Patent Application
20160329687
The present invention relates to a spark plug.
Conventionally, a spark plug has been used in an internal combustion engine. Technology, by which a resistor is provided in a through hole of an insulator so as to suppress occurrence of electromagnetic noise induced by ignition, has been proposed. Technology, by which a magnetic substance is provided in the through hole of the insulator, has also been proposed.
The fact is that enough study regarding the suppression of electromagnetic noise by both the resistor and the magnetic substance has not been made.
This disclosure discloses technology by which the occurrence of electromagnetic noise can be suppressed by a resistor and a magnetic substance.
This disclosure discloses the following application examples and the like.
In accordance with a first aspect of the present invention, there is provided a spark plug comprising:
an insulator having a through hole extending in a direction of an axial line;
a center electrode, at least a part of which is inserted into a leading end side of the through hole;
a terminal metal fixture, at least a part of which is inserted into a rear end side of the through hole; and
a connection portion connecting the center electrode and the terminal metal fixture together in the through hole,
wherein the connection portion includes:
a resistor; and
a magnetic substance structure including a magnetic substance and a conductor and being disposed on a leading end side or a rear end side of the resistor while being positioned away from the resistor,
wherein, among the resistor and the magnetic substance structure, when a member disposed on a leading end side is defined as a first member and a member disposed on a rear end side is defined as a second member, the connection portion further includes:
a first conductive sealing portion that is disposed on a leading end side of the first member and is in contact with the first member;
a second conductive sealing portion that is disposed between the first member and the second member and is in contact with the first member and the second member; and
a third conductive sealing portion that is disposed on a rear end side of the second member and is in contact with the second member,
wherein the magnetic substance structure contains:
(1) a conductive substance as the conductor;
(2) an iron-containing oxide as the magnetic substance; and
(3) a ceramic containing at least one of silicon (Si), boron (B), and phosphorous (P), and
wherein, in a cross-section of the magnetic substance structure including the axial line, when a target region is defined as a rectangular region having the axial line as a center line, a side of 1.5 mm in a direction perpendicular to the axial line, and a side of 2.0 mm in the direction of the axial line,
a region of the conductive substance includes a plurality of grain-shaped regions in the target region,
a proportion of a number of grain-shaped regions having a maximum grain size of 200 μm or greater among the plurality of grain-shaped regions is 40% or more, and
a proportion of an area of the region of the conductive substance is 35% or greater and 65% or less in the target region.
In this configuration, it is possible to suppress occurrence of an electrical contact failure at both ends of the resistor and an electrical contact failure at both ends of the magnetic substance structure by using the first, the second, and the third conductive sealing portions. Accordingly, it is possible to appropriately suppress electromagnetic noise by using both the resistor and the magnetic substance structure. Further, it is possible to appropriately suppress noise by adopting a specific configuration of the magnetic substance structure.
In accordance with a second aspect of the present invention, there is provided a spark plug as described above, wherein an electrical resistance between a leading end and a rear end of the magnetic substance structure is less than or equal to 3 kΩ.
In this configuration, it is possible to suppress heat generation of the magnetic substance structure. Accordingly, it is possible to suppress the occurrence of a failure (for example, alteration of the magnetic substance) induced by heat generation of the magnetic substance structure.
In accordance with a third aspect of the present invention, there is provided a spark plug as described above, wherein the electrical resistance between the leading end and the rear end of the magnetic substance structure is less than or equal to 1 kΩ.
In this configuration, it is possible to further suppress heat generation of the magnetic substance structure. Accordingly, it is possible to further suppress the occurrence of a failure (for example, alteration of the magnetic substance) induced by heat generation of the magnetic substance structure.
In accordance with a fourth aspect of the present invention, there is provided a spark plug as described above, wherein the conductor includes a conductive portion penetrating through the magnetic substance in the direction of the axial line.
In this configuration, it is possible to appropriately suppress electromagnetic noise while improving durability.
In accordance with a fifth aspect of the present invention, there is provided a spark plug as described above, wherein the magnetic substance structure is disposed on the rear end side of the resistor.
In this configuration, it is possible to appropriately suppress electromagnetic noise.
In accordance with a sixth aspect of the present invention, there is provided a spark plug as described above, wherein the connection portion further includes a covering portion that covers at least a part of an outer surface of the magnetic substance structure while being interposed between the magnetic substance structure and the insulator.
In this configuration, it is possible to suppress direct contact between the insulator and the magnetic substance structure.
In accordance with a seventh aspect of the present invention, there is provided a spark plug as described above, wherein the magnetic substance is made of a ferromagnetic material containing an iron oxide.
In this configuration, it is possible to appropriately suppress electromagnetic noise.
In accordance with an eighth aspect of the present invention, there is provided a spark plug as described above, wherein the ferromagnetic material is a spinel type ferrite.
In this configuration, it is possible to easily suppress electromagnetic noise.
In accordance with a ninth aspect of the present invention, there is provided a spark plug as described above, wherein the magnetic substance is a NiZn ferrite or a MnZn ferrite.
In this configuration, it is possible to appropriately suppress electromagnetic noise.
In accordance with a tenth aspect of the present invention, there is provided a spark plug as described above, wherein the conductive substance contains a perovskite type oxide which is represented by general formula ABO3 and an A site in the general formula is at least one of La, Nd, Pr, Yb, and Y.
In this configuration, it is possible to further appropriately suppress electromagnetic noise.
In accordance with an eleventh aspect of the present invention, there is provided a spark plug as described above, wherein the conductive substance contains at least one metal of Ag, Cu, Ni, Sn, Fe, and Cr.
In this configuration, it is possible to further appropriately suppress electromagnetic noise.
In accordance with a twelfth aspect of the present invention, there is provided a spark plug as described above, wherein, in the target region in the cross-section of the magnetic substance structure, a porosity of a remainder of the target region other than the region of the conductive substance is less than or equal to 5%.
In this configuration, it is possible to improve durability of the magnetic substance structure.
The spark plug 100 includes an insulator 10 (may be referred to as a “ceramic insulator 10”); the center electrode 20; the ground electrode 30; the terminal metal fixture 40; a metal shell 50; a first conductive sealing portion 60; a resistor 70; a second conductive sealing portion 75; a magnetic substance structure 200; a covering portion 290; a third conductive sealing portion 80; a leading end side packing 8; talc 9; a first rear end-side packing 6; and a second rear end-side packing 7.
The insulator 10 is a substantially tubular member which extends along the center axis CL and has a through hole 12 (may be referred to as an “axial hole 12”) penetrating through the insulator 10. The insulator 10 is made of alumina by firing (another insulating material may also be adopted). The insulator 10 includes a leg portion 13; a first reduced outer diameter portion 15; a leading end side trunk portion 17; a flanged portion 19; a second reduced outer diameter portion 11; and a rear end-side trunk portion 18, which line up sequentially from the leading end side toward the rear end side.
The flanged portion 19 is a portion of the insulator 10 which has the maximum outer diameter. An outer diameter of the first reduced outer diameter portion 15 positioned closer to the leading end side than the flanged portion 19 is gradually reduced from the rear end side toward the leading end side. A reduced inner diameter portion 16 is formed in the vicinity of the first reduced outer diameter portion 15 of the insulator 10 (the leading end side trunk portion 17 in the example illustrated in
The center electrode 20 is inserted into a leading end side of the through hole 12 of the insulator 10. The center electrode 20 is a bar-shaped member which extends along the center axis CL. The center electrode 20 includes an electrode base member 21 and a core member 22 embedded in the electrode base member 21. For example, the electrode base member 21 is made of Inconel (“INCONEL” is registered trademark) that is an alloy containing nickel as a main component. The core member 22 is made of a material (for example, an alloy containing copper) having a coefficient of thermal conductivity greater than that of the electrode base member 21.
With focus given to an outer shape of the center electrode 20, the center electrode 20 includes a leg portion 25 formed at the end of the center electrode 20 on the leading end direction D1 side; a flanged portion 24 provided on the rear end side of the leg portion 25; and a head portion 23 provided on the rear end side of the flanged portion 24. The head portion 23 and the flanged portion 24 are disposed in the through hole 12, and the surface of the flanged portion 24 on the leading end direction D1 side is supported by the reduced inner diameter portion 16 of the insulator 10. A leading end side portion of the leg portion 25 is positioned on the leading end side of the insulator 10, and is exposed to the outside from the through hole 12.
The terminal metal fixture 40 is inserted into the rear end side of the through hole 12 of the insulator 10. The terminal metal fixture 40 is made of a conductive material (metal such as low-carbon steel). An anti-corrosion metal layer may be formed on the surface of the terminal metal fixture 40. For example, a Ni layer may be formed by plating. The terminal metal fixture 40 includes a flange portion 42; a cap installation portion 41 that is formed to a portion of the terminal metal fixture 40 positioned closer to the rear end side than the flanged portion 42; and a leg portion 43 that is formed to a portion of the terminal metal fixture 40 positioned closer to the leading end side than the flanged portion 42. The cap installation portion 41 is positioned on the rear end side of the insulator 10, and is exposed to the outside from the through hole 12. The leg portion 43 is inserted into the through hole 12 of the insulator 10.
