Spatial light modulator

This application claims priority to Japanese Patent Application NO. P2001-370613 filed on Dec. 4, 2001, the contents of which are hereby incorporated by reference.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to a spatial light modulator for spatially modulating incident light by utilizing a magneto-optic effect.

DESCRIPTION OF THE RELATED ART

A spatial light modulator for spatially modulating incident light is used in the field of optical information processing, computer-generated holograms or the like.

Conventional spatial light modulators include one in which a liquid crystal is used and one in which a micro-mirror device is used.

In the above-mentioned field of optical information processing, computer-generated holograms or the like, it is necessary that a large amount of information be processed at high speed, and therefore it is desirable that the spatial light modulator should have a high operation speed.

However, the spatial light modulator in which a liquid crystal is used has a low operation speed. For example, even in the case of using a ferroelectric liquid crystal that has a high operation speed among liquid crystals, the response time is on the order of microsecond.

The spatial light modulator in which a micro-mirror device is used can operate at a relatively high speed. However, the manufacturing cost for this spatial light modulator is high because it is a micro machine having a complicated structure which is manufactured by a highly-developed semiconductor manufacturing process. Moreover, there remains a problem in reliability because it has a mechanical driving portion.

For example, U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,584,237, 5,241,421, 5,255,119 and 5,386,313 disclose spatial light modulators for modulating incident light by utilizing a magneto-optic effect. Hereinafter, such a spatial light modulator is referred to as a magneto-optic spatial light modulator. The magneto-optic spatial light modulator includes a plurality of pixels, each of which is made of a magneto-optic material and capable of selecting a direction of magnetization independently. In the magneto-optic spatial light modulator, a direction of polarization of light passing through each pixel is rotated by a predetermined angle in a direction opposite to the direction of magnetization of the pixel due to the Faraday effect. Accordingly, the magneto-optic spatial light modulator produces spatially modulated light by arbitrarily selecting a direction of magnetization for each pixel.

Since the magneto-optic spatial light modulator exhibits a high speed in reversing the direction of magnetization of each pixel, it can achieve a higher operation speed on a pixel-by-pixel basis than that of a spatial light modulator in which a liquid crystal is used.

A conventional magneto-optic spatial light modulator emits two types of light which are different in direction of polarization. The two types of light, when passed through an analyzer, become two types of light having different light intensities. The two types of light having different light intensities are distinguishable from each other by comparing the intensities with a predetermined threshold value. There is a problem, however, in that the distinction method is susceptible to noise.

On the other hand, a technique is known in which 1-bit digital data “1” and “0” are expressed using two adjoining pixels of the spatial light modulator, and the data are distinguished by differentially detecting a difference in light intensity between two beams of light from the two adjoining pixels. However, since a single bit digital data is expressed using two pixels, the technique suffers from a problem that the amount of information producible by the spatial light modulator decreases to half that of the case where a single bit digital data is expressed using a single pixel.

OBJECT AND SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

It is an object of the invention to provide a spatial light modulator for spatially modulating incident light by utilizing a magneto-optic effect, capable of generating spatially modulated light that is highly resistant to noise, without reducing the amount of information producible.

A spatial light modulator of the invention comprises:

a magnetic layer made of a magneto-optic material and including a plurality of pixels whose directions of magnetization are set independently of one another, each of the pixels causing rotation of a direction of polarization of incident light depending on its direction of magnetization due to a magneto-optic effect;

a plurality of soft magnetic layers located near the respective pixels, each of the soft magnetic layers being selectively magnetized in either of two opposite directions depending on a magnetic field from exterior; and

a magnetic field generator for generating a magnetic field for setting the direction of magnetization of each of the soft magnetic layers, wherein

each of the pixels includes two regions that take different states of magnetization when the soft magnetic layer nearby is magnetized, directions of magnetization in the two regions changing depending on the direction of magnetization of the soft magnetic layer.

