ray diffraction spectrum measured on a multi-layered film of crystalline compound semiconductors used for manufacturing the compound semiconductor type solar cell in FIG. 1;

[0018] FIG. 3 is a graph showing the relation between light absorption coefficient and photon energy measured on the multi-layered film of the crystalline compound semiconductor used for manufacturing the compound semiconductor type solar cell in FIG. 1;

[0019] FIG. 4 is a graph showing a current-voltage characteristic for the compound semiconductor type solar cell according to one embodiment of the present invention; and

[0020] FIG. 5 is a graph showing a radiation degradation characteristic for the compound semiconductor type solar cell when it is irradiated with 1 MeV electrons.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

[0021] FIG. 1 is a cross section view illustrating the structure of a compound semiconductor type solar cell for use in space constructed according to one embodiment of the present invention. Instead of using conventional semiconductor substrates, the solar cell in this embodiment includes a cover glass 01 used as a substrate, that is in the form of a square plate having the dimension of 2 cm×2 cm and the thickness of 150 μm. The cover glass 01 is one that is available from Pilkington PLC in United Kingdom under the model name of “CMG” and that has the same thermal expansion coefficient as GaAs. The composition of the cover glass typically includes boron in 5.2%; oxygen in 51%; sodium in 3.7%; aluminum in 1.4%; and silicon in 38.8%. In addition, the cover glass has physical characteristics including distorting point of approx. 510° C. (that means the maximum temperature in normal usage over which any deterioration starts) and softening point of approx. 720° C. (over which any deformation starts).

[0022] One side of the cover glass 01 on which the thin film compound semiconductors is formed has already been provided with an electrically conductive and transparent layer 02 of zinc oxide used as an electrode of the solar cell. On such transparent conductive layer 02 of the cover glass 01 the following layers are sequentially formed: n+-AlGaAs crystalline semiconductor layer 03; n+-GaAs crystalline semiconductor layer 04; p-GaAs crystalline semiconductor layer 05; and p+-GaAs crystalline semiconductor layer 06 (“+” means that the carrier density is higher), thereby configuring the solar cell. The n+-AlGaAs crystalline semiconductor layer 03 has the thickness of approx. 0.1 μm and the carrier density of approx. 2×1019 cm−3. The n+-GaAs crystalline semiconductor layer 04 has the thickness of approx. 0.3 μm and the carrier density of approx. 5×1018 cm−3. The p-GaAs crystalline semiconductor layer 05 has the thickness of approx. 2.0 m and the carrier density of approx. 2×1016 cm−3. The p+-GaAs crystalline semiconductor layer 06 has the thickness of approx. 0.2 μm and the carrier density of approx. 2×1019 cm−3. A p-side metal electrode 07 of Au—Ge/Ni/Au is formed entirely on the p+-GaAs crystalline semiconductor layer 06. The metal electrode 07 also acts as a reflection layer for the light that is not absorbed, but is transmitted thereto. In addition, a-side metal electrode 08 of Au is formed on the zinc oxide layer 02 at the end portion thereof. A solar cell having the configuration as above is used is called “a superstrate type” in which the light is incident on the front surface of the cover glass. It is noted that the thickness of each of the semiconductor layers in FIG. 1 is not illustrated in the real scale.

[0023] Process for manufacturing the compound semiconductor type solar cell for use in space will be described in more detail hereafter.

[0024] First of all the cover glass 01 having one side dimension of 2 inch in diameter and thickness of 150 μm and having a zinc oxide layer 02 formed on one side thereof is degreased by washing it with solutions including an organic solvent such as acetone and then sulfuric acid added with hydrogen peroxide. Thereafter, both surfaces of the cover glass are etched using a hydrogen fluoride solution.

[0025] After the washing for degreasing and the etching, the cover glass 01 is placed on a graphite susceptor in a reactor of a metal organic chemical vapor deposition system (MOCVD) with the zinc oxide layer 02 faced upwardly. Then a radio frequency heating system is operated to heat the susceptor for increasing the temperature of the cover glass to the desired substrate temperature. Next, the sequential growth of n+-AlGaAs crystalline semiconductor layer 03; n+-GaAs crystalline semiconductor layer 04; p-GaAs crystalline semiconductor layer 05; and p+-GaAs crystalline semiconductor layer 06 is performed. The n-type and p-type dopants are Se and Zn, respectively, and the time period required for growth of the layers is determined depending on the thickness of the layers. After completion of growth of the layers, the reactor is cooled down to the ambient temperature and the resultant product is removed from the MOCVD system. It is desired that the substrate temperature is set at some temperature that is lower than the distorting temperature over which the physical characteristics of the cover glass such as light transmittivity starts to change. In this example the substrate temperature is set at 500° C.

