The present invention relates to a spark plug.
For a spark plug, not only a longer life for realizing maintenance-free but also an improvement in ignition performance and an improvement in combustion efficiency by reducing a size of electrode have been demanded. In order to satisfy these demands, a spark plug including a noble metal tip of platinum, iridium, or the like joined to a spark discharge portion of a center electrode has been frequently used. To further improve the ignition performance, it has been proposed that noble metal tips are joined not only to the center electrode but also to a ground electrode (outer electrode) (refer to Patent Document 1).
Patent Document 1: JP-A-11-121142
When such a noble metal tip is joined, in order to prevent a removal of the noble metal tip from the electrode base member, a method is used in which, for example, on the center electrode, the noble metal tip is placed on the front end of the center electrode base member and the boundary between the noble metal tip and the front end of the center electrode base member is directly melted by a laser, etc. By thus melting, a fused portion with a comparatively large volume is formed at a joint portion between the noble metal tip and the center electrode base member. This fused portion is made of an alloy containing the component of the noble metal tip and the component of the center electrode base member (for example, a nickel-based material). As a result, the fused portion has a thermal expansion coefficient which is intermediate between the thermal expansion coefficient of the noble metal tip and the thermal expansion coefficient of the center electrode base member, and functions as a stress relaxing layer with a comparatively large volume. Therefore, as aforementioned, the effectiveness in preventing the removal increases.
When a noble metal tip is provided on the center electrode base member, if a length from the front end of the noble metal tip to the fused portion formed between the noble metal tip and the front end of the center electrode base member is approximately 0.3 mm, it is regarded as possible to secure ignition performance and durability in an existing engine. However, in recent years, the engine itself is improved in performance in such a way that the compression ratio in the combustion chamber is made higher. As a result, a further improvement in a spark plug having a noble metal tip joined to the center electrode base member has been demanded.
For example, when a noble metal tip joined to the center electrode base member is made longer, spark discharge positions come closer to the center side of the combustion chamber, thereby to improve the ignition performance. On the other hand, the heat conduction property of the noble metal tip caused by the combustion heat in the combustion chamber becomes worse as the length of the noble metal tip (hereinafter also referred to as tip length) increases, which may deteriorate the durability.
In view of the above-described problems, from a standpoint of focusing on the length of the noble metal tip and the shape of the fused portion which has not been attempted conventionally, the present invention is for realizing both of an improvement in ignition performance and an improvement in durability. An object of the present invention is to provide a new spark plug which can realize both of an improvement in ignition performance and an improvement in durability while a noble metal tip joined to the front end of the center electrode base member is made longer.
To achieve the above-described object, the following configuration is adopted in the present invention.
A spark plug comprises: a center electrode; an insulating body which has an axial hole extending in an axis line direction and holds the center electrode in the axial hole; a metal shell which holds the insulating body and surrounds a radial periphery of the insulating body; and a ground electrode having one end portion joined to the metal shell and the other end portion, the ground electrode being bent such that the other end portion opposes a front end portion of the center electrode so as to form a spark gap between the other end portion and the center electrode, wherein the center electrode comprises: an electrode base member comprising an electrode base member mount tapered in a front end portion thereof such that a diameter thereof is reduced toward a front end side; and a noble metal tip joined to a front end surface of the electrode base member mount, wherein the noble metal tip and the electrode base member are joined via a fused portion in which a component of the noble metal tip and a component of the electrode base member mount are fused, and CL≧0.5 mm is satisfied where CL is a shortest distance in the axis line direction from a tip side boundary defined between the fused portion and the noble metal tip to a front end of the noble metal tip, and wherein S1<S2 and 5≦(S3−S2)/D≦50 are satisfied where S1 is a cross section area of the tip side boundary, S2 is a cross section area of a base member side boundary defined between the fused portion and the electrode base member mount, S3 is a cross section area of a base portion of the electrode base member mount, and D is a shortest distance in the axis line direction from the base member side boundary to the base portion.