The resistor 70 suppressing electrical noise is disposed in the through hole 12 of the insulator 10 while being interposed between the terminal metal fixture 40 and the center electrode 20. The resistor 70 is made of a composite containing glass particles (for example, B2O3—SiO2 based glass) as a main component, and containing ceramic particles (for example, ZrO2) and a conductive material (for example, carbon particles) in addition to the glass.
The magnetic substance structure 200 suppressing electrical noise is disposed in the through hole 12 of the insulator 10 while being interposed between the resistor 70 and the terminal metal fixture 40. On the right side of
The magnetic substance 210 is a member that has a shape of a substantially circular column having the center axis CL as the center. For example, the magnetic substance 210 is made of a ferromagnetic material containing iron oxide. Spinel-type ferrite, hexagonal ferrite, and the like may be adopted as the ferromagnetic material containing iron oxide. NiZn (nickel-zinc) ferrite, MnZn (manganese-zinc) ferrite, CuZn (copper-zinc) ferrite, and the like may be adopted as the spinel-type ferrite.
The conductor 220 is a spiral coil surrounding the outer circumference of the magnetic substance 210. The conductor 220 is made of a metal wire, for example, an alloy wire material containing nickel and chromium as main components. The conductor 220 is wrapped around the magnetic substance 210, and extends from the vicinity of the end of the magnetic substance 210 on the leading end direction D1 side to the vicinity of the end of the magnetic substance 210 on the rear end direction D2 side.
The first conductive sealing portion 60 is disposed between the resistor 70 and the center electrode 20 in the through hole 12 while being in contact with the resistor 70 and the center electrode 20. The second conductive sealing portion 75 is disposed between the resistor 70 and the magnetic substance structure 200 while being in contact with the resistor 70 and the magnetic substance structure 200. The third conductive sealing portion 80 is disposed between the magnetic substance structure 200 and the terminal metal fixture 40 while being in contact with the magnetic substance structure 200 and the terminal metal fixture 40. The sealing portions 60, 75 and 80 contain similar glass particles as those of the resistor 70 and metal particles (Cu, Fe, and the like).
The center electrode 20 is electrically connected to the terminal metal fixture 40 via the resistor 70, the magnetic substance structure 200, and the sealing portions 60, 75, and 80. That is, the first conductive sealing portion 60, the resistor 70, the second conductive sealing portion 75, the magnetic substance structure 200, and the third conductive sealing portion 80 form a conductive path through which the center electrode 20 is electrically connected to the terminal metal fixture 40. It is possible to stabilize the contact resistance between the members 20, 60, 70, 75, 200, 80 and 40 stacked on top of each other, and to stabilize the electrical resistance value between the center electrode 20 and the terminal metal fixture 40 by using the conductive sealing portions 60, 75, and 80. Hereinafter, all of a plurality of members 60, 70, 75, 200, 290 and 80, which are disposed in the through hole 12 and connect the center electrode 20 and the terminal metal fixture 40 together, may be referred to as a “connection portion 300”.
In
The outer circumferential surface of the magnetic substance structure 200 is covered with the covering portion 290. The covering portion 290 is a tubular member covering the outer circumference of the magnetic substance structure 200. The covering portion 290 is interposed between an inner circumferential surface 10i of the insulator 10 and an outer circumferential surface of the magnetic substance structure 200. The covering portion 290 is made of glass (for example, borosilicate glass). During the operation of an internal combustion engine (not illustrated) equipped with the spark plug 100, vibration is transmitted from the internal combustion engine to the spark plug 100. The vibration may cause a positional offset between the insulator 10 and the magnetic substance structure 200. However, in the spark plug 100 according to the first embodiment, the covering portion 290 disposed between the insulator 10 and the magnetic substance structure 200 absorbs vibration, and thus the positional offset between the insulator 10 and the magnetic substance structure 200 can be suppressed.
The metal shell 50 is a substantially tubular member which extends along the center axis CL and has a through hole 59 penetrating through the metal shell 50. The metal shell 50 is made of low-carbon steel (another conductive material (for example, a metal material) may also be adopted). An anti-corrosion metal layer may be formed on the surface of the metal shell 50. For example, a Ni layer may be formed by plating. The insulator 10 is inserted into the through hole 59 of the metal shell 50, and the metal shell 50 is fixed to the outer circumference of the insulator 10. The leading end of the insulator 10 (in the embodiment, a leading end side portion of the leg portion 13) is exposed to the outside at the leading end side of the through hole 59 of the metal shell 50. The rear end (in the embodiment, a rear end-side portion of the rear end-side trunk portion 18) of the insulator 10 is exposed to the outside on the rear end side of the through hole 59 of the metal shell 50.
The metal shell 50 includes a trunk portion 55; a seat portion 54; a deformed portion 58; a tool engagement portion 51; and a crimped portion 53 which line up sequentially from the leading end side toward the rear end side. The seat portion 54 is a flange-like portion. The trunk portion 55 positioned on the leading end direction D1 side of the seat portion 54 has an outer diameter smaller than that of the seat portion 54. A screw portion 52 is formed in the outer circumferential surface of the trunk portion 55, and is screwed into an attachment hole of an internal combustion engine (for example, a gasoline engine). An annular gasket 5 is fitted into the gap between the seat portion 54 and the screw portion 52, and is formed by folding a metal plate.
The metal shell 50 includes a reduced inner diameter portion 56 disposed closer to the leading end direction D1 side than the deformed portion 58. The inner diameter of the reduced inner diameter portion 56 is gradually reduced from the rear end side toward the leading end side. The leading end side packing 8 is interposed between the reduced inner diameter portion 56 of the metal shell 50 and the first reduced outer diameter portion 15 of the insulator 10. The leading end side packing 8 is a steel O-ring (another material (for example, metal material such as copper) may also be adopted).
The deformed portion 58 of the metal shell 50 is deformed in such a way that a center portion of the deformed portion 58 protrudes outward (a direction away from the center axis CL) in the radial direction. The tool engagement portion 51 is provided on the rear end side of the deformed portion 58. The tool engagement portion 51 is formed to have a shape (for example, a shape of a hexagonal column) so that a spark plug wrench can be engaged with the tool engagement portion 51. The crimped portion 53 is provided on the rear end side of the tool engagement portion 51, and has a thickness thinner than that of the tool engagement portion 51. The crimped portion 53 is disposed closer to the rear end side than the second reduced outer diameter portion 11 of the insulator 10, and forms the rear end (that is, the end on the rear end direction D2 side) of the metal shell 50. The crimped portion 53 is bent inward in the radial direction.
An annular space SP is formed between the inner circumferential surface of the metal shell 50 and the outer circumferential surface of the insulator 10, and is positioned on the rear end side of the metal shell 50. In the embodiment, the space SP is a space surrounded by the crimped portion 53 and the tool engagement portion 51 of the metal shell 50, and the second reduced outer diameter portion 11 and the rear end-side trunk portion 18 of the insulator 10. The first rear end-side packing 6 is disposed in the space SP on the rear end side, and the second rear end-side packing 7 is disposed in the space SP on the leading end side. In the embodiment, the rear end-side packings 6 and 7 are steel C-rings (another material may also be adopted). The gap between the rear end-side packings 6 and 7 in the space SP is filled with a powder of talc 9.
When the spark plug 100 is manufactured, the crimped portion 53 is crimped in such a way as to be bent inward. The crimped portion 53 is pressed toward the leading end direction D1 side. Accordingly, the deformed portion 58 is deformed, and the insulator 10 is pressed toward the leading end side via the packings 6 and 7 and the talc 9 in the metal shell 50. The leading end side packing 8 is pressed between the first reduced outer diameter portion 15 and the reduced inner diameter portion 56, and the gap between the metal shell 50 and the insulator 10 is sealed. Accordingly, the leaking of gas in a combustion chamber of an internal combustion engine to the outside through the gap between the metal shell 50 and the insulator 10 is suppressed. Further, the metal shell 50 is fixed to the insulator 10.
The ground electrode 30 is joined to the leading end (that is, the end on the leading end direction D1 side) of the metal shell 50. In the embodiment, the ground electrode 30 is a bar-shaped electrode. The ground electrode 30 extends toward the leading end direction D1 from the metal shell 50, is bent toward the center axis CL, and then reaches a leading end portion 31. A gap g is formed between the leading end portion 31 and a leading end surface 20s1 (a surface of 20s1 on the leading end direction D1 side) of the center electrode 20. The ground electrode 30 is electrically conductively joined to the metal shell 50 (for example, by laser welding). The ground electrode 30 includes a base member 35 forming the surface of the ground electrode 30, and a core portion 36 embedded in the base member 35. For example, the base member 35 is made of Inconel. The core portion 36 is made of a material (for example, pure copper) having a coefficient of thermal conductivity higher than that of the base member 35.