According to the spatial light modulator of the invention, directions of magnetization of the soft magnetic layers are set by magnetic fields generated by the magnetic field generator. The two regions of each pixel take different states of magnetization when the soft magnetic layer near the pixel is magnetized. The directions of magnetization in the two regions change depending on the direction of magnetization in the soft magnetic layer. As a result, each pixel generates two types of light selectively.

In the spatial light modulator of the invention, the magnetic field generator may include a plurality of first conductor layers and a plurality of second conductor layers arranged to intersect each other at positions corresponding to the pixels, currents for generating the magnetic field for setting the direction of magnetization of each of the soft magnetic layers being passed through the first and second conductor layers.

The spatial light modulator of the invention may further comprise a bias field applying device that applies to the magnetic layer a bias magnetic field used for changing the direction of magnetization of each of the pixels.

Other objects, features and advantages of the invention will become sufficiently clear from the following description.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1

is a plan view of a single pixel portion of a spatial light modulator according to an embodiment of the invention.

FIG. 2

is a cross-sectional view of the single pixel portion of the spatial light modulator according to the embodiment of the invention.

FIG. 3

is a plan view of the arrangement of the pixels in the spatial light modulator according to the embodiment of the invention.

FIG. 4

is a perspective view conceptually illustrating the usage of the spatial light modulator according to the embodiment of the invention.

FIG. 5

is an explanatory diagram showing the spatial light modulator according to the embodiment of the invention and its peripheral circuits.

FIG. 6

is an explanatory diagram for explaining the operation of the spatial light modulator according to the embodiment of the invention.

FIG. 7

is an explanatory diagram for explaining the operation of the spatial light modulator according to the embodiment of the invention.

FIG. 8

is an explanatory diagram for explaining the operation of the spatial light modulator according to the embodiment of the invention.

FIG. 9

is an explanatory diagram conceptually illustrating the state of magnetization of the pixel and that of the soft magnetic layer in the state shown in FIG.

8

.

FIG. 10

is an explanatory diagram for explaining the operation of the spatial light modulator according to the embodiment of the invention.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT

Hereinafter, an embodiment of the invention will be described in detail with reference to the drawings. Initially, reference is made to FIG.

1

through

FIG. 5

to describe a configuration of a spatial light modulator according to the embodiment.

FIG. 1

is a plan view of a single pixel portion of the spatial light modulator according to the embodiment.

FIG. 2

is a cross-sectional view of the single pixel portion of the spatial light modulator according to the embodiment.

FIG. 3

is a plan view of the arrangement of the pixels in the spatial light modulator according to the embodiment.

FIG. 4

is a perspective view conceptually illustrating the usage of the spatial light modulator according to the embodiment.

FIG. 5

is an explanatory diagram showing the spatial light modulator according to the embodiment and its peripheral circuits.

As shown in

FIG. 4

, the spatial light modulator

1

according to the embodiment comprises a device portion

2

and a bias field applying coil

3

disposed around the device portion

2

. The device portion

2

is plate-shaped, and one of surfaces thereof serves as a light incidence/outgoing surface

2

a

. The bias field applying coil

3

, when a current is passed therethrough, generates a bias magnetic field in a direction perpendicular to the incidence/outgoing surface

2

a

, and applies the bias magnetic field to the device portion

2

. The bias field applying coil

3

corresponds to the bias field applying device of the invention. Light incident on the device portion

2

is spatially modulated by the device portion

2

and exits therefrom. As shown in

FIG. 4

, the light that has exited the device portion

2

may be allowed to pass through an analyzer

20

before use.

As shown in FIG.

1

through

FIG. 3

, the device portion

2

has a substrate

10

and a magnetic layer

11

formed on the substrate

10

. The magnetic layer

11

is made of a magneto-optic material and includes a plurality of pixels

11

a

whose directions of magnetization are set independently of one another. Each of the pixels

11

a

causes rotation of the direction of polarization of incident light depending on its direction of magnetization due to a magneto-optic effect. The bias field applying coil

3

applies to the magnetic layer

11

a bias magnetic field used for changing the direction of magnetization of each of the pixels

11

a.