In this case, it is suitable for the actual situation to calculate the cross section areas S1 to S3 and the shortest distances (lengths) D and CL in the above-described relational expression in units of millimeters according to the actual dimensions of a spark plug to be mounted in an internal combustion. As an example of actual dimensions, radiuses at the boundaries described above for calculating the above-described cross section areas S1 to S3 are approximately not more than 1.5 mm.
In the spark plug configured as described above, when a noble metal tip is melted and joined to the front end face of a tapered electrode base member mount via the fused portion, the cross section area S1 of the tip side boundary between the fused portion and the noble metal tip and the cross section area S2 of the base member side boundary between the fused portion and the electrode base member mount are set so as to satisfy the first relational expression of S1<S2. The electrode base member mount is tapered such that the diameter thereof is reduced toward the front end side. As a matter of course, the cross section area S3 of the base portion of the electrode base member mount is larger than the cross section area S2 of the base member side boundary. Therefore, from the noble metal tip to the base portion of the electrode base member mount, the cross section area increases in the order of the noble metal tip, the fused portion, and the electrode base member mount. Therefore, there is no special problem with heat conduction from the noble metal tip as long as the noble metal tip is a conventional short-length noble metal tip. On the other hand, when the above-described relationship among the cross section areas is simply maintained and the length of the noble metal tip is increased (the shortest distance CL (corresponding to tip length) in the axis line direction from the tip side boundary to the front end of the noble metal tip is set to 0.5 millimeters or more), the cross section becomes progressively increases from the noble metal tip to the base portion of the electrode base member mount, but it is expected that heat conduction from the noble metal tip is deteriorated according to the increase in tip length.
On the other hand, in the spark plug configured as described above, in addition to the above-described relationship (S1<S2), the cross section area S2 of the base member side boundary between the fused portion and the electrode base member mount and the cross section area S3 of the base portion of the electrode base member mount are set so as to satisfy a second relational expression of 5≦(S3−S2)/D≦50 which indicates that (S3−S2)/D showing an area increase rate per unit length from the base member side boundary to the base portion is from 5 to 50, where D is the shortest distance in the axis line direction from the base member side boundary to the base portion. Accordingly, when the heat of the noble metal tip is conducted to the base portion of the electrode base member mount through the fused portion, the heat propagation distance from the base member side boundary to the base portion in the axis line direction of the electrode base member mount becomes shorter. Further, the heat propagation area at the time of heat propagation suddenly spreads as defined by the second relational expression of 5≦(S3−S2)/D≦50. Therefore, even when the tip length of the noble metal tip is made longer (0.5 mm or more) than an existing one, heat conduction from the noble metal tip is possible without problems. As a result, both of an improvement in ignition performance and an improvement in durability can be realized while the noble metal tip is made longer.
The spark plug may be embodied as follows. For example, in the spark plug in which: the center electrode (20) is held by the insulating body in a state where at least the noble metal tip (90), the fused portion (23), and the electrode base member mount (22) are exposed from the insulating body; the ground electrode (30A) is bent such that the other end portion of the ground electrode opposes a side surface of the noble metal tip (90); and the spark gap GA is formed between the other end portion of the ground electrode (30A) and the side surface of the noble metal tip (90), GB/GA≧1.05 is satisfied where GB is a shortest distance from the other end portion of the ground electrode (30A) to the tip side boundary (K1). Thus, by defining the spark gap GA between the other end portion of the ground electrode and the side surface of the noble metal tip and the shortest distance GB from the other end portion of the ground electrode to the tip side boundary so as to satisfy the above-described relational expression (GB/GA≧1.05), even if minute bumps are formed on the surface of the fused portion or an oxide film is formed thereon, the spark discharge from the fused portion to the other end portion of the ground electrode can be reduced. Therefore, ignition performance of the spark plug having a spark gap formed between the other end face of the ground electrode and the side surface of the noble metal tip can be improved.
Further, the shortest distance CL in the axis line direction from the tip side boundary to the front end of the noble metal tip and the cross section area S1 of the tip side boundary are set so as to satisfy the relational expression of 1.4≦CL/S1≦7.2. By satisfying the relational expression (1.4≦CL/S1≦7.2), the noble metal tip can be made longer while both of an improvement in ignition performance and an improvement in durability are realized.