As described above, in the first embodiment, the magnetic substance 210 is disposed in the middle of the conductive path connecting the center electrode 20 and the terminal metal fixture 40 together. Accordingly, it is possible to suppress the occurrence of electromagnetic noise induced by discharge. Further, the conductor 220 is connected in series to at least a part of the magnetic substance 210. Accordingly, it is possible to suppress an increase in the electrical resistance between the center electrode 20 and the terminal metal fixture 40. Further, since the conductor 220 is a spiral coil, it is possible to further suppress electromagnetic noise.
A method of manufacturing the spark plug 100 in the first embodiment can be arbitrarily adopted. For example, the following manufacturing method can be adopted. First, the insulator 10, the center electrode 20, the terminal metal fixture 40, a material powder for each of the conductive sealing portions 60, 75 and 80, a material powder for the resistor 70, and the magnetic substance structure 200 are prepared. The magnetic substance structure 200 is formed by wrapping the conductor 220 around the magnetic substance 210 formed by a well-known method.
Subsequently, the center electrode 20 is inserted into the insulator 10 through an opening (hereinafter, referred to as a “rear opening 14”) of the through hole 12 on the rear end direction D2 side. As illustrated in
Subsequently, the filling of the material powders for the first conductive sealing portion 60, the resistor 70, and the second conductive sealing portion 75 into the through hole 12 and molding of the filled powder materials are performed in the order of the members 60, 70 and 75. The filling of the powder materials into the through hole 12 is performed through the rear opening 14. The molding of the filled powder materials is performed by using a bar inserted through the rear opening 14. The material powder is molded into substantially the same shape as that of the corresponding member.
Subsequently, the magnetic substance structure 200 is inserted into the through hole 12 through the rear opening 14, and is disposed on the rear end direction D2 side of the second conductive sealing portion 75. The gap between the magnetic substance structure 200 and the inner circumferential surface 10i of the insulator 10 is filled with material powder for the covering portion 290. Subsequently, the filling of material powder for the third conductive sealing portion 80 into the through hole 12 is performed through the rear opening 14. The insulator 10 is heated up to a predetermined temperature higher than the softening point of a glass component contained in each of the material powders, and the terminal metal fixture 40 is inserted into the through hole 12 through the rear opening 14 of the through hole 12 with the insulator 10 heated at the predetermined temperature. As a result, the material powders are compressed and sintered such that the conductive sealing portions 60, 75 and 80, the resistor 70, and the covering portion 290 are formed.
Subsequently, the metal shell 50 is assembled to the outer circumference of the insulator 10, and the ground electrode 30 is fixed to the metal shell 50. Subsequently, the ground electrode 30 is bent, and the manufacturing of a spark plug is complete.
As illustrated, the magnetic substance structure 200b is disposed between the resistor 70 and the terminal metal fixture 40 in the through hole 12 of the insulator 10. On the right side of
As illustrated, the magnetic substance structure 200b includes a magnetic substance 210b and a conductor 220b. The conductor 220b is cross-hatched in the second perspective view P2. The magnetic substance 210b is a tubular member centered around the center axis CL. Similar to the magnetic substance 210 in
The conductor 220b penetrates through the magnetic substance 210b along the center axis CL. The conductor 220b extends from the end of the magnetic substance 210b on the leading end direction D1 side to the end of the magnetic substance 210b on the rear end direction D2 side. Similar to the conductor 220 in
The outer circumferential surface of the magnetic substance structure 200b is covered with the covering portion 290b Similar to the covering portion 290 in
A second conductive sealing portion 75b is disposed between the magnetic substance structure 200b and the resistor 70 in the through hole 12 while being in contact with the magnetic substance structure 200b and the resistor 70. A third conductive sealing portion 80b is disposed between the magnetic substance structure 200b and the terminal metal fixture 40 while being in contact with the magnetic substance structure 200b and the terminal metal fixture 40. Similar to the conductive sealing portions 75 and 80 in
The end of the magnetic substance structure 200b on the leading end direction D1 side, that is, the end of each of the magnetic substance structure 210b and the conductor 220b on the leading end direction D1 side is electrically connected to the resistor 70 via the second conductive sealing portion 75b. The end of the magnetic substance structure 200b on the rear end direction D2 side, that is, the end of each of the magnetic substance structure 210b and the conductor 220b on the rear end direction D2 side is electrically connected to the terminal metal fixture 40 via the third conductive sealing portion 80b. The first conductive sealing portion 60, the resistor 70, the second conductive sealing portion 75b, the magnetic substance structure 200b, and the third conductive sealing portion 80b form a conductive path through which the center electrode 20 is electrically connected to the terminal metal fixture 40. It is possible to stabilize the contact resistance between the members 20, 60, 70, 75b, 200b, 80b and 40 stacked on top of each other, and to stabilize the electrical resistance between the center electrode 20 and the terminal metal fixture 40 by using the conductive sealing portions 60, 75b and 80b. Hereinafter, all of a plurality of members 60, 70, 75b, 200b, 290b and 80b, which are disposed in the through hole 12 and connect the center electrode 20 and the terminal metal fixture 40 together, may be referred to as a “connection portion 300b”.
As described above, in the second embodiment, the magnetic substance 210b is disposed in the middle of the conductive path connecting the center electrode 20 and the terminal metal fixture 40 together. Accordingly, it is possible to suppress the occurrence of electromagnetic noise induced by discharge. Further, the conductor 220b is connected in series to the magnetic substance 210b. Accordingly, it is possible to suppress an increase in the electrical resistance between the center electrode 20 and the terminal metal fixture 40. Further, the conductor 220b is embedded in the magnetic substance 210b. That is, the entirety of the conductor 220b except for both ends is covered with the magnetic substance 210b. Accordingly, it is possible to suppress damage to the conductor 220b. For example, the occurrence of a short circuit of the conductor 220b induced by vibration can be suppressed.
The spark plug 100b in the second embodiment can be manufactured using the same method as the spark plug 100 in the first embodiment. The magnetic substance structure 200b is formed by inserting the conductor 220b into a through hole of the magnetic substance 210b formed by a well-known method.
In
The remainder of the configuration of the spark plug 100c in the reference example is the same as those of the spark plugs 100 and 100b illustrated in
Evaluation tests performed on a plurality of types of spark plug samples will be described. Table 1 below illustrates the configuration of each sample, and each evaluation result of four evaluation tests.
In the evaluation tests, 13 types of samples with different configurations were evaluated. The table illustrates numbers indicating sample types, reference signs indicating configuration types, the existence or non-existence of a covering portion, the evaluation results of electromagnetic noise characteristics, the evaluation results of impact resistance characteristics, the evaluation results of resistance stability, and the evaluation results of durability.
The correlations between the reference signs indicating the configuration types and the configurations of the spark plugs are as described below.
A: the configuration illustrated in
B: the configuration illustrated in
C: the configuration illustrated in
D: a configuration in which the dispositions of the resistor 70 and the magnetic substance structure 200 in the configuration in
E: a configuration in which the dispositions of the resistor 70 and the magnetic substance structure 200b are switched
F: a configuration in which the magnetic substance 210 in the configuration in
G: a configuration in which the conductor 220b in the configuration in
H: configuration in which the conductor 220b in the configuration in
I: a configuration in which the third conductive sealing portion 80 is omitted from the configuration in
J: a configuration in which the second conductive sealing portion 75 is omitted from the configuration in
K: a configuration in which the conductor 220b in the configuration in
Here, as illustrated in Table 1, the existence or non-existence of the covering portions 290, 290b are determined independently from the configurations A to K.
Features common to the configurations A to K are as described below.
1) the material of the resistor 70: a composite containing B2O3—SiO2 based glass, ZrO2 as ceramic particles, and C as conductive material
2) the material of the magnetic substances 210, 210b: MnZn ferrite
3) the material of the conductors 220, 220b: an alloy containing nickel and chromium as main components
4) the material of the conductive sealing portions 60, 75, 75b, 80, 80b and 80c: a composite containing B2O3—SiO2 based glass and Cu as metal particles
The electrical resistance of the conductor is the electrical resistance between the end of the conductor on the leading end direction D1 side and the end of the conductor on the rear end direction D2 side. Hereinafter, the electrical resistance between the end of the conductor on the leading end direction D1 side and the end of the conductor on the rear end direction D2 side is referred to as an end-to-end resistance. Hereinafter, the results of each of the evaluation tests will be described.
The electromagnetic noise characteristics were evaluated using an insertion loss measured according to the method specified in JASO D002-2. Specifically, the improvement (unit is dB) of the insertion loss at a frequency of 300 MHz when a 3rd sample was used as a datum was adopted as an evaluation result. An evaluation result denoted by “m (m is an integer which is zero or greater and ten or less)” implies that the improvement of the insertion loss with respect to the 3rd sample is m (dB) or greater and less than m+1 (dB). For example, an evaluation result denoted by “5” implies that the improvement is 5 dB or greater and less than 6 dB. An evaluation result was determined to be “10” when the improvement was 10 dB or greater. In the evaluation result, an average value of the insertion losses of five samples with the same configuration was used as the insertion loss of each type of sample. The five samples having the electrical resistance between the center electrode 20 and the terminal metal fixture 40, 40c in a range with a center value of 5 kΩ and a width of 0.6 kΩ, that is, a range of 4.7 kΩ or greater and 5.3 kΩ or less were adopted. Since 11th and 12th samples had a large variation in the electrical resistance, and five samples with the aforementioned range of electrical resistance could not obtained, the 11th and 12th samples were not evaluated.