The device portion

2

further has a plurality of reflecting layers

12

for reflecting light that are formed on the pixels

11

a

of the magnetic layer

11

, a plurality of soft magnetic layers

13

formed on the reflecting layers

12

, and an insulating layer

14

that covers the reflecting layers

12

and the soft magnetic layers

13

.

The soft magnetic layers

13

each have a shape that is long in horizontal direction in FIG.

1

and FIG.

2

. Hence, the soft magnetic layers

13

are apt to be magnetized either leftward or rightward in FIG.

1

and FIG.

2

. The soft magnetic layers

13

are located near the respective pixels

11

a

, and are selectively magnetized in either of two opposite directions, i.e., leftward or rightward in FIG.

1

and

FIG. 2

, depending on a magnetic field from exterior.

The device portion

2

further has a plurality of conductor layers

15

formed on the insulating layer

14

, an insulating layer

16

that covers the conductor layers

15

, and a plurality of conductor layers

17

formed on the insulating layer

16

. The conductor layers

15

extend in one direction (hereinafter referred to as Y direction) and are arranged at regular intervals. The conductor layers

17

extend in a direction orthogonal to the Y direction (hereinafter referred to as X direction) and are arranged at regular intervals. The reflecting layers

12

and the insulating layers

14

,

16

are omitted in FIG.

1

.

The plurality of conductor layers

15

and the plurality of conductor layers

17

are arranged to intersect each other at positions corresponding to the individual pixels

11

a

, so that currents for generating a magnetic field for setting the direction of magnetization of each of the pixels

11

a

are passed therethrough. Passing the currents through the conductor layers

15

and

17

generates the magnetic field for setting the direction of magnetization of each of the pixels

11

a

and for setting the direction of magnetization of each of the soft magnetic layers

13

.

The conductor layers

15

correspond to the first conductor layers of the invention. The conductor layers

17

correspond to the second conductor layers of the invention. The conductor layers

15

and the conductor layers

17

correspond to the magnetic field generator of the invention.

As shown in

FIG. 2

, the magnetic layer

11

has a top surface, a bottom surface, and grooves

11

b

for defining the borders of the individual pixels

11

a

. The grooves

11

a

are formed to extend from the top surface to a predetermined position between the top and bottom surfaces. The grooves

11

b

are formed all around the individual pixels

11

a

. The grooves

11

b

do not penetrate the magnetic layer

11

. The grooves

11

b

may have any depth, such as 30% to 50% the thickness of the magnetic layer

11

. The grooves

11

b

inhibit magnetic walls from moving beyond the grooves

11

b

. The reflecting layers

12

are arranged to cover the grooves

11

b.

The substrate

10

is made of gadolinium gallium garnet (GGG), for example. The magnetic layer

11

is formed of a magnetic garnet thin film, for example. Rare-earth iron garnet, bismuth-substituted rare-earth iron garnet or the like is used as the material of the magnetic layer

11

. The magnetic layer

11

may be formed by forming a monocrystalline magnetic garnet thin film by a liquid-phase epitaxy (LPE) method or a sputtering method. The grooves

11

b

of the magnetic layer

11

are formed by etching, for example.

The reflecting layers

12

are made of Al, for example. The soft magnetic layers

13

are made of Permalloy (NiFe), for example. The insulating layers

14

and

16

are made of SiO

2

, for example. The conductor layers

15

and

17

are made of Al, for example.

As shown in

FIG. 1

, in this embodiment, each pixel

11

a

has a shape that is long in the X direction. Each pixel

11

a

includes a region

11

L that lies on the left in

FIG. 1 and a

region

11

R that lies on the right in FIG.

1

. More specifically, in this embodiment, each pixel

11

a

has a shape of two hexagons adjoining in the X direction. Nevertheless, the shape of the pixels

11

a

is not limited thereto but may be rectangular or elliptic.