Hereinafter, an embodiment of the present invention will be described based on an embodiment.
As shown in
The insulator 10 is formed by sintering alumina, etc., as generally known and has a cylindrical shape having an axial hole 12 formed so as to extend in the axis line O direction around the axis. The insulator 10 includes a flange portion 19, a rear side barrel portion 18, a front side barrel portion 17, and a leg portion 13. The flange portion 19 is formed at substantially the center in the axis line O direction of the insulator 10, and has the largest outer diameter in the insulator 10. The rear side barrel portion 18 is formed on the further rear end side (upper side in
As shown in
The front end portion of the center electrode 20, specifically, the front end portion of the electrode base member 21 includes: an electrode base member mount 22 tapered such that the diameter thereof is reduced toward the front end; a fused portion 23; and an electrode tip 90. This front end portion including the electrode tip 90 protrudes toward the further front end side than the front end portion 11 of the insulator 10. The electrode tip 90 is formed by containing a noble metal with a high melting point as a major component to improve its spark wear resistance. This electrode tip 90 is made, for example, of iridium (Ir) or an Ir alloy. The Ir alloy is an Ir alloy which contains Ir as a major component and to which one or two or more kinds among platinum (Pt), rhodium (Rh), ruthenium (Ru), palladium (Pd), and rhenium (Re) are added. As a detailed example, an Ir-5Pt alloy (an iridium alloy containing platinum in an amount of 5 mass %) and an Ir-11Ru-8Rh-1Ni alloy (an iridium alloy containing ruthenium in an amount of 11 mass %, rhodium in an amount of 8 mass %, and nickel in an amount of 1 mass %) are frequently used.
The fused portion 23 is formed by welding the electrode tip 90 to the electrode base member mount 22, for example, laser welding in which a laser is irradiated and the heat of the laser melts the electrode base member mount 22 and the electrode tip 90. In other words, in a state where the electrode tip 90 is disposed on the front end face of the electrode base member mount 22, while irradiating a laser onto the boundary surface between the electrode base member mount 22 and the electrode tip 90, the irradiation point is moved around once across the entire circumference of the boundary surface. In this laser welding, both materials (the component material of the electrode base member mount 22 and the noble metal of the electrode tip 90) are fused and mixed by the laser irradiation. Accordingly, the electrode tip 90 and the electrode base member mount 22 are firmly joined to each other, and a fused portion 23 which connects the electrode base member mount 22 and the electrode tip 90 is formed. This fused portion 23 is formed as an alloy of both materials by fusing of both materials.
The center electrode 20 extends inside the axial hole 12 toward the rear end side, and is electrically connected to the terminal fitting 40 on the rear side (upper side in
The ground electrode 30 is made of a metal with high corrosion resistance, and for example, a nickel alloy such as INCONEL (trade name) 600 or 601 is used. This ground electrode 30 extends in its longitudinal direction between the base end portion (one end portion) 32 and the distal end portion (the other end portion) 31. The cross section of the ground electrode 30 in a direction orthogonal to this longitudinal direction has substantially a rectangular shape. The base end portion 32 is joined to the front end face 57 of the metal shell 50 by welding. The ground electrode 30 is bent so that one side surface of the distal end portion 31 opposes the electrode tip 90 of the center electrode 20 on the axis line O. This ground electrode 30 forms a spark gap G between the one side surface of the distal end portion 31 and the front end face of the electrode tip 90. In the spark plug 100 of the present embodiment, this spark gap G is set to 0.6 to 1.2 mm.
The metal shell 50 is a cylindrical fitting for fixing the spark plug 100 to the engine head 200 of an internal combustion. The metal shell 50 holds therein a portion of the insulator 10 from a part of the rear side barrel portion 18 to the leg portion 13 by surrounding this portion. The metal shell 50 is made of a low-carbon steel material, and includes a tool engagement portion 51 with which a spark plug wrench not shown engages and an attaching threaded portion 52 having a screw thread formed so as to screw-fit to the attaching threaded hole 201 of the engine head 200 provided on the upper portion of the internal combustion. In the present embodiment, the outer diameter M (nominal diameter) of this attaching threaded portion 52 is set to M14 which is a standard outer diameter, or M12 to M10 which is smaller than M14.