As illustrated in Table 1, when a 1st sample was compared to an 8th sample, the evaluation result of the 1st sample including the magnetic substance 210 was better than that of the 8th sample from which the magnetic substance 210 was omitted. As such, it was possible to suppress electromagnetic noise by providing the magnetic substance 210.
The evaluation result of each of the 1st sample and a 6th sample including the coil-shaped conductor 220 was “10” which was the highest grade, and the evaluation result of each of a 2nd sample and a 7th sample including the straight conductor 220b was “6” which is less than 10. As such, it was possible to considerably suppress electromagnetic noise by providing the coil-shaped conductor 220.
When the 1st sample was compared to a 4th sample, the evaluation result of the 1st sample in which the magnetic substance structure 200 was disposed closer to the rear end direction D2 side than the resistor 70 was better than that of the 4th sample in which the magnetic substance structure 200 was disposed closer to leading end direction D1 side than the resistor 70. Similarly, when the 2nd sample was compared to a 5th sample, the evaluation result of the 2nd sample in which the magnetic substance structure 200b was disposed closer to the rear end direction D2 side than the resistor 70 was better than that of the 5th sample in which the magnetic substance structure 200b was disposed closer to the leading end direction D1 side than the resistor 70. As such, it was possible to suppress electromagnetic noise by disposing the magnetic substance structure on the rear end direction D2 side of the resistor regardless of the configuration of the magnetic substance structure.
When at least one of the second conductive sealing portion 75 and the third conductive sealing portion 80 interposing the magnetic substance structure 200 therebetween was omitted (the 11th sample and the 12th sample), it was difficult to stabilize the electrical resistance between the center electrode 20 and the terminal metal fixture 40. In contrast, it was possible to stabilize the electrical resistance by providing the second conductive sealing portion 75 and the third conductive sealing portion 80.
The impact resistance characteristics were evaluated according to the impact resistance test specified in 7.4 of JIS B8031:2006. An evaluation result denoted by “0” implies the occurrence of abnormality in the impact resistance test. When no abnormality was observed in the impact resistance test, a vibration test was additionally performed for 30 minutes. The difference between an electrical resistance measured before the evaluation test and an electrical resistance measured after the evaluation test was calculated. The electrical resistance is the electrical resistance between the center electrode 20 and the terminal metal fixture 40, 40c. An evaluation result denoted by “5” implies that an absolute value of the difference between the electrical resistances exceeds 10% of the electrical resistance before the test. An evaluation result denoted by “10” implies that an absolute value of the difference between the electrical resistances is 10% or less of the electrical resistance before the test.
As illustrated in Table 1, the evaluation result of each of the 11th sample and 12th sample, from which at least one of the second conductive sealing portion 75 and the third conductive sealing portion 80 interposing the magnetic substance structure 200 therebetween was omitted, was “0”. In contrast, the evaluation results of the 1st to 10th samples and a 13th sample, which include two conductive sealing portions (for example, the conductive sealing portions 75 and 80 in
Further, the evaluation result of each of the 6th sample and 7th sample, in which the magnetic substance structure 200, 200b was interposed between the two conductive sealing portions but which did not include the covering portion 290, 290b, the evaluation result of each of these samples was “5”. In contrast, the evaluation result of each of the 1st to 5th samples, the 8th to 10th samples, and the 13th sample, which include the two conductive sealing portions interposing the magnetic substance structure 200, 200b therebetween and the covering portion 290, 290b, was “10”. As such, it was possible to considerably improve the impact resistance by providing the covering portion 290, 290b. However, the covering portion 290, 290b may be omitted.
The resistance stability was evaluated based on a standard deviation in the electrical resistances between the center electrode 20 and the terminal metal fixture 40, 40c. As described above, the spark plugs used in the evaluation tests were manufactured by heating the insulator 10 in a state where the material of the connection portion (for example, the connection portion 300 in
As illustrated in Table 1, the evaluation result of each of the 11th sample and the 12th sample, from which at least one of the second conductive sealing portion 75 and the third conductive sealing portion 80 interposing the magnetic substance structure 200 therebetween was omitted, was “0”. In contrast, the evaluation result of each of the 1st to 10th samples, and the 13th sample, which include the two conductive sealing portions (for example, the conductive sealing portions 75 and 80 in
The durability is durability against discharge. The spark plug sample was connected to an automotive transistorized ignition system, and discharge was repeatedly performed under the following conditions so as to evaluate the durability.
Temperature: 350 degrees Celsius
Voltage Applied to Spark Plug: 20 kV
Discharge Period: 3,600 incidences/minute
Operation Time: 100 hours
The evaluation test was performed under the aforementioned conditions, and thereafter, the electrical resistance between the center electrode 20 and the terminal metal fixture 40, 40c was measured at a room temperature. The evaluation result was determined to be “10” when the electrical resistance after the evaluation test was less than 1.5 times the electrical resistance before the evaluation test. The evaluation result was determined to be “1” when the electrical resistance after the evaluation test was greater than or equal to 1.5 times the electrical resistance before the evaluation test.
As illustrated in Table 1, the evaluation result of the 2nd sample including the conductor 220b was “10”. The evaluation result of the 13th sample including the conductor with 200 kΩ resistance instead of the conductor 220b was “10”. The evaluation result of the 10th sample including the conductor with 1 kΩ resistance instead of the conductor 220b was “10”. The evaluation result of the 9th sample including the conductor with 2 kΩ resistance instead of the conductor 220b was “1”. The end-to-end resistance of the conductor 220b was approximately 50 kΩ. As such, it was possible to improve durability against discharge by reducing the end-to-end resistance of the conductor (specifically, the conductor connected to the magnetic substance 210b) of the magnetic substance structure.
The reason it was possible to improve durability against discharge by reducing the end-to-end resistance of the conductor of the magnetic substance structure can be estimated as follows. That is, since current flows through the conductor connected to the magnetic substance 210b during discharge, the conductor generates heat. The magnitude of current during discharge is adjusted in such a way that a proper spark occurs at the gap g regardless of the internal configuration of the spark plug. Accordingly, the greater the end-to-end resistance of the conductor is, the higher the temperature of the conductor may become. When the temperature of the conductor is increased, a short circuit of the conductor is more likely to occur. When the conductor is short circuited, the electrical resistance between the center electrode 20 and the terminal metal fixture 40 may be increased. In addition, when the temperature of the conductor is increased, the temperature of the magnetic substance 210b is also increased. The magnetic substance 210b is prone to damage when the temperature of the magnetic substance 210b is high compared to when the temperature is low (for example, the cracking of the magnetic substance 210b occurs). An increase in the end-to-end resistance of the magnetic substance 210b induced by damage to the magnetic substance 210b may cause an increase in the electrical resistance between the center electrode 20 and the terminal metal fixture 40. As described above, the smaller the end-to-end resistance of the conductor is, the further it is possible to suppress the occurrence of damage to the magnetic substance 210b and a short circuit of the conductor. As a result, it can be estimated that it is possible to improve durability against discharge. Further, when the end-to-end resistance of the conductor is high, since current flows along the surface of the conductor during discharge, electromagnetic noise may occur. For this reason, the conductor of the magnetic substance structure preferably has a low end-to-end resistance.
The end-to-end resistances of the conductors 220b of the 2nd, the 13th, and 10th samples, the evaluation results of which were “10” indicating good durability, were 50 kΩ, 200 kΩ, and 1 kΩ, respectively. An arbitrary value among these values can be adopted as the upper limit of a preferable range (range of a lower limit or greater and an upper limit or less) of the end-to-end resistance of the conductor 220b. An arbitrary value less than or equal to the upper limit among these values can be adopted as the lower limit. For example, a value of 1 kΩ or less can be adopted as the end-to-end resistance of the conductor 220b. More preferably, a value of 200 kΩ or less can be adopted as the end-to-end resistance of the conductor 220b. In addition to the aforementioned values, a value of 0 kΩ can be adopted as the lower limit of the preferable range of the end-to-end resistance of the conductor 220b.