The regions

11

L and

11

R take different states of magnetization when the soft magnetic layer

13

near the pixel

11

a

is magnetized. The directions of magnetization in the regions

11

L and

11

R change depending on the direction of magnetization of the soft magnetic layer

13

.

The soft magnetic layers

13

each have a shape that is long in the X direction. In this embodiment, the conductor layers

15

are made greater than the conductor layers

17

in width to conform to the shape of the soft magnetic layers

13

.

In the device portion

2

, the bottom surface of the substrate

10

is the light incidence/outgoing surface

2

a

. Light enters the substrate

10

from the incidence/outgoing surface

2

a

, passes through the substrate

10

and the magnetic layer

11

, is reflected by the reflecting layers

12

, passes through the magnetic layer

11

and the substrate

10

again, and exits from the incidence/outgoing surface

2

a

. The substrate

10

and the magnetic layer

11

have transparency at least to the light to be used.

Next, drivers of the spatial light modulator

1

according to the embodiment will be described with reference to FIG.

5

. As shown in

FIG. 5

, the plurality of conductor layers

17

of the device portion

2

are connected to a driving portion

31

, and the plurality of conductor layers

15

are connected to a driving portion

32

. The bias field applying coil

3

is connected to a driving portion

33

. The driving portions

31

,

32

, and

33

are controlled by a control portion

34

. Under the control of the control portion

34

, the driving portions

31

and

32

feed positive or negative pulsed currents to the conductor layers

17

and

15

, respectively. The driving portion

31

contains a plurality of driving circuits for feeding positive or negative pulsed currents to the plurality of conductor layers

17

. Similarly, the driving portion

32

contains a plurality of driving circuits for feeding positive or negative pulsed currents to the plurality of conductor layers

15

. The driving portion

33

feeds a positive or negative arbitrary current to the coil

3

.

Description will now be given of functions of the spatial light modulator

1

according to the embodiment. In the following description, a bias magnetic field is represented by the symbol Hb. The bias magnetic field Hb is shown in a positive value when it is upward in FIG.

2

. The bias magnetic field Hb is shown in a negative value when it is downward in

FIG. 2. A

current flowing through each of the conductor layers

17

is represented by the symbol Ix. The current Ix is shown in a positive value when it flows from the left to the right in FIG.

1

. The current Ix is shown in a negative value when it flows from the right to the left in

FIG. 1. A

current flowing through each of the conductor layers

15

is represented by the symbol Iy. The current Iy is shown in a positive value when it flows from the bottom to the top in FIG.

1

. The current Iy is shown in a negative value when it flows from the top to the bottom in FIG.

1

.

In this embodiment, direction of magnetization of a pixel

11

a

can be uniformized over an entire region thereof. As will be detailed later, in this embodiment, the region

11

L and the region

11

R of a pixel

11

a

can take different states of magnetization. Then, in this embodiment, a pixel

11

a

can be set to either of the following first and second states selectively. In the first state, in the region

11

L an area where the direction of magnetization contains upward components is wider than an area where the direction of magnetization contains downward components, while in the region

11

R an area where the direction of magnetization contains downward components is wider than an area where the direction of magnetization contains upward components. In the second state, in the region

11

L the area where the direction of magnetization contains downward components is wider than the area where the direction of magnetization contains upward components, while in the region

11

R the area where the direction of magnetization contains upward components is wider than the area where the direction of magnetization contains downward components.

For example, in this embodiment, the first state and the second state of a pixel

11

a

are associated with 1-bit digital data “1” and “0”, respectively. A pixel

11

a

thus expresses a single bit digital data.

An operation of the spatial light modulator

1

for the case of bringing a pixel

11

a

into the first state will now be described with reference to FIG.

6

through FIG.

8

. In FIG.

6

through

FIG. 8

, the hatched area in the pixel

11

a

represents the area where the direction of magnetization contains downward components. The unhatched area represents the area where the direction of magnetization contains upward, components. The presence or absence of hatching in FIG.