Between the tool engagement portion 51 and the attaching threaded portion 52 of the metal shell 50, a flange-shaped seal portion 54 is formed. To the screw neck 59 between the attaching threaded portion 52 and the seal portion 54, an annular gasket 5 formed by bending a plate member is inserted and fitted. When the spark plug 100 is attached to the engine head 200, the gasket 5 is pressed and deformed between the bearing surface 55 of the seal portion 54 and the opening peripheral portion 205 of the attaching threaded hole 201. This deformation of the gasket 5 makes a sealing between the spark plug 100 and the engine head 200, and air leaks from the inside of the engine via the attaching threaded hole 201 are prevented.
On the further rear end side than the tool engagement portion 51 of the metal shell 50, a thin crimping portion 53 is provided. Between the seal portion 54 and the tool engagement portion 51, a buckling portion 58 which is thin, similar to the crimping portion 53, is provided. Between the inner peripheral surface of the metal shell 50 from the tool engagement portion 51 to the crimping portion 53 and the outer peripheral surface of the rear side barrel portion 18 of the insulator 10, annular ring members 6 and 7 are interposed. Further, between the ring members 6 and 7, powder of talc 9 is filled. By bending the crimping portion 53 inward to crimp it, the insulator 10 is pressed toward the front end side inside the metal shell 50 via the ring members 6 and 7 and the talc 9. Accordingly, on the step portion 56 formed at the position of the attaching threaded portion 52 on the inner periphery of the metal shell 50, the step portion 15 of the insulator 10 is supported via an annular plate packing 8, and the metal shell 50 and the insulator 10 are integrated. At this time, airtightness between the metal shell 50 and the insulator 10 is kept by the plate packing 8, and a combustion gas is prevented from flowing out. The buckling portion 58 is configured to warp and deform outward along with application of a compressing force when crimping, and the compression length in the axis line O direction of talc 9 is made longer and the airtightness inside the metal shell 50 is increased. Between the metal shell 50 and the insulator 10 on the further front end side than the step portion 56, a clearance with a predetermined size is provided.
The above-described spark plug 100 can be produced according to the following production method, for example. First, a center electrode 20 on which the above-described electrode tip 90 has been joined to the electrode base member mount 22 via a fused portion 23, an insulator 10, a metal shell 50, and a ground electrode 30 are prepared. Then, the center electrode 20 is fitted to the insulator 10 so as to cover the outer periphery of the center electrode 20 while exposing the front end portion (specifically, the electrode tip 90, the fused portion 23, and the electrode base member mount 22) of the center electrode 20. Thereafter, the metal shell 50 is fitted to the outer periphery of the insulator 10 such that the front end portion of the insulator 10 protrudes by 1.5 millimeters or more from the front end face of the metal shell 50, and the base end portion of the ground electrode 30 is joined to the front end face 57 of the metal shell 50. Thereafter, the ground electrode 30 is bent such that the distal end portion 31 of the ground electrode 30 opposes the front end portion of the center electrode 20.
Next, the center electrode 20 in the spark plug 100 of the present embodiment will be described in detail.
In the state where the electrode tip 90 has been joined to the electrode base member mount 22 via the fused portion 23, in the present embodiment, the cross section area S1 of the tip side boundary K1 between the fused portion 23 and the electrode tip 90 and the cross section area S2 of the base member side boundary K2 between the fused portion 23 and the electrode base member mount 22 satisfy the relational expression of S1<S2. This relational expression can be satisfied by setting the cross section area of the electrode tip 90 equal to or slightly smaller than the front end area of the tapered electrode base member mount 22. The electrode base member mount 22 is tapered, so that the cross section area S3 of the base portion K3 of the electrode base member mount 22 becomes larger than the cross section area S2 of the base member side boundary K2 as a matter of course.