The aforementioned description has been given with reference to the evaluation results of the 2nd, the 10th, the 11th, and the 13th samples with the configuration illustrated in
During discharge, current may flow through not only the conductor 220, 220b but also the magnetic substance 210, 210b. Accordingly, the magnetic substance structure 200, 200b which is an assembly of the magnetic substance 210, 210b and the conductor 220, 200b preferably has low end-to-end resistances so as to suppress the occurrence of damage to the magnetic substance 210, 210b. For example, a range of 0 kΩ or greater and 3 kΩ or less can be adopted as a preferable range of the end-to-end resistance of the magnetic substance structure 200, 200b. However, a value greater than 3 kΩ may be adopted. The end-to-end resistances of the conductors of the 2nd, the 13th, and 10th samples, the evaluation results of which showed good durability, were 50 kΩ, 200 kΩ, and 1 kΩ, respectively. When it is taken into consideration that such conductors are adopted, an arbitrary value among these end-to-end resistances can be adopted as the upper limit of the preferable range (range of a lower limit or greater and an upper limit or less) of the end-to-end resistance of the magnetic substance structure 200, 200b. An arbitrary value less than or equal to the upper limit among these values can be adopted as the lower limit. For example, a value of 1 kΩ or less can be adopted as the end-to-end resistance of the magnetic substance structure 200, 200b. More preferably, a value of 200 kΩ or less can be adopted as the end-to-end resistance of the magnetic substance structure 200, 200b. In addition to the aforementioned values, a value of 0 kΩ can be adopted as the lower limit of the preferable range of the end-to-end resistance of the magnetic substance structure 200, 200b.
Preferably, the end-to-end resistance of the conductor 220, 220b is respectively lower than that of the magnetic substance 210, 210b so as to suppress heat generation of the magnetic substance structure 200, 200b. In this configuration, it is possible to reduce the end-to-end resistance of the magnetic substance structure 200, 200b by connecting the conductor 220, 220b to the magnetic substance 210, 210b. As a result, it is possible to suppress heat generation of the magnetic substance structure 200, 200b. In each of the 1st to the 13th samples, the end-to-end resistance of the magnetic substance 210, 210b was several kΩ and was greater than the end-to-end resistance of the conductor (for example, the conductor 220, 220b). As illustrated in Table 1, the evaluation results of the 1st to 8th, the 10th, and the 13th samples showed good durability.
As illustrated in Table 1, the evaluation results of the 11th and the 12th samples, in which at least one of the second conductive sealing portion 75 and the third conductive sealing portion 80 interposing the magnetic substance structure 200 therebetween was omitted, were “1”. Each of the 1st to 8th, the 10th, and the 13th samples with a good evaluation result of “10” included two conductive sealing portions (for example, the conductive sealing portions 75 and 80 in
The following method can be adopted as a method of measuring the end-to-end resistance of the magnetic substance structure of the spark plug. Hereinafter, the spark plugs 100 and 100b in
The following method can be adopted as a method of measuring the end-to-end resistance of the conductor of the magnetic substance structure. That is, the operator acquires the conductor 220, 220b by removing the magnetic substance 210, 210b from the magnetic substance structure 200, 200b obtained by the aforementioned method using a cutting tool such as nippers. The operator brings the probes of a resistance meter into contact with both ends on the leading end direction D1 side and the rear end direction D2 side of the conductor 220, 220b obtained in this manner, and measures an end-to-end resistance therebetween.
The following method can be adopted as a method of measuring the end-to-end resistance of the magnetic substance of the magnetic substance structure. That is, after the operator observes the internal structure of the magnetic substance structure 200, 200b using a CT scanner, the operator obtains the magnetic substance 210, 210b by cutting and grinding the magnetic substance structure 200, 200b. The operator brings the probes of a resistance meter into contact with both ends on the leading end direction D1 side and the rear end direction D2 side of the magnetic substance 210, 210b, and measures an end-to-end resistance therebetween.
At least one of both ends on the leading end direction D1 side and the rear end direction D2 side of each of the magnetic substance structure, the conductor, and the magnetic substance may be a surface. In this case, the minimum end-to-end resistance obtained by bringing the probe of a resistance meter into contact with the surface at an arbitrary position is adopted.
As illustrated, the target region 800 (that is, the cross-section of the magnetic substance structure 200d) contains a ceramic region 810 and a conductive region 820. The conductive region 820 is formed by a plurality of grain-shaped regions 825 (hereinafter, referred to as “conductive grain regions 825” or also simply referred to as “grain regions 825”).
The conductive region 820 is formed of a conductive substance. Carbon, carbon-containing compounds (TiC and the like), perovskite type oxides (LaMnO3 and the like), metal (Cu and the like), or the like can be adopted as the conductive substance. As illustrated, a plurality of conductive grain regions 825 are in contact with each other to form a current path extending from the rear end direction D2 side toward the leading end direction D1 side. The plurality of conductive grain regions 825 are formed of a conductive substance powder as the material of the magnetic substance structure 200d. For example, one conductive grain region 825 can be formed of one of conductive substance grains contained in the material powder. A plurality of conductive substance grains contained in the material powder stick together to form one conductive grain region 825.
One conductive grain region 825 illustrates the cross-section of one three-dimensional grain-like region of the conductive substance. Two conductive grain regions 825 may be disposed separately from each other in the target region 800 (that is, the cross-section 900), which is not illustrated. The two conductive grain regions 825 positioned away from each other in the target region 800 may illustrate the cross-sections of two three-dimensional grain-like regions which are in contact with each other at a position at a front side or a back side of the target region 800. As such, the plurality of conductive grain regions 825 in contact with each other or positioned away from each other in the target region 800 are capable of forming a current path extending from the rear end direction D2 side toward the leading end direction D1 side. During discharge, current flows through the plurality of conductive grain regions 825 in the magnetic substance structure 200d.
The ceramic region 810 is formed of a mixed material containing a magnetic substance and a ceramic. An iron-containing oxide (for example, Fe2O3) can be adopted as the magnetic substance. For example, a ceramic containing at least one of silicon (Si), boron (B), and phosphorous (P) can be adopted as the ceramic. For example, a ceramic such as glass described in the first embodiment can be adopted. For example, a substance containing one or more oxides arbitrarily selected from silica (SiO2), boric acid (B2O5), and phosphoric acid (P2O5) can be adopted as the glass.
As illustrated, the plurality of conductive grain regions 825 are surrounded by the ceramic region 810 containing the magnetic substance. That is, the current path is surrounded by the magnetic substance. When the magnetic substance is disposed in the vicinity of the conductive path, electromagnetic noise induced by discharge is suppressed. For example, the conductive path serves as an inductance element, and suppresses electromagnetic noise. In addition, an increase in the impedance of the conductive path suppresses electromagnetic noise.
One grain region 825 is illustrated on the center lower side of the
When two grain regions 825 are in contact with each other in the target region 800, the boundary line between the two grain regions 825 may be unclear. In this case, the boundary line can be specified as follows. An enlarged view on the right lower side of
The ceramic region 810 is formed of a magnetic substance powder and a ceramic powder as the material of the magnetic substance structure 200d. Accordingly, pores may be formed in the ceramic region 810 in the target region 800. An enlarged view of the ceramic region 810 is illustrated on the left lower side of
The spark plug 100d including the magnetic substance structure 200d can be manufactured according to the same sequence as in the manufacturing method described in the first embodiment. The members in the through hole 12d of the insulator 10d are formed as described below. Material powders for the conductive sealing portions 60d, 75d, and 80d, the resistor 70d, and the magnetic substance structure 200d are prepared. The same material powders as for the conductive sealing portions 60, 75, and 80, and the resistor 70 in the first embodiment can be adopted as the material powders for the conductive sealing portions 60d, 75d, and 80d, and the resistor 70d. For example, the material powder for the magnetic substance structure 200d is prepared as described below. A mixed material is prepared by mixing a magnetic substance powder and a ceramic powder. The material powder for the magnetic substance structure 200d is prepared by mixing the mixed material with a conductive substance powder.
Subsequently, similar to the manufacturing method in the first embodiment, the center electrode 20 is disposed at a predetermined position in which the center electrode 20 is supported by the reduced inner diameter portion 16 in the through hole 12d. The filling of the material powders for the first conductive sealing portion 60d, the resistor 70d, the second conductive sealing portion 75d, the magnetic substance structure 200d, and the third conductive sealing portion 80d into the through hole 12d, and molding of the filled powder materials are performed in the order of the members 60d, 70d, 75d, 200d, and 80d. The filling of the powder materials into the through hole 12d is performed through the rear opening 14. The molding of the filled powder materials is performed by using a bar inserted through the rear opening 14. The material powder is molded into substantially the same shape as that of the corresponding member.
The insulator 10d is heated up to a predetermined temperature higher than the softening point of a glass constituent contained in each of the material powders, and the terminal metal fixture 40d is inserted into the through hole 12d through the rear opening 14 of the through hole 12d with the insulator 10d heated at the predetermined temperature. As a result, each material powder is compressed and sintered such that the conductive sealing portions 60d, 75d, and 80d, the resistor 70d, and the magnetic substance structure 200d are formed. In the embodiment, the insulator 10d is heated to a temperature not causing melting of the conductive substance powder contained in the material of the magnetic substance structure 200d. Accordingly, the plurality of conductive grain regions 825 (refer to
Evaluation tests performed on a plurality of types of samples of the spark plug 100d in the third embodiment will be described. Tables 2 and 3 below illustrate the configuration of each sample, and each of results of the evaluation tests.