6

through

FIG. 8

simply indicates whether the direction of magnetization contains downward components or upward components, not that the direction of magnetization is completely downward or upward.

In the operation, first, the bias field applying coil

3

applies a bias magnetic field Hb having a negative value to the device portion

2

and then makes the bias magnetic field Hb “0”. In this process, the currents Ix and Iy are both kept at “0”. For example, the value of the bias magnetic field Hb to be initially applied to the device portion

2

is −62 Oe (=−62×79 A/m). Through this operation, as shown in

FIG. 6

, the pixel

11

a

is brought into a state where the direction of magnetization contains downward components over the entire region of the pixel

11

a.

Next, the bias field applying coil

3

applies a bias magnetic field Hb having a positive value to the device portion

2

and then makes the bias magnetic field Hb “0”. In this process, the current Ix is set at a positive value and the current Iy a negative value. For example, the current Ix is set at +100 mA and the current Iy −100 mA. For example, the value of the bias magnetic field Hb to be initially applied to the device portion

2

is +30 Oe (=+30×79 A/m). Through this operation, as shown in

FIG. 7

, a magnetic domain where the direction of magnetization contains upward components is produced within the area of the pixel

11

a

where the direction of magnetization contains downward components. At this time, a magnetic field caused by the currents Ix and Iy is applied to the soft magnetic layer

13

. As a result, the direction of magnetization of the soft magnetic layer

13

turns rightward.

Next, the bias field applying coil

3

applies a bias magnetic field Hb having a positive value to the device portion

2

. The value of this bias magnetic field Hb is +23 Oe (=+23×79 A/m), for example. In this process, the currents Ix and Iy are both set at “0”. This bias magnetic field Hb causes expansion of the magnetic domain where the direction of magnetization contains upward components. Here, since the direction of magnetization of the soft magnetic layer

13

is rightward, the magnetic domain where the direction of magnetization contains upward components is wider in the left in the pixel

11

a

as shown in FIG.

8

. As a result, the pixel

11

a

is brought into the first state in which in the region

11

L the area where the direction of magnetization contains upward components is wider than the area where the direction of magnetization contains downward components, while in the region

11

R the area where the direction of magnetization contains downward components is wider than the area where the direction of magnetization contains upward components. While the magnetic domain expands, the groove

11

b

inhibits the movement of the magnetic walls.

FIG. 9

conceptually illustrates the state of magnetization of the pixel

11

a

and that of the soft magnetic layer

13

in the state shown in FIG.

8

. As shown in

FIG. 9

, when the direction of magnetization of the soft magnetic layer

13

is rightward, the direction of magnetization in the region

11

L tends to be upward and the direction of magnetization in the region

11

R tends to be downward. Consequently, the above-described first state is established.

In the operation described above, if the current Iy used in generating the magnetic domain where the direction of magnetization contains upward components is set at a positive value such as +100 mA while the remainder of the operation are unchanged from the above description, the direction of magnetization of the soft magnetic layer

13

turns leftward and the pixel

11

a

is thereby brought into the second state. In the second state, as shown in

FIG. 10

, in the region

11

L the area where the direction of magnetization contains downward components is wider than the area where the direction of magnetization contains upward components, while in the region

11

R the area where the direction of magnetization contains upward components is wider than the area where the direction of magnetization contains downward components. In

FIG. 10

, the hatched area in the pixel

11

a

represents the area where the direction of magnetization contains downward components, and the unhatched area represents the area where the direction of magnetization contains upward components.

In this way, according to the spatial light modulator

1

of the embodiment, it is possible to set the individual pixels

11

a

selectively to either the first state or the second state independently of one another by controlling the currents Ix and Iy respectively for each of the conductor layers

17

and each of the conductor layers

15

.

It is still possible to set the individual pixels

11

a

selectively to either the first state or the second state even when the polarity of the bias magnetic field and the polarities of the currents in the above-described operation are all inverted from those described above.