In addition to this definition of the cross section area at the boundaries, in the present embodiment, the cross section area S2 of the base member side boundary K2 and the cross section area S3 of the base portion K3 of the electrode base member mount 22 are defined as follows. As shown in
Further, regarding the electrode tip 90, the shortest distance (tip effective length) CL in the axis line direction from the tip side boundary K1 to the front end of the electrode tip 90 is associated with the cross section area S1 of the tip side boundary K1 so as to satisfy the relational expression of 1.4≦CL/S1≦7.2. Hereinafter, a value (CL/S1) of the tip side boundary K1 divided by the cross section area S1 is referred to as a tip length per area.
In this case, after the electrode tip 90 and the distal end portion 31 of the ground electrode 30 are placed in the combustion chamber of the engine head 200, the spark plug 100 is fitted to the internal combustion by the attaching threaded portion 52 with an outer diameter (nominal diameter) of M10 to M14. From these circumstances, the possible values of the cross section area S1 of the tip side boundary K1, the cross section area S2 of the base member side boundary K2, the cross section area S3 of the base portion K3, the shortest distance D in the axis line direction from the base member side boundary K2 to the base portion K3, and the tip effective length CL of the electrode tip 90 are naturally limited. Besides, these cross section areas S1 to S3, the shortest distance D, and the tip effective length CL are set so as to satisfy the above-described relational expressions. In detail, the tip effective length CL is in a range of approximately 0.5 to 1.7 mm, and a radius of the tip side boundary K1 for calculating the cross section area S1, a radius of the base member side boundary K2 for calculating the cross section area S2, and a radius of the base portion K3 for calculating the cross section area S3 are in a range of approximately 0.7 to 1.5 mm.
From the test results of
Considering the tip length per area (CL/S1) of the electrode tip 90 as well, when this value (CL/S1) is set so as to satisfy 1.4≦CL/S1≦7.2, the wear reduction effect of the electrode tip 90 is remarkable as compared with the samples No. 1 and No. 6 of which the value (CL/S1) is outside this range.
From these results, in the case where an electrode tip 90 with a long tip effective length CL not less than 0.5 mm is joined to the electrode base member mount 22 via the fused portion 23, upon setting (S3−S2)/D from the base member side boundary K2 to the base portion K3 to 5≦(S3−S2)/D≦50, when the tip length per area (CL/S1) of the electrode tip 90 is 1.4≦CL/S1≦7.2, the wear reduction effect of the electrode tip 90 can be significantly increased while the electrode tip 90 is made longer.
Since degree of wear of the electrode tip 90 is influenced by heat conduction from the electrode tip 90, the test results shown in
As shown in
On the other hand, in Sample No. 6 (CL/S1=9.6) in which the electrode tip 90 has a tip length per area (CL/S1) more than 7.2, the tip effective length CL of the electrode tip 90 is extremely long, so that the electrode tip 90 becomes large. Therefore, even when the cross section area is expanded as described above, heat conduction of the electrode tip 90 itself is very poor, so that as shown in
On the other hand, in Samples No. 2 to No. 5 with tip lengths per area (CL/S1) satisfying the relational expression of 1.4≦CL/S1≦7.2, when (S3−S2)/D becomes not less than 5, the degree of wear of the electrode tip 90 is greatly reduced and the durability is improved. This is attributed to the facts that the shortest distance D between the base member side boundary K2 and the base portion K3 becomes smaller due to the large value of (S3−S2)/D (see
Next, another embodiment will be described.
As shown in the figure, in the spark plug 100A, as described above, an electrode tip 90 is joined to the electrode base member mount 22 on the front end of the electrode base member 21 via a fused portion 23. The spark plug 100A includes a ground electrode 30A. The base end portion (one end portion) 32A of the ground electrode 30A is welded and joined to the front end face 57 of the metal shell 50. The ground electrode 30A is bent so that the end face of the distal end portion (the other end portion) 31A of the ground electrode 30A opposes the side surface of the electrode tip 90 of the center electrode 20. The electrode tip 91 is joined to the end face of the distal end portion 31A of the ground electrode 30A. The distal end face of the electrode tip 91 opposes the side surface of the electrode tip 90 on the axis Q perpendicular to the axis line O, and a spark gap GA is formed between the distal end face of the electrode tip 91 and the side surface of the electrode tip 90. In the spark plug 100A of the present embodiment, this spark gap GA is also set to 0.3 to 1.2 mm. The electrode tip 91 on the ground electrode 30A side is a noble metal tip formed by containing a noble metal as a major component similar to the electrode tip 90 on the center electrode 20 side, and a Pt-20Rh alloy (a platinum alloy containing rhodium in an amount of 20 mass %) and a Pt-20Ir-5Rh alloy (a platinum alloy containing iridium in an amount of 20 mass % and rhodium in an amount of 5 mass %), etc., are frequently used.