In the evaluation tests, 35 types of samples including A-1 to A-30 samples and B-1 to B-5 samples, in which the properties of the magnetic substance structures 200d are different from each other, were evaluated. Tables 2 and 3 illustrate sample numbers, the properties (here, the properties of a conductive substance, the properties of an iron-containing oxide, elements contained in the ceramic, and porosity) of the magnetic substance structure 200d, and noise test results before and after durability tests. The remainder of the configurations of the 35 types of samples of the spark plug 100d was the same except for the properties of the magnetic substance structure 200d. For example, the magnetic substance structures 200d in the 35 types of samples had substantially the same shape. The magnetic substance structure 200d had an outer diameter (that is, the inner diameter of a portion of the through hole 12d which accommodated the magnetic substance structure 200d) of 3.9 mm.
The composition of the conductive substance, occupancy, and a large grain proportion are illustrated as the properties of the conductive substance. The composition of the conductive substance was specified from the material of the conductive substance. The occupancy is a proportion of the total area of the conductive region 820 in the target region 800 to the total area of the target region 800 illustrated in
The large grain proportion is a proportion of the total number of grain regions 825 with the maximum grain size Lm of 200 μm or greater to the total number of grain regions 825 in the target region 800 (refer to
The composition of the iron-containing oxide was specified from the material of the magnetic substance structure 200d.
The elements contained in the ceramic were specified from the elements contained in the ceramic material (in these evaluation tests, an amorphous glass material). The tables 2 and 3 illustrate elements other than oxygen. For example, when “SiO2” is used as the ceramic material, “Si” without denotation of oxygen (O) is illustrated. Various additive components may be added to the ceramic material. Tables 2 and 3 illustrate these additive component elements (for example, Ca and Na). Elements contained in the ceramic region 810 can be specified by EPMA analysis.
The porosity is a proportion of an area the pores 812 (refer to
(1) An operator defined the position of a grain boundary by confirming a secondary electron image and a backscattered electron image on the SEM image, and drawing a line along a dark boundary (equivalent to the grain boundary) in the backscattered electron image.
(2) In order to improve the backscattered electron image, the operator smoothened the backscattered electron image while maintaining the edge of the grain boundary.
(3) The operator made a graph from the backscattered electron image with the graph showing brightness on the horizontal axis and an incidence on the vertical axis. The obtained graph was a bimodal graph. The brightness of a middle point between two peaks was set as the threshold value for binarization.
The pores 812 in the ceramic region 810 were specified by the binarization. Differentiation between the ceramic region 810 and the conductive region 820 on the SEM image was made by the EPMA analysis. The proportion of the area of the pores 812 to the area of the remainder of the target region 800 other than the conductive region 820 was calculated as the porosity.
An average value of 10 values obtained by analyzing 10 cross-sectional images of the magnetic substance structure 200d was adopted as the occupancy, the large grain proportion, the porosity, and the like. Ten cross-sectional images of one type of samples were captured using 10 cross-sections of 10 samples of the same type which were manufactured under the same conditions.
In a noise test, a noise intensity was measured according to “automotive—radio noise characteristics—section 2: measurement method of preventive device, current method” of Japanese Automotive Standards Organization D-002-2 (JASO D-002-2). Specifically, the distance of the gap g of the spark plug sample was adjusted to 0.9 mm±0.01 mm, a voltage in a range of from 13 kV to 16 kV was applied to the sample, and discharge was performed. Current flowing through the terminal metal fixture 40d during discharge was measured using a current probe, and the measured value was converted into the unit of dB for comparison. Noise at four types of frequencies, that is, 30 MHz, 100 MHz, 300 MHz, and 500 MHz was measured. Each numerical value in the tables denotes a noise intensity with respect to a predetermined reference. The noise intensity becomes high as the numerical value becomes larger. A “before durability test” denotes a noise test result before a durability test to be described later is performed, and an “after durability test” denotes a noise test result after the durability test is performed. The durability test is a test in which the spark plug samples are discharged with a discharge voltage of 20 kV at a temperature of 200 degrees Celsius for 400 hours. The durability test may cause the progress of the aging of the magnetic substance structure 200d. A noise intensity “after the durability test” may be higher than a noise intensity “before the durability test” due to the progress of the aging of the magnetic substance structure 200d.
As illustrated in Tables 2 and 3, both of the noise intensities after and before the durability test became lower as the frequency became higher.
The occupancy of the conductive substance in each of the A-1 to A-6 samples in Table 2 was in a range of 35% or greater and 65% or less. In the A-1 to A-6 samples, it was possible to realize a sufficiently low noise intensity of 76 dB or less at all of the frequencies before the durability test. A noise intensity even after the durability test was less than or equal to 86 dB at all of the frequencies, and it was possible to suppress an increase in the noise intensity. That is, it was possible to realize good durability of the magnetic substance structure 200d. The increased amounts of noise intensity at all of the frequencies induced by the durability test were in a range of 9 dB or greater and 11 dB or less.
The occupancy of the B-1 sample in Table 3 was 34% (the large grain proportion was 55%) which was less than the occupancy of each of the A-1 to A-6 samples. Before and after the durability test, the noise intensities of the B-1 sample were higher than those of an arbitrary sample of the A-1 to A-6 samples at the same frequency. The difference in noise intensity at the same frequency between the B-1 sample and an arbitrary sample of the A-1 to A-6 samples was greater than or equal to 3 dB before the durability test, and was greater than or equal to 7 dB after the durability test.
The increased amounts of the noise intensity of the B-1 sample induced by the durability test were 15 dB (at 30 MHz and 100 MHz) and 16 dB (at 300 MHz and 500 MHz). The increased amounts (9 dB, 10 dB, and 11 dB) of noise intensity of the A-1 to A-6 samples were less by approximately 5 dB than the increased amount (15 dB and 16 dB) of noise intensity of the B-1 sample at the same frequency. That is, the A-1 to A-6 samples with relatively high occupancy were capable of realizing good durability compared to the B-1 sample with relatively low occupancy. The estimated reason for this is that when the occupancy is high, the current path formed by the conductive region 820 (refer to
The occupancy of the conductive substance of the B-2 sample in Table 3 was 67% (the large grain proportion was 52%) which was greater than the occupancy of the conductive substance of each of the A-1 to A-6 samples. Before the durability test, the noise intensity of the B-2 sample was higher than that of an arbitrary sample of the B-1 sample and the A-1 to A-6 samples at the same frequency. After the durability test, the noise intensity of the B-2 sample was approximately equal to that of the B-1 sample at the same frequency, and was higher than that of an arbitrary sample of the A-1 to A-6 samples at the same frequency. As such, the A-1 to A-6 samples with relatively low occupancy were capable of suppressing noise compared to the B-2 sample with relatively high occupancy. The estimated reason for this is that the distribution region of the conductor (the iron-containing oxide) in the vicinity of the conductive path becomes increased as the occupancy of the conductive substance becomes lower.
The occupancy of the conductive substances of the A-1 to A-6 samples realizing good durability while suppressing noise were 35%, 48%, 52%, 58%, 61%, and 65%. An arbitrary value among these six values can be adopted as the upper limit of a preferable range (range of a lower limit or greater and an upper limit or less) of the occupancy. An arbitrary value less than or equal to the upper limit among these values can be adopted as the lower limit. For example, a value in a range of 35% or greater and 65% or less can be adopted as the occupancy.
An arbitrary method can be adopted as a method of adjusting the occupancy. For example, it is possible to increase the occupancy by increasing the percent (weight percent) of the conductive substance in the material of the magnetic substance structure 200d.
The large grain proportion of the conductive substance of each of the A-1 to A-6 samples in Table 2 was greater than or equal to 40%. As described above, the A-1 to A-6 samples were capable of realizing good durability while suppressing noise. The large grain proportion of the conductive substance of the B-4 sample in Table 3 was 39% (the occupancy was 61%) which was less than that of each of the A-1 to A-6 samples. Before and after the durability test, the noise intensities of the B-2 sample were higher than those of an arbitrary sample of the A-1 to A-6 samples at the same frequency. Before and after the durability test, the difference between the noise intensities of the B-2 sample were higher than those of an arbitrary sample of the A-1 to A-6 samples at the same frequency. the difference in noise intensity between an arbitrary sample of the A-1 to A-6 samples and the B-4 sample was greater than or equal to 9 dB.
The increased amounts of the noise intensity of the B-4 sample induced by the durability test were 15 dB (at 30 MHz), 11 dB (at 100 MHz), 12 dB (at 300 MHz), and 13 dB (at 500 MHz). The increased amounts of noise intensity of an arbitrary sample of the A-1 to A-6 samples at 30 MHz, 300 MHz, and 500 MHz were less than the increased amounts of noise intensity of the B-4 sample at the same frequency. The increased amount (11 dB) of noise intensity of each of the A-3 and A-6 samples at 100 MHz was equal to that of the B-4 sample. The increased amount of noise intensity of an arbitrary sample of the A-1, the A-2, the A-4, and the A-5 samples at 100 MHz was less than the increased amount (11 dB) of noise intensity of the B-4 sample. As such, the A-1 to A-6 samples with a relatively high large grain proportion were capable of realizing good durability compared to the B-4 sample with a relatively low large grain proportion. The estimated reason for this is that when the large grain proportion is high, the current path formed by the conductive region 820 (refer to
The large grain proportion of the conductive substances of the A-1 to A-6 samples realizing good durability while suppressing noise were 40%, 45%, 51%, 55%, 77%, and 92%. An arbitrary value among these six values can be adopted as the upper limit of a preferable range (range of a lower limit or greater and an upper limit or less) of the large grain proportion. An arbitrary value less than or equal to the upper limit among these values can be adopted as the lower limit. For example, a value in a range of 40% or greater and 92% or less can be adopted as the large grain proportion. It is estimated that even if the large grain proportion is a larger value (for example, 100%), it is possible to suppress noise by setting the occupancy of the conductive substance in the aforementioned preferable range. Accordingly, 100% may be adopted as the upper limit of the preferable range of the large grain proportion. For example, an arbitrary value greater than or equal to 40% can be adopted as the large grain proportion.