Light that is incident on the device portion

2

of the spatial light modulator

1

passes through the substrate

10

and then through the magnetic layer

11

. The light passing through the magnetic layer

11

is subjected to Faraday rotation, that is, rotation of the direction of polarization depending on a direction of magnetization of the magnetic layer

11

due to the Faraday effect. In the following description, it is assumed that the direction of polarization of light passing through areas of the magnetic layer

11

where the direction of magnetization is upward in

FIG. 2

is rotated by +θ

F

, while the direction of polarization of light passing through areas of the magnetic layer

11

where the direction of magnetization is downward in

FIG. 2

is rotated by −θ

F

.

The light having passed through the magnetic layer

11

is reflected by the reflecting layers

12

, passes through the magnetic layer

11

and the substrate

10

again, and exits the device portion

2

. The light that passes through the magnetic layer

11

after being reflected by the reflecting layers

12

is subjected to rotation of the direction of polarization depending on the direction of magnetization of the magnetic layer

11

due to the Faraday effect, as is the case where the light passes through the magnetic layer

11

before reaching the reflecting layers

12

. As a result, the direction of polarization of light exiting the device portion

2

after passing through the magnetic layer

11

twice, i.e., forward and backward, at the areas where the direction of magnetization is upward, is rotated by +2θ

F

. The direction of polarization of light exiting the device portion

2

after passing through the magnetic layer

11

twice, forward and backward, at the areas where the direction of magnetization is downward is rotated by −2θ

F

.

In this embodiment, the pixels

11

a

of the magnetic layer

11

each have the two regions

11

L and

11

R. The embodiment allows the individual pixels

11

a

to be selectively set to either the first state or the second state independently of one another.

In the first state, light that is incident on the device portion

2

and passes through the regions

11

L twice, i.e., forward and backward, to exit the device portion

2

contains a larger amount of light whose direction of polarization is rotated by +2θ

F

, while light that is incident on the device portion

2

and passes through the regions

11

R twice, i.e., forward and backward, to exit the device portion

2

contains a larger amount of light whose direction of polarization is rotated by −2θ

F

.

In the second state, light that is incident on the device portion

2

and passes through the regions

11

L twice, i.e., forward and backward, to exit the device portion

2

contains a larger amount of light whose direction of polarization is rotated by −2θ

F

, while light that is incident on the device portion

2

and passes through the regions

11

R twice, i.e., forward and backward, to exit the device portion

2

contains a larger amount of light whose direction of polarization is rotated by +2θ

F

.

Hereinafter, light that is incident on the device portion

2

and passes through a pixel

11

a

of the first state twice, i.e., forward and backward, to exit the device portion

2

will be referred to as first-state light. Light that is incident on the device portion

2

and passes through a pixel

11

a

of the second state twice, i.e., forward and backward, to exit the device portion

2

will be referred to as second-state light. The first-state light and the second-state light both include two parts having different directions of polarization. The first-state light and the second-state light are reverse to each other in the positional relationship between the two parts.

When passed through the analyzer

20

, the first-state light and the second-state light that have exited the device portion

2

each become light that includes two parts having different light intensities, as shown in FIG.

4

. However, the first-state light and the second-state light having passed through the analyzer

20

are reverse to each other in the positional relationship between the two parts of different light intensities. The first-state light and the second-state light having passed through the analyzer

20

are distinguishable form each other by differentially detecting a difference in light intensity between the two parts. Such distinction between the two types of light through differential detection is less susceptible to noise as compared to a distinction between two types of light which are simply different in intensity.

As described above, in the spatial light modulator

1

of the embodiment, each single pixel

11

a

has two regions

11

L and

11

R which can take different states of magnetization. In this embodiment, the individual pixels

11

a

can be selectively set to either the first state or the second state independently of one another. Thus, according to the embodiment, by selectively setting each pixel

11

a

to either the first state or the second state, each pixel

11

a

can generate two types of light that are distinguishable through differential detection. As a result, according to the spatial light modulator

1

of the embodiment, it is possible to generate spatially modulated light that is highly resistant to noise, with a simple configuration and without reducing by half the amount of producible information.