In the spark plug 100A shown in
It was decided to make the measurement of the fused portion spark discharge ratio for the following reason. In a high compression ratio engine which has spread greatly in recent years, the combustion chamber pressure is high. Therefore, for a ground electrode which is curved and extended toward the center electrode side, an improvement in strength of the curved portion in an environment with a high compression ratio and a high combustion pressure are demanded more than in an existing engine, and reduction in length of the ground electrode is desirable. From the viewpoint of discharge reliability between the short-length ground electrode and the center electrode, in a spark plug having a spark gap formed around the center electrode, the ground electrode opposes the side surface of the center electrode, more specifically, the side surface of the noble metal tip (electrode tip 90) on the front end of the center electrode. In this case, if the ground electrode simply opposes the side surface of the noble metal tip on the front end of the center electrode, the ignition performance may deteriorate. In other words, since the fused portion which is a joint portion between the noble metal tip and the center electrode front end is an alloy formed through melting of the electrode constituent material (for example, nickel) and the noble metal, minute irregularities or an oxide film due to melting are present on the surface of the fused portion, so that fused portion spark discharge may occur which cause discharge between the fused portion and the ground electrode. Since the fused portion is on the base portion side of the noble metal tip, that is, away from the combustion chamber, it is estimated that even if spark discharge occurs between the fused portion and the ground electrode, the spark discharge does not result in fuel ignition in the combustion chamber. Therefore, the situation of occurrence of spark discharge from the side surface of the fused portion 23 is investigated, and the results of the investigation are shown in the graph of
In the graph shown in
Embodiments of the present invention are described above, however, the present invention is not limited to the embodiments, and various configurations are possible without departing from the scope of the present invention. For example, the following modifications are possible.
In the spark plug 100 shown in
Further, the electrode tip 90 and the electrode base member mount 22 can be variously formed as long as (S3−S2)/D from the base member side boundary K2 to the base portion K3 and the tip length per area (CL/S1) of the electrode tip 90 satisfy the relationship of 5≦(S3−S2)/D≦50 and the relationship of 1.4≦CL/S1≦7.2.
As shown in
The example article B is formed in which the tip effective length CL is made longer than that in the example article A in the range of the tip length per area (CL/S1) satisfying the above-described relationship. In the example article C, (S3−S2)/D is increased by shortening the shortest distance D from the base member side boundary K2 to the base portion K3, so that heat conduction from the electrode tip 90 increases. The example article D is formed in which the cross section area S1 (tip cross section area) at the tip side boundary K1 is increased upon shortening the shortest distance D, and in this form, by increasing (S3−S2)/D and the cross section area S1, heat conduction from the electrode tip 90 can be improved. The example article E is formed in which the cross section area of the electrode tip 90, that is, the cross section area S1 of the tip side boundary K1 is made smaller than that in the example article A in the range of the tip length per area (CL/S1) satisfying the above-described relationship.
This application is based on Japanese Patent Application (No. 2007-300824) filed on Nov. 20, 2007 and Japanese Patent Application (No. 2008-27969) filed on Feb. 7, 2008, contents of which are incorporated herein by reference.
Number | Date | Country | Kind |
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2007-300824 | Nov 2007 | JP | national |
2008-027969 | Feb 2008 | JP | national |
Filing Document | Filing Date | Country | Kind | 371c Date |
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PCT/JP2008/071087 | 11/20/2008 | WO | 00 | 5/20/2010 |