An arbitrary method can be adopted as a method of adjusting the large grain proportion. For example, it is possible to increase the large grain proportion by increasing the particle size of the material powder of the conductive substance. A binder may be added to and mixed with the material powder of the conductive substance before the material powder of the conductive substance is mixed with other materials. Accordingly, a plurality of conductive material grains are stuck together by the binder, thereby resulting in formation of grain-like portions having a large diameter. As a result, it is possible to increase the large grain proportion.
The following materials were used to manufacture the A-1 to A-6 samples realizing good durability while suppressing noise. A material selected from the following materials was used as the conductive substance of the magnetic substance structure 200d: carbon (C), carbon oxides (Cr3C2 and TiC), perovskite type oxides (SrTiO3 and SrCrO3), and metal (titanium (Ti)). A material selected from the following materials was used as the magnetic substance of the magnetic substance structure 200d: iron oxides (Fe2O3, Fe3O4, and FeO), a spinel ferrite ((Ni, Zn)Fe2O4), and hexagonal ferrites (BaFe12O19 and SrFe12O19). The ceramic of the magnetic substance structure 200d contained at least one of silicon (Si), boron (B), and phosphorous (P).
Typically, in many cases, when the type of a second material is the same as that of a first material, the second material has similar characteristics as those of the first material. Accordingly, it is estimated that even if other materials of the same type are used instead of the aforementioned materials of the magnetic substance structure 200d, the aforementioned preferable ranges can be applied to a preferable range of the occupancy of the conductive substance, and a preferable range of the large grain proportion of the conductive substance. For example, it is estimated that when the magnetic substance structure 200d has any one of the following properties Z1 to Z3, the preferable range of the occupancy and the preferable range of the large grain proportion can be applied.
[Properties Z1] The magnetic substance structure 200d contains a conductive substance as a conductor.
[Properties Z2] The magnetic substance structure 200d contains an iron-containing oxide as a magnetic substance.
[Properties Z3] The magnetic substance structure 200d contains ceramic containing at least one of silicon (Si), boron (B), and phosphorous (P).
The conductive substance contained in the magnetic substance structure 200d preferably contains at least one of carbon, a carbon dioxide, a perovskite type oxide, and metal. However, other conductive substances may be adopted.
The A-7 to A-14 samples in Table 2 were samples using various perovskite type oxides as conductive substances. Specifically, the conductive substances were LaMnO3, LaCrO3, LaCoO3, LaFeO3NdMnO3, PrMnO3, YbMnO3, and YMnO3 in the order of the A-7 to A-14 samples. These oxides are represented by general formula ABO3. A leading element A (for example, “La” of LaMnO3) is an A-site element, and a subsequent element B (for example, “Mn” of LaMnO3) is a B-site element. When a cubic crystal has a non-distorted crystal structure, a B site is a 6-coordinated site, and is surrounded by an octahedron formed of oxygen. An A site is a 12-coordinated site.
The occupancy of the conductive substance of each of the A-7 to A-14 samples was 39% or greater and 64% or less. The large grain proportion was greater than or equal to 40%. The magnetic substances were (Ni,Zn)Fe2O4, NiFe2O4, Fe2O3, (Ni,Zn)Fe2O4, (Mn,Zn)Fe2O4, Ba2Co2Fe12O22, (Ni,Zn)Fe2O4, and CuFe2O4 in the order of the sample numbers. The ceramic of the magnetic substance structure 200d contained at least one of Si, B, and P.
As illustrated in Table 2, before and after the durability test, the noise intensities of the A-7 to A-14 samples were lower than those of an arbitrary sample of the A-1 and A-6 samples at the same frequency. As such, it was possible to further suppress noise by using perovskite type oxides as the conductive substances of the A-7 to A-14 samples.
The increased amount of noise intensity of each of the A-7 to A-14 samples induced by the durability test was 6 dB or 7 dB. In contrast, the increased amounts of noise intensity of the A-1 to A-6 samples induced by the durability test were 9 dB or greater and 11 dB or less, and were greater than those of the A-7 to A-14 samples. As such, it was possible to improve the durability of the magnetic substance structure 200d by using perovskite type oxides as the conductive substances of the A-7 to A-14 samples. The estimated reason for this is that the perovskite type oxides of the A-7 to A-14 samples have low electrical resistance and are stable.
The perovskite type oxides of the A-4 and A-5 samples had the same A-site element (Sr), and different B-site elements (Ti and Cr). The A-4 and A-5 samples had a small difference (less than or equal to 2 dB) in noise intensity at the same frequency before the durability test, and also had a small difference (less than or equal to 2 dB) in noise intensity at the same frequency after the durability test. That is, the A-4 and A-5 samples having the same A-site element were capable of realizing the same level of noise suppression capability and the same level of durability.
The A-7 to A-10 samples had the same A-site element (La), and different B-site elements (Mn, Cr, Co, and Fe). The A-7 to A-10 samples had a small difference (less than or equal to 2 dB) in noise intensity at the same frequency before the durability test, and also had a small difference (less than or equal to 2 dB) in noise intensity at the same frequency after the durability test. That is, the A-7 to A-10 samples having the same A-site element were capable of realizing the same level of noise suppression capability and the same level of durability.
It is estimated that it is possible to realize the same level of noise suppression capability and the same level of durability by adopting a plurality of types of perovskite type oxides which have the same A-site element in spite of having different B-site elements. For example, the A-site element of the A-7 to A-14 samples is selected from La, Nd, Pr, Yb, and Y. It is estimated that when the conductive substance of the magnetic substance structure 200d contains a perovskite type oxide, the A-site element of which is at least one of La, Nd, Pr, Yb, and Y, similar to the A-7 to A-14 samples, it is possible to suppress noise, and to realize good durability. An oxide having a plurality of types of A-site elements may be adopted as a perovskite type oxide. The conductive substance may contain a plurality of types of perovskite type oxides.
When the material of the conductive substance of the magnetic substance structure 200d is unknown, the A-site element of the perovskite type oxide contained in the magnetic substance structure 200d of the sample can be specified as follows. For example, the crystal phase of the perovskite type oxide may be specified, and the crystal structure of the specified crystal phase and elements may be specified by analyzing the magnetic substance structure 200d using a micro X-ray diffraction method.
The A-15 to A-23 samples in Table 2 were samples using various metals (including alloys) as conductive substances. Specifically, the conductive substances were Ag, Cu, Ni, Sn, Fe, Cr, Inconel, a sendust, and a permalloy in the order of the A-15 to A-23 samples.
The occupancy of the conductive substance of each of the A-15 to A-23 samples was 40% or greater and 65% or less. The large grain proportion was greater than or equal to 44%. The magnetic substances were CuFe2O4, BaFe12O19, SrFe12O19, NiFe2O4, (Ni,Zn)Fe2O4, NiFe2O4, Ba2Co2Fe12O22, Y3Fe5O12, and (Mn, Zn)Fe2O4 in the order of the sample numbers. The ceramic of the magnetic substance structure 200d contained at least one of Si, B, and P.
As illustrated in Table 2, before and after the durability test, the noise intensities of the A-15 to A-23 samples were lower than those of an arbitrary sample of the A-1 and A-6 samples at the same frequency. As such, it was possible to further suppress noise by using metals as the conductive substances of the A-15 to A-23 samples.
The increased amount of noise intensity of each of the A-15 to A-23 samples induced by the durability test was 6 dB or 7 dB. In contrast, the increased amounts of noise intensity of the A-1 to A-6 samples induced by the durability test were 9 dB or greater and 11 dB or less, and were greater than those of the A-15 to A-23 samples. As such, it was possible to improve the durability of the magnetic substance structure 200d by using metals as the conductive substances of the A-15 to A-23 samples. The estimated reason for this is that the metal of each of the A-15 to A-23 samples has good oxidation resistance.
When metal is adopted as a conductive substance, at least one of the metals used in the A-15 to A-23 samples is preferably adopted. For example, a conductive substance preferably contains at least one of Ag, Cu, Ni, Sn, Fe, and Cr. Metals contained in the conductive region 820 of the magnetic substance structure 200d can be specified by EPMA analysis.