In this embodiment, the magnetic layer

11

has the grooves

11

b

for defining the borders of the individual pixels

11

a

. The grooves

11

b

are formed to extend from the top surface of the magnetic layer

11

to a predetermined position between the top and bottom surfaces thereof. Thus, in this embodiment, the magnetic layer

11

is not completely divided into the individual pixels

11

a

but continuous over the plurality of pixels

11

a

. Experiments conducted by the inventors have shown that the configuration of the magnetic layer

11

of this embodiment can lower the magnetic field required for reversing the directions of magnetization of the pixels

11

a

as compared to the case where the magnetic layer is completely divided into pixels.

An example of the experiments will now be described. In the experiments, a 3-μm-thick magnetic layer was used to prepare first to third samples. For the first sample, pixels were defined by grooves having a depth of 30% the thickness of the magnetic layer. For the second sample, pixels were defined by grooves having a depth of 50% the thickness of the magnetic layer. For the third sample, the magnetic layer was completely divided into pixels. Each of the samples was measured for the intensity of a magnetic field required for reversing the directions of magnetization of the pixels. As a result, the intensities of the magnetic fields required for reversing the directions of magnetization of the pixels were 36 Oe (=36×79 A/m) for the first sample, 62 Oe (=62×79 A/m) for the second sample, and 280 Oe (=280×79 A/m) for the third sample. It can be seen from the results that the configuration of the magnetic layer

11

of the embodiment can lower the magnetic field required for reversing the directions of magnetization of the pixels

11

a

as compared to the case where the magnetic layer is completely divided into pixels.

The reason that the configuration of the magnetic layer

11

of the embodiment can lower the magnetic field required for reversing the directions of magnetization of the pixels

11

a

is considered to be as follows. In this embodiment, the magnetic layer

11

establishes coupling between adjoining two pixels

11

a

. Thus, even when the directions of magnetization are different between adjoining two pixels

11

a

, the portion of the magnetic layer

11

lying between the two pixels

11

a

can be magnetized in a direction intermediate between the two directions of magnetization of the two pixels

11

a

. This facilitates changes of the directions of magnetization of the pixels

11

a.

Thus, according to the embodiment, it is possible to lower the magnetic field required for reversing the directions of magnetization of the pixels

11

a

. This makes it possible to reduce the driving currents of the spatial light modulator

1

.

The grooves

11

b

of the embodiment are shallower than grooves that would be formed between pixels in the case where the magnetic layer is completely divided into the pixels. According to the embodiment, it is therefore possible to form another layer on the magnetic layer

11

without filling the grooves

11

b

with an insulating material. Alternatively, according to the embodiment, the grooves

11

b

can be easily filled with an insulating material if necessary before another layer is formed on the magnetic layer

11

. According to the embodiment, it is also easy to form the grooves

11

b.

Thus, the embodiment provides the spatial light modulator

1

that is simple in structure and easy to fabricate and drive.

The invention is not limited to the foregoing embodiment, and various modifications may be made thereto.

As has been described, according to the spatial light modulator of the invention, the two regions of each pixel take different states of magnetization when the soft magnetic layer near the pixel is magnetized. The directions of magnetization in the two regions change depending on the direction of magnetization in the soft magnetic layer. Thus, each single pixel can selectively generate two types of light which are distinguishable from each other by differential detection. According to the invention, it is therefore possible to generate spatially modulated light that is highly resistant to noise, without reducing the amount of information producible.

It is apparent from the foregoing description that the invention may be carried out in various modes and may be modified in various ways. It is therefore to be understood that within the scope of equivalence of the following claims the invention may be practiced in modes other than the foregoing embodiment.

Spatial light modulator

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