[0026] FIG. 2 is a graph showing an X-ray diffraction spectrum measured on the semiconductor multi-layered film produced by the MOCVD system, as described above. As can be seen in the graph, a diffraction line (111) is shown as having higher strength. This is due to the polycrystalline film mainly oriented to (111) direction rather than (220) or (311) orientations. Therefore, the semiconductor multi-layered film has the crystalline characteristic, instead of amorphous characteristic.

[0027] FIG. 3 is a graph showing the relation between light absorption coefficient (squared value) and optical band gap derived from the wavelength dependency of light reflection and light transmission measured on the multi-layered film. Because of the very thin n+-AlGaAs crystalline semiconductor layer 03 it may be considered that the graph in FIG. 3 substantially shows the relation between light absorption coefficient and the optical band gap for the GaAs layers 04 to 06. The value of the optical band gap estimated from the threshold of the light absorption coefficient (squared value) is approx. 1.35 eV, which is considered preferable for solar cell material.

[0028] Thereafter, the p-side metal electrode 07 having Au/Ni/Au—Ge construction is formed entirely on the surface of the p+-GaAs crystalline semiconductor layer 06 using the vacuum evaporation system. Then, an annealing process is conducted at the temperature of approx. 400° C. for a period of approx. 15 min. to reduce contact resistance between metal and semiconductor. Next, a pattern is produced for forming the electrodes on the front side by a conventional photolithography. Then, an end portion of the crystalline semiconductor multi-layered film is partially etched using an etching solution including the mixture of phosphoric acid, hydrogen peroxide, and pure water. Evaporation process is then used to produce the n-side electrode 08 made from Au. FIG. 4 is a graph showing a current-voltage characteristic for the compound semiconductor type solar cell according to the present invention, as measured under such condition that it is irradiated with “AMO simulated sunlight” (of 136.7 mW/cm2) at the cell temperature of 28° C. The data such as the open-circuit voltage of 931 mV, the short-circuit current density of 27.9 mA/cm2 and the fill factor of 78.2% are derived, which provides a conversion efficiency of approx. 15.0%.

[0029] FIG. 5 is a graph showing the remaining factor of the maximum output power (or the ratio of deteriorated value to the initial value) for the compound semiconductor type solar cell according to the present invention, as measured after irradiated with an electron ray of 1 MeV. The remaining factor at the irradiation dose of 1×1015 cm−2 is 95%, and the output power at that time is equal to that of the conventional single-crystalline GaAs solar cell at the irradiation dose of 1×1015 cm−2.

[0030] Thus, one embodiment of the present invention has been described in detail with reference to the drawings. The present invention is, however, not limited to such embodiment, but it may be implemented in several other ways.

[0031] For instance, the present invention has been described with respect to the solar cell formed from the compound semiconductors such as GaAs and AlGaAs. However, the present invention may additionally be applied to the solar cell formed from another compound semiconductors such as InP, InGaP, InGaAs, GaN, ZnSe, etc.

[0032] In the embodiment as above, the “MOCVD” system has been used to produce the multi-layered film of the crystalline compound semiconductors of the solar cell. Of course, other thin film growth process such as a molecular beam epitaxial growth system may be used. Furthermore, the structure of the multi-layered film of the compound semiconductors on the solar cell may be modified to have another structure such as that for so called tandem type solar cell where there is two or more p-n junctions provided therein.

[0033] It will be understood that the present invention may be embodied in other specific forms without departing from the spirit or scope thereof. The present example and embodiment, therefore, are to be considered in all respect as illustrative and not restrictive, and the present invention is not to be limited to the details given herein.

Claims

1. A method of forming a solar cell for use in space, comprising the steps of: etching a surface of a cover glass used for improving the resistance to radiation characteristic of the solar cell using a hydrogen fluoride solution; and directly after the etching step, forming a crystalline thin film of the compound semiconductors directly on the entire etched surface of the cover glass at a temperature less than a distorting temperature of the cover glass, for acting as the photovoltaic conversion material.

2. A method of making a solar cell according to claim 1 in which in the forming step the crystalline thin film of the compound semiconductors is formed using a metal organic chemical vapor deposition system.

3. A method of making a solar cell according to claim 1 in which in the forming step, the crystalline thin film of the compound semiconductors is formed from Group III-V elements using a metal organic chemical vapor deposition system.

4. A method of making a solar cell according to claim 3 in which in the forming step, the said crystalline thin film of the compound semiconductors is formed in the temperature range of approximately 400° C. to 600° C.

5. A method of making a solar cell according to claim 3 in which in the forming step, the crystalline thin film of the compound semiconductors is formed in the temperature range of approximately 500° C. to 550° C.