The porosity of each of the A-1 to A-6 samples in Table 2 was in a range of 5.3% or greater and 6.1% or less. As described above, the A-1 to A-6 samples were capable of suppressing noise, and realizing good durability. The porosity of each of the A-7 to A-23 samples was in a range of 5.1% or greater and 6% or less. As described above, the A-7 to A-23 samples were capable of further suppressing noise, and realizing better durability.
The porosities of the A-24 and A-30 samples were lower than those of the A-1 to A-23 samples. Specifically, the porosity of each of the A-24 to A-30 samples was in a range of 3.2% or greater and 5% or less. The conductive substances of the A-24 to A-30 samples were NdMnO3, PrMnO3, YbMnO3, YMnO3, Fe, Cr, and Inconel in the order of the sample numbers. The occupancy of the conductive substance was 46% or greater and 64% or less. The large grain proportion was greater than or equal to 52%. The magnetic substances were (Ni,Zn)Fe2O4, (Mn,Zn)Fe2O4, Ba2CO2Fe12O22, (Ni,Zn)Fe2O4, BaFe12O19, SrFe12O19, and NiFe2O4 in the order of the sample numbers. The ceramic of the magnetic substance structure 200d contained at least one of Si, B, and P.
As illustrated in Table 2, before and after the durability test, the noise intensities of an arbitrary sample of the A-24 to A-30 samples were lower than those of an arbitrary sample of the A-1 to A-23 samples at the same frequency. As such, the A-24 to A-30 samples with relatively low porosities were capable of suppressing noise compared to the A-1 to A-6 samples and the A-7 to A-23 samples with relatively high porosities. The estimated reason for this is that when the porosity is low, the occurrence of partial discharge in the pore 812 (refer to
The increased amounts of the noise intensity of the A-24 to A-30 samples induced by the durability test were in a range of 2 dB or greater and 4 dB or less. In contrast, the increased amounts of noise intensity of the A-1 to A-6 samples were 9 dB or greater and 11 dB or less, and the increased amount of noise intensity of each of the A-7 to A-23 samples was 6 dB or 7 dB. As such, the A-24 to A-30 samples with a relatively low porosity were capable of realizing good durability compared to the A-1 to A-6 samples and the A-7 to A-23 samples with a relatively high porosity. The estimated reason for this is that when the porosity is low, the occurrence of partial discharge in the pores 812 (refer to
The porosities of the A-1 to A-30 samples realizing good durability while suppressing noise were 3.2%, 3.3%, 3.5%, 3.8%, 4.3%, 4.4%, 5%, 5.1%, 5.2%, 5.3%, 5.4%, 5.5%, 5.6%, 5.7%, 5.8%, 6%, and 6.1%. An arbitrary value among these 17 values can be adopted as the upper limit of a preferable range (range of a lower limit or greater and an upper limit or less) of the porosity. An arbitrary value less than or equal to the upper limit among these values can be adopted as the lower limit. For example, a value in a range of 3.2% or greater and 6.1% or less can be adopted as the porosity.
As described above, the A-24 to A-30 samples were capable of suppressing noise, and durability of the A-24 to A-30 samples could be improved compared to the A-1 to A-23 samples. The porosities of the A-24 to A-30 were 3.2%, 3.3%, 3.5%, 3.8%, 4.3%, 4.4% and 5%. When the upper limit and the lower limit of a preferable range are selected from these seven values, it is possible to further improve noise suppression capability and durability. For example, a value in a range of 3.2% or greater and 5% or less can be adopted as the porosity.
It is estimated that the noise suppression capability and the durability become better as the porosity becomes lower. Accordingly, 0% may be adopted as the lower limit of the porosity. For example, preferably, the porosity is 0% or greater and 6.1% or less, and more preferably, is 0% or greater and 5% or less.
The noise suppression capability of the A-1 to A-6 samples is good compared to the capability of typical spark plugs (for example, spark plug from which the magnetic substance structure 200d is omitted). Accordingly, it is estimated that even if the porosity is higher, it is possible to realize practical noise suppression capability. As a result, it is estimated that a higher value (for example, 10%) can be adopted as the upper limit of the porosity.
An arbitrary method can be adopted as a method of adjusting the porosity. For example, when the firing temperature (heating temperature of the insulator 10d accommodating the material of the connection portions 300d in the through hole 12d) of the magnetic substance structure 200d is increased, the ceramic material of the magnetic substance structure 200d is easily melted, and thus it is possible to reduce the porosity. It is possible to block the pores 812, and to reduce the porosity by increasing force which is applied to the terminal metal fixture 40d when the terminal metal fixture 40d is inserted into the through hole 12d. It is possible to reduce the porosity by reducing the particle size of the ceramic material of the magnetic substance structure 200d.
The B-5 sample in Table 3 was a sample in which a conductive substance was omitted from the magnetic substance structure 200d. The electromagnetic noise of the B-5 sample was too strong, and thus it was possible to measure an exact value of the electromagnetic noise. The estimated reason for this is that current is not capable of smoothly flowing through the magnetic substance structure 200d, and partial discharge occurs in the magnetic substance structure 200d. In contrast, the A-1 to A-30 were capable of suppressing noise. As such, it was possible to suppress noise by making the magnetic substance structure 200d containing the conductive substance. It is estimated that conductive substances capable of suppressing electromagnetic noise are not limited to the conductive substances contained in the samples in Table 2, and various types of conductive substances can be adopted. A conductive substance having good oxidation resistance is preferably adopted so as to realize good durability of the magnetic substance structure 200d. It is possible to suppress aging caused by heat generation resulting from the flow of large current by adopting a conductive substance with an electrical resistivity of 50 Ω·m or less.
The B-3 sample in Table 3 was a sample in which an iron-containing oxide (that is, a magnetic substance) was omitted from the magnetic substance structure 200d. As illustrated in Tables 2 and 3, noise intensities of the A-1 to A-30 samples containing the iron-containing oxide were lower than the noise intensity of the B-3 sample at the same frequency. As such, it was possible to suppress noise by making the magnetic substance structure 200d containing the iron-containing oxide. The reason for this is that electromagnetic noise is suppressed by the magnetic substance disposed in the vicinity of the current path. Iron-containing oxides containing at least one of FeO, Fe2O3, Fe3O4, Ni, Mn, Cu, Sr, Ba, Zn, and Y can adopted as the iron-containing oxides of the A-1 to A-30 samples. It is estimated that iron-containing oxides capable of suppressing electromagnetic noise are not limited to the iron-containing oxides contained in the samples in Table 2, and various types of iron-containing oxides (for example, various ferrites) can be adopted.
The ceramic contained in the magnetic substance structure 200d supports the conductive substance and the magnetic substance (iron-containing oxide). Various ceramics can be adopted as the ceramic supporting the conductive substance and the magnetic substance. For example, amorphous ceramic may be adopted. Glass containing one or more components arbitrarily selected from SiO2, B2O3, P2O5, and the like can be adopted as the amorphous ceramic. Instead, crystalline ceramic may be adopted. Crystallized glass (also referred to as glass ceramic) such as Li2O—Al2O3—SiO2 glass may be adopted as the crystalline ceramic. In any case, it is estimated that it is possible to realize proper noise suppression capability and proper durability by adopting a ceramic containing at least one of silicon (Si), boron (B), and phosphorous (P) as with the A-1 to A-30 samples in Table 2.
(1) The material of the magnetic substances 210 and 210b is not limited to a MnZn ferrite, and various magnetic materials can be adopted. For example, various ferromagnetic materials can be adopted. The ferromagnetic material is a material which is spontaneously magnetized. Various materials, for example, materials containing iron oxides such as ferrites (including a spinel type ferrite), and an iron alloy such as alnico (Al—Ni—Co) can be adopted as the ferromagnetic materials. It is possible to appropriately suppress electromagnetic noise by adopting the ferromagnetic material. The material of the magnetic substances 210 and 210b is not limited to the ferromagnetic materials, and a paramagnetic material may be adopted. It is also possible to suppress electromagnetic noise in this case.
(2) The configuration of the magnetic substance structure is not limited to the configurations illustrated in
As illustrated in
(3) Instead of the method by which the materials of the magnetic substance structure 200d are disposed and fired in the through hole 12d of the insulator 10d, other arbitrary methods can be adopted to manufacture the magnetic substance structure 200d illustrated in
(4) The configuration of the magnetic substance structure is not limited to the configurations illustrated in
(5) The configuration of the spark plug is not limited to the configurations illustrated from
In the embodiments, the leading end portion 31 of the ground electrode 30 faces the leading end surface 20s1 (surface facing the leading end direction D1 side of the center electrode 20) to form the gap g. Instead, the leading end portion of the ground electrode 30 may face the outer circumferential surface of the center electrode 20 to form a gap.
The present invention has been described based on the embodiments and the modification examples; however, the embodiments of the invention are given to help easy understanding of the present invention, and do not limit the present invention. The present invention can be modified and improved insofar as the modification and the improvements do not depart from the purport and the claims of the present invention.
This disclosure can be suitably used in a spark plug of an internal combustion engine or the like.
| Number | Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2013-266957 | Dec 2013 | JP | national |
| Filing Document | Filing Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| PCT/JP2014/084393 | 12/25/2014 | WO | 00